Presentation on the topic "Russian history and Russian literature of the 19th century" on literature in powerpoint format. This presentation for 10th grade schoolchildren examines the main literary trends in the 19th century and their representatives. Author of the presentation: Khvoshchevskaya Larisa Mikhailovna, teacher of Russian language and literature.
Fragments from the presentation
I am incredibly proud not only of the abundance of talents born in Russia in the 19th century, but also of their amazing diversity. M. GorkyClassicism
- (from Latin classicus - exemplary)
- style and direction in literature and art 17 - early. 19th centuries, turning to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model.
Sentimentalism
- (from French sentiment - feeling)
- movement in European and American literature and art of the 2nd half. 18 - beginning 19th centuries Starting from Enlightenment rationalism, he declared that the dominant of “human nature” was not reason, but feeling, and sought the path to an ideal-normative personality in the release and improvement of “natural” feelings
Romanticism
- (French romanticisme)
- artistic method that developed at the beginning of the 19th century. and became widespread as a trend in art and literature. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in personality, the nature of its relationship to the surrounding reality, as well as contrasting the ideal world with the real world. The artist’s desire to express his attitude towards what is depicted prevails over the accuracy of the transfer of actual facts, which gives the work of art increased emotionality.
Realism
- (from Latin realis - real)
- artistic method of modern times, the beginning of which dates back either to the Renaissance (Renaissance realism), or from the Enlightenment (Enlightenment realism), or from the 30s. XIX century
- the leading principles of realism: an objective depiction of life combined with the height of the author’s ideal; reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances with the completeness of their individualization; life-like authenticity of the image along with the use of conventional and fantastic forms; predominant interest in the problem of personality and society
Novel
- (French romances - narrative) - an epic genre of large form, revealing the history of several, sometimes many human destinies over a long period of time
- the novel genre allows you to convey the deepest and most complex processes of life
Dramaturgy
- (Greek drama, lit. action)
- one of the main genera fiction(along with epic and lyric poetry). The specificity of drama as a type of literature is that it is written in a dialogical form and, as a rule, is intended for performance on stage.
Criticism
- socio-historical (Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev)
- “organic” (Grigoriev)
- aesthetic (Botkin, Strakhov)
Main themes and problems of Russian literature of the 19th century
- Liberty;
- spiritual and moral quests of man;
- appeal to the people in search of a moral ideal.
The nineteenth century in Russian literature is the most significant for Russia. In this century, A.S. began to show his creativity. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.N. Ostrovsky. All of their works are unlike anything else and carry great meaning. Even to this day, their works are shown in schools.
All works are usually divided into two periods: the first half of the nineteenth century and the second. This is noticeable in the problems of the work and the visual means used.
What are the features of Russian literature in the nineteenth century?
The first is that A.N Ostrovsky is generally considered a reformer who brought many innovations to dramatic works. He was the first to touch upon the most exciting topics of that time. I was not afraid to write about the problems of the lower class. Also, A.N. Ostrovsky was the first to show the moral state of the soul of the heroes.
Secondly, both I.S. Turgenev is famous for his novel Fathers and Sons. He touched eternal themes love, compassion, friendship and the theme of the relationship between the old generation and the new.
And, of course, this is F.M. Dostoevsky. His themes in his works are extensive. Faith in God, the problem of little people in the world, the humanity of people - he touches on all this in his works.
Thanks to the writers of the nineteenth century, today's youth can learn kindness and the most sincere feelings through the works of great people. The world was lucky that these talented people were born and lived in the nineteenth century, who gave all of humanity new food for thought, discovered new problematic topics, taught compassion for one’s neighbor and pointed out the mistakes of people: their callousness, deceit, envy, renunciation of God, humiliation of another person and their selfish motives.
Several interesting essays
- Essay on the poem Prisoner of Pushkin, grade 6
In order to understand the meaning of the poem “Prisoner”, you need to understand that A.S. Pushkin was at that moment in southern exile. That is why the topic of prison and imprisonment is raised here. But despite the gloom of the situation
- Duel of Bazarov and Kirsanov analysis essay
The work Fathers and Sons is a unique topic for debate between the liberal half of the population and the democratic half, who have differing views. When the author wrote this novel the theme of human freedom
Each of them does not know why they were born. Each person has his own purpose, an individual mission. In any case, I want to believe it
The beginning of the 19th century in the life of Russia was marked by events that were of paramount importance for the further history of our homeland. In 1812 it began Patriotic War. entered Russia as a conqueror, as an invader. The war against him was for Russia in the full sense a struggle for life. It was people's war. A feeling of ardent love for the homeland swept across the broadest masses.
“Every village turned at our approach either into a fire or into a fortress,” the French later wrote.
Napoleon was defeated. He based his military plans on calculating the number of his troops and the troops of Tsar Alexander, and the entire Russian people rose up to fight him. It was the Russian people who dealt a crushing blow to the famous commander.
The Patriotic War awakened the people's forces and caused a rise in national self-awareness and patriotic spirit.
"The twelfth year was great era in the life of Russia,” wrote. “The intense struggle to the death with Napoleon awakened the dormant forces of Russia and forced it to see in itself the strengths and means that it had hitherto... not suspected.”
After the expulsion of the enemy from Russia, peasants and soldiers expected the abolition of serfdom. Decembrist A. Bestuzhev, in a letter to Nicholas I, speaks about the mood of the soldiers during the Patriotic War of 1812: “Its war lasted when the warriors, returning to the house, first spread a murmur among the class of the people: “We shed blood,” they said, “and We are again forced to sweat in corvée labor. We have delivered our homeland from a tyrant, but we are again being tyrannized by our masters.”
The serf owners and the government were frightened by such sentiments of the peasants. The government reaction (persecution of everything remotely advanced) intensified. It was headed by the Minister of War Arakcheev, an ignorant and cruel serf owner.
It was also reactionary foreign policy Alexander I. Soon after the victory over Napoleon, the “Holy Alliance” was created, led by the Russian and Austrian emperors, to fight the revolutionary movement. Alexander enthusiastically devotes himself to activities in the “Holy Alliance”, acting as a suppressor of freedom-loving movements in Europe.
This reactionary policy of Alexander I and his government evoked strong opposition both from the oppressed peasantry and among the progressive nobility.
The peasantry responded to the intensified exploitation of the landowners after 1812 with unrest and uprisings. All these uprisings are suppressed with brutal measures. However, popular indignation does not stop, but spreads across the country, capturing not only villages, but also cities, penetrating into military units. So, in 1820, the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment rebelled, which the regimental commander and officers brought to open indignation through cruel torture.
A strong movement against autocracy and the serfdom system arose among the noble intelligentsia. The War of 1812 produced a deep ideological split among the landowner class. The most enlightened and progressive nobles began to organize secret political societies, the activities of which culminated in an armed uprising on December 14, 1825.
Decembrist writer A. Bestuzhev speaks about the influence of the Patriotic War of 1812 on the emergence of Decembrism: “Napoleon invaded Russia, and then the Russian people first felt their strength; It was then that a feeling of independence, first political, and subsequently popular, awakened in all hearts. This is the beginning of free thought in Russia.” And this free-thinking developed and strengthened under the influence of peasant unrest in Russia and liberation movements in the 20s of the 19th century in Western Europe.
The Decembrists were educated people. They were familiar with revolutionary and progressive political literature in Russia and the West.
United political program the emerging secret “societies” did not exist. " Northern society“The majority stood for a limited monarchy. "Southern Society" - for a republican form of government. But all the Decembrists were united by hatred of autocracy and serfdom. All of them sharply criticized the external and domestic policy government.
The Decembrist uprising was defeated. The leaders were hanged; many Decembrists were killed during the uprising; the rest were exiled to hard labor or to the Caucasus, to the front lines. The Decembrists were defeated because they did not dare to call on the masses to revolution, they relied only on officers, hoping that the soldiers would follow their commanders, and did not show the necessary decisiveness during the uprising. But the ideas of the Decembrists entered the consciousness of many contemporaries, were picked up by leading writers and influenced their work. The Decembrist movement and their struggle against the autocratic-serf system did not pass without a trace.
Lessons No. 1-2. Introduction. Russian literature XIX century in the context of world culture. Main themes and problems of Russian literature XIX century. Identification of the level of literary development of students.
Lesson objectives: know the main themes and problems of Russian literature of the 19th century, the main works of writers of Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century;
be able to reveal the relationship between Russian literature of the 19th century and world culture, determine the affiliation of individual works with literary movements.
Equipment: elements of the presentation “Literary Directions”, textbook, reproductions of paintings by classic and romantic artists.
Lesson progress #1:
The teacher's introductory speech about the features and specifics of studying literature in the 10th grade, the textbook apparatus, types and forms independent work.
Repeated conversation with elements of working with the textbook, as well as presentation materials:
Literary direction (p.6); literary process (p.6);
Features of classicism (slide).
3. Teacher's lecture.
At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. Russian classicism is experiencing its decline. The forces that destroy enlightenment and classicism lead to serious changes in the literary situation. These trends are clearly visible in the work of Gabriel Derzhavin. To motivate interest in his personality, the story about the poet may include reading fragments from V. Khodasevich’s novel “Derzhavin” and from the autobiographical “Notes” of Derzhavin himself.
Derzhavin made a dizzying career, going from a private in the Preobrazhensky Regiment to the cabinet secretary and senator of Catherine II, the state treasurer under Paul I and the minister of justice under Alexander I. Serving the Fatherland honestly, he denounced the nobles close to the court for bribes, deceit and greed. But Derzhavin entered his name into the history of Russian literature and culture, first of all, not his public service, but literary talent.
Derzhavin was an innovative poet. Against the background of the solemn odes of classicism, his odes were unusual. It is difficult to call his poem “On the Death of Prince Meshchersky” a classic ode, in which the solemn funeral ode carries philosophical thoughts about the frailty of existence and the inevitability of time and death, a feeling of sadness from loss, which makes it similar to elegy. In the ode “God,” the poet glorifies not only the Creator, but also man, created in his image and likeness. The inhabitant of the sinful earth is an insignificant creature, a “worm,” but the power of reason given to him by God makes him related to the Almighty.
Drawing the “god-like” Catherine II in the guise of Felitsa (ode “Felitsa”), the poet depicts the low world next to her, violating the laws of the genre and entering into a poetic game with the empress. He glorifies the ideal of wisdom in the guise of the queen, presenting her as a model of virtue. But next to him he draws a nobleman who lives in idleness and is subject to many human vices. Both the content and the complex form of the new ode, which includes features of satire, idyll, pastoral, and anecdote, speak of the poet’s destruction of the traditions of classicism and the democratization of literature. The result of the poet’s creative path is his collection “Anacreontic Songs”, which includes the poem “Russian Girls”, filled with humor and conveying the flavor of Russian folk culture.
(viewing paintings by classic artists, comparison with the literary works of G.R. Derzhavin; texts of poems: ode “Snigir”, “Autumn during the siege of Ochakov”)
Lesson summary: on what principles was the literary process built at the beginning of the 19th century? What literary trends served as the basis for the development of literature in the first quarter of the 19th century?
Repeated conversation.
What are the principles of classicism? What are the canons of a literary work according to these principles?
Name the names of classic writers. Which literary genres did they develop in Russian literature?
What caused the transition of Russian literature from classicism to romanticism? What role does sentimentalism play in this transition?
What is the merit of N.M. Karamzin in this?
Teacher's lecture. Russian sentimentalism. Language reform by N.M. Karamzin. (Presentation)
B) Sentimental story “Poor Liza”: repetition of the content and problematics of the story (...and peasant women can love).
C) Pre-romantic trends of sentimentalism of the Karamzin school.
D) Language reform: bring the lexical composition of the Russian language in line with Western European concepts, make it a national property; changes in syntactic structure; reforming the structure of literary speech.
D) Dispute between the “Karamzinists” and the “Shishkovists.”
Fables by I.A. Krylov are a synthesis of elements of low style and literary language.
B) Reading and analysis of 1-2 fables (students’ choice): the subject of analysis is the search for a combination of vernacular and colloquial expressions with in foreign words and words of high style.
Lesson summary: what is the role of N.M. Karamzin’s literary activity in the development of Russian literature and the Russian literary language?
Homework: h. No. 1 on p.47.
Lesson #3. Main themes and problems of Russian literature XIX century. “Translations-re-expressions” and their role in the formation and development of Russian romanticism.
Lesson objectives: give an idea of the main themes and problems of Russian literature of the early 19th century; show the variety of directions and approaches in revealing topics and problems; deepen students' primary understanding of romanticism as literary direction, explore the ways of formation and development of Russian romanticism.
During the classes:
1. Conversation with students prior to learning new material.
What works of Russian literature of the 19th century V. did you read it in the summer? Rate them using a five-point system.
- What questions posed in Russian classical literature are still relevant today?
- What heroes of literature of the 19th century. do you like or dislike you? Give reasons for your point of view.
- Name the Russian writers of the 18th-19th centuries, their works that you have read, and the problems that are raised in them. Indicate the genre of the named works.
- What is classical literature? How do you understand the expression “universal human values”?
2. Themes and problems of works of Russian literature of the early 19th century.
Theme "little man".
A look at the system of human relations.
The role of art in human life.
The theme of war and peace, the fragility of human existence.
The theme of family, family values.
3. Deepening the concept of romanticism. (Presentation)
4. Teacher's lecture on the formation and development of Russian romanticism.
Vasily Zhukovsky became the founder of romanticism in Russian literature. The illegitimate son of the landowner Bunin, who endured imprisonment for his literary pursuits, a dramatic story of unhappy love, injury in the War of 1812 and treatment in a hospital, he learned to calmly, meekly, with faith and prayer, endure the blows of fate.
The extraordinary talent of Zhukovsky as a poet was manifested in literary creativity. He wrote 39 ballads and made the ballad a genre that rooted romanticism on Russian soil. In lyric poetry, he became a master of depicting the subtle, elusive, elusive movements of the human soul. He gave social content to the lyrical experiences of man, arguing that people’s happiness lies in their spiritual wealth, which filled his lyrics with universal human content. The language of his works tends to the middle style, he uses words and expressions spoken language and develops such genres as elegy, romance, message, song, ballad.
In an ode-elegy "Singer in the camp of Russian warriors" Zhukovsky glorifies the Russian squads who fought in the War of 1812, but the patriotic pathos of the ode is combined with elegiac and ballad motifs, which give the poem warmth and make the feeling of love for the Motherland not abstract, but deeply personal and understandable.
In a poem "Sea" the living changes in the seascape suggest human life and the elements that rage in his soul. The sea lies under the sky and is chained to the earth, so it is characterized by anxiety that it may be separated from the sky. The picture created by the poet helps to comprehend the world philosophically. There is no perfection in earthly vanity, and a person should have an inherent desire for heaven, for high purity and beauty. A person cannot live without an ideal, the absence of which, at the will of hostile forces, can make his life meaningless.
In a poem "Evening" Zhukovsky paints not objective, but spiritual pictures, not pictures of nature, but his feelings from its images, which causes a strong emotional impression in the reader. The landscape merges with the experiences of the lyrical hero, filling the poetry with psychologism. According to the author, a person should perceive the world more with his soul than with his mind.
Man in Zhukovsky's poetry is an ordinary, earthly creature. But the meaning of his life is to cultivate in his soul sensitivity and mercy to the suffering of others, the desire for high ideals. A person’s happiness, according to Zhukovsky, lies in the strength of his soul, in the wealth of feelings and thoughts. Therefore, a person must constantly improve his spiritual world.
However, in the real world, the consciousness of an inert society rules, which leads to the emergence of a contradiction between the individual and society. This is where the conflict between man and the world, the source of the so-called romantic dual world, originates in the works of the romantics. Without accepting the atmosphere of vices and passions, a person seeks solitude and loneliness. His soul contains the entire Universe, accepts life in all its manifestations, illuminated by faith in the triumph of the beautiful and sublime in another, ideal world. Hence the instability of the space of this world, the desire for which prompts a person to overcome the burden of earthly life, abandon the petty and everyday things and dedicate himself to truly human properties.
^
In the ballad "Svetlana"
Zhukovsky fills the plot of both the previously written “Lyudmila” and Burger’s “Lenora” with purely Russian signs, customs, and beliefs. The heroine of the ballad has the best features of the Russian national character: loyalty, kindness, simplicity. Her happiness depends on her spiritual strength. A fantastic image of a road as a symbol of the movement from life to death promises future misfortunes; a blizzard and a blizzard portend triumph evil forces. The action develops in the light of the moon, on the border of day and night. The transition from one space and time to another gives rise to elements of the magical, miraculous. But Zhukovsky’s “terrible” life story from a happy union with the groom after a long separation to the path to death has a different, happy ending. Faith in God and hope for God's help help Svetlana not to lose heart and not to grumble about fate. By meekly and patiently enduring trials, she protects herself from a tragic fate.
Connection with traditions and beliefs, folk-religious principles make the heroine of the ballad an example of the national character of a Russian girl, which is reflected in the best female images of Pushkin and L.N. Tolstoy.
Thus, Zhukovsky’s work revealed to the Russian reader the riches of man’s inner world, his moral character and human dignity.
The life and work of Konstantin Batyushkov can be divided into two periods. The first half of her life included the early loss of her mother, paternal and boarding education, and the study of European languages and culture. The young poet’s “little philosophy” was that a person was born to enjoy life, for happiness, for love, but they can only be found in solitude, meeting mainly with like-minded people. Fencing off from the world of popular revolts, autocratic power that interferes with thinking nobles, Batyushkov extremely deepens his inner world.
In his external life There are many historical events: joining the militia, battles in East Prussia, the Russian-Swedish campaign (1807-1808), the war of 1812. However, the poet’s heart is occupied with something else. In a poem "Bacchante" he depicts the festival of the Roman god of wine and fun, Bacchus, to which young nymphs came. One of them fell behind and was overtaken by a young man in love with her. The victory of love was also welcomed by the priestesses of Bacchus - the Bacchantes, because this is the law of the world order: the triumph of love personifies the triumph of life, and the ideal world should be full of love.
The poet's early work is dominated by dreams of reading books and enjoying the arts, and of philosophical conversations with close friends. These aspirations of the poet are manifested in the poem "My Penates" addressed to Zhukovsky and Vyazemsky. In it the reader can also perceive manifestations of “little philosophy”. The genre of the poem is a message. It glorifies private life, its intonations are close colloquial speech. The meaning of the poem is that time is merciless, life ends quickly. Therefore, you need to spend it not in search of ranks and wealth, but in intelligent conversations with like-minded people. A person must take care of his soul and improve his inner world. The poet does not find harmony in the outside world and creates it in his imagination, poetizing antiquity.
However, Batyushkov witnessed tragic scenes of life: the fire of Moscow, the ruin of Russia by Napoleon, the suffering of the people, the death of his close friend I. A. Petin. He condemned the French Revolution for its bloodshed, considered revolutionary outbreaks in Europe to be madness, which plunged him into thoughts of a dark abyss in which everything would perish. This became one of the reasons for his mental crisis. Therefore, in the second period of his life, his poetry takes on the features of romantic anxiety, disappointment in the earthly world, which cannot give a person happiness. Everything on earth is changeable, and at the same time it leads to destruction, deep sadness, which even the hope of eternal life cannot overcome.
The lyrical plot of the elegiac message “To a Friend” is represented by the spiritual journey of a person. Having gone through loss, disappointment, despair, he finds hope and comprehends the truth. The lyrical hero overcomes doubts, damned insoluble questions in faith, in religion, but sadness does not leave his soul, and the earthly world does not promise happiness. Finding in ancient literature images of heroic people who did not bow to the blows of fate, Batyushkov calls for boldly meeting trials halfway, anticipating the pathos of the lyrics of the young Pushkin.
In the second half of the 1820s. mental illness the poet's pain worsened, he was treated in Russia and Europe, but to no avail. The clouding of his mind became an obstacle to his spiritual and poetic life. He lived in madness for almost 30 years and far outlived the friends of his poetic youth: Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, Pushkin.
5 . Summary of the lecture. Derzhavin became an innovative poet in Russian literature, who destroyed the normativity of the age of classicism and enlightenment. His work differed from his predecessors in the choice of themes and their philosophical solution, genre and stylistic features. Zhukovsky and Batyushkov became the founders of psychological romanticism in Russian poetry. They dreamed of improving earthly life through enlightenment and education of the human soul.
6. Homework: pp. 12-24, task No. 2 on p. 46.
Lessons No. 4-5. Peaks of Russian literature of the first quarter of the 19th century. Batyushkov and Zhukovsky as the founders of the romantic school. Essay on the life and work of V. A. Zhukovsky. Ballad "Svetlana".
Lesson objectives: show the influence of the work of V.A. Zhukovsky and K.G. Batyushkov on the development of Russian literature, consider the substantive lines of the school of “harmonic precision” of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov, consider examples from the works of writers, and briefly introduce students to the biography and work of V.A. Zhukovsky.
Equipment: presentation “Romanticism”, collections of works by Zhukovsky and Batyushkov.
Lesson progress #4: 1 . Checking homework.
Tell us about the principles of language reform of Karamzin and Shishkov.
Describe the disputes between the “Karamzinists” and the “Shishkovists” and their role in the development of the literary language.
What is the merit of I.A. Krylov in the development of the literary language? Reading fables by students (optional, by heart).
Explain why the problem of language interested Russian romantic writers so deeply.
What is the role of “translations – re-expressions” in the development of Russian romantic poetry? Give examples of translations of Russian poets of the first quarter of the 19th century.
2 . Russian romantic school. Zhukovsky and Batyushkov as the founders of the romantic school of “harmonic precision” (the lecture is accompanied by a presentation)
National-historical features of Russian romanticism.
The lack of connection with bourgeois transformations and reforms, the “coexistence” of romanticism next to classicism and sentimentalism, the progressive role of literary journalism, the active life and work of literary societies.
- Periodization of Russian romanticism (1801-1815; 1816-1825; 1826-1840).
Psychological, social and philosophical branches of Russian romanticism. The main representatives of these directions: Zhukovsky, Batyushkov; Ryleev and the Decembrist poets; Baratynsky and the poets of wisdom.
- Romanticism as an artistic method.
A strict demand for personal freedom and creative freedom. The primacy of the spirit over the flesh as a desire for the perfection of human nature.
- Picture of the world in the works of romantic poets.
Isolation of personality from earthly world. The dominance of the spiritual over the material. Subjective and sensory perception of the world. A feeling of dissatisfaction with the imperfection of the world and a thirst for perfection and beauty. Romantic dual world. Romantic irony. Art is the only mediator between man and God.
- Features of the plot, hero, society in a romantic work. The system of genres and features of the creative style of the romantics.
3. Group task. Compare the elegies of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov. What unites the romantic manner of worldview of these poets and how are they different?
Lesson progress #5:
1. V.A. Zhukovsky.
Early work (before 1808)
This period is associated with the influence of sentimentalism on the lyrics of the poet N. Karamzin. Zhukovsky's early poems are characterized by a sad, elegiac flavor and longing for unfulfilled hopes. The poet is a master of lyrical landscape, conveying subtle states of mind.
2.
Romantic quest (1808-1820)
This time is associated with the romantic quest of the poet, reflected in ballads and lyrics. A story about the unrequited love of Zhukovsky and M.A. Protasova, reading poems dedicated to her: “Song” (“My friend, my guardian angel ...”), “To her”, “March 19, 1823”, etc. Having received a refusal from her mother Ekaterina Afanasyevna to marry her daughter and a ban on expressing her feelings, Zhukovsky, with the rank of lieutenant of the Moscow militia, was sent to the theater of military operations and on August 26, 1812, was present at the Battle of Borodino. These impressions are reflected in the poem “The Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors,” which combines various mental states of the lyrical “I” and features of different literary movements.
3.
Questions and tasks for the poem
"Singer in the camp of Russian warriors"
- Which emotional states characteristic of the mood of the poem? How does it combine elevated tone and lyrical sincerity?
- How is the history of Russia’s long struggle against invaders shown? How is the connection between times and the continuity of generations established here?
- Determine the genre of the text and give reasons for your opinion. How does it combine the features of classicism and romanticism? Name the features of the romantic style. What are the functions of using archaic vocabulary?
- Prove that the poem is imbued with patriotic pathos.
4. In the final part of the lesson, students are given the task to read the poem “Song” (“The charm of days gone by…”) (1818) and pay attention to the features of its genre, as well as the features of the romantic style.
The issue of periodization of Russian literature is controversial and complex. Modern literary criticism has the opportunity to expand the scope of the literary process of the 19th century, to return forgotten names, directions, to return the true appearance of many writers and poets (this also applies to the 20th century, probably in a greater sense). The basis of modern periodization is the peculiarities of historical and literary development.
LiteratureIthirdsXIXcentury. This is the period from 1800 to 1840. It was during this period that the foundations of all Russian classical literature were laid, its main themes, problems, aesthetic richness and perfection. During this period, three top names can be distinguished: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The logic of the development of the literary process is connected with these three names and it is impossible to overestimate their importance. Writers of later periods in their artistic work were guided by the features of literature of the early 19th century.
LiteratureIIthirdsXIXcentury. This is literature from the 40s to the 60s. The time of the formation of realism as a type of artistic consciousness.
1842 Gogol’s “Dead Souls” was published, 1845 – the collection “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, which became the manifesto of the “natural school”. The top names of this period can be considered Turgenev, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Fet, Tyutchev, Leskov, Nekrasov, A.K. Tolstoy and others.
LiteratureIIIthirdsXIXcentury. This is the 70-80(90)s. A milestone time in the history and culture of Russia. The country was on the threshold of a new historical ideal. Contemporaries noted the “breath of completion, outcome.” At the same time, this is the heyday of the great geniuses of the “breath of foreignness”: L.N. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Chekhov
conclusions
The literature of that entire era is a special phenomenon, it is exceptional, very unique and incomparable. At the very beginning of the golden age, art began to separate from the gray masses, poetry began to flourish. In Russian literature of the 19th century there were many legislators of works and poems of that time, that is why those times began to be called " Golden age"Russian classical literature. Our classics began to create truly valuable creative and artistic images. It is worth noting that critics also began their activities. Now we can enjoy their results and study their activities of that era.
The trends in Russian literature of the late 19th century were very different; each writer created his own true, extraordinary meaning in his stories. As a result, many so-called movements were formed that were associated with the direction in lyric poetry. Literature has indeed developed very seriously. The 19th century can be considered the best time Russian classics. Basically, all the heyday has occurred in the last passing decades.
Literary and social movements
1 Literary and social movement of the first quarter XIX century (1800-25). The period is limited to the dates of the reign of Alexander I. It is important to note that the years of his reign have two different trends and are divided into 2 periods. Frontier - 1812 - Patriotic War. The first half of his reign allows us to talk about Alexander as a reformer king. Pushkin said about these years of rule: “The days of Alexandrov are a wonderful beginning.”
"Thunderstorm 1812" - on the one hand, a patriotic upsurge of incredible spirit, on the other, a sharp loss of illusions. Alexander’s policy sharply “corrected”; he not only did not continue the liberal reforms, but also canceled what he had done. Instead of Speransky, Arakcheev became the tsar’s right hand, and thinking people felt an incredible moral loss.
In political and ideological life, the loss of illusions was expressed in the formation of opposition sentiments, circles, societies, and printed publications. Pestel wrote “the mind was seething.” The Decembrist movement is formed. Vivid debates unfolded on the pages of numerous magazines. St. Petersburg (“Son of the Fatherland”) and Moscow (“Bulletin of Europe”, “Russian Bulletin”) become centers of journalism.
A sign of the times is the creation of literary societies, salons, circles (the Shishkov Society, the “Society of Lovers of Russian Literature”, the Arzamas Society, etc.)
In the 30s, circles of different directions were formed - political, literary and philosophical (Herzen, Ogarev, Stankevich, Belinsky, Lermontov). Their organizers were sent to hard labor, sent into exile, to become soldiers, and expelled from the university. At this time, many leading magazines were closed and it was difficult to obtain permission to print. With great difficulty, Pushkin publishes Sovremennik. Lermontov gives an absolutely accurate portrait of the era in his novel “A Hero of Our Time.”
This period includes the works of Lermontov, Gogol, Koltsov, Ogarev and others. At this time, Russian prose began to develop.
2 Literary and social movement 40(50) XIX century (1840(42)-55) 1842 - Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” is published, Herzen returns from exile.
In 1855, Chernyshevsky’s aesthetics developed, Nicholas I died. A time of external slavery and internal liberation. Slavery - in the policies of Nicholas I and feudal-serf relations, internal freedom manifested itself in the emergence of social oppositional criticism.
With the death of the king and the end Crimean War The first half of the 19th century ends. In the 40s Two important main currents of Russian social thought arose - Westernism and Slavophilism, the ideological struggle between which determined the development of social thought for many decades. Slavophiles - proposed a special independent path of development, which consisted in returning to pre-Petrine Rus', taking the patriarchal path of development (Khomyakov, the Kireevsky brothers, Aksakovs, Samarin, Pogodin, Yazykov, Shevyrev, expressed their views in magazine "Moskvityanin")
Westerners - for the Europeanization of Russia (Belinsky, Ogarev, Herzen, Turgenev, chief press organ– “Domestic Notes”, “Contemporary” by Panaev and Nekrasov).
Public life is reflected in journal polemics. Soremennik, created by Pushkin in 1836, has become one of the main magazines since the middle of the century. At this time, the formation of Russian realism was completed (the works of Goncharov, Leskov, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Dostoevsky, Fet and Tyutchev).
3 Literary and social movement of the 70s. XIX century (1866-81). At this time, the predatory nature of the reforms is revealed, popular riots arise, and general uncertainty grows. This is one of the most tragic and heroic periods of Russian history. This is the emergence, development and outcome of the populist movement. This opposition movement was born from a combination of a sober understanding of reality and a utopian belief in the possibility of its instant transformation. The populist theory was contested in journalism and criticism. The leading journal was Otechestvennye zapiski. This decade saw the creativity of the populists, S.-Shchedrin, Gl. Uspensky and others, populist literature, poetry and prose appeared.
March 1, 1881 – Alexander II was “executed” by the Narodnaya Volya. The era of reaction begins, newspapers and magazines, educational institutions are closed. The leading figure is L. Tolstoy. Russian realism of the 19th century is ending its existence, and the work of Chekhov, Garshin, Korolenko and others is determined by the search for new genre forms, neorealist trends appear, and the “golden age” of Russian literature is gradually ending its existence.
In the 80s - 90s. XIX century. The central problem of literature is the relationship between man and society. The main question is how to find personal support in the world? Increasingly, the analysis of modern life is correlated with eternal, universal ideals. Epic storytelling becomes impossible. Supertypical realism emerges - this is the artistic knowledge of modernity and the assessment of the ideals of its time from the point of view of universal human values, leading to the rapprochement of realistic and romantic types of creativity.
conclusions
Using the example of development trends in Russian literature of the 19th century, one can see the reflection of social activity in literary works.
The most important historical events that played a special role in the development of the socio-political life of Russia in the first half of the 19th century: the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Decembrist movement naturally determined the course of the literary process, the complexity of which lies in the fact that at the turn of the century (late 18th and early 19th centuries ) there is a mixture of different literary styles, the formation of new aesthetic systems, and the development of new artistic methods.
It is impossible not to notice that such an intensive development of Russian literature, the diversity of literary schools, which in polemical excitement discussed the issues of the uniqueness of the Russian national language, the problem of national character, the problem of nationality, questions of the goals and objectives of literature, determine a rather complex picture of the literary struggle, as a result of which historical ways of development of the literary process.
