OFFER

Offer - this is a word or group of words that are related in meaning; from one word to another you can pose a question. A sentence expresses a complete thought.

The first word in a sentence is written with a capital letter, and a period, exclamation or question mark is placed at the end of the sentence.

Every sentence is spoken for a purpose.

According to the purpose of making sentences, there are : narrative, interrogative. incentive.

Declarative sentence - this is a sentence in which something is reported (narrated).

Interrogative sentence is a sentence in which something is asked.

Incentive offer is a sentence in which they encourage action, advise or ask to do something.

By intonation there are offers exclamation and non-exclamation.

Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that is pronounced with strong feeling. An exclamation point (!) is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

Non-exclamatory sentence is a sentence that is pronounced calmly, without strong feeling. A period (.) or a question mark (?) is placed at the end of a non-exclamatory sentence.

The offer includes main And minor members.

Main members of the proposal - this is the subject and the predicate.

Subject - this is the main member of the sentence, which names what or whom the sentence is about. The subject answers the question who? or what? The subject is emphasized by one line.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject, names what the subject does. The predicate answers one of the questions: what does it do? what are they doing? what will it do? What did you do? what will he do? The predicate is emphasized by two features.

Members of the sentence

Main
Examples	Information
	Subject - the main member of the sentence, which names the one who acts, experiences some state, or has a certain characteristic. Answers the questions: Who? What?
	Predicate - the main member of a sentence that names the action, state or attribute of the subject. Answers the questions: What is he doing? What? What's happened? Who it?
The subject and predicate are the basis of the sentence.

Minor

Examples	Information
	Addition- a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object. Answers questions about indirect cases.
	Definition- a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object. Answers the questions: Which? Whose?
	Circumstance- a minor member of a sentence that denotes time, place, method of action. Answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? For what? And How?

Offers

1. Role in language	Expresses a thought that is complete in meaning and intonation.
3. Types of sentences according to the number of grammatical bases	Simple - one stem, complex - two or more grammatical stems.
4. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement	Narrative (contains a message); interrogative (contains a question); incentive (inducement to action).
5. Types of sentences by intonation	An exclamation, in which a thought is accompanied by a strong feeling, and a non-exclamation.
6. Types of proposals for the presence or absence of secondary members	Common (besides the main members, there are also secondary ones) and non-common (consist only of the grammatical basis).
7. Types of proposals by complexity	May be complicated by appeals, homogeneous members

Parsing a sentence

Parsing is one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language program. Many people do not even understand what parsing is and why it is needed. It is this analysis that allows you to see the structure of the sentence, and this, in turn, increases the level of punctuation literacy. You can perform syntactic analysis of the phrase, simple sentence And different types complex sentences.

Syntactic analysis of phrases

Firstly, from the sentence it is necessary to isolate the phrase we are interested in from the context. Secondly, it is necessary to determine which word is the main word and which is the dependent word. Determine what parts of speech each of them is. Name the type syntactic connection, inherent in this phrase (coordination, adjacency or control).

Phrase parsing is a relatively simple analysis in the syntax section. Let's give an example of parsing the phrase “speaks well.” In this phrase the main word is “says”. He says how? Foldable. “Folding” is a dependent word. The main word "says" is a present tense verb in the indicative mood, third person, singular. "Folding" is an adverb. The type of connection in the phrase is adjacency.

Sentence parsing

In this part of the article we will try to explain clearly what syntactic parsing of a sentence is and what stages it consists of. Sentence parsing is an analysis aimed at studying the structure of a sentence and the relationships between its components. Parsing consists of several sequential operations.

Scheme for analyzing a simple sentence

1. It is necessary to determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement. All sentences in this regard are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive. If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence, you need to note this and indicate that the sentence is also an exclamation point.
2. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence.
3. Describe the structure of the sentence. One-component - only a predicate or only a subject in the grammatical basis. In this case, indicate what kind of sentence it is: definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, impersonal or nominative. A sentence can also be two-part - there is both a subject and a predicate. Indicate whether the sentence is uncommon or widespread, that is, whether the sentence contains additions, definitions, circumstances. If they are ( minor members), then the proposal is common; if not - not widespread. You must also indicate whether the proposal is complete or incomplete. If incomplete, then you need to indicate which member of the sentence is missing in it.
4. Determine whether the sentence is complicated or uncomplicated. A complex sentence is one in which there are homogeneous members, applications, appeals, and introductory words.
5. Determine which part of the sentence each word is and which part of speech they are expressed in.
6. If the sentence contains punctuation marks, explain their placement.

Now we will explain what parsing a simple sentence is, using the example of the sentence: “The girl was sunbathing on the beach and listening to music.”

1. Narrative, non-exclamatory.
2. Grammatical basis: girl - subject, sunbathed - predicate, listened - predicate.
3. Two-part, widespread, complete.
4. The sentence is complicated by homogeneous predicates.
5. Girl is the subject, expressed by a noun wives kind in units h. and im. case; sunbathed - a predicate expressed by a past tense verb in singular. h and women kind; na - preposition; beach - a circumstance expressed by the noun husband. kind in units number and sentence case; And - connective conjunction; listened - a predicate expressed by a past tense verb in singular. h and women kind; music - direct object expressed by a noun female in units number and blames. case.

Using the example of parsing a phrase and a simple sentence, we explained to you what syntactic parsing is. There are also syntactic analyzes of complex sentences.

§1. What is syntactic parsing, what are its specifics?

Parsing- this is a complete grammatical characteristic of a syntactic unit:

• phrases
• simple sentence
• complex sentence

When performing syntactic analysis, it is important to be able to distinguish between units of syntax, to realize that these are units of different levels, and to understand what features characterize each of them. Syntactic analysis requires not to confuse a phrase and a simple sentence, as well as a simple and complex sentence, and to know how to parse each of them.

§2. What you need to know and be able to do

Parsing requires knowledge and skills.

Need to know:

• what is the difference between a phrase and a sentence
• what is the difference between a simple and complex sentence
• how a phrase is constructed, and what they are like (type by main word)
• syntactic connections of words in a phrase: agreement, control, adjacency
• what features characterize a sentence: the purpose of the utterance, semantic and intonation completeness, the presence of a grammatical basis
• what are the sentences based on the number of grammatical bases: simple, complex
• What are the types of simple sentences in their structure: two-part, one-part (nominal, definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal)
• what are the types of complex sentences: according to the nature of the syntactic connection of their parts: allied, non-union; allied: complex and complex)
• what is the syntactic role of words in a sentence (analysis by sentence members)

You need to be able to:

• determine which syntactic units the unit given for analysis belongs to
• highlight phrases in a sentence
• find the main and dependent word in a phrase
• determine the type of syntactic connection
• determine the grammatical basis of a sentence
• determine the type of sentence by its grammatical basis (two-part - one-part) and by the nature of the main member (for one-part sentences)
• define sentence members
• identify complicating components: homogeneous members, isolations, introductory elements (introductory words and sentences, inserted structures), addresses, direct speech and citation
• determine the number of parts in a complex sentence
• determine the type of syntactic connection and the type of complex sentence

§3. The order of parsing syntactic units

Collocation

1. Determine the main and dependent words, highlight the main thing, and from it raise a question to the dependent one.
2. Determine the type of phrase based on the main word: noun, verb, adverb.
3. Determine the type of syntactic connection: coordination, control, adjacency.

Simple sentence

1. Perform an analysis of the members of the sentence: underline all the members of the sentence, determine by what (word, what part of speech) they are expressed.
2. Give a description of the purpose of the statement:

• narrative
• interrogative
• incentive

3. Describe the emotions and intonation expressed:

• non-exclamatory
• exclamation point

4. Determine the number of grammatical bases and determine the type of sentence by their number:

• simple
• complex

5. Describe the presence of main members:

• two-part
• one-piece

a) one-part with the main member subject: nominative
b) one-part with the main member predicate: definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal

6. Describe the presence of minor members:

• common
• not widespread

7. Characterize it in terms of completeness (the presence of sentence members necessary in meaning):

• complete
• incomplete

8. Determine the presence of complicating components:

• uncomplicated
• complicated:

a) homogeneous members of the sentence
b) dissociated members: definition (agreed - uncoordinated), addition, circumstance
c) introductory words, introductory sentences and plug-in constructions
d) appeal
e) constructions with direct speech or quotation

Note:

When expressing distinctions using participial and adverbial phrases, as well as comparative constructions, characterize how exactly the separation is expressed

Difficult sentence

1. As in a simple sentence, identify the members of the sentence.
2. As in a simple sentence, characterize the purpose of the statement:

• narrative
• interrogative
• incentive

3. As in a simple sentence, describe the emotions and intonation expressed:

• non-exclamatory
• exclamation point

4. Based on the number of grammatical stems (more than one), determine that the sentence is complex.
5. Determine the type of syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence:

• with union connection
• with non-union connection
• with a combination of union and non-union connections

6. Determine the type of complex sentence and means of communication:

• compound (: connective, disjunctive, adversative, connecting, explanatory or gradational)
• complex (: temporary, causal, conditional, target, consequence, concessive, comparative and explanatory, as well as allied words)
• non-union (connection in meaning, expressed intonation)

7. Determine the type of complex sentence (for example: a complex sentence with an explanatory clause).
8. Next, each part of a complex sentence is characterized (according to the scheme of a simple sentence - see the scheme for parsing a simple sentence, paragraphs 5-8)
9. Create a diagram of a complex sentence that reflects

Middle and high school students regularly face the problem of how to conduct an analysis in the Russian literary language.

Parsing is done in accordance with a certain scheme. This topic in the school course allows identify sentence structure, characterize it, which reduces punctuation illiteracy.

In contact with

What does parsing show?

There are four main types of parsing: phonetic, morphological, compositional and syntactic. The latter is understood as the analysis or parsing of syntactic units with primary highlighting the grammatical basis. The analysis is carried out according to the approved algorithm of actions: highlight the terms + characterize them + draw a diagram.

Schoolchildren, having studied eleven grades, sometimes do not know what parsing a sentence is. They talk about analysis as analysis by composition. This is incorrect, since only individual lexemes are analyzed according to their composition. As for a bunch of words expressing a complete thought, then in primary school the process is called analysis of proposals by members. At the same time, in the middle and high school he gains more deep meaning. Based on this, it is necessary to remember once and for all that analysis of sentences by composition is not carried out in Russian language classes.

The answer here is obvious - everyone knows the subject, indicating an object or object, and the predicate - to actions performed first. To make the speech clearer and the statement complete, the main members are supplemented by secondary ones, which have a set of features.

The secondary members of the sentence allow us to reveal a holistic picture of the events taking place. Their goal is to explain describe the actions of the main predecessors.

At the next stage, you will have to parse the sentence according to. Here we mean how its members are expressed. Each has several options, you need to choose the right one by asking the question:

• vile – noun, place;
• tale - ch., cr. adj., noun;
• def. – adj., place., number;
• add. – noun, place;
• obst. – adverb, noun. with a pretext.

Taking into account the above, a more or less clear idea emerges of what syntactic parsing of a sentence is. In a word, this complex analysis related lexemes expressing a complete thought.

Characteristics of syntactic units

You need to know the criteria that a lexeme has in order to implement detailed description. The characteristics of a sentence in the text presuppose a certain algorithm.

Define the type:

• according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive);
• by emotional-expressive coloring (by intonation) - exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

We find the grammatical basis.

We talk sequentially about each member of the sentence and the means of their expression.

We describe the structure of a syntactic unit. For a simple sentence:

• by composition: one-part (defined-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal, nominative) or two-part;
• by prevalence: widespread or not widespread;
• by completeness: complete or incomplete.
• what is complicated: homogeneous members, interjections, address, introductory constructions.

Determine which This type includes a complex sentence:

• compound sentences (CCS) - they are indicated by simple parts connected by a coordinating conjunction;
• complex sentences (CSS) - we establish the main word, as well as the subordinate word, based on the question and the peculiarity of construction (what the subordinate word refers to, how the subordinate word is attached), we determine the type of the latter;
• non-union complex sentence (BCS) - we establish how many simple parts the syntactic unit consists of, determining the meaning of each (simultaneity, sequence, opposition, etc.).

We give the reasoning for why we put these are the punctuation marks.

If the task involves drawing up a diagram, then we do it.

It is more difficult to parse a complex sentence.

There's more here parameters for analysis.

After the complex sentence from the examples has been parsed into simple parts, we proceed to analyze each of them separately.

Following the algorithm, the student will not have problems completing the task number 4.

How to make a diagram

It is not always enough to parse a simple sentence correctly to get an excellent grade. The student must also be able to draw up diagrams of the units being described.

1. Highlight the subject by underlining it with one line, and the predicate with two lines.
2. Find the minor members, underlining them according to generally accepted rules.
3. Sentences with a revolution or participle are highlighted as follows and are indicated in the final diagram. The participial phrase is highlighted on both sides by vertical lines, and a dot/dotted line is emphasized. Participial stands out on both sides with vertical lines, and is emphasized by a wavy line.
4. The conjunction is not included in the scheme of a complex sentence; it is taken outside the framework of the stem. But complex sentences include it in the subordinate clause. Conjunctions and allied words are enclosed in an oval.

Important! Before you create a sentence diagram, you need to learn how to graphically designate homogeneous members. They are enclosed in a circle, and an address that is not a member of a syntactic unit is designated in the diagram by the letter “O” and separated by two vertical lines. Do the same with introductory words.

Scheme of proposal It’s easy to make up direct speech. Here it is important to separate one part from the other, i.e. the author's words from direct speech, placing appropriate punctuation marks between them.

Example of parsing a simple sentence

Let's write down an example and start analyzing.

I have not seen a lake more magnificent than Baikal.

Stage I: analysis of the proposal by members:

• “I” – vile, expressed personal. places;
• “Didn’t see” – simple ch. tale, expressed verb. will express it in the form. incl. past vr.;

Stage II: Let's find out which members of the sentence form the grammatical basis. Here it will be “I didn’t see”, so we are dealing with a simple sentence.

IN specific example all minor members joined the predicate:

• didn’t see (what?) the lake – additional, expressed noun. in R.P.;
• lake (which one?) is more magnificent – ​​disagree, def, expressed adj. in compare degrees;
• more magnificent than (what?) Baikal – additional, expressed noun. in R.P.

Stage III: at the end of the process they give general characteristics simple sentence In russian language:

• by structure - two-part, widespread, complete;
• according to the purpose of the statement - narrative;
• intonation - non-exclamatory, therefore, at the end there is a punctuation mark - a period.

Stage IV: syntactic analysis a simple sentence presupposes the scheme [- =].

More problems causes parsing of a sentence with participial phrase. See his examples below.

Sample: Behind the swamp, blazing with birches, a grove was visible.

Characteristics: narrative, unspoken, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate dep. about.

Scheme: [, I adverbial phrase I, = — ].

Syntactic units complicated by homogeneous members and phrases are parsed in a similar way.

Simple sentences with participles should receive an objective assessment. They indicate which member the entire turn is, then its parts are parsed into words.

Sample: The moon had just emerged from behind a hill and was illuminating the translucent, small, low clouds.

Characteristics: narrative, non-narrative, homogeneous tales. connected by a non-repeating conjunction “and”, therefore a comma is not placed between them, but commas must be placed between definitions, they have a non-union connection, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous tales. and def.

Scheme: [- = and = O, O, O].

Analysis of complex sentences

Home exercises in Russian regularly contain a mandatory task under the number 4. There are various examples here: SSP, SPP, BSP.

Always, when parsing a complex sentence, you need to start it with finding the grammatical basis.

Complex sentences need to be analyzed based on the definition of the main and subordinate clauses.

Parsing of syntactic units with several subordinate clauses is carried out according to overall plan how it would be done analysis of the proposal by composition, but indicating the type of subordination and the combination of these types. Below are samples complex sentences with examples, with diagrams, clearly demonstrating analysis.

Sample SPP with consistent submission: The kids reported that they picked those daisies that their grandmother loved.

Characteristics: narrative, non-narrative, complex, conjunction, its parts are connected subordinating connection with sequential subordination, consists of two simple ones.

Scheme: [- =], (which = (which = -).

Sample BSC: Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully.

Characteristics: narrative, non-explanatory, complex sentence, has two grammar basics, conjunction, compound. The conjunction “and” expresses simultaneity. The 2nd simple sentence is complicated by homogeneous objects. condition.

Scheme: [- =], and [=].

BSP sample: The wind howls, thunder rumbles.

Characteristics: narrative, non-narrative, complex non-union.

Scheme: [- =], [- =].

Parsing a simple sentence

How to parse

Conclusion

If you have sentences and examples with diagrams before your eyes, then visual memory automatically works. This helps a lot control dictations and independent. This way you can learn automatically and parse accurately proposals (if the examples are chosen correctly) cover all the criteria necessary for the analysis.

Analysis plan:

• Complex.

  The number of parts in a complex complex, their boundaries (highlight grammatical bases in simple sentences).

  Means of communication between parts (indicate conjunctions and determine the meaning of a complex sentence).

  Proposal outline.

Sample parsing:

Was winter, but that's all last days stood thaw. (I. Bunin).

(Narrative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, compound, consists of two parts, opposition is expressed between the first and second parts, the parts are connected by an adversative conjunction But.)

Offer outline:

1 but 2.

The order of syntactic parsing of a complex sentence

Analysis plan:

Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).

Type of offer by emotional coloring(exclamation or non-exclamation).

• Complex.

  Main and subordinate parts.

  What does the subordinate clause spread?

  What is the subordinate clause attached to?

  Location of the subordinate part.

  Type of subordinate part.

  Complex sentence diagram.

Sample parsing:

When she played downstairs on the piano 1, I got up And listened 2 . (A.P. Chekhov)

(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, complex, consists of two parts. The 2nd part is the main one, the 1st is the subordinate part, the subordinate part extends the main part and joins it with a conjunction When, the subordinate part is located before the main one, the type of subordinate part is the subordinate clause).

Offer outline:

(union when...) 1, [...] 2.

subordinate clause

Noun.. verb. union of places Verb. ex. adj. noun

Travelers saw, What They are on small clearing. (Narrative, non-vocal, complex, SPP with explanatory adjective, 1) non-distributive, two-part, complete. 2) distribution, two-part, full).

[ ____ ], (What…).

The order of syntactic parsing of a non-conjunctive complex sentence

Analysis plan:

Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).

Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

• Non-Union.

  Number of parts (highlight grammatical basics in simple sentences).

  Proposal outline.

Sample parsing:

The song ended 1 - the usual applause was heard 2. (I.S. Turgenev)

(Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-union, consists of two parts, the first part indicates the time of action of what is said in the second part, a dash is placed between the parts.)

Offer outline: