What question does the separate definition answer? Separation of definitions and applications. §7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Task B5.

Simple complex sentence

To prepare the material for this assignment, the collection “OPTIMAL TASK BANK FOR PREPARING STUDENTS” was used. Unified State Exam 2012. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Steps to prepare for successfully passing the exam. Tasks and algorithms for their implementation. Authors: S.V. Drabkina, D.I. Subbotin. Moscow. "Intellect-Center", 2012.

What is required from students: knowing what isolation is, find a sentence in which there are separate definitions, applications, circumstances, additions, clarifying members of the sentence.

What students should know to complete the task correctly:

1. Separate agreed common definition - This separated by commas participial or adjective separated by commas with dependent words, which answer the questions WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH?

· Wind, suddenly risen, plucked the last leaves from the trees.

Uncoordinated ones should be distinguished from agreed upon definitions.

Agreed Definition is a definition that is associated with the word being defined using coordination (wooden fence, our entrance, second floor, flying ball).

Inconsistent definition is a definition that is associated with the word being defined using management (city street, checkered skirt) or adjacencies (her students, thicker paper, horseback riding, a boy of about five, a promise to love).

· Moscow, all covered in New Year's garlands, looked beautiful.

2. Standalone application – this is a definition expressed by a noun, i.e. separated by commas or dashes single noun or noun with dependent words, which answers the questions WHO EXACTLY IS THIS? WHAT EXACTLY IS IT? And explains, clarifies in a sentence other noun or pronoun:

· Constance, Mozart's widow, after his death, distributed the scores of his compositions to other people.

· He, 11th grade student, successfully passed the Unified State Exam in Russian.

3. Isolated circumstance – is separated by commas single gerund or participial turnover.

Participles and participial phrases answer the questions WHAT IS DOING? or WHAT DID I DO? and denote an additional action with the main action expressed by a predicate verb.

· Receiving a letter from a friend , I immediately wrote him a response.

· He, laughing, ran towards me.

Isolated circumstances can be expressed not only by adverbial phrases, but also by nouns with prepositions DESPITE, DESPITE:

· Despite the approaching storm , we went to the mountains.

4. Clarifying isolated circumstance is a word or phrase separated by commas that answers the questions WHERE EXACTLY? WHEN EXACTLY? FROM WHERE EXACTLY? HOW EXACTLY? and specifies the place, time or manner of action referred to in the sentence:

· She lived nearby five minutes walk from school.

· Yesterday, at about six o'clock in the evening, they brought a telegram.

5. Separate addition

1) a noun or pronoun separated by commas with the preposition EXCEPT in the meaning

· “except for someone or something”, “except for someone or something”: except us , there was no one in the house.

· “above someone or something”, “in addition to someone or something”: Except for the sweater , he was also wearing a warm scarf.

2) nouns or pronouns separated by commas with prepositions INSTEAD, IN ADDITION, EXCEPT, EXCEPT, OVER:

· All, with the exception of Leonid, arrived on time.

To complete task B5, use the following ALGORITHM:

1) Read the given sentences, paying attention to which syntactic structures are highlighted with punctuation.

2) Remember that

· isolated definitions answer the questions WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and are expressed by participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words;

· standalone applications answer the questions WHO EXACTLY IS THIS? WHAT EXACTLY IS IT?, expressed by a single noun or a noun with a dependent word, explains another noun or personal pronoun.

· special circumstances answer the questions WHAT DO YOU DO? or WHAT DID I DO? and are expressed by single participles or participial phrases;

· clarifying isolated circumstances answer the questions WHERE EXACTLY? WHEN EXACTLY? FROM WHERE EXACTLY? HOW EXACTLY? and specifies the place, time or manner of action referred to in the sentence; 3) Choose the correct answer.

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

In contact with

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

• kind (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is emphasized and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
• “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.
• “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”



• "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

• adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
• pronoun - (whose?) my dog ​​got off the leash;
• numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
• communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

• “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
• “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
• “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.



Isolated (this was shown) can appear both before and after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

1. Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
2. Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”



Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
• with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separating the participle

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are found most often, is a single participle with this type of definition is placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
• The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.



If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb 1st conjugation, the suffix is ​​written -ushch -yushch (thinks - thinking, write - writers);
• when created in the present day. time of the active participle 2 sp., use -ash-yasch (smoke - smoking, sting - stinging);
• in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).



• An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They, tired, went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.



• Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

Such constructions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.

Application- this is a minor member of the sentence; This definition expressed by a noun that gives a different title characterizing the subject: Song, winged bird, calls the brave to go on a hike; brave man . Answers definition questions: Which? which? which? which? It is emphasized, like any definition, by a wavy line.

Applications stand for:

10. properties, characteristics of an object ( girl- smart girl, factory- giant,Handsome man),
11. purpose of the item ( railway carriage- trap ),
12. specifying an object by indicating its own name ( river Moscow ),
13. age ( old man street cleaner),
14. rank ( doctor Zimmerman),
15. person's occupation ( girl- schoolgirl) ,
    
16. social affiliation ( young woman- peasant woman ),
17. nationality ( Ossetian- cab ) and so on.

The application can be expressed:

1) single noun: Brother Ivan, girl- student ;

2) a noun with dependent words: Anton came my cousin, and his wife;

3) noun with the union like: To me, as a curious person, absolutely do not want to leave the room;

4) noun with words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth and etc.: He had a dog nicknamed Shaitan ; Mistress of the monastery, named Lucy, the fighter looked timidly to the side. In the absence of intonation of isolation, such phrases are not distinguished by commas: He got himself a teddy bear named Yasha ;

5) by their names, which are indicated in letters by quotation marks(names of books, magazines, films; names of companies, cinema halls, hotels, etc.; names of sweets, drinks, etc.): newspaper "News", cinema hall "Change", candies "Little Red Riding Hood", drink "Baikal" .

Applications are not:

1) combinations of synonyms or antonyms: way-road, buying and selling;

2) combinations of words by association: bread and salt;

3) complex words: raincoat, sofa bed;

4) first names, last names, patronymics, nicknames of people: Dr. Petrov(application - doctor). The exceptions are: a) cases when names, surnames, nicknames of people are entered using words by nickname, by last name, by nickname;

b) separate applications of clarifying character: The third person's face Ilyusha, was familiar to me.

Applications include:

1) to nouns: From the regiment we thank you for your son - brave man ;

2) to personal pronouns: That's her, my stranger ;

3) to adjectives, participles, numerals acting as a noun: The third person's face Ilyusha, was familiar to me.

Since the main word and application can be expressed by nouns, it is not always easy to find which of the nouns is the word being defined and which is the application. To distinguish between the defined word and the application, the following signs should be taken into account:

in that case, one of the nouns is the subject, then the predicate agrees with it, and not with the application: Magazine "Results" already sold.-The magazine has been sold; Young woman- postman delivered newspapers.-The girl spread;

in that case, when declension, one of the words retains the form of the nominative case, then this application: magazine "Results", in the magazine "Results" ;

in non-separate applications, when combining a common noun and a proper name of inanimate objects, the application is the proper name: river Volga, magazine "Results" ;

when combining a common noun and a person’s own name (surname), the appendix is ​​the common noun: director Ushakov, Brother Ivan;

when combining common nouns and proper nouns, variations are likely, therefore in this case the meaning of the nouns should be taken into account (the application usually indicates the quality, property, nationality, age, profession, social status, similar connections of the subject).

Note. As the language develops, the defined word and the application are often combined into a complete combination - one member of the sentence ( Princess Marya, Comrade Captain, Captain Ivanov, Mother Volga, Ivan Tsarevich, Anika the Warrior, Mother Earth, Mother Rus'), and from time to time in one word (sofa bed, dress-suit, bread and salt).

Applications can be consistent or inconsistent.

18. In coordinated applications, the case form changes when the head (defined) word changes: student- philologist, student- philologist etc.
19. In inconsistent applications, the case form does not change when the head word changes: story "Captain's daughter", story "Captain's daughter" etc.

Application must be distinguished from inconsistent definition, which can also be expressed as a noun.

20. Unlike the app inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun, always expresses the attribute of an object by indicating its relationship with another object. Wed: cat Vaska (Vaska- application; both words name the same animal) and Vaska the cat (Vaska- inconsistent definition; the words in the phrase denote the animal and its owner); sister-teacher (teacher- application; both words name the 1st and the same person) and teacher's sister (teachers- inconsistent definition; words in a phrase refer to different people).
21. An inconsistent definition characterizes a certain attribute of an object and always appears in a certain case. The form of an inconsistent definition does not coincide with the form of the word being defined, while the form of the definition does not change when the word being defined is declension: woman in a blue beret, With a woman in a blue beret.
22. The application, together with the defined word, serves to designate the 1st and the same subject. The appendix either stands with the word being defined in the same case, or retains the nominative case form regardless of the form of the head word. Wed: son- brave man, son's- brave man, about my son - brave man; magazine "Results", in the magazine "Results" .
23. The nominative case form is used almost only in cases where the appendix is ​​a proper name (most often, not a personal name): lake Baikal, on the lake Baikal etc.
24. In some cases, the appendix in the nominative case is attached to the defined noun using words indicating the nature of the proper name (by nickname, by surname, by nickname): a dog named Druzhok; a person by last name..., by first name..., by nickname.

Applications can be not separate and isolated(emphasized by commas or dashes): Because you understand Gavrila, suburban carpenter? ; Young woman- Frenchwoman brought from abroad, came in to offer her to get dressed; Took the stallion for myself miller Pankrat; The street winds - snake .

Exercise for the topic “Application as a type of definition»

Exercise: Highlight the words and applications to be defined, put a hyphen where necessary.

Mount Kazbek, Lake Baikal, voivode frost, design engineer, Anika warrior, self-taught painter, old guard, Ivanushka the Fool, boletus mushroom, portrait painter, rhinoceros beetle, hermit crab, toolmaker, woman doctor, therapist, Moscow River, Mother Russia , poor peasant, poor peasant, floss threads, master cook, master cook, hero artilleryman, little orphan, old father, drinker's guard, drinker's guard, construction engineer, Moscow city, Moscow city, Dumas son, pan officer, bomber plane, bird chaffinch, comrade general, general Ivanov, cockerel brawler, newspaper “Teacher”, Lake Ritsa, village of Krutovka, box monasteries.

See also: Exercises on the topic “Hyphen in application”.

Source of material Internet site

25. Chapter “Appendix” in the electrical textbook “Russian Language” on the website traktat.com
26. Chapter “Appendix” in the manual by L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva “Short course of the Russian language”

Additionally on the site:

27. What are the rules for using a hyphen in an application?
28. Where can I find materials on the topic “Hyphen in application”?
29. How to distinguish a comparative phrase from an application with the word “how”?
30. How to coordinate a predicate with a subject that has an application (cafe-dining room, sofa-bed)?

What are SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES?

Isolated circumstances are circumstances that are highlighted by intonation and punctuation.

Circumstances answer the questions WHERE? WHERE? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? FOR WHAT? And How?

How can isolated circumstances be EXPRESSED?

Separate circumstances can be expressed:

1. single gerundial participle (Making some noise, the river has calmed down)

2. participial phrase (Guys, seeing the landowner, took off their hats)

3. comparative turnover (Her head is shorn, like a boy)

4. turnover with the preposition DESPITE - circumstance of assignment (On the streets, despite the bright sun, the lights were on.)

5. nouns with derived prepositions THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, IN VIEW OF, CONSEQUENTIALLY, UNDER CONDITION, FOR REASON, etc. (In Elena's room, thanks to the thick curtains, it was almost dark. Children, despite the frost, went out for a walk. Children, due to his youth, no positions have been identified)

Question 4 Separate definitions

What is a SEPARATE DEFINITION?

Separate definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.

Definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.

definitions can be expressed:

1. participial phrase (Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.)

2. adjective with dependent words (Pleased with your success, he told me about them.)

3. single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)

4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

Question 5 1. MATCHING 2. CONTROL 3. CONNECTION

The communication method is easiest to determine by dependent word.

Let's consider what parts of speech are used to express dependent words for each type of connection.

CONCORDING

In AGREEMENT, the dependent word can be expressed:

1.ADJECTIVE
For example: green meadow

2.PRONOUN adjective-like
For example: my briefcase

3.PARTICIPLE
For example: flying ball

4.ORDINAL NUMERALS
For example: second floor

CONTROL

In CONTROL, the dependent word can be expressed:

1. NOUN
For example: go to school

2.PRONOUN similar to a noun
For example:letter for me

CONNECTION

When CONNECTING, the dependent word can be expressed:

1. ADVERB
For example: to speak quietly

2. PARTICIPLE
For example: change without looking

3. INDEFINITE FORM OF VERB
For example: went to study


REMEMBER:

1. The method of communication is determined NOT by the main thing, but only by dependent word!
2. It doesn’t matter what question the dependent word in a given phrase answers, what matters is what part of speech it is expressed in!

3. The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) IS NOT a phrase!
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence ARE NOT a phrase!

Question 6

Appeal- a word or combination of words that names the one to whom or what is being addressed.

The role of address is usually performed by a noun in the nominative case (with or without dependent words) or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun (adjective, participle, etc.).

The address can be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence:

Chaadaev, do you remember the past?(Pushkin); Oh, will it be soon?My friend , will the separation time come?(Pushkin); Don't turn it offdarling , light(Malkov).

Note!

1) In order not to confuse the address with the subject, which is also expressed by the nominative case form, the following should be taken into account:

a) the address is not a part of the sentence and is not part of the grammatical basis;

b) if the subject is expressed by a noun, then the predicate is put in the third person form ( Chaadaev rememberspast); if there is an appeal in the sentence, then the sentence is often one-part with a predicate verb in the second person ( Chaadaev , do you remember the past?);

c) the address is pronounced with a special (vocal) intonation: increased stress, pause.