The division of verbs into transitive and intransitive is based on their meaning.
Transitional verbs denote an active action that is directed or transferred to an object (subject). Pointing to an object clarifies the meaning of the verb, makes it more specific ( break a glass - break an enemy, build a house - make plans). The meaning of transitivity is expressed syntactically: the name of the object with transitive verbs is in the form V.p. without pretext (write a poem, love a friend, feel joy).
!!! In the form of R.p. an object can stand in 4 main cases:
1) if the verb has a negation ( don't receive letters);
2) if the object is not used to its full extent ( drank milk, ate bread);
3) if the object is undefined ( We were looking for shelter);
4) if R.p. indicates that the object is taken for temporary use ( Let the car go to town).
Instead of a noun, some equivalent of it can act as a direct object in a sentence:
A) indefinite form verb ( I asked him show book);
b) subordinate clause explanatory sentence (I love, when the day goes out across the river );
c) direct speech ( He said: "I'll come tomorrow" ) ;
d) substantivized unchangeable word ( I bet you Fine ).
NOTES:
1. There is a small group of transitive verbs that, as a rule, are used without an object. With them, the object is thought of as the only possible one and therefore is easily restored: plow (land), sow (grain), eat, heat, pay, smoke, drink. Such verbs are called absolute.
2. The accusative case of the object should be distinguished from the accusative circumstance. Vinit. The case of circumstance, denoting a certain period of time or space, does not express an object. In this case, it denotes the measure of action, that is, it acts as a circumstance, and in that case, questions cannot be asked from the verb whom? What?, to which the direct object answers ( sit all day, sleep all the way).
Intransitive verbs denote an action that does not transfer to an object, and therefore they cannot have with them direct object.
In addition, there is a group of indirect-transitive verbs, that is, those verbs that control an obligatory indirect object (a noun in the indirect case with and without a preposition, except V. p.). These verbs denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object: be afraid of the dark, be proud of your brother, think about victory.
It should be noted that the meaning of transitivity is closely related to the LZ of the verb. Often the same verb in one literal phrase is transitive, and the other is intransitive (Compare: He reads the letter. – The child is four years old, and he is already reading.).
Entire semantic groups of verbs can be transitive or intransitive. For example, verbs of creation or destruction, destruction of an object, as a rule, are transitive ( sew a coat, break a glass).
TO intransitive relate
Verbs of movement ( run, swim), position in space ( sit, hang), sound ( rattle, hiss), states ( be silent, be sick)
Verbs in – to act, -to sit, -it, denoting the occupation of the person named in the producing basis ( to be a hero, to idle, to carpenter)
Verbs to –xia(rejoice, wash)
Verbs formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e- (turn white, cool down).
Traditionally, the verb as a part of speech is studied at the end of grade 4, and repetition and deepening of the topic continues in grades 5-6.
This topic is of practical importance, as it helps students distinguish between the forms of the nominative and accusative cases, not to confuse direct objects with subjects, and to correctly form participles and gerunds.
Let's try to clearly explain to students what a transitive or intransitive verb is.
It is usually determined whether a verb combines with a noun in accusative case without pretext. Transitive verbs require the accusative case (who? what?) to express the direct object in affirmative sentences: And somehow I felt sorry for both the sparrow and the fly. Mom shortened the trousers herself.
But students, when they encounter the same verb in different offers, people often ask: “Which verb is this – transitive or intransitive?”
Consider, for example, the verb WRITE: Ivan writes well. Ivan writes a letter. In the first sentence, the verb “writes” is related to the subject, in the second sentence the verb actualizes the object. The first sentence refers to compatibility potential, and in the second sentence real. Conclusion: the verb WRITE in these sentences is transitive. Let's not forget that verb category transitivity/intransitivity is a constant feature and is determined when morphological analysis Always.
Let's return to the question: can a verb be considered transitive if it does not have a direct object without a preposition in the sentence? Of course, it all depends on the context. In context, a transitive verb can acquire such shades of meaning that turn it into intransitive: I can hear well(that is, I have good hearing). Petya draws well and plays the guitar(that is, he can draw pictures, play music).
In such cases, verbs have the meaning “to be able to do what is expressed by the verb,” that is, they do not denote specific actions, but the properties (characteristics, abilities) of objects in relation to certain actions. With such verbs there is not and cannot be an addition, otherwise the indicated shade will disappear.
If the context conditions allow not to name the object to which the action is transferred, then it is possible to substitute a noun in the accusative case without changing the meaning: I listened (to his father’s story) and did not understand anything. We remember that in context, a transitive verb can be used without a direct object.
A transitive verb is involved in the creation, transformation, movement or destruction of some object ( build a house, fry meat, burn straw). This presupposes the presence of a “tool” that provides contact and increases the effectiveness of action. The body, an active part of the body, or a man-made tool can act as a tool: I dig the earth with a shovel, brush my teeth with a brush.
A small group of transitive verbs has the meaning of recognizing, feeling, perceiving, endowing an object with a sign, opening/closing, establishing contacts, possessing, communion ( find out the news, love music, hear singing, dress your brother, open your coat, glue the sheets of paper, steal money, pick an apple).
The verb will also be transitive in the genitive case when indicating a part of the object or when negating the action itself: drink juice, buy bread; didn't read newspapers, didn't receive money.
Let us now turn to intransitive verbs. They require an object only in oblique cases with or without prepositions: go to school, help a friend. Usually not transitive verbs indicate movement and position in space, physical or moral state: fly, get sick, suffer. Distinctive feature intransitive verbs suffixes -SYA, -E-, -NICHA-(-ICHA-): make sure, become weak, be greedy.
Will the verbs WEIGH, LIE, LIVE be transitive in the examples: weighs a ton, lies for a minute, lives for a week? We reason like this: nouns are in the Accusative case without a preposition, but are not direct objects, but adverbs of measure and time. Conclusion: these verbs are intransitive.
Some prefixes (re-, pro-, from-, obez-/obes-) are capable of turning intransitive verbs into transitive ones: work in an office - process a part, harm a neighbor - neutralize a neighbor.
To check your understanding of the topic, try completing several tasks.
Exercise 1.
Match the verbs with dependent nouns and determine their case:
Pour ______, recognize ______, enjoy ______, dilute ______, distribute ______, belittle ______, get carried away ______, shudder ______, be irritated ______, teach ______, expose ______, absorb ______, unite ______, bless ______, fly ______, jump ______, look out ______ .
Which of these verbs are combined with a noun in Vin.p. without an excuse?
Task 2.
Identify transitive or intransitive verbs. Place the letter P above transitive verbs, and the letter N above intransitive verbs.
Seeing a wolf means being afraid of a wolf; cut off bread - eat without bread; find out from a friend - meet a friend; to be afraid of an opponent - to defeat an opponent - to win against an opponent; know the rules - don't know the rules - stick to the rules; want water - drink water; collect mushrooms - not notice a mushroom - love mushrooms - read about mushrooms; measure the depth - beware of the depth - dive into the depths.
Task 3.
Transform phrases of intransitive verbs with indirect objects into phrases of transitive verbs with direct objects according to the example: take the elevator - use the elevator.
Do physics, get involved in sports, speak a language, get pigeons, talk about a trip, talk about a book.
How did you manage to do this?
Task 4.
Correct errors in the use of nouns:
insist on reconsidering the case, call for help, resign yourself to failure, explain the dangers of smoking, give all your strength to work, bow to his authority.
Task 5.
Correct errors in the use of verbs:
I put on my coat and hat and went for a walk. The students met the new teacher only during class. Mom cleaned the room and did the laundry. The kids were playing on the playground.
Literature
1. Ilchenko O.S. Aspects of studying the topic “Transitive and intransitive verbs” in grade VI / Russian language at school. - 2011. - No. 12.
2. Shelyakin M.A. Handbook of Russian grammar. - M.: Russian language, 1993.
, “responsible” for designating actions. It has not only changeable characteristics, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear when words are changed. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these permanent signs– transitivity.
In contact with
The concept of verb transitivity
Transitivity means grammatical category, indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct object, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less commonly, genitive case, which does not have a preposition.
This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a transition from the semantic side?
The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote “non-independent” actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are examples:
- To write (what?) a play, to serve (who?) a client, to not earn (what?) money are transitive verbs (simply “write” or “serve” is impossible, and “earn” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
- To sit (on what?) on a chair, to wash, to suffer (from what?) from an illness are intransitive verbs (you can simply “sit” or “suffer”).
Transition is what it is transfer of action from subject (subject) to object (called direct object).
In what cases should nouns be put?
Transitive verbs are able to control the object both in the form of the accusative case and in the form of the genitive case - in both cases without a preposition. But how do you know which of the two cases to use in each specific case?
The accusative is basic. The genitive addition takes on the form in the following cases:
- If it means “a certain amount of something”: “drank water” (n.) - that is, some part of the poured liquid; but “drank the water” (vin. p.) - that is, all the water in a given vessel or reservoir.
- In negative sentences, if the meaning “at all” is implied: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
- In negative sentences, if there is an intensifying particle “nor”: “We have no idea.”
The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, and the genitive, on the contrary, strengthens it.
Important! Some nouns with transitive verbal forms acquire a genitive case form that differs from the main one: “I’ll take some sugar”, “not knowing the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water” (instead of “sugar”, “ford”).
How to determine the transitivity of a specific verb
How to determine transitivity? Problems often arise with this. The presence or absence of transitivity can be determined using the following method.
First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or to which you can ask the question “who?” or “what?”
If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct object; in front of us transition.
If the sentence is incomplete, the direct object may not be present, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask a question in the accusative case of the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (who? what?).” If you can’t ask such a question, then this intransitive: “Where have you been all week? “I was sick” (it is impossible to ask “who?” or “what?”).
Important! All reflexive and verb forms in the passive voice are not transitive, that is, those that have the suffix “-s” or “-sya”: it seems, washes, is located.
While observing this rule, you need to keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it must denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the accusative case without a preposition stands next to a verb and is related to it, but it cannot be transitive: “It takes an hour to drive,” “to live for a week.”
Transitivity of polysemous verbs
Verb forms of words can have multiple meanings. In this case, in the first meaning there is a transitive type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He is telling (what?) a lie” is transitive, but “the child is already speaking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) a march” is transitive, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.
In humorous texts, a situation is possible when the normally intransitive becomes transitive: “Drink vodka and misbehave with discipline.”
The comic effect is built on this; the verbs seem to acquire the meanings of those instead of which they are placed– “to hooligan” instead of “to violate”, etc.
Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms may have transitivity.
“Trade” is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, having the meaning of “price the price,” it was transitive: “To trade a horse.” This usage remains in folklore.
Differences between transitive and intransitive
Now you need to find out what is the difference between transitional from intransitive. First of all is its meaning. Transitional is usually designated.
All verbs in the Russian language in this category are divided into two large groups – transitive and intransitive .
TO transitional include verbs that can control the accusative case without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object.
In a sentence, transitive verbs have or may have direct object .
For example:
1. I am writing a letter.
2. Yesterday I read all day
In the second example there is no direct object, but it is potentially possible ( interesting book).
It should be remembered that transitive verbs cannot be reflexive.
Exercise:
Compare:
1. On the way to the university I met my friend.
2. My friend wasn’t at home
In addition to the accusative case, transitive verbs in two cases can also control the genitive case forms.
First case: when the genitive case means part of a whole.
For example:
I drank milk.(Wed: drank milk)
Second case: when a transitive verb has a negative particle Not.
For example:
I haven't received a letter from my brother for a long time
Such additions are also straight .
TO intransitive These include verbs that cannot control the accusative case form without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is not directly directed at an object. With intransitive verbs there is no and cannot be a direct object (after them you cannot pose a question whom? or What?)
For example:
sit, sleep, walk, dream, talk
Intransitive verbs can control everything indirect cases, except accusative without preposition. They can also control the accusative case, but only with a preposition.
For example:
step on a stone, trip over a stone
It should be remembered that intransitive verbs in a sentence have indirect object .
For example:
I'm talking on the phone with a friend
It should also be remembered that if a reflexive postfix is added to a transitive verb -xia-, then it becomes intransitive.
Exercise:
Compare:
teach - learn, bathe - swim, build - build, dress - dress
Pledge is a constant lexical and grammatical category of a verb, which expresses the relationship of the action to the subject (i.e., the producer of the action). There are two collaterals - active and passive .
Verbs active voice denote an action not directed at the subject (i.e., the producer of the action).
For example:
1. Workers are building a house.
2. Snow covered the ground
In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by the subject (in the I.p.), and the object by the direct object (in the V.p. without a preposition).
Verbs passive voice denote an action directed at the subject.
For example:
1. The house is being built by workers.
2. The ground was covered with snow
In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by an indirect object (in T.p. without a preposition), and the object has become the subject (in I.p.).
It should be remembered that verbs in the passive voice are always reflexive, i.e. have postfix -sya-, (-s-), and active verbs can be either non-reflexive or reflexive.
For example:
The child is sleeping.
The children are frolicking.
It's getting dark outside
In all these examples the verbs are active voice.
Type categories– this is also a constant grammatical category of the verb. The aspect of the verb expresses the relation of the action to its internal limit. Distinguish between verbs imperfect and perfect form.
Verbs imperfect form denote an action that has not reached its internal limit, i.e. his final result. They answer the question what to do?(There is no prefix in the question -With-).
For example:
I solved this math problem yesterday
This verb form contains an indication that I have completed this task.
1) verbs, correlative in appearance;
2) one-type verbs;
3) two-aspect verbs.
Verbs with correlative aspect– these are verbs that have correlative aspect pairs.
For example:
1) write - write, do - do, carry - bring, wake - wake up etc. (differ by the presence or absence of a prefix);
2) decide - decide, push - push, order - order, snack - snack etc. (differ by suffixes);
3) pull out - pull out, scream - shout, forgive - forgive, etc.(they differ in alternation in the root, as well as in suffixes);
4) cut - cut, scatter - scatter etc. (differ only in emphasis);
5) catch - catch, take - take(these are suppletive forms).
Monotype verbs- these are verbs that do not have correlative aspect pairs. In turn, this group has two varieties:
1) single-aspect verbs only imperfective;
For example:
1. walk, sit(denote actions that took place in the distant past);
2. peek, cough(with the value of intermittent action);
3. dance, say etc. (with the meaning of accompanying action).
2) single-aspect verbs only perfective.
For example:
1. sing (start singing), walk (start walking), run (start running)(with the value of the beginning of the action);
2. make noise, dissuade, spoil etc. (with the meaning of completion of the action);
3. to gush, burst etc. (with the value of the intensity of action).
Bi-aspect verbs - These are verbs that combine the meanings of the imperfect and perfect forms at the same time.
For example:
attack, telegraph, promise, command, wound, marry, etc.
The type of such verbs is specified only in a sentence or in related text.
For example:
1. People get married; I see that I’m the only one who’s not married.
(Pushkin. The Tale of Tsar Soltan)
2. Meanwhile, he marries Maria Ivanovna.
(Pushkin. Captain's daughter)
Verbs perfect form may have such shades of meaning :
1. They call an action that was single (happened once): I ran to the shore and threw myself into the water, quickly swam up to the boy, grabbed him with my hand and, rowing with the other, headed back to the shore.
2. They call effective action, i.e. one whose result is obvious: We hung a wall newspaper in the hallway.(This is what a member of the editorial board of this newspaper could say if he were asked: “Well, how is the newspaper? Is it ready?” The answer would mean: This newspaper is ready, you can read it - the result of the work is obvious). Nikolai grew up over the summer, tanned, got stronger and lost a little weight.(Having met him, you can be convinced of this). The words that are placed in brackets here emphasize the meaning that perfective verbs allow us to imply in these statements.
3. They call it a one-time action: I jumped onto the windowsill.
Verbs imperfect form may have such shades of meaning :
1. They call an action that was performed (is being performed, will be performed) repeatedly, usually or always: In the summer we ran to the river and swam in the still cold morning water. The cheetah even outstrips the leopard.
2. They call actions that are ongoing, not yet exhausted, lasting (in the past, present and future tense): In the morning I wrote a letter and thought about what Natasha would answer to it. The rain is noisy outside, water drops and streams are ringing against the glass of my room. These roses will bloom and smell fragrant for many more days.
3. They call an action consisting of a series of acts; Moreover, although each act is completed, exhausted, the series itself is not exhausted and is depicted as continuing: Every day we learned five new words. We weeded both of these beds many times.
Related information.
The Russian language is complex, but logical. Many things in it can be calculated on the basis of classical thoughts about the structure of the world. The transitivity of a verb is also easily determined based both on the name of its category (transitive means denoting an action that passes to some object), and a number of grammatical features inherent only to it. Let's try to figure out how to easily and quickly see its transitivity in a verb?
First of all, we must understand that the transitive verb is associated not only with the subject (I am sleeping), but also with the object (I wake up the child) of the action. Accordingly, the category of transitivity can be seen already at the semantic level: if a verb requires an addition, if without it it is incomplete in meaning, then most likely it will be transitive.
The object of action in transitive verbs is a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: for example, I meet (who?) him, brother (V.p.), I write (what?) a letter (V.p.) .
Transitive verbs containing negation or indicating part of the subject can be combined with nouns and pronouns in the genitive case without a preposition: for example, I didn’t buy (what?) milk (R.p.), I cut off (what?) bread (R. P.).
Unlike transitive verbs, intransitive verbs are not able to form semantic grammatical pairs with the above nouns and pronouns: for example, when talking about sleep itself, it is impossible to say “I am sleeping” whom? what?, since the subject is sleeping on his own.
Most often, transitive verbs express the idea of direct physical impact subject to object (I wash the dishes) or sensory interaction directed from subject to object (I love my mother). Intransitive verbs are usually associated with the semantics of movement or movement in space: for example, “I’m going” (you can say where I’m going or how I’m going, but you can’t say that “I’m going” and thereby impacting someone or something -influence) or “I am sailing” (you can say where I am sailing or on what, etc.).
Passive (the house was built by builders) and reflexive (I need money) verbs are never transitive.
In some cases, transitive verbs can be used without their “objective” object or even not have it at all in one context or another. In the first option, we are dealing with a reasonable omission of a word that is easily restored from the general meaning of the text and can be contained in previous or subsequent sentences (for example, in oral speech it is quite acceptable to say “I eat” without mentioning what exactly “I eat” since everyone who is with the speaker at this moment can already see this); in the second, we are talking about so-called labile verbs that acquire the category of transitivity or lose it in a certain context (for example, “I am writing” does not necessarily require an addition, since it can mean not so much an action aimed at a specific object, but rather the timeless occupation of a person, constantly writing different things).
Labile verbs are not recognized by all philologists. By default, it is generally accepted that in the Russian language there are only transitive and intransitive verbs. Accordingly, when encountered in the text or colloquial speech a verb similar to a transitive one, but without an object, a decision about the degree of its transitivity must be made based on its grammatical ability to be combined with nouns and pronouns in the accusative or genitive case without a preposition.
