In this article, we will look at what complex sentences with different kinds links, examples of which will be given and analyzed. But to make it clear, let's start from afar.
What is called a complex sentence
In syntax, a sentence is words united by a common meaning and connected with the help of the laws of grammar, having a common theme, purpose of expression and intonation. With the help of sentences, people communicate, share their thoughts, set out any material. Thought can be expressed briefly, but it can be expanded. Accordingly, sentences can be concise or widespread.
Each sentence has its "heart" - the grammatical base, ie. subject and predicate. This is the subject of speech and its main characteristic (what does it do, what is it, what is it?). If the grammatical basis in a sentence is one, it is a simple sentence, if there are two or more of them, then it is complex.
(SP) can include two parts, three, four or even more. The meaningful relations between them, as well as the means of their connection with each other, can be different. There are complex allied proposals and non-allied ones. To learn about their diversity, read the next section.
What are the joint ventures
We have already started talking about the fact that joint ventures can be allied or non-allied. Everything is very simple. If the parts of the joint venture are connected by a union (or by intonation, then the connection between them is called allied, and if only by intonation alone, then, accordingly, non-union.
In turn, union sentences are divided into compositional and subordinate - depending on whether their parts are in an "equal" position or one depends on the other.
Spring is coming soon... This is a simple sentence. the world will play again bright colors. This sentence is complex, while its parts are connected by intonation and union " when"... We can ask a question from the main predicative part to the subordinate clause ( the world will sparkle with bright colors when? - when spring comes), so it is Spring is coming and nature will bloom... There are also two parts in this sentence, but they are united by intonation and compositional union and... You cannot form a question between the parts, but you can easily divide this sentence into two simple ones. This sentence is complex. Spring will come soon, flowers will bloom, birds will fly, it will be warm. This joint venture has four simple parts, but all of them are united only by intonation, there are no unions on the borders of the parts. This means that it is non-union. To compose complex sentences with different types of communication, it would be necessary to combine in one sentence both union and non-union communication.
How many simple sentences can there be in a complex one?
For a sentence to be considered complex, it must include at least two simple, two predicative parts. Complex sentences with different types of connection (we will see examples just below) contain at least three parts, and sometimes there are about ten. But in this case, the offer can be difficult to accept. Such proposals combine allied and non-allied ties, compositional and subordinate in any combination.
He was surprised; the head and chest were full of some strange feeling; the water ran with frightening speed, indomitable breaking through between the stones, and with such force fell from a height that it seemed that the mountain could not withstand this pressure, on the slopes of which mountain flowers were full of ...
Here's a great example. Here are the parts of complex sentences with different There are 5 predicative parts in this sentence, between which all of possible types communication. What are their features? Let's remember in more detail.
Allied Writing Link
Complex union sentences are complex-composed (SPP) or complex-subordinate (SPP).
The compositional link (CC) connects "equal" simple sentences. This means that it is impossible to form a question from one predicative part of a complex sentence to another, there is no dependence between them. Parts of the MTP can easily be made as independent sentences, and the meaning of the phrase will not suffer or change from this.
To connect parts of such sentences, creative conjunctions are used. and, a, but, or etc. The sea was rough, and the waves crashed against the rocks with frantic force..
Allied subordinate link
With a subordinate connection (PS), as can be seen from its name, one part of the sentence "subordinates" to itself the other, carries the main meaning, is the main one, while the second (subordinate clause) only complements, concretizes in something, you can ask a question from the main part. For a subordinate connection, such unions and union words are used as what, who, when, which, because if etc.
But it's sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on her every hour, that she deceived us ...(A. Pushkin). This sentence has one main part and three subordinate clauses, dependent on it and answering the same questions: " But it's sad to think (about what?), Which is in vain ..."
If you try to divide the SPP into separate simple ones, then in most cases it will be seen that the main part retains its meaning and can exist without clauses, but the clauses become incomplete in semantic content and are not full-fledged sentences.
Unionless connection
Another type of joint venture is non-union. A complex sentence with different types of communication most often combines communication without alliances with one of the allied types or with both types at once.
Parts of the BSP are connected only intonationally. But this type of joint venture is considered the most difficult in terms of punctuation. If in union sentences only one sign is put between their parts - a comma, then in this case you need to choose one of four punctuation marks: comma, semicolon, dash or colon. In this article, we will not go into the details of this difficult rule, since our task today is complex sentences with different types of communication, exercises in their grammatically correct composition and punctuation.
The horses started, the bell rang, the wagon flew(A.S. Pushkin). This sentence has three parts, connected by intonation and separated by commas.
So, we briefly gave a description of each of the possible types of communication between parts of the joint venture, and now we will return to the main topic of the article.
Algorithm for parsing a joint venture with different types of communication
How to correctly place signs in a joint venture with many parts and different types of communication? The most important thing is to determine how many parts are in it and where exactly their boundaries pass. To do this, you need to find the grammatical foundations. There are as many predicative parts as there are. Next, we select all the secondary terms related to each of the bases, and thus it becomes clear where one part ends and the other begins. After that, you need to determine what types of communication between the parts (look at the presence of unions or their absence, try to ask a question or try to make each of the parts a separate sentence).
And finally, it remains only to correctly place punctuation marks, because without them in writing it is very difficult to perceive complex sentences with different types of communication (exercises in textbooks are precisely aimed at developing this skill).
How not to be mistaken in the choice of punctuation marks?
Punctuation of a complex sentence with different types of communication
After the predicative parts are highlighted and the types of connection are established, everything becomes very clear. Punctuation marks are placed in accordance with the rule relating to a specific type of communication.
Writing (SS) and subordinate communication (PS) require a comma before the union. Other punctuation marks in this case are very rare (with a compositional connection, a semicolon is possible if one of the parts is complicated and contains commas inside; it is possible to use a dash if the parts are sharply opposed or one of them contains an unexpected result).
With a non-union connection, as mentioned above, there may be one of four punctuation marks, depending on what the semantic relations are between the parts of the sentence.
Drawing up diagrams of complex sentences with different types of communication
This stage can be performed before placing punctuation marks, or after, to check their correctness. Schemes are used in punctuation to graphically explain the choice of a particular punctuation mark.
The scheme helps to write complex sentences with different types of communication without punctuation errors. We will give examples of the placement of punctuation marks and drawing up a diagram right now.
[The day was beautiful, sunny, wonderfully calm]; [a cozy shadow moved to the left], and [it became difficult to understand], (where it ends, the shadow) and (where the emerald foliage of the trees begins).
In this sentence, a non-union connection is easily traced between the first and second parts, between the second and the third - the compositional one, and the third part is the main one in relation to the next two subordinate parts and is connected with them by a subordinate connection. The scheme of this joint venture is as follows: [__ =, =, =]; [= __], and [=], (where = __) and (where = __). Complex sentence schemes with different types of communication can be horizontal and vertical. We gave an example of a horizontal layout.
Let's summarize
So, we found out what complex sentences with different types of communication are (examples of them are very common in works fiction and business communication). These are sentences containing more than two simple ones in their composition, and their parts are connected by different types syntactic link... The joint venture with different types of communication may include NGN, SSP and BSP in various combinations... In order not to be mistaken in punctuation marks, you need to designate simple sentences within a complex one and determine the types of syntactic connections.
Be literate!
1. Polynomials complex sentences with several clauses differ in their construction.
All subordinate clauses can be of the same name (that is, have the same meaning) with the same relation: they refer to the same word of the main part or to the entire main part as a whole. Such clauses are considered homogeneous and subordinate :
1) You could hear how skids creaked on the street, how coal trucks drove to the factory, and how half-frozen people shouted hoarsely at the horses.(M.-Sib.);
2) V holidays the owner deliberately looked for something to do, just to take some time, if only his farm laborer was not out of work(Shol.).
Heterogeneous are subordinate clauses, different in meaning (with the same reference to the main part), as well as the same in meaning, but referred to different words the main part. The following combinations of subordinate parts are possible:
1) The point is not what they called her, but that she is an amazing street!(S. Bar.);
2) Although it was almost dry in the plantings, Kovtun felt as if he were stretching his legs from somewhere deep under the ground with every step.(Sim.);
3) Before it got dark, we left the forest, as we were afraid of getting lost.
However, often homogeneous and heterogeneous clauses are present in a complex sentence at the same time: And maybe it is precisely because the road always pleases the soldier, and the preparations are always a little troublesome, none of us- neither the officers, nor the sentries, nor us, who dragged the equipment to the cars,- did not notice what should have been noticed or at least heard(S. Bar.).
Subordinate clauses can form a sequential chain: the first refers to the main, the second to the first subordinate clause, the third to the second, etc. Such subordination is considered consistent , and subordinate clauses - respectively, subordinate clauses of the first degree, subordinate clauses of the second degree, etc. For example:
1) The silent visitors of the branch were amazed by the fact that the choristers, scattered in different places, sang very well, as if the whole choir were standing, not taking their eyes off the invisible conductor.(Bulg.);
2) In the mornings, when it is impossible to walk ten steps on the grass, so as not to get wet to the skin with dew, the air on
Prorve smells of bitter willow bark, herbaceous freshness, sedge(Paust.).
Consistently subordinate subordinate and subordinate homogeneous and heterogeneous subordinate clauses can be combined within one complex sentence:
1) I lived, worked, loved, suffered, hoped, dreamed, knowing only one thing,- that sooner or later, in adulthood, or maybe even in old age, but I will start writing, not at all because I set myself such a task, but because my being demanded it(Paust.);
2) While you were at school, in the classroom, your mother wiped away her tears so that you do not know that there is a need and that it is cruel(Luke.).
2. A polynomial complex sentence can have two (or several) main parts with a common (or common) subordinate clause. As a rule, these are sentences with a subordinate clause related to the entire main part as a whole (in this case, simultaneously to two or even three). These are subordinate clauses with adverbial meanings, more often temporary and conditional.
1) ... When this story took place, the ramparts were still covered with thickets of honeysuckle and hawthorn, and birds nested in them(Paust.);
2) ... When Vronsky rode up at a full trot of the root, pulling out the riders who were already galloping without reins through the mud, the sun peeped out again, and the roofs of the cottages, the old lime trees of the gardens on both sides of the main street shone with a wet shine, and it dripped merrily from the branches, and ran from the roofs water(L. T.).
Less common are constructions with a verbal dependence, for example, a pronominal-union correlative type: Lyalya slept so calmly and in her eyelashes, it seemed, such good dreams that Natalya Petrovna did not dare to wake her daughter(Paust.) - and sentences of the substantive-definitive type: There was a sea and there was a steppe, which Petya had never seen in reality(Cat.).
Complex sentences with different types of communication- this is complex sentences that consist of at least from three simple sentences , connected with each other by a compositional, subordinate and non-union connection.
To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks) connected by creative unions or non-union; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I am]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would drink for a long parting), (whom I could shake hands with from my heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: non-union and subordinate, consists of two parts (blocks), connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two relative clauses, with a homogeneous subordination.
2) [Lane was covered in gardens], and [by the fences grew linden trees who now cast a broad shadow by the moon] (so that fences and Gates on one side they were completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: compositional and subordinate, consists of two parts, connected by a compositional connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - a complex sentence with a clause of the consequence; the subordinate clause depends on everything important, it joins it with a union so that.
A complex sentence may contain sentences with various types of union and non-union communication.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun went down, and the night followed the day without a gap, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And - a compositional union, like a subordinate union.)
Outline of this proposal:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had set long ago, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the turtles murmured near, the cuckoo was crowing in the distance(Bunin).
(But - a compositional union.)
Outline of this proposal:
3) subordination and non-union communication.
For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured it with itself(Chekhov).
(When - subordinate union.)
Outline of this proposal:
4) composition, submission and non-union communication.
For example: The garden was spacious and only oaks grew; they began to bloom only recently, so that now through the young foliage the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.
(And is a compositional union, so a subordinate union.)
Outline of this proposal:
In complex sentences with a compositional and subordinate connection, there may be a compositional and subordinate conjunctions nearby.
For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we swam to Odessa, it started raining heavily.
(But - a compositional union, when - a subordinate union.)
Outline of this proposal:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection
In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex with different types of communication.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappeared] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple suggestions are most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon ... Most often, a semicolon occurs in the place of a non-union connection.
For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the mound obscured it with itself].(The proposal is complex, with different types of communication: non-union and allied communication.)
In the place of non-union communication between simple sentences in a complex possible also comma , dash and colon , which are set according to the rules for the placement of punctuation marks in the non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has set long ago] , but[the forest has not yet died down] : [turtledoves murmured near] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of communication: non-union and allied communication.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashed] : [the idea of an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The proposal is complex, with different types of communication: compositional and non-union.)
In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which are complex sentences in themselves or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are put at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs put on their own own syntactic basis.
For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that the wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [he caressed every bush, every pine tree, herringbone], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - there is a colon at the junction of the blocks; [Yesterday the woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage], (to get the worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he had to take off without throwing off the put on layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Sew.) - there is a semicolon at the junction of the blocks.
Particular difficulties are caused by setting punctuation marks at the junction of the composition and subordinate unions (or a compositional union and a union word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a compositional, subordinate and non-union communication. However, in this case, and special attention require proposals in which several unions are side by side.
In such cases, a comma between the unions is placed if the second part of the double union does not follow further then, so, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, no comma is placed between the two unions.
For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.
You can call me but , if you don’t call today, we’ll leave tomorrow. - You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then tomorrow we will leave.
I think that , if you try, you will succeed. - I think that if you try, you will succeed.
Parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
The scheme of parsing a complex sentence with different types of communication
1. Determine the type of sentence for the purpose of the statement (declarative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Specify the type of proposal for emotional coloring(exclamation or non-exclamation).
3. Determine (by grammatical basis) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or compositional).
5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Draw up a proposal outline.
SAMPLE Parsing a Complex Sentence WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall he me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I am decided
If the dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then the conjunction is used in the phrase. Subordination see subordination. Coordination is a subordinate relationship in which the dependent word is consistent with the main one in the form of gender, number and case. A connection used to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent, then you are in control. When adjacent, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb, or gerunds. In the complex interaction of two organisms, to distinguish between the compositional and subordinate connection, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility.
See what a "subordinate relationship" is in other dictionaries:
Examples: writing poetry, faith in victory, happy with the answer. This pair of words should not be written out, since the grammatical bases in which the words are connected creative communication, that is, they are equal, they are NOT a phrase. The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence, one of them acts as the main one, the other as a dependent one. Submission is a subordinate relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another.
PARATAXIS - ling. a creative connection of two or more sentences within one complex sentence; linking parts of the proposal. All types of subordinate communication: control, coordination, reflection, adjoining express the dependent position of one word in relation to another. Submissive relationship expressed most often with the help of various inflectional suffixes of number, case, possessive suffixes.
Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with management are the same, so in such cases, management can be confused with agreement, for example: at the head of a college. If the dependent word does not change, then this is a phrase with management: from the director of the college to the director of the college. Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is dependent, for example: slightly sad, I like to eat.
In phrases, the verb in the mood + infinitive form is always the verb as the main word, and the infinitive as the dependent one. Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences. In count grammatical foundations sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical basis) and complex (more than one grammatical basis).
You mean: Now I saw that the rain is over ↓, ↓ that the cloud has gone further. ↓ By the way, I listened to this option for myself - at first glance, it seems possible. 1. In the middle of the SPP there can be no descending phrase - otherwise the intonation of the enumeration, and with it the compositional connection, will remain. They write about this on the Internet. When the main word is changed, the dependent also changes.
In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. Distinguish between prepositional and adverbial forms. 1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically - this is an adverb. 3. If you need control, look for a non-nominative noun or pronoun.
I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. Mom called ambulance and we went to district hospital... Submission is characterized by an irreversible relationship between parts of a link: one part cannot be replaced by another without prejudice to the overall content. Examples: little boy, on a summer evening; our doctor, on Lake Baikal. Examples: female astronaut, excellent student. 4] (word order, lexical and intonation).
The independent part in it is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate clause. Suddenly, an insidious convict stunned me with the handle of a pistol, as you might guess (uncommon introductory sentence, where highlighted words are subject and predicate), my own pistol. "
Example 2. SPF: NOW AND I SAW THAT THE RAIN IS ENDED, THE CLOUD WAS GOING FURTHER. There are three types of subordinate relationship between the main and dependent word in a phrase: coordination, control and adjoining. In a complex sentence, a subordinate relationship exists between the main and subordinate clauses. Students and the examiner are not a combination of words, because the connection between words is compositional, not subordinate (that is, the main and dependent word cannot be distinguished).
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
| Good advice |
|
| It can be difficult to distinguish between a simple sentence, complicated by homogeneous predicates, and a complex sentence, especially if one of the parts complex sentence is an incomplete proposal. For example: I was late because I forgot my watch at home. | It should be remembered that homogeneous members sentences can be connected only by creative unions. The compositional union, which connects parts of a complex sentence, and the compositional union, which connects homogeneous members of the sentence, should not be confused: I was tired and lay down to rest. - the union binds homogeneous predicates; I'm tired, and I wanted to rest. - the union connects parts of a complex sentence. If there is a subordinate union in a dubious sentence, then you have a complex sentence, the second part of which is an incomplete sentence: I was late because I forgot my watch at home. I was in a hurry, but still late. |
| Part of a complex sentence can be confused detached member sentences, specifying the term of the sentence, introductory construction, comparative turnover. For example: Having rounded a high promontory, the steamer entered the bay. Many gases, such as hydrogen, are lighter than air. It seems his name is Ivan. | Make sure that you are talking about a part of a complex sentence with an independent grammatical basis, and not any of the listed structures. It should be especially noted that the target turnover with the union so that is a subordinate part of a complex sentence, the grammatical base of which consists of a predicate expressed by an infinitive: To memorize the poem, she read it aloud six times. |
| If the subordinate clause is inside the main clause, you can make a mistake in counting the number of parts of a complex sentence (in the options for answering a task of this kind, the number of parts of a complex sentence is sometimes indicated). | Find the grammatical foundations of the sentences that make up the complex. There are exactly as many parts in a sentence as there are grammatical bases. For example: He quickly learned what was then known in the field of mathematics, and even took up his own research. Basis of the first part: he studied and got busy. The basis of the second part: what was known. Therefore, there are two parts in a complex sentence. |
| It can be difficult to determine the types of connection between parts of a complex sentence with different types of connection. For example: It was impossible to stop: as soon as I stopped moving, my legs were sucked in, and the traces were filled with water. | The type of connection is determined by the union. Find the conjunctions that connect parts of a complex sentence. If there is no union between some parts, then the connection between them is non-union, if the union is compositional or subordinate, then the connection is, respectively, compositional or subordinate. In the above example, the sentence has four parts. The first (it was impossible to stop) and the third (the legs were sucked in) are connected by a non-union connection, the second (as soon as I stopped moving) and the third (the legs were sucked in) are connected by a subordinate connection with the help of a subordinate union as soon as the third and fourth (the traces were filled with water) - by a compositional communication with the help of the creative union a. |
Difficult sentence. Types of complex sentences
In addition to simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, connecting them with each other.
Complex sentences are sentences made up of two or more simple sentences. Simple sentences as part of a complex, they do not have intonational completeness, they do not have their own purpose of expression and are united in meaning and in pronunciation into one whole.
The storm has already died down, the wind has eased.
As it comes around, it will respond.
The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.
Simple sentences are combined into complex sentences in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined using intonation and conjunctions (or union words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without conjunctions and union words).
The sun is shining over the lake, and the glare dazzles your eyes(union).
Sentences with conjunctions and allied words are divided into two groups: compound sentences, complex sentences.
Compound sentences are sentences in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are linked by creative unions.
June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses were wide open at night.
The mole has broken the fur coat, but the mittens are like new.
Complex sentences are such sentences in which one of the sentences is subordinate to the other in meaning and is associated with it with a subordinate union or union word. An independent sentence as part of a complex subordinate is called the main, and the dependent, subordinate to the main in meaning and grammatical, is called a subordinate clause.
If you are in Myshkin(clause), go to the Efimkins(main).
I want to find a pebble(main), which you don't have(clause).
Complex sentences with different kinds allied and non-allied ties
If a complex sentence consists of three or more parts, then some of them can be connected using creative conjunctions, others using subordinate unions, the third - without unions. Such a proposal is called a complex proposal with different types of union and non-union communication.
In me there was no one too strong vice that would stick out more clearly than all my other vices, there was no pictorial virtue in me that could give me some kind of pictorial appearance, but instead, I contained a collection of all possible nasty things, a little bit of each, and, moreover, in such a multitude, in which I have not yet met in any person. (N.V. Gogol).
(This is a complex sentence, consisting of six simple ones, the parts of which are connected by a subordinate, compositional and non-union connection.)
