In Russian - its form.
Imperfect verb
Most of these units have opposing forms. For example, create - create, sign - sign, etc. If you compare the members of these pairs, you will notice that although the lexical meaning is similar, they have something different. This difference is the type of verb. The first member of these pairs represents the imperfect; the second has the form of a perfect variant.
A verb in its perfect form can answer the following questions: what to do? What did you do? what will he do?
Perfective forms often have the meaning of completeness of an action, call limited processes, and indicate the result of an action that has already happened. For example: the boy recovered.
Verb imperfect form calls the action developing, lasting, unlimited, and also indicates the repetition and duration of the process. For example: the boy is recovering.
The category of type is in close relationship with the category of time. Thus, the imperfect form of the verb has forms of all three tenses, and the perfect form has only forms in the future and past. Because the present tense characterizes a process that lasts at the moment of speech, developing and ongoing, and the perfect form represents an action limited in development.
Most often, Russian verbs are paired according to aspect. That is, two forms have the same semantic meaning, but differ in grammatical form: train - train, curl - curl.
There are also single species. Unpaired ones carry the meaning of an action limited in its development: to wake up, to run away. The unpaired imperfections denote an action that is unlimited in its development: to sentence, to sympathize, to inhabit. There are also two-type verbs that combine the meanings of the perfect and imperfect categories: execute, examine, wound.
Imperfect participles
A verb form that has the meaning of an additional action, which combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, is a gerund. This part of speech comes in two types: perfect and imperfect. The second type almost always refers to a process that occurs at the same time as the action of the predicate verb. Rarely does such a gerund denote a preceding or subsequent action. For example: twice a year she visited the capital and, returning from there, spoke loudly about the miracle. And this part of speech in the perfect form usually means a previous action.
The unit of this part of speech of the imperfect form is formed using the suffix -a (-я) from the stem in the present tense. For example, they are watching - watching.
Not all verb groups have this form. Among them:
Verbs with a stem in the present tense, which consists of consonants (mint);
Verbs ending in -i (live) with a one-syllable stem;
Verbs with the suffix -nu (wither);
Verbs ending in -a (to call) with a one-syllable stem in the infinitive.
If the verb has the suffix -va-, then the gerund is formed from the infinitive stem: create - create - creating.
General information
The verb denotes an action and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
In Russian, verbs are divided into perfective and imperfect:
Perfect form of the verb. They answer the question what to do? What did you do? what will they do? what will I do? and denote an action that is limited in its duration or has an internal limit, completeness.
I went for an interview on Saturday.
Born and raised in Sayanogorsk.
Imperfect form of the verb. They answer the question what to do? what did you do? what are they doing? what am I doing? and denote an action without time limit, long-term or repeated.
I was at home in Bishkek.
I. Bernstein himself considered his concept synthetic.
Difficult cases.
There are verbs that combine the meaning of the perfective and imperfective forms in one form. Their appearance is determined from the context.
For example, the words: marry, execute, wound, command, as well as verbs with the suffixes -ova(tъ), -irova(t): influence, use, automate, telegraph, etc.
The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land - they say(what are they doing?) -> imperfect verb
Would you please tell me to bring the rug?- I command(what will I do?) -> perfect verb
In all cases of doubt, select the answer Other and write in the comment: lacking context.
Verbs can be perfect or imperfect.
Imperfective verbs denote an unfinished action; they do not indicate the limit or boundary of the action. For example: type, write, solve. These verbs answer the question what to do?
Perfective verbs denote a completed action, limited by some limit. For example: type, write, solve. These verbs answer the question what to do?
Imperfective verbs have three tenses: past, present and future (complex). For example: dial - dialed, dialed, will dial.
Perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future (simple). For example: dial - dialed, dialed.
Among imperfective verbs, denoting an unfinished, repeated action, multiple verbs stand out. For example: twitch, shake, shout.
Among perfective verbs denoting a completed action, one-time verbs stand out. For example: push, scream, pull.
As a rule, verbs form aspectual pairs that have the same lexical meaning. Wed: decide - decide, write - write, lead - bring.
Some verbs do not have paired aspectual forms. For example: ingratiate, prevail, be present and other imperfect verbs do not have paired perfect forms. The perfective verbs molochat, gulychnot, needy and others do not have paired imperfective forms.
Some verbs, depending on their use, have either an imperfective aspect or a perfective aspect (two-aspect verbs). Wed: Every day our unit attacks the enemy (present, vr. - imperfect form) - The battalion will move at dawn and attack the enemy (w* vr. - perfect view).
Two-type verbs include, for example: attack, arrest, influence, guarantee, bestow, use, explore, execute, confiscate, pass, say, inherit, form, examine, promise, organize, wound, investigate, telegraph, export, etc.
More on the topic § 76. Types of verb:
- 16. Verb as part of speech; features of morphemic structure and verb inflection. System of lexical-grammatical categories and morphological categories of the verb
- 11. Verb as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the verb. The figurative use of mood and tense forms of the verb.
The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function
Verb - is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, want, be wealthy. All forms verb have morphological characteristics of type (they can be perfect or imperfect) and transitivity (they can be transitive or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are differences conjugated(change according to moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and unconjugated(initial form verb, participles and gerunds).
In a sentence, conjugated verbal forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predication - forms of mood and tense), non-conjugated verbal forms can also be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought a young rake, flying in the dust on postage... (A. Pushkin).
Infinitive
The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from Latin infiniti - vus - “uncertain”). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, tense, person, number, that is, without its connection with the actor (subject).
The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, reflexivity/nonreflexivity, type of conjugation. (If the conjugated verb forms have an unstressed ending, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)
The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -t, -t(at school they are usually considered as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (watch, think, sing), A -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: bake, protect, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive indicator -ti and the final root sound [G] or [To]: shape type “bake”, “take care” as a result of phonetic changes transformed into "oven", "preserve" and so on.
In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love for others - a heavy cross... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders captain put on!_ (B. Okudzhava).
Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, come in etc.) or stopping movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes he stopped in the sands(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).
Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object) other than the one named as the subject.
Verb Basics
The verb has two basics: infinitive stem And basis of present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out past tense basis but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Some verb forms are formed from basics infinitive, and the other part is from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics Many verbs are different.
To highlight the base of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, pussy- yea, speak up- oh, read- ugh, rice- t.
To highlight the basis of the present/simple future tense, you need to separate the personal ending from the form of the present/simple future tense (usually the 3rd person plural form is taken): carried- ut, write- ut, dialect- yat, read j - ut, pucyj - ut.
To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to isolate basics): carried- l-a, pisa- l-ah, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice- l-a.
There are verbs that have the same basics infinitive and present/simple future tense, and the past tense stem differs from them: eid- here you go- ut, w- l-a. basics different: I'll get wet- ugh, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- tb, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.
Verb forms that are formed from the infinitive stem | Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense |
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew. | 1. Forms of the present and simple future tense of the indicative mood: I'm carrying it, I'll write it, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - reading), pucyj- y(I draw). |
2. Forms of conditional mood: would carry, write, speak, read, draw. | 2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), rice) (draw). |
3. Active past participles: carrying, writing, speaking, reading, drawing. | 3. Active present participles: carrying, writing, speaking, reading j-ush-y (reader),pucyj-ush-y (drawing). |
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp. | 4. Present passive participles: nes-ohm-y, talk-i.ch-y, chitauem-y (readable), pucyj-um-y (drawn). |
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing. | 5. Imperfect participles: I'm not saying, I read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing). |
Verb type
Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.
Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect Verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) having achieved a result (learn, draw), an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its boundary, limit (play, sing), one-time action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action without instructions
to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (teach, draw, play, shout).
Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair consists of imperfective verb and a perfective verb, having the same lexical meaning and differing only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.
Imperfect verbs are formed from perfective verbs using suffixes:
1) -iva-, -yva-: consider- examine, question- ask, sign- sign;
2) -va: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;
3) -a-(-s): save- save, grow up- grow up.
Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:
1) using view attachments on-, with-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, bake- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in the lexical meaning; such verbs do not form an aspectual pair: read- reread, recount, read out etc.);
2) using a suffix -well-: get used to it- get used to it, nod- nod, jump- jump.
Some verbs that make up an aspectual pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- scatter, chop- slice.
Separate aspect pairs are made up of verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.
Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect form (to find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (prevail, be present, sit, be).
There are also bispecies verbs that combine meaning with perfect and imperfect forms. Their appearance is determined from the context: marry, execute, wound, order, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): influence, use, automate, asphalt, telegraph etc. For example: The guns are firing from the pier, they are ordering the ship to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) bring the rug? (N. Gogol).
Verb type influences the formation of its forms (primarily forms of time): in imperfect verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (and in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of tense forms of participles; at perfective verbs There are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and present participles.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Vary verbs transitive and intransitive.
Transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question who?"/what?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.
Instead of the accusative case, the object of a transitive verb can also appear in genitive case without preposition:
1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the problem- did not understand the task; read the novel- haven't read the novel; Waste time- don't waste time;
2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to part of it: drank water(all the water in question) - drank water(Part), bring firewood- bring firewood.
When determining transitivity/intransitivity of verbs It is also necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although they are followed by nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(V.p. with the meaning of time, not object) thundered(intransitive verb) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran towards the stream (A. Fet).
Verbs that cannot be carried direct object, are intransitive: to engage(how?) sports, understand(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.
Note. Transitivity/intransitivity closely related to lexical meaning verb: in one meaning verb can be transitive, and in the other - intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling- “I express” is a transitive verb). The child is already speaking (speaking- “talks” - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).
Reflexive verbs
TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -sya. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed both from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitives (knock- knock, blacken- turn black). From ordinary derivational suffixes -xia differs in that it joins verb forms after graduation (knocking, knocking). Suffix -xia is added after consonants, and -s- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels it is added -sya, and not -s: differing - differing.
Joining transitive verbs, suffix -xia turns them into intransitive: dresses whom?/what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs, -xia enhances the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.
Suffix -xia also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.
Among verbs with suffix -xia there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.
Verb conjugations
Conjugation - this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms the verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms except the infinitive, participles and gerunds, i.e. forms of all moods.)
Depending on the personal endings in the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other by vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent
I conjugation | II conjugation |
||
If the ending is stressed, conjugation determined by the end: you call, you lead - I conjugation, you're burning, you're sleeping- II conjugation.
But most verbs conjugation has no emphasis on personal endings. In such cases conjugation is determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).
Ko II conjugation These include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, saw, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs rest on(“to be founded, to be built”) and be ruffled(“to waver, to sway, to swell”). (Verbs rest on And be ruffled are used only in the 3rd person unit form. and plural numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-th (drive, hold, hear, breathe).
All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.
It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from unprefixed verbs belong to the same type conjugations, as without prefixes (drive- catch up- overtake- kick out etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (s) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (drive- chase- II conjugation).
In the Russian language there are also differently conjugated verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular it changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (we want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms like verbs of II conjugation (running- you're running- runs- let's run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - are running(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- varies according to II conjugation (honor- honors- we honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (honor) although there is a form honor which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) disdain(“dawn, glow a little”) - used only in the 3rd person singular form (it's dawning- II conjugation) and plural (they are dawning-I conjugation): Dawn is just breaking; The stars are faintly shining in the sky.
Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, bother, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, hand over, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).
eat f-e-e eats | I'll give you give you give |
|
eat eat eat eat | give it, they'll give it to them |
Verb be also unique. From him, rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have been preserved in modern Russian. and plural numbers of the present tense - There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common general abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- there will be.
It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (changed according to persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense are not conjugated (they do not change according to persons).
Verb mood
Verbs change according to mood. Form moods shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).
In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.
Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: I'm doing(present time) was studying(past tense), I'll study(Future tense).
Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional forms are formed from an infinitive stem (or past tense stem) with the help of a suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and particles would (b)(which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).
IN conditional verbs vary by number and gender (there is no tense or person in this mood): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.
Verbs in imperative mood denote an incentive to action (request, order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. Verbs in the imperative mood change according to numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).
The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Form 2 faces unit. numbers are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using a suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, see, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest)-ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).
2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using endings -those: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.
Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed using particles let, let, yes + shapes 3rd person unit. or more indicative numbers: let them go, let them go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants of the Orthodox land of their native land have suffered a past fate (A. Pushkin).
1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using particles come on, come on + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words are like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, Let's quickly let's trample, trample According to the five-year plan, the days are left... (V. Mayakovsky).
Mood forms can be used not only in their own direct meaning, but also in figurative meaning, that is, in the meaning characteristic of another mood.
For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative mood (2): 1) Do not be It’s God’s will, we wouldn’t give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).
Verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's wait today for Mother Empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).
The conditional form can have an imperative meaning: Daddy, you I'd like to talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).
Verb tense
In the indicative mood, verbs change tenses. Forms of time express the relationship of action to the moment of speech. In the Russian language there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two forms of tense (they do not have a present tense), the future form is simple.
Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: Full steam ahead rushes train, wheels twirls steam locomotive... (B. Pasternak); Oh how murderous we are we love you How V in the violent blindness of passions we are most likely we're ruining whatever is dearer to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).
Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the base of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only the time, but also the person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.
Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned a little something and somehow... (A. Pushkin).
Past tense forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the meaning of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.
Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: drove, rubbed, grew, shored, froze and etc.
Past verb tense go formed from a base other than the base indeterminate form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.
Form future tense indicates that the action will occur after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the leaves will fall off- and it will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).
Both imperfective and perfective verbs have future tense forms, but they are formed differently.
Shapes of the future verb tenses perfective forms are formed from the base of the simple future tense using the same endings as the forms of the present verb tenses imperfect form (this form is called form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.
Shapes of the future verb tenses imperfections are formed by joining forms will, will, will, will, will, will to the infinitive of an imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will carry.
Forms of tense can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning characteristic of forms of other tenses.
Present tense forms can denote an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called present historical): Only, you understand, I'm going out from the world, look- my horses are worth quietly near Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).
Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (future tense meaning): I'm all ready, I'm after lunch I'm sending things. The Baron and I tomorrow let's get married tomorrow we're leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I’m already at school, begins new life (A. Chekhov).
Past tense forms can be used to mean future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I died (K. Fedin).
Future tense forms can have past tense meaning: Gerasim looked and looked, and suddenly he laughed (I. Turgenev).
Person, number and gender of the verb
Forms verb faces express the relationship of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.
There are three different verb faces: first, second and third.
Form first faces the only one numbers denotes the speaker's action: I'll sing, I'll come in.
Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the speaker: Let's eat, let's go.
Form second faces singular denotes the action of the interlocutor: eat, come in.
Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.
Forms third faces singular and plural denote the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sings, comes in, sings, comes in.
Category faces And numbers Verbs They have only the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood have no category faces, but vary according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led\ \ - male genus, (me, you, she) led\a\- female genus, (me, you, it) vel-\o\- average genus, (we you they) vel-\and\- plural number.
Not all Russian verbs have a full set of personal forms.
In Russian there are so-called insufficient And redundant Verbs.
Insufficient verbs do not have a full set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have a 1st form faces units numbers, since they are difficult for pronunciations:to win, to convince, to convince, to dissuade, to find oneself, to feel, to overshadow, to dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the 1st form the faces of these verbs, resort to a descriptive method; I have to win, I want to convince, I can find myself.
A number of verbs do not use the 1st and 2nd forms faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs name processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): calve, whelp, rust, dawn, turn white, brighten, resound(about sound) flare up and so on.
In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also occurs, when some verbs form forms faces present (or simple future) tense is two different ways: splash- splashes / splashes, drips- drips/drips, splash- splashes/splashes, poke- pokes/pokes, wave- waves/waves and etc.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: to shiver, to feel sick, to be unwell, to get light, to dawn, to get cold, to evening, to get dark etc. They denote the states of man or nature.
These verbs do not change for persons and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates impersonal offers, and the subject with them is impossible.
Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (dawn, chill), form coinciding with the 3rd person singular form (it’s dawning, it’s chilling), and the neuter singular form (it was getting light, it was chilly).
Group impersonal verbs is replenished by personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: I can’t read, I can’t sleep, I can’t believe it, easily breathe, live etc.
Quite often, personal verbs are used to mean impersonal. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And Smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over the meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something is getting dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.
Morphological analysis of the verb includes highlighting four permanent signs(aspect, reflexivity, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-constant ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent verb features can be increased by including features such as verb class and stem type.
Scheme morphological analysis verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form(indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) repayment; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) face (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. Syntactic function. Listen carefully, standing in the forest or among an awakened flowering field... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) | Sample morphological analysis of a verb. I. Listen- verb, denotes action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological characteristics. 1.The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect form; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. |
Good afternoon, dear student! Today we will look at types of verbs. Very often my students wonder why there are so many different verbs, how to determine their tense and why some verbs are used with prefixes and others without. To understand all these issues, let's look at perfect and imperfect verbs.
You will find the form of imperfective verbs in the dictionary, the verb in in this case denotes an action, and from this form perfective verbs are formed. It should be noted that there are quite a lot of these methods, here are some of them:
With help consoles, compare:
| Imperfect species | Perfect view |
| Read To read | Read Has red |
| Write To write | Has written |
| Prepare | Has cooked |
| Buy To buy | Buy Has bought |
Please note that we have an exception word that is formed in perfect form without a prefix - this is the verb “Buy”. In its imperfect form, this verb is used with the prefix -po.
With the help of different suffixes:
So, if we want to say that an action happens regularly, we need an imperfective verb. If the action occurred 1 time at some point or day/hour, etc. and we know about its result, then we are dealing with a perfect verb. Such verbs answer the question " what to do?"
If we are talking about repeated actions, then we not only use imperfective verbs that answer the question " what to do?", but we also use different Additional information in the person of adverbs, which precisely show this repetition. For example,
Anastasia can't cook ( what to do?), she cooks rarely. Anastasiya cannot cook, she cooks rare.
I bought (what did?) beautiful dress, it's for me goes very well! (the result is visible) I bought a new dress, it suits me much.
To correctly determine the aspect of a verb, you can remember some adverbs that will help you correctly decide whether a particular verb refers to a certain type:
Imperfect species
What are they doing? When? How often?
- Nikita watches the film Every morning/evening/day, regularly, often, rarely, sometimes, usually.
- Vitaly buys newspapers
- We are playing volleyball
What did they do? When?
- Nikita watched the movie "Titanic" Yesterday, in the evening, in the morning, today, once, on Friday, 2 days ago, already, not yet.
- Vitaly bought the newspaper "Izvestia"
- We played volleyball very well
I finished my porridge and went for a walk.
The students were delayed at the university, but still mastered the material.
She took a very long time to redo the report.
Tanya cried a lot and did not calm down.
The children laughed a lot and the teacher decided to play with them some more.
Remember, please, that imperfective verbs have 3 forms: past, present and future:
Perfective verbs have only 2 tense forms: past and future
Watched and will watch (What did they do and what will they do?)
The past tense form changes according to numbers:
ran ( singular) and ran (plural) He ran and they ran.
