The maximum OGE score in literature (GFA grade 9) in 2018 is 33
The passing score for the OGE 2018 in literature in specialized classes is 22
Minimum score (score 3) - 12
Scale for converting OGE 2018 literature scores into grades
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools.
A guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 22 points.
The scales for converting primary scores into marks on a five-point scale for conducting the OGE, developed by specialists of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "FIPI", are of a RECOMMENDATIONAL NATURE.
System for assessing the performance of individual tasks and the examination work as a whole
The assessment of the completion of the examination work tasks is carried out on the basis of special criteria developed for the three specified types of tasks that require a detailed answer in different volumes.
Tasks of the basic difficulty level (1.1.1, 1.1.2; 1.2.1, 1.2.2) are checked according to three criteria:
Criterion 1 “Compliance of the answer with the task”,
Criterion 2 (“Using the text of the work for argumentation”,
A maximum of 6 points are awarded for completing each task (1.1.1, 1.1.2; 1.2.1, 1.2.2) (maximum 2 points for each criterion). If criterion 1 gives 0 points, then the task is considered unfulfilled and is not checked further. For other criteria in the “Protocol for checking answers to assignments” 0 points are assigned. If according to criterion 2 0 points are given, then according to criterion 3 the work is not assessed, in the “Protocol for checking answers to assignments” according to criterion 3 0 points are given.
Completing the task higher level complexity (1.1.3 or 1.2.3) is assessed according to three criteria:
Criterion 1 “Comparison of works”;
Criterion 2 “Using the text of the work for argumentation”;
Criterion 3 “Logicality and compliance with speech norms.”
A maximum of 8 points are awarded for completing each task (1.1.3 or 1.2.3) (for criteria 1, 3 - a maximum of 2 points, for criterion 2 - 4 points). If Criterion 1 gives 0 points, then the task is considered unfulfilled and is not checked further. For other criteria, 0 points are given in the answer verification protocol. If according to criterion 2 0 points are given, then according to criterion 3 the work is not assessed, and 0 points are assigned to the protocol for checking answers to criterion 3.
Completion of the task in Part 2 (2.1–2.4) is assessed according to five criteria:
Criterion 1 “Compliance of the essay with the topic and its disclosure”,
Criterion 2 “Using the text of the work for argumentation”,
Criterion 3 “Reliance on theoretical and literary concepts”
Criterion 4 “Compositional integrity and consistency”,
Criterion 5 “Compliance with speech norms.”
The maximum score for completing task 2 is 13 points (for criteria 1, 2, 4 - a maximum of 3 points, for criteria 3, 5 - 2 points each). Criterion 1 is the main one. If, when checking the work, the expert gives 0 points according to criterion 1, the task of part 2 is considered unfulfilled and is not checked further. For other criteria in the “Protocol for checking answers to assignments” 0 points are assigned.
When assessing the completion of tasks in Part 2, you should take into account the volume of the written essay. A minimum length of 200 words is recommended for examinees. If the essay contains less than 150 words (all words, including function words, are included in the word count), then such work is considered incomplete and is scored 0 points.
In the 2018-2019 academic year, 9th grade graduates in all regions of the Russian Federation will be examined in 5 subjects, of which two will be compulsory (Russian language and mathematics), and the choice of the remaining three will be given to the students themselves and their parents.
In 2018, literature was in last place among the optional subjects of the OGE, because only 3% of ninth-graders decided to take this subject. Today, as the moment of choosing subjects for graduates of 2019 approaches, many children and parents have a question: is it worth taking the OGE in literature in 9th grade and, if so, is it difficult to prepare for it? Let's try to understand the intricacies of the subject, the features of CMMs and the secrets of preparing for this exam.
the date of the
Students who will graduate from 9th grade in 2019 will take the OGE at the end school year. But, as in previous seasons, students will be given the opportunity to take the test early, or try again if they fail to pass the minimum threshold the first time.
The following days are reserved for the literature exam in 9th grade:
Early period |
|
Main day | Reserve day |
Main period |
|
Main day | Reserve days 28.06.19 / 02.07.19 / 03.07.19 |
Autumn retake |
|
1 retake | 2 retake 19.09.19 / 21.09.19 |
Format and features of the literature exam
Literature will be chosen as one of the 2019 OGE exams by students who want to continue their studies in philological classes, because to successfully pass the test it is necessary:
- know the biographies of writers and poets;
- thoroughly study the works included in the list school curriculum;
- be able to analyze and compare texts, draw up portraits of heroes, evaluate their actions;
- express your own opinion beautifully, concisely and competently.
The main feature of the OGE in literature from other exams taken by ninth-graders in 2019 is the fact that the ticket contains no tests with answers. The 2019 exam paper will consist of 2 parts:
Ninth-graders undergo final certification at their school.
Examinees are given 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes) to complete the work.
Part 1 (text analysis)
Before you begin completing the tasks of Part 1, you need to familiarize yourself with the two proposed options and choose for analysis only one, the closest and most understandable.
Important! You cannot do both options at once.
The length of the detailed answer should be approximately:
Do not use overly complex speech structures. Let the text be concise, but at the same time readable and filled with deep meaning.
Part 2 (essay)
Most of all, graduates, accustomed to simply answering tests during tests in various subjects, are afraid of the essay, which is an integral part of the 2019 OGE in literature.
In fact, most graduates who complete 9th grade complete the second grade without any problems. part of the OGE in literature and in 2019, examinees also have nothing to fear. It is also worth knowing that:
- in the process of writing an essay, it is allowed to use the full text of the work of art;
- The length of the essay must be 200 words (works of less than 150 words are not assessed);
- your judgments must be argued using fragments from the text;
- When analyzing a work, it is important not to distort the author’s position.
Work evaluation
OGE 2019 works on literature do not contain a test part, and therefore are fully assessed independent experts. To determine the final score, each work will be checked by two teachers. As a result, the following scenarios are possible:
- The assessments agreed - everything was excellent, the score was determined and it was entered into the documentation.
- In the assessments of two experts there is a difference not exceeding 2 points - the arithmetic average is given.
- Expert assessments differ by more than 2 points - a third specialist is involved, whose opinion will be decisive.
The grade received by a ninth-grader on the OGE in literature in 2019 will affect the certificate score. When converting test scores for a given subject into grades, a special correspondence table is used:
Thus, if the preparation for the OGE in literature in 2019 was weak, and the graduate’s goal was to overcome the minimum passing threshold, then it will be enough for him to get only 7 test points. If the subject was chosen for the purpose of entering a specialized class or college, you will need to score at least 15 test points, which already corresponds to a grade of “4”.
Since the OGE in literature has its own special specifics, graduates of 2019 need to start preparing for the exam as early as possible, because they will need to read a fairly large amount of literature (the list of works is given below) and work on the main topics of the essays.
Where to begin?
Step 1. Familiarize yourself with the requirements for the examination paper by familiarizing yourself with the codifier and specifications.
Step 2. We read the works given in the list. Naturally, it is better to read the full text in the original, but if there is no time for this, then it is worth reading the abridged version and criticism, which can be found in special collections or on the Internet.
We present to your attention full list literature for the 2019 OGE in literature with questions that need to be answered while reading the work.
Step 3. Taking notes. You should not rely on the capabilities of human memory; unfortunately, they are not limitless. While reading, take the time to write down in your notebook the basic information you will need to answer questions and write essays.
Step 4. Let's practice completing the tasks of the first part. The demo version of the OGE in literature 2019 will help with this, as well as the tickets that were offered at the exams to graduates of the 2018-2018 academic year.
Step 5. We practice writing an essay, observing the basic requirements for the text.
It would be a good idea to listen to the advice of experienced teachers, read the analysis of the demo version and recommendations for writing an essay. We invite you to watch one of these video tutorials right now:
Reference materials for preparing for the OGE in literature
9th grade
(Literary terms and concepts)
Literary types and genres.
There are three types fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).
When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:
First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be precisely narration, this kind of literature is called epic;
The second approach: you can tell not so much about the events, but about the impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings, which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly the experience was becoming the main event of the lyrics;
Third approach: you can portray item in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; In a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.
Look at the table and try to remember its contents:
Types of fiction.
| EPOS | DRAMA | LYRICS |
| (Greek - narrative) a story about events, the fate of heroes, their actions and adventures; image of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from their side external manifestation). Author can directly express his attitude to what is happening. | (Greek - action) depiction of events and relationships between characters on stage (a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions. | (from the name musical instrument) experiencing events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; feeling becomes the main thing event. |
Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.
GENRE- this is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form; such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary studies, the concept of literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.
Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:
Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.
Genus: epic; V id: story; genre: fantastic story, etc.
historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; Romanticism of the 19th century gave rise to detective literature, etc.
Main literary genres
| Lyrics |
|
| An enthusiastic poem in honor of some significant person or event. |
|
| Poem | A small work created according to the laws of poetic speech. |
| The poem is a philosophical reflection on life, love, nature, and the passage of time. |
|
| A poem meant to be sung. |
|
| Message | A lyrical work written in the form of an appeal to any person or persons. |
| Epigram | A short poem making fun of a person. |
| Epic |
|
| A short work dedicated to a specific event in a person’s life. In such a brief episode from a person’s life, the author reveals the essential typical features of life. |
|
| Events that actually happened in life are depicted, the participants of which existed in reality. |
|
| It is distinguished by the clarity of the depiction of events, the unexpectedness of their development and outcome. |
|
| The story depicts a series of events that illuminate an entire period of a person’s life. In ancient Russian literature, a story was called any narrative about events in historical or private life. |
|
| Reflects complex life process, a large range of life phenomena shown in development. The events depicted in the novel usually involve many characters, whose destinies and interests are intertwined. |
|
| Epic novel | A novel that covers particularly complex and rich life material, spanning an entire era. |
| Drama |
|
| Tragedy | In this work, the character of the hero is revealed in a hopeless situation, in an unequal, intense struggle that dooms him to death. |
| Any work written in the form of a conversation between the characters, without the author’s speech. A work that depicts a complex and serious conflict, an intense struggle between the characters. |
|
| A work that reflects the funny and incongruous in life, ridicules some unhealthy social or everyday phenomenon, or funny traits of human character. |
|
| Mystery | Medieval drama performed on Latin originally in Catholic churches, and later as a folk spectacle. Its content consisted of dramatizations of some church legend with interludes. |
| Melodrama | A drama whose characters are sharply divided into virtuous heroes and notorious villains. They have an unusual destiny, are endowed with exceptional feelings, find themselves in implausible acute situations that end happily. According to the laws of the genre, virtuous heroes, after many vicissitudes of fate, always win. |
| A funny comedy with everyday content. |
|
| Vaudeville | A small humorous theatrical play with verses and dances, a one-act funny comedy. |
| Tragicomedy | Combines the features of tragedy and comedy. |
Correspondence of literary genres and muses-patrons of the arts
| Muses-patrons of the arts | |
| Polygamy | Solemn chants - hymns. |
| Love poetry - elegy |
|
| Lyric poetry - messages |
|
| Calliope | Lyric-epic works - fable, story, tale. |
| Melpomene | Tragedy. |
Genres of epic works
Genres of lyrical works
| (song of praise) | (glorification of a person or event) | Epitaph (gravestone inscription, sometimes comic) | (poems about a serene shepherd's life) | Epigram (satire on a person) | Dithyramb (liking one person) | Message (address to a person in the form of a letter) | Lyric poem | Madrigal (a poem of praise dedicated to a lady) | (poem of 14 lines) |
Literary directions
Literary direction (method) – the basic principles that guide the writer when selecting, summarizing, evaluating and depicting life facts in artistic images.
Signs of a literary movement:
unites writers of a certain historical era;
general understanding life values and aesthetic ideal;
general type of hero;
style artistic speech;
characteristic plots;
favorite genres;
choice of artistic techniques for depicting life;
writers' way of thinking;
the personality of the writer;
worldview and worldview of writers.
Classification literary trends
classicism sentimentalism romanticism realism
Classicism:
Classicism (from the Latin classicus first-class) is a movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th-18th centuries as an expression of the ideology of absolute monarchy. It reflected the idea of rationalistic harmony, strict orderliness of the world, and faith in the human mind. It developed at the beginning of the 20th century as neoclassicism.
| Representatives | Western European literature | Russian literature |
| Corneille, Boileau, Moliere, Racine | A.P. Sumarokov, M.M. Kheraskov, M.V. Lomonosov, G.D. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, Ya.B. Knyazhnin |
|
| Distinctive features | Inherits the traditions of the art of antiquity |
|
| The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of reason |
||
| A work of art is a logically constructed whole |
||
| Strict division of heroes into positive and negative (character schematization). Heroes are idealized. |
||
| The plot and composition obey accepted rules (the rule of three unities) |
||
| The narrative must be objective |
||
| The importance of civil issues content |
||
Division of genres
| High | Low |
| Tragedy, poem, ode | Comedy, fable, satire |
| They feature heroes, tell stories about public life, stories | They operate ordinary people, tells about everyday life |
Sentimentalism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.
Sentimentalism (from the French sentimental - sensitive) is a literary movement that arose in art and literature Western Europe and Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 19th centuries. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.
| Representatives | Russian literature |
| N.M. Karamzin, A.N. Radishchev, V.V. Kapnist, N.A. Lviv |
|
| Distinctive features | Portrayal of human psychology |
| The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of feelings, the sensitivity of the heroes is exaggerated |
|
| Idealization of reality, subjective image of the world |
|
| In the center of the image are feelings, nature |
|
| Representatives of the lower classes are endowed with a rich spiritual world |
|
| The ideal is moral purity, innocence. |
Literary forms
| Epic | Lyrics | Drama |
| Sentimental story, message, travel notes | Elegy, folk songs | Philistine drama |
Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.
Romanticism is a movement in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia of the 18th - 19th centuries, consisting in the desire of authors to contrast the unsatisfactory reality with unusual images and plots, suggested to them by life phenomena. A romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, what, in his opinion, should be the main, determining one. Arose as a reaction to rationalism.
| Representatives | Foreign literature | Russian literature |
| J.G. Byron, I. Goethe, I. Schiller, E. Hoffmann, P. Shelley, C. Nodier | V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, K.F. Ryleev, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol |
|
| Distinctive features | Unusual characters, exceptional circumstances |
|
| A tragic duel between personality and fate |
||
| Freedom, power, indomitability, eternal disagreement with others - these are the main characteristics of a romantic hero |
||
| Interest in everything exotic (landscape, events, people), strong, bright, sublime |
||
| A mixture of high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual |
||
| The cult of freedom: the individual’s desire for absolute freedom, for the ideal, for perfection |
||
Literary forms
| Epic | Lyrics | Drama |
| Novel, story, ballads and thoughts, poems | Elegiac lyrics, landscape lyrics, philosophical lyrics | Problem-historical drama |
Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.
Realism (from Latin realis) is a movement in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and accurate reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the 19th century.
| Representatives | Russian literature |
| A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky and others |
|
| Distinctive features | Portrayal of characters interacting with the outside world |
| For a writer, details of the interior, portrait, landscape are important |
|
| Character typing |
|
| Portrayal of characters and events in development |
|
| Historically specific society, events, era |
|
| Focus on conflict: hero - society |
Literary forms
| Epic | Lyrics | Drama |
| Novel, story, poem, story | Song, elegy, satire | Tragedy, comedy, historical chronicles |
Piece of art- literary work, distinctive feature which is the depiction of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.
| The course of events in the work is determined by: |
|||
| composition | conflict | plot | plot |
| The structure of the work, the arrangement of its components, the order of presentation of events. | A disagreement, a clash that underlies the struggle of the characters in a work of art. | A series of interconnected and sequentially developing life events that make up the direct content of an epic work. | A sequential account of events or incidents (in chronological order) depicted in a work of fiction. |
| One of the main means by which a writer characterizes characters. | The conflict can be both external (the hero and circumstances) and internal (the hero struggles with his shortcomings). | The plot reflects the clashes and contradictions characteristic of life, the relationships between people and the writer’s assessment and attitude towards them. | The plot may coincide with the plot, or may diverge from it. |
Basic Plot Elements
| Prologue | A unique introduction to the work emotionally and eventfully prepares the reader to perceive the content of the work. |
| Exposition | Introductory, initial part of the plot, image external conditions, living situation, historical events. Does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work. |
| The beginning | An event from which an action begins, entailing all subsequent significant events in it. |
| Action Development | Description of everything that is happening, the course of events. |
| Climax | The moment of greatest tension in the development of the action of a work of art. |
| Denouement | The position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it is the final scenes. |
| Epilogue | The final part of the work, in which the further fate of the heroes and the development of events can be determined. It could be short story about what happened after the completion of the main storyline. |
Extra-plot elements
| Introductory episodes | “Inserted” episodes that are not directly related to the plot of the work, but are given as memories in connection with the events described. |
| Lyrical digressions | They can be actually lyrical, philosophical and journalistic. With their help, the author conveys his feelings and thoughts about what is depicted. These can be the author’s assessments of heroes and events or general reasoning on any subject, an explanation of one’s goal and position. |
| Artistic framing | Scenes that begin and end an event or work, adding a special meaning to it. |
SUBJECT - Subject, main content of reasoning, presentation, creativity. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)
SUBJECT (Greek Thema) - 1). Subject of presentation, image, research, discussion; 2). Statement of the problem, which predetermines the selection of life material and the nature of the artistic narrative; 3). The subject of a linguistic utterance (...). (Dictionary foreign words, 1984.)
Already these two definitions can confuse the reader: in the first, the word “theme” is equated in meaning to the term “content,” while the content of a work of art is immeasurably broader than the topic, the topic is one of the aspects of the content; the second makes no distinction between the concepts of topic and problem, and although topic and problem are philosophically related, they are not the same thing, and you will soon understand the difference.
The following definition of the topic, accepted in literary criticism, is preferable:
SUBJECT - this is a life phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in a work. The range of such life phenomena is SUBJECT literary work. All phenomena of the world and human life constitute the artist’s sphere of interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, the joys of life, money, relationships in society, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. and so on. - these are the words that name life phenomena that become themes in art.
The artist’s task is to creatively study a life phenomenon from sides that are interesting to the author, that is express the topic artistically. Naturally, this can only be done posing a question(or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This question that the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.
So, PROBLEM is a question that does not have a clear solution or involves many equivalent solutions. The problem differs from the ambiguity of possible solutions tasks. The set of such questions is called PROBLEMATICS.
The more complex the phenomenon of interest to the author (that is, the more complex the chosen subject), the more questions (problems) it will raise, and the more difficult these questions will be to resolve, that is, the deeper and more serious it will be problems literary work.
The topic and problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate to artists different topics and problems. For example, the author of the ancient Russian poem of the 12th century “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was worried about the topic of princely strife, and he asked the questions: how to force the Russian princes to stop caring only about personal gain and to be at enmity with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of the weakening Kyiv state? The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what an ideal state should be like.
ruler, raised in literature the problems of civic duty and equality of all
citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the mysteries of life and death, penetrated into the dark recesses of the human soul, solved the problems of human dependence on fate and the unsolved demonic forces of interaction between a talented and extraordinary person and a soulless and mundane society of ordinary people.
The 19th century, with its focus on the literature of critical realism, turned artists to new themes and forced them to think about new problems:
Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, the “little” man entered literature, and the question arose about his place in society and relationships with “big” people;
The women's issue became the most important, and with it the so-called public "women's issue"; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid a lot of attention to this topic;
the theme of home and family acquired a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and a person’s ability to be happy;
unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheavals aroused keen interest in the peasantry, and the theme of peasant life and fate, discovered by Nekrasov, became leading in literature, and with it the question: what will be the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia?
The tragic events of history and public sentiment brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which were further developed by Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy in attempts to resolve the questions: how to warn the younger generation from the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile generations of “fathers” and “sons” in a turbulent and bloody world? How do we understand the relationship between good and evil today and what is meant by both? How can you avoid losing yourself in your quest to be different from others? Chernyshevsky addresses the topic public good and asks: “What should be done?” so that a person in Russian society can honestly earn a comfortable life and thereby increase public wealth? How to “equip” Russia for a prosperous life? Etc .
note! A problem is a question, and it should be formulated primarily in interrogative form, especially if formulating problems is the task of your essay or other work on literature.
Sometimes in art, a real breakthrough is precisely the question posed by the author - a new one, previously unknown to society, but now burning, vitally important. Many works are created to pose a problem.
So, IDEA (Greek Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems he poses. A set of ideas, a system of author’s thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images is called IDEAL CONTENT a work of art.
Thus, the scheme of semantic relationships between the topic, problem and idea can be represented as follows:
| Life phenomenon → | A question that allows you to explore a life phenomenon using figurative language → | |
| Subject → | Problem → |
| Visual and expressive means in a work of art |
||
| Concept | Definition | Examples |
| Trope is a figure of speech built on the use of words or expressions in figurative meaning, sense (from Greek tropos-turn). |
||
| Allegory | An allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality using a specific life image. Allegory is often used in fables. | Cunning allegorically depicted in the form of a fox, greed- in the guise of a wolf, deceit in the form of a snake. |
| Hyperbola | A figurative expression consisting of an exorbitant exaggeration of the strength, significance, size of the depicted phenomenon. | ...a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V. Gogol, “Terrible Revenge”). |
| Irony | Subtle hidden mockery, one of the types of humor. Irony can be good-natured, sad, angry, caustic, angry, etc. | Did you sing everything? This is the case... (I.A. Krylov, “Dragonfly and Ant”). |
| Litotes | This is an understatement of the size, strength, and significance of the depicted object. | For example, in works of oral folk art - a little boy, a hut on chicken legs. Steel knife - steel nerves. Bee from cells wax Flies for field tribute. |
| Metonymy | Transfer of meaning (name) based on the contiguity of phenomena. | So eat some more plate, my dear! (I.A. Krylov, “Demyan’s Ear”) - in this example, we do not mean the plate itself as a piece of utensils, but its contents, i.e. ear. All flags will be visiting us. |
| Personification (prosopoeia) | One of the artistic depiction techniques is that animals, inanimate objects, natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings and thoughts. | Will be consoled silent sadness And frisky will think about it joy… (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Portrait of Zhukovsky”). |
| Sarcasm | Evil and caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, one of the most powerful means of satire. | Helps to detect the unseemly essence of a person’s behavior or motives, shows the contrast between subtext and external meaning. |
| Synecdoche | Replacing the name of a life phenomenon with the name of its part instead of the whole. | As a girl, she didn't stand out in any way in the crowd of browns. dresses (I.A. Bunin, “Easy Breathing”). |
| Comparison | Definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has general signs with the first. A simile either simply indicates similarity (he was like...) or is expressed using similar words like, exactly, as if and so on. | He was looks like evening clear... (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Demon”). |
| Periphrase | Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features and characteristics that define it, creating a vivid picture of life in our minds. | It's a sad time! Ouch charm! (about autumn). (A.S. Pushkin, “Autumn”). |
| Epithet | A figurative definition that characterizes the property or quality of a person, phenomenon, or object. | Cloud spent the night golden On the chest giant cliff. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Cliff”). |
| Antithesis | A stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning. | They got along. Wave and stone Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other. (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”). |
| Oxymoron | Stylistic figure or stylistic error, a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of incompatible things). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect. From a psychological point of view, an oxymoron is a way of resolving an inexplicable situation. Oxymoron is often found in poetry. | And the day has come. Gets up from his bed Mazepa, this frail sufferer, This corpse alive, just yesterday Moaning weakly over the grave. (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”). |
| Stylistic figures are syntactic structures built in a special way; they are necessary to create a certain artistic expressiveness. |
||
| Anaphora (unity of principle) | A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of consonances of individual words. Sound unity of command consists in the repetition of individual consonances. | The black-eyed girl Black-eyed horse!.. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Desire”). |
| Antithesis | A turn of poetic speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted. | They got along. Water and stone. Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other... (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”). |
| Gradation | Gradual strengthening or worsening - one of the stylistic figures consists of grouping definitions with increasing or decreasing meaning. | Don't think about running! It's me Called. I'll find it. I'll drive it. I'll finish it. I'll torture you! (V.V. Mayakovsky, “About This”). |
| Inversion | Violation of the direct order of words, rearrangement of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness, unusual sequence of words in a sentence. | And the maiden's song is barely audible Valleys in deep silence. (A.S. Pushkin, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”). |
| Oxymoron | A phrase consisting of a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory features in the definition of phenomena. | Sounding silence, sweet pain and so on. |
| Rhetorical appeal | (from the Greek rhetor - speaker) rhetorical appeals are very characteristic of poetic speech and are quite often used in texts of journalistic style. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in a conversation. |
Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories? |
| Default | It consists in the fact that the thought remains not fully expressed, but the reader guesses what was left unsaid. Such a statement is also called interrupted. | |
| Ellipsis | Omission in speech of some easily implied word, part of a sentence, most often a predicate. | |
| Phonetic means of expression |
||
| Euphony | It consists of beauty and naturalness of sound. | |
| Alliteration | Repetition of identical, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech. | The Neva swelled and roared, A cauldron bubbling and swirling... (A.S. Pushkin, “The Bronze Horseman”). |
| Assonance | Repetition of homogeneous vowel sounds in a line, phrase, stanza. | It's time! It's time! The horns are blowing... (A.S. Pushkin, “Count Nulin”). |
| Sound recording | Using the sound composition of a word, its sound to enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech. | For example, onomatopoeia, which can be used to convey the singing of birds, the clatter of hooves, the noise of the forest and river, etc. |
| Visual means of syntax |
||
| Syntactic parallelism(from Greek parallelos - walking next to) | One of the techniques of poetic speech. It consists of comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel in order to emphasize the similarities or differences between the phenomena. For syntactic parallelism characteristic feature is the uniformity of phrase construction. | curly birch, There is no wind, but you make noise: My heart is zealous There is no grief, but you are in pain. (1) For ten years he selected option after option. (2) It’s not a matter of school hard work and patience - he knew how to invent new combinations, come up with new questions. (3) This is how Johann Bach constructed his fugues, extracting inexhaustible variations from one theme. In this example, syntactic parallelism and lexical repetition are used to connect sentences 2 and 3. |
| A rhetorical question | A turn of poetic speech consisting of expressing a statement in interrogative form. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in the conversation. | Or is it new for us to argue with Europe? Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories? (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Slanders of Russia”). |
| Exclamation, exclamatory sentence. | This is a type of sentence that concludes an emotional relationship expressed in a syntactic way(particles what, for, how, which, like this, well and etc.). By these means, the statement is given the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation, feelings of joy, sadness, fear, surprise, etc. are conveyed. | Oh, how bitter you are, desperately, later, you need youth! (A. Tvardovsky, “Beyond the Distance”). Do you love me? Yes? Yes? Oh, what a night! Wonderful night! (A.P. Chekhov, “The Jumper”). |
| Appeal | A turn of poetic speech, consisting in an emphasized, sometimes repeated address of the writer to the hero of his work, to natural phenomena, to the reader, in the hero’s address to other characters. | Don't sing in front of me, beauty. (A.S. Pushkin, “Don’t Sing...”). And you, Arrogant descendants! (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Death of a Poet”). |
| Non-union (asyndeton) | A turn of poetic speech that consists of the omission of connecting conjunctions between words and sentences. Their absence gives speech speed, expressiveness, and conveys rapid intonation. | Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts. Drumming, clicks, grinding. The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning... (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”). |
| Polyunion (repeating alliances) | A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of the same conjunctions. | And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river glitters under the ice... (A.S. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”). |
Basics of versification.
Rhythm.
Word rhythm in the Greek language from which it came to us, it means “harmony, proportionality.” How does this proportionality arise? What condition is necessary for rhythm to occur? What does the beating of our heart and the moving pendulum of a clock have in common? the measured noise of the surf and the sound of the wheels of a moving train?
Rhythm - is the repetition of something at regular intervals. It is this repetition that creates randomness and proportionality.
Rhyme.
The harmony of the verse is created by the coincidence of line endings and rhymes. The lines seem to echo like an echo, repeating each other, sometimes changing their sound slightly. Re-read A.A.’s poem out loud again. Feta “The summer evening is quiet and clear...”. Find lines that rhyme.
Rhyme- This is a repetition of sounds that connect the endings of two or more lines.
idle - varied
harsh - pine
Stanza.
Stanza- a group of poetic lines, combined lines, united by rhyme. A stanza can be three lines - tercet, out of four – quatrain.
Rhyme
| The following types of rhyme are distinguished: |
|
| Name | Definition |
| Depending on the place of emphasis |
|
| The stress falls on the last syllable |
|
| The last syllable is unstressed |
|
| Dactylic | The stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the line |
| Hyperdactylic | The stress falls on the fourth syllable from the end of the line |
| Depending on the order of rhyming lines |
|
| Adjacent, steam room | Lines that follow each other rhyme (AA) |
| Three consecutive lines rhyme (AAA) |
|
| Cross | Rhyming lines go one after another (ABAB) |
| Encircling, ring | Of the four lines, the 1st and 4th, 2nd and 3rd rhyme with each other (ABBA) |
| Ternary | Complex alternation in six lines (AABAAB) |
| Depending on the repetition of the ending sounds of rhyming lines |
|
| Frost roses |
|
| Assonance | Broom tables |
Underline the rhyming words in Fet's poem “Butterfly” and connect them. You see that the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. Arises cross rhyme.
You're right with one air outline
I'm so sweet
All the velvet is mine with its living blinking
Only two wings.
If adjacent lines rhyme, it is born steam room rhyme, as in Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner”:
I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.
A young eagle raised in captivity,
My sad comrade, flapping his wing,
It's pecking at bloody food under the window...
Finally, the rhyme can be annular when the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the fourth, and the second with the third, as in Bunin’s poems:
The hops are already drying up on the mew.
Behind the farmsteads, on the melon fields,
In cool weather sun rays
Bronze melons are turning red...
The rhyme in a stanza can be more complex.
Poetic dimensions
Poetic meters in Russian versification are disyllabic And trisyllabic.
Two-syllable sizes called a poetic meter with a line of two syllables.
In Russian versification there are two two-syllable meters: iambic And trochee.
Iambic– a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable (_ _́).
Let's see how A.S. uses iambic. Pushkin.
Iambic trimeter :
Friend of the idle thought, _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _
My inkwell... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́
Iambic tetrameter:
There is a green oak near Lukomorye; _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _
The golden chain on the oak tree... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́
Iambic pentameter:
One more last legend - _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _
And my chronicle is finished _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́
Trochee– two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable (_́ _).
The word "trochee" translated from Greek language means “dancing” from the word “choir”, “dance”, “round dance”.
Trochee trimeter :
In the haze of invisibility _́ _ _́ _ _́ _
The month of spring has come... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _
Trochee tetrameter:
Through the wavy fogs _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _
The moon is making its way... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́
(A.S. Pushkin)
Pentameter trochee:
I go out alone on the road _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _
Through the fog the flinty path shines... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Iambic and trochee are the most popular sizes in Russian poetry, for example, 80-85% of poems are written in iambic tetrameter.
Trisyllabic verse meters
Consider the lines of the poem “ Railway»:
Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous
The air invigorates tired forces...
Let's place the emphasis and build a verse diagram:
_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _
_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́
You noticed that groups of three syllables are repeated: the first is stressed, the second and third are unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the first syllable. It is called dactyl: _́ _ _ .
Let’s take other lines - from Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children”, place the emphasis and build a diagram of the verse.
Once upon a time in the cold winter time
I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.
_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _
_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́
Groups of three syllables are repeated here: the first is unstressed, the second is stressed, the third is unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable. It is called amphibrachium: _ _́ _
Algorithm for determining poetic meter.
Place the emphasis.
Identify unstressed vowels.
Write down the resulting diagram.
Determine the size.
I those be nothing GO Not ska andat .
I those bI Not meet VO zhu neither hat t.
AND O TO m,What I mO lcha you LOLat ,
Not re wat syaneither on ThuO name bookat t.
A. Fet.
- trimeter anapest
Now let’s place emphasis in the lines from Nekrasov’s poem “Troika” and build a diagram of the verse.
Why are you looking greedily at the road?
Away from your cheerful friends?
_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _
_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́
Groups of three syllables are repeated: the first and second are unstressed, the third is stressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the third syllable. It is called anapaest: _ _ _́.
So, there are three three-syllable meters of verse: dactyl ( _́ _ _ ), amphibrachium
(_ _́ _ ), and anapest (_ _ _́ )
| Verse sizes |
||
| Disyllabic |
||
| The storm covers the sky with darkness... |
||
| My first friend, my priceless friend! |
||
| Trisyllabic |
||
| Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers! |
||
| Amphibrachium | In the sandy steppes of Arabian land Three proud palm trees grew high. |
|
| Don't be sad, dear neighbor... |
||
Clue: To remember the rhythm of three-syllable meters, Nikolai Gumilyov offered young poets the following hint:
Ann A A Khmatova – dactyl; M A rin A Color e that e V A– amphibrachium; N And To O Lai G at m And lion - anapest.
Themes and motives in the lyrics
Subject
From Greek theme (the basis of the plot of the work).
Intimate lyrics
M.Yu. Lermontov “She is not proud of her beauty...”
B.L. Parsnip “Winter Evening”.
Landscape lyrics
A.A. Fet “Wonderful picture...”
S.A. Yesenin “behind the dark strand of woods...”.
Lyrics of friendship
B.Sh. Okudzhava "Ancient student song".
Theme of the poet and poetry
M.I. Tsvetaeva "Rolandov Horn".
Patriotic and civil lyrics
ON THE. Nekrasov "Motherland"
A.A. Akhmatova “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”
Philosophical lyrics
F.I. Tyutchev "The Last Cataclysm"
I.A. Bunin "Evening".
The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: exactly him inner world and is shown in a lyrical work, on his behalf the lyric artist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.
By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (two poems called “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags...”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where il..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother walked through the forest in a bathing suit..."). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.
Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.
Motive
From French motif - lit. movement.
A stable formal and content component of a work. Unlike the topic, it has a direct verbal fixation in the text. Identifying the motive helps to understand the subtext of the work.
The motifs of struggle, flight, retribution, suffering, disappointment, melancholy, and loneliness are traditional in the lyrics.
Leitmotif
A leading motif in one or many works.
The motive of exile in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Clouds".
The motive of loneliness in the early lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.
Literature in tables and diagrams. Theory. Story. Dictionary. M.I.Meshcheryakova. M.: Iris-press, 2005.
A brief dictionary of literary terms. Timofeev L.I. and Turaev S.V. M.: Education, 1978.
Internet resources:
- 20 options for OGE 2018 tasks in literature;
- Instructions for performing the work;
- Features of the examination model of the OGE in literature 2018;
- Evaluation system for the examination work of the OGE in literature.
- Part 1 consists of two options: one gives a fragment of a prose work, and the other gives a poem. You choose what to analyze. Analysis is detailed answers to 3 questions. In the first two you write your thoughts in 3-5 sentences, and in the third you also need to compare the work given in the test with another and therefore 5-8 sentences are allocated to it.
- Part 2 is a short essay on one of the four proposed topics, the length of the essay is at least 200 words. Topics relate to works from the school curriculum; no excerpts, chapters or fragments are provided. In the process of writing an essay, you can use the full texts of the works.
http://russlovesnost.
http://shkola. lv
http://4ege. ru
http:// thff (Creative Freedom forum).
http://www. liceum 1.net
Options for the OGE 2018. Literature. Typical examination tasks: 20 options / E.A. Zinina, L.V. Novikova
Textbook "OGE 2018. Literature. Model exam tasks: 20 options" by Zinina V.A. contains:
For 9th grade students, teachers of general education organizations of all types, specialists of methodological services, parents.
The manual allows 9th grade students to independently prepare for the state final certification in literature.
The manual describes in detail the model of the main state examination (OSE) in literature, provides instructions for completing the examination work, instructions for tasks, as well as criteria for evaluating answers.
Training versions of examination tasks are compiled in accordance with the documents defining the structure and content of control and measuring tests. OGE materials in literature in 2018.
The manual received a positive scientific and methodological assessment from the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements”.
DEAR NINTH-GRADER STUDENTS!
Very soon you will have to take the first state exam in your life, which is another step towards further education! And for any exam you need to prepare, understand the specifics of the exam, and master the technique of completing tasks. Unnecessary worries will be relieved if you are familiar with the exam model, know the technology for completing tasks, and have practiced completing them.
The structure and content of the main state exam in literature make it possible to determine the level of educational preparation of a graduate in the subject. At the same time, there is nothing in the text of the examination paper that would go beyond the general educational minimum indicated in the federal component of the state educational standard main general education and in school programs.
For successful completion OGE you will not need any “super knowledge” or skills that go beyond the scope of the work that you did in literature lessons at school. The person taking the literature exam must know the content of the studied literary works and basic theoretical and literary concepts. In addition, there are a number of skills that are tested by everyone OGE tasks in literature: the ability to analyze and interpret a literary work, identify the author’s position and cogently formulate one’s attitude to what is read, and create a coherent text. One of the tasks requires the ability to compare literary works.
The book contains 20 standard exam options corresponding to the demo version of the OGE in literature in 2018. The specifics and features of the work, instructions for its implementation, common to all options, are given at the beginning of the book. At the end of the manual, the OGE model based on the literature is described in detail, a system for assessing all tasks is presented, and criteria for their assessment are given.
This manual will help you summarize and systematize your knowledge and prepare well for the exam.
We wish you success!
Address to students................................................................... .... 3
Instructions for performing the work...................................... 4
Training option 1 .................................................... .. 5
Training option 2 .................................................... . 12
Training option 3 .................................................... . 18
Training option 4 .................................................... .24
Training option 5 .................................................... . thirty
Training option 6 .................................................... .36
Training option 7 .................................................... .42
Training option 8 .................................................... .47
Training option 9 .................................................... 53
Training option 10 .................................................... 59
Training option 11 .................................................... 65
Training option 12 .................................................... 72
Training option 13 .................................................... 79
Training option 14 .................................................... 85
Training option 15 .................................................... 93
Training option 16 .................................................... 101
Training option 17 .................................................... 108
Training option 18 .................................................... 118
Training option 19 .................................................... 126
Training option 20 .................................................... 133
Appendix 1. Features of the OGE examination model
in literature 2018................................................... 140
Appendix 2. Examination grading system
OGE works on literature.................................................... 152
Appendix 3. List of works for which
CMM tasks can be formulated based on literature
main state exam (OGE) .................................... 157
The examination paper on literature consists of two parts.
Part 1 includes two alternative options containing the text of the work of fiction and questions about it. You need to choose ONE of two options. The first option is focused on the analysis of a fragment of an epic (or dramatic, or lyric-epic) work; the second is for the analysis of a lyric poem (or fable).
Having chosen one of the options for work, read the proposed text and sequentially complete three tasks that require writing a detailed answer of a limited volume. When completing the first two tasks (1.1.1, 1.1.2 or 1.2.1, 1.2.2), give an answer in approximately 3-5 sentences based on the text.
The third task (1.1.3 or 1.2.3) involves not only thinking about the proposed text, but also comparing it with another work or fragment, the text of which is also given in the examination paper (the approximate length of the answer is 5-8 sentences).
When completing the tasks of Part 1, try to formulate direct, coherent answers, avoid lengthy introductions and characterizations, and follow the norms of speech.
The indication of the volume of answers in part 1 is conditional; the assessment of the answer depends on its content.
Part 2 contains four essay topics that require extensive written argumentation. Choose ONE of the topics offered to you and write an essay of at least 200 words, arguing your reasoning and referring to the text of the work of art (if the essay is less than 150 words, then 0 points are given for it).
When completing all tasks, rely on the author’s position, formulate your point of view, use theoretical and literary concepts to analyze the work.
During the exam you are allowed to use full texts works of art, as well as collections of poetry.
When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Entries in the draft are not taken into account when grading work.
Write down all exam answers clearly and legibly.
The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and gain greatest number points.
OGE in literature– one of the optional final exams at the end of 9th grade. The exam itself, although it bears the name of a test, actually comes down to only five questions, each of which requires writing a short essay or a detailed answer. The main part of the exam is an essay in a form similar to the final exam in the 9th grade before the introduction of the OGE in literature.
Having become familiar with general information about the exam, you can immediately start preparing. The 2018 version of the KIM OGE is not much different from the 2017 version. The main change is that the maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 23 to 29. Other changes.
Structure of the OGE test
The OGE literature test consists of two parts.
Preparation for the OGE
Trial OGE in literature online
On our website you can take OGE tests online for free without registration or SMS. At the moment, the section is being updated, and over time, new tests will appear in it for the entire period of the OGE. The tests presented are identical in complexity and structure to the actual exams conducted in the corresponding years.
Detailed parsing deployed answers Part 1 and Part 2 essays based on the 2017 demo material.
Demo versions of the OGE
In the section of demo versions of the OGE you can download tests for free for 2009 - 201 7 years.
All of the tests given have been developed and approved for preparation for the state final certification in 9th grade. Federal Institute pedagogical measurements (FIPI).
