Institute of Humanitarianization and Humanization
Department of Russian Language
Essay
Phraseology of the Russian language
Completed:
Student gr. SKRD 2-1
Ozerov P.E.
Checked:
Assoc. Lapshina O.N.
1. Introduction….……………………………..……...……..pp.1-2
2. Chapter I……….……………………….…..…………....p.3-22
3. Chapter II…………..………………………………….….pp.23-30
A). Conversational style of language………………………..p.23-24
B). Book style of language……………………………pp.25-26
IN). Scientific style of language…………………………….pp.27-28
G). Officially- business style language……………...p.28-29
D). Journalistic style of language…………………p.30
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………… p.31-32
References…………………………………………p.33.
Introduction
Many articles, books, dissertations have been written about phraseology, and interest in this area of language does not dry up either among researchers or those who are simply not indifferent to words. The accuracy of the formula expressed at the dawn of the century by the famous Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, who called phraseology “a despotic capricious and elusive thing,” is confirmed. The very fact of the presence in a language, in addition to words, of entire verbal complexes, which are sometimes identical to a word, and more often represent a unique linguistic phenomenon, distinguished by vivid expressiveness, imagery and emotionality, serves as a reason for us to explore this particular section of stylistics. However, phraseology as the totality of all set expressions in a particular language is too broad a field of activity for such a small work as this.
The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, which has the richest democratic and revolutionary traditions and the highest culture. This is the language of the builders of a new society, which the best minds of humanity have dreamed of for centuries. This is the language of modern science, technology and culture. The Russian language in our time is the connecting link of the great multinational Russian state with people all over the planet. Russian word is the voice of the world, a passionate call for equality, brotherhood and friendship of all peoples, in the name of peace and social progress.
The scientific study of the Russian language begins where the element of awareness of the patterns inherent in the language is added to the objectively ongoing process of mastering one’s native speech.
This essay examines only one of many independent sections that study individual aspects (levels) of language. Brief information is provided from the history of the study of Russian phraseology in domestic linguistics, some general concepts phraseology, the object of phraseology, its volume and boundaries are determined. The division of phraseological units into types according to the degree of semantic unity of their components. The problem of distinguishing variants and synonyms of phraseological units. The question of the original form of phraseological units.
In this work, the object of description is a phraseological unit; as synonyms of this term, the names idiom and figurative expression are used here.
Chapter I
Phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline arose in the 40s. XX century in Soviet linguistics. The prerequisites for the theory of phraseology were laid down in the works of A.A. Potebnya, I.I. Sreznevsky, A.A. Shakhmatov and F.F. Fortunatov. The development of phraseology was also influenced by the ideas of the French linguist Sh. Bali (1865-1947). In Western European and American linguistics, phraseology is not distinguished as a special section of linguistics. The question of studying stable combinations of words in a special section of linguistics - phraseology was raised in educational literature back in 20-40. in the works of E.D. Polivanov, S.I. Abakumov, L.A. Bulakhovsky. The study of phraseology was stimulated by lexicographic practice, on the one hand, and on the other, by the works of Vinogradov, in which questions were raised about the basic concepts of phraseology, its scope and tasks. In the 50s, the main attention was paid to the similarities and differences of phraseological units with words and combinations of words; the problems of phraseology were limited mainly to clarifying the criteria for phraseology and clarifying the basics of the classification of phraseological units. Since the late 50s, there has been a tendency for a systematic approach to the problems of phraseology, issues related to the description of phraseological units as structural units of language are being developed (A.I. Smirnitsky, O.S. Akhmanova). The 60-70s in the development of phraseology are characterized by the intensive development of actual phraseological methods for studying the objects of phraseology, based on the ideas of system-level analysis of language facts (V.L. Arkhangelsky, N.N. Amosova, V.P. Zhukov, A.V. .Kunin, M.T. Tagiev), study of the systemic organization of phraseological composition (I.I. Chernysheva, N.M. Shansky) and its development (V.N. Mokienko, F.N. Popov, A.I. Fedorov) , Special attention is paid to the semantics of phraseological units, and its nominative aspect (V.N. Teliya), phrase formation in its dynamics (S.G. Gavrin, Yu.A. Gvozdarev), signs of compatibility of component words (M.M. Kopylenko, Z.D. Popov), comparative and typological study of phraseological composition (Yu.Yu. Avaliani, L.I. Rozeizon), as well as the development of descriptions of phraseological units in dictionaries (A.M. Babkin, A.I. Molotkov).
The subject of phraseology as a branch of linguistics is the study of the categorical features of phraseological units, on the basis of which the main features of phraseological units are identified and the question of the essence of phraseological units as special units of language is resolved, as well as the identification of patterns of functioning of phraseological units in speech and the processes of their formation. However, in the presence of a single subject of research and despite numerous detailed developments of many issues of phraseology, there are still different points of view on what a phraseological unit is and what the scope of phraseology of the Russian language is. The lists of phraseological units of the Russian language, proposed by different scientists, are so different from each other that with good reason we can talk about different, often directly opposite, even mutually exclusive views on the subject of research and about the diversity and confusion in the scientific terminology used to denote the corresponding concepts . This explains both the unclear understanding of the tasks, goals and the very essence of the term “phraseology”, and the fact that there is no sufficiently specific unified classification of phraseological units of the Russian language from the point of view of their semantic unity. Although the most common (with clarifications and additions) is the classification of V.V. Vinogradov. That is why, finally, much in the Russian phraseological system is just beginning to be studied.
To summarize wide range views on phraseology, the following can be noted. In modern linguistics, two directions of research have clearly emerged. The first direction has as its starting point the recognition that a phraseological unit is a unit of language that consists of words, that is, by nature phrase. At the same time, some scientists express the idea that the object of phraseology is all concrete phrases that are actually possible in a given language, regardless of the qualitative differences between them. So, for example, Kopylenko says the following: “Phraseology covers all... combinations of lexemes that exist in a given language, including the so-called “free” phrases.
On the other hand, the object of phraseology within the boundaries of this direction is recognized only by certain categories and groups of word combinations, which stand out from all those possible in speech by their special originality. Depending on what features are taken into account when identifying such phrases, the composition of such units in the language is determined. Only these “special” phrases can be called phraseological units. Despite the conventionality of the concepts and the associated distinction, it is usually said that phraseology can be represented:
a) as the phraseology of a language in the “broad” sense of the word, including phrases that have been completely rethought, and phrases that have non-reinterpreted component words. An example of such a “broad” understanding of the scope and composition of phraseology is the point of view of V.L. Arkhangelsky, O.S. Akhmanova, N.M. Shansky.
b) as phraseology of the Russian language in the “narrow” sense of the word, including only phrases that have been completely rethought. Among the works that reflect this understanding of the scope and composition of the phraseology of the Russian language are, for example, articles by V.P. Zhukov.
In both cases, the verbal nature of the phraseological unit, as well as the lexeme nature of its components, is not questioned by these scientists. It is recommended to consider a phraseological unit as a contamination of the characteristics of a word and a phrase; the homonymy of a phraseological unit and a phrase that is structurally correlated with it is emphasized.
The second direction in Russian phraseology comes from the fact that a phraseological unit is not a phrase(neither in form nor in content), this is a unit of language that consists not from words. The object of phraseology are expressions that are only genetically the essence of phrases. “They are decomposable only etymologically, that is, outside the system modern language, in historical terms." These expressions are contrasted with phrases that are not homonymous, since they are qualitatively different from them. The main thing in the study of a phraseological unit is not the semantic and formal characteristics of the components that form it, and not the connections between the components, but the phraseological unit itself as a whole, as a unit of language that has a certain form, content and features of use in speech. The composition of phraseology is formed from categorically similar units. The history and etymology of each phraseological unit is studied in a non-linear dependence on certain “universal” schemes for rethinking phrases, on the degree of semantic unity of components and on the degree of desemantization of words in phrases. The main provisions of this direction are considered by A.I. Molotkov in the introductory article to the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, in his book “Fundamentals of Phraseology of the Russian Language” and other works.
A phraseological unit is a separately formed, stable, reproducible combination of components, the meaning of which is expressive, cannot be derived from the meaning of the components, and arises as a result of a figurative rethinking of a free phrase, sentence or other grammatical structure. Part of a phraseological unit is usually distinguished from a word and called a component.
Phraseological units in structure resemble free phrases (shot sparrow), sentences (the cat cried), combinations of independent and auxiliary parts of speech (crazy, neither fish nor fowl). The meaning of a phraseological unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of each component, it is holistic, and in this way the phraseological unit resembles a word. Like a word, a phraseological unit performs a nominative function in a language. Just like a word, it is capable of entering into relationships of synonymy (without a king in the head - head full of straw - crazy), antonymy (without a king in the head - with the head), be polysemantic or homonymous (crazy (about someone) - (person) Mad).
V.V. Vinogradov proposed classifying phraseological units according to the degree of connection of their components with each other and the non-deducibility (relative deducibility) of the meaning of the whole phraseological unit from the meanings of its constituent components. He identified three groups of phraseological units.
Phraseological fusions are absolutely indivisible, indecomposable units, the meaning of which does not depend on the lexical composition, the meaning of the components, and is as conditional and arbitrary as the meaning of an unmotivated verbal sign. They are sometimes called idioms. They, according to Vinogradov, are homogeneous with the word, devoid of internal form. The external form of the fusions is sometimes unstable, subject to grammatical or phonetic changes (from the side of the place - from the side to the side; in the middle of nowhere - to the devil in the middle of nowhere). In such cases, today phraseologists talk about varying the components.
The next type of phraseological units is phraseological unities. These units are also indivisible, they are an expression of a holistic meaning, but their meaning can be motivated (zero attention). There are four characteristics of unities: 1) figurative, figurative meaning, creating the indecomposability of the phrase combination; 2) expressive richness; 3) the impossibility of replacing any of the elements of unity with a synonym; 4) semantic replaceability of only the entire unity with a word or synonymous expression.
The third type of phraseological units is phraseological combinations. These are not unconditional semantic unities. They are formed on realizations of non-free meanings of words. They are analytical. A word with a non-free meaning in them allows replacement. The lexical components of a phraseological combination are “tightly fitted to one another,” but are still felt as separate words with their own special meanings. Combinations are semantically divisible and subject to decomposition. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish between the core word of a phraseological combination and its variable parts. In addition, it can be noted that if in unities the components are in a certain sense equal, but in combinations the meaning of only one of the words is perceived as unfree (dead drunk, sudden death, sleepless drunkenness).
N. M. Shansky, adhering to a broad approach to phraseology, supplemented this classification with phraseological expressions. They consist of words, are semantically distinct, but differ from free phrases in their stability and reproducibility in speech. The academician included in this group cliches, aphorisms, proverbs and other set expressions (all ages are submissive to love, wholesale and retail, seriously and for a long time).
Phraseological units are classified according to their general categorical meaning, taking into account the semantics and grammatical nature of the phraseological unit. A. M. Chepasova identifies the following types of phraseological units according to their lexical and grammatical nature.
1. Subject phraseological units
A subject phraseological unit is a unit with general meaning person or object, possessing the grammatical categories of gender, number, case, performing the function of a subject, object, action or predicate in a sentence and standing, respectively, in the syntactic position of the subject, complement or nominal part of the predicate.
Usually these phraseological units are called: face (Eva’s daughter, white crow); a set of persons (old and young, the tribe of Judah); item (Adam's tears = vodka); a set of objects (white flies); space ( White spot, our Palestines); dates and time periods (yesterday, Aredian centuries, Christ's day, the age of Christ); abstract concepts, properties, signs, states of an object (pillory, Achilles' heel, the path to Calvary, vanity of vanities, Cain's sin).
2. Significant phraseological units
These include units with a general meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an object, person, state of a person, which are an attribute or predicate in a sentence. Among them, according to semantics, we can distinguish units that denote - only a sign of an object (affordable, in the palm of your hand); – a sign or state of the face only (not timid, guilty without guilt); - a sign and properties of both a person and an object (by heart, neither one nor the other).
3. Qualitative-adverbial phraseological units
These are expressions with a general meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an action, used in a sentence in the syntactic position of an adverbial clause. This is one of the many classes of phraseological units; they can denote the nature of an action (to the fullest extent, to the point); degree of action (if possible, in all respects); time (to be discussed in detail, just after light); place (to all ends, distant lands); goal (for greater importance, in defiance).
4. Procedural phraseological units
These are phraseological units with a general meaning of action, having grammatical categories persons, numbers, tenses, types, voices, sometimes genders, acting as a predicate in a sentence. These include phraseological units of the following semantic types: human activity (getting lost, day and night); moral or physical state person (hanging by a thread); relationships (keep in a black body); feelings, experiences, desires (throw up your hands, sink into your soul).
5. Interjective phraseological units
Units of this group are used to express various feelings, emotions, and volitional impulses of a person. The following types of interjection phraseological units are distinguished: expression of the speaker’s emotions (Lord!), formulas of greeting and farewell (God bless you!), invitation formulas, oaths (those crosses!), strengthening of a request, prayer (for Christ’s sake), gratitude, etc. .
6. Modal phraseological units
They express the speaker’s personal, subjective attitude towards his statement or his assessment of the content of the message (in all likelihood, the mother is honest, that’s how cranberries are, for the most part). Modal phraseological units are unchangeable, usually devoid of morphological features and cannot be combined with other words in the context, performing the function of introductory words (constructions) in a sentence.
7. Quantitative phraseological units
Here is a whole layer of expressions with the meaning of indefinitely small or indefinitely more, correlated with the words “many” and “little”, the position of which in the morphological system is disputed (sometimes they are called quantitative adverbs, sometimes special numerals). Examples of such phraseological units are the chickens don’t peck, the cat cried, not a penny, more than enough to spare.
8. Service phraseological units
These are units that are a means of expressing various relationships. There are three subclasses:
1) phraseological prepositions, which, like lexical ones, are a means of expressing relations between objects or objects to actions (at whom, to the number of whom, of what, towards);
2) phraseological unions (for the simple reason that, at the same time as, despite the fact that);
3) phraseological particles (at least, no less).
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"Russian phraseology"
Introduction
One of the means of figurative and expressive literary speech is winged words. This name goes back to Homer, in whose poems (“Iliad” and “Odyssey”) it appears many times (“He spoke a winged word,” they exchanged winged words quietly among themselves.) Homer called words “winged” because they seem to fly to the ear of the listener from the mouth of the speaker. The Homeric expression “winged word” became a term in linguistics and stylistics. This term denotes short quotes, figurative expressions, sayings of historical figures included in our speech from literary sources, names of mythological and literary characters that have become household names, articles describing historical figures, etc. Often the term “winged words” is interpreted in a broader sense : they denote folk sayings, proverbs, all kinds of figurative expressions that arose not only from literary sources, but also in everyday life.
Winged words or phraseological units are studied in the section of linguistics, which studies stable combinations of words - phraseology.
Phraseology studies many important problems related to the compatibility of words. Our task is to reveal one of them - the role of phraseological units as a stylistic device.
We chose this particular topic because we want to prove how important the use of phraseological units is in our speech. Because thanks to the properties of phraseological units, namely: imagery, expressiveness and unity of meaning, our speech becomes brighter, more emotional, figurative and expressive. That is why almost all famous writers, even in the time of Homer, used phraseological units to create color and stylistic coloring of their works.
The subject of the study is the origin, use, classification, methods of application and techniques for using phraseological units in different areas of the literary language. Our research consists of eight stages. In the first two stages, we reveal the characteristic features of phraseology, the difference between phraseological units and free phrases and the question of the origin of phraseological units, i.e. their education and sources. At the third stage of the study, we give a classification of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic unity, and at the fourth - a classification from the point of view of stylistics. The fifth stage is devoted to the issues of stylistic use of phraseological units in non-fiction literature and journalism; also by the method of using phraseological units. The last stage of my work is devoted to the mistakes that schoolchildren often make when using phraseological combinations. Schoolchildren very often use phraseological units in their speech, but they do not always know exactly the meaning of some of them and often cannot use them correctly in a certain context. Therefore, the significance of our research is to reveal the meaning and capabilities of phraseological units as stylistic means, using the example of their use by authors in their works.
1. PhraseologyRussianlanguage
1. Characteristic features of phraseology
The richness of a language is the richness of its phraseology, i.e. expressive and figurative proverbs, phrases, apt and popular words.
So, phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies the sources of word combinations. phraseology stylistics language
The word "phraseology" comes from two Greek words: "phrasis" - "expression" and "logos" - "teaching". Phraseology is also called a set of such combinations - phraseological units. Sometimes other terms are used to denote them: idiom and phraseological unit.
Scientifically, studying phraseology is important for understanding the language itself. Phraseologisms exist in close connection with vocabulary, their study helps to better understand their structure, formation and use in speech. Phraseologisms consist of words and at the same time can be correlated in meaning with words. Russian phraseological units reflected historical events, the people’s attitude towards them was expressed: Here’s to you, grandmother, and St. George’s Day; It arose in Rus' after the enslavement of the peasants. Phraseologisms of the Russian language reflect the attitude towards human merits and demerits: golden hands, big bucks, etc.
The accuracy with which a phraseological unit can characterize a phenomenon attracts writers. This is how N.V. Gogol described the hero of the comedy “The Inspector General”. - Khlestakov, a man who does not understand what he is doing, - with the help of one phraseological unit: without a king in his head. This is the first feature of phraseology.
Another feature of phraseology is imagery. Speech study phraseology introduces us to the laboratory of the people - the language creator, and it is no coincidence that it is studied with such attention by writers who see in Russian phraseology excellent examples of figurative expression of the phenomena of reality. The picturesqueness and imagery of speech acts through poetic phraseological units on the imagination of the listener, forcing him to experience what is said more strongly than if the speaker addressed him with ugly, purely logical speech.
2. Free and non-free phrases
Phraseologism, like a word, is the only language of stable combinations.
Phraseologism, for the most part, does not differ in structure from free phrases. Among phraseological units we can find almost all types of phrases that are noted in the active fund of the language. However, it is necessary to distinguish phraseological units from free combinations. In free phrases you can replace one word with another: printing worker - good worker. In a phraseological combination, you cannot arbitrarily replace a phrase, i.e. they have a constant lexical composition. This is a special difference between phraseological units and free combinations. As part of a phraseological unit, it is not individual words that have meaning, but only the entire expression as a whole. This means that phraseological units, like words, are used ready-made in speech, i.e. they must be remembered, known in the form in which they were established in the language, and with the meaning that was assigned to them!
2. Originphraseological units
1. Formation of phraseological units
Despite the apparent originality of certain phraseological units, their formation in the language is based on certain patterns.
Features of the formation of phraseological units are associated with the type of material on the basis of which they are created. In the Russian language there are five such types: 1) Individual words of the Russian language; 2) free phrases of Russian speech; 3) proverbs of the Russian language; 4) phraseological units of the Russian language; 5) foreign language phraseological units.
Phraseologisms arise from individual words quite often.
For example: a soul wide open, a man in a case, etc.
The largest number of phraseological units are formed on the basis of free phrases. Such phrases receive a new meaning, transferred to them due to the similarity of phenomena or their connection. The head, for example, is compared to a pot, hence the pot cooks - “the head thinks.”
Many phraseological units arose on the basis of proverbs. Usually a phraseological unit becomes part of a proverb, used independently in speech. Without knowledge of such a proverb, the phraseological unit is incomprehensible. For example, an old sparrow (You can’t fool an old sparrow on chaff.)
A phraseological unit of the Russian language often becomes the basis for the formation of new phraseological units. This way is used in the formation of phraseological units based on terminological combinations: second wind, chain reaction, zero cycle, etc.
A special type of formation of new phraseological units on the basis of existing ones is when the composition and meaning of the phraseological unit changes. This is like a development of a phraseological unit, for example, with the word green - “free”: green light - “free passage” - green street - green war.
Borrowed phraseological units are formed on the basis of phraseological units of other languages.
2. Sources of Russian phraseological units
All phraseological units of the Russian language can be divided by origin into 2 groups: phraseological units of Russian origin and borrowed ones.
The overwhelming majority of Russian phraseological units arose in the Russian language itself or were inherited by the Russian language from the language of its ancestors. They are like that - you can’t spill them with water - “very friendly”, in what the mother gave birth - “without clothes” and much more.
Every craft in Rus' left its mark in Russian phraseology. “Hatchet work” originates from carpenters, and “cutting edge” from furriers. New professions gave new phraseological units. From the speech of railway workers, Russian phraseology took the expression “green street” and so on.
Phraseology reflects different aspects of people's lives. Our country’s successes in space contribute to the emergence of the phraseology “go into orbit.”
It is difficult to establish the time and place of origin of many phraseological units, so there is only a proposal about where they arose and on what basis.
For example, “leavened patriotism” - false, ostentatious - arose in the letter of the famous Russian poet and critic L.A. Vyazemsky. It is possible to establish even more precisely the origin of phraseological units that arose in the work fiction with the same name. Phraseologism “Trishkin caftan” Originated from the fable of I.A. Krylova. Already as part of a fable, this expression has become a phraseological unit with the meaning: a matter where the elimination of some shortcomings entails new shortcomings.
Borrowed phraseological units are divided into those borrowed from Old Slavonic language and borrowed from Western European languages.
Old Slavonic phraseological units became entrenched in the Russian language after the introduction of Christianity; most of them originate from books and scriptures. Most often they are bookish in nature. For example, “a proverb”, “seek and promise”, “casting pearls before swine” and others.
Phraseologisms borrowed from Western European languages include ancient borrowings from Latin or Ancient Greek, for example, “terra incognito”. More recent are borrowings from phraseology (“to have a tooth”), German (“break on the head”) and English (“bluestocking”) languages.
Among borrowed phraseological units, a distinction is made between “pure” ones, i.e. without translation, and phraseological tracing papers.
Borrowed phraseological units, like those that arose in the Russian language, are also created either by individuals or by the people as a whole.
A significant number of phraseological units are borrowed from ancient Greek mythology, for example, "Pandora's Box", "Augean Stables" and much more.
Thus, it is clear that phraseological units have long been used in the speech of people, writers, and therefore to create imagery and emotionality in their speech.
3. ClassificationRussiansphraseological units
V.V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units, which were called “phraseologism of merging”, “phraseological unit of unity”, “phraseological unit of combination”.
1. Phraseological conjunctions
Phraseological fusions are absolutely indivisible, undecomposed phrases, the meaning of which is completely independent of their lexical composition, the meaning of their components, and is just as conditional and arbitrary as the meaning of an unmotivated word. sign "". For example, I’ll eat a dog, sharpen my lasses, hit my back, and the like.
2. Phraseological unities
Phraseological unity of a phrase in which “the meaning of the whole is associated with the understanding within the figurative core of the phrase, the potential meaning of the words.” For example, “keep a stone in your bosom, wash dirty linen in public, shoot a sparrow” and the like.
3. Phraseological combinations
Phraseological combinations - V.V. Vinogradov called phrases “formed by the implementation of non-free meanings of words.” He noted that most of and meanings of words is limited in its connections within the semantic relations of the language system itself. These lexical meanings can only appear in connection with a strictly defined range of concepts and their verbal designations. For example, you can say “fear takes over”, “longing takes over”, but you cannot say: “joy takes over”, “pleasure takes over”, and the like.
4. Phraseological expressions
N.M. Shansky identified a fourth type of phraseological units, which he called "" phraseological expressions "".
Phraseological expressions are “stable in their composition and use phraseological units that are not only semantically distinct, but also consist entirely of words with free meanings.” For example, “labor success”, “horseradish is not sweeter than radish”, “higher educational institution"", etc.
N.M. Shansky noted the difference between phraseological units in terms of their lexical composition, and also described in detail phraseological units "" in terms of their structure"", "" their origin"", "" their expressive and stylistic properties."
4. ClassificationWithpointsvisionstylistics
Being part of the vocabulary, phraseological units form several stylistic layers.
From a stylistic point of view (that is, depending on their predominant use in a particular sphere of public people), inter-style bookish, colloquial and colloquial phraseological units are distinguished.
1. Interstyle phraseological units
Interstyle phraseological units are used in all styles of the modern Russian literary language. Interstyle ones include, for example, “In the end,” “ New Year», « cousin" etc. Interstyle phraseology constitutes a smaller part of phraseology, since most phraseological units are formed and function either in conversational style or in a bookstore. Performing a purely nominative function, they do not express the speaker’s attitude to the designation of objects and their characteristics. These phraseological units can be called neutral both from a stylistic and emotional point of view.
2. Book phraseological phrases
Book phraseological units are used in the style of fiction in journalism, scientific and official business styles, for example: Baalam’s donkey, caliph for an hour, a book with seven seals and others. Officially, business and terminological phraseological units are usually neutral from an emotional point of view. But in fiction and journalism, many bookish phraseological units are used that have different emotional connotations. A significant part of book phraseological units is characterized by solemnity and rhetoric; for example: on the battlefield, holiest of holies, mind, honor and conscience of our era and others. Among the book phraseological phrases, ironic and humorous ones stand out, for example: comrade in misfortune, crying into a vest, calf's delight and others.
3. Conversational phraseological units
Colloquial phraseological units - these include most of the phraseological units, unities and proverbs that were formed in living folk speech. These phraseological units have a pronounced expressiveness, which is facilitated by their metaphorical nature, for example: playing with spillikins, with the world on a thread, naked shirt, muddying the waters, at the end of the world and others. Among colloquial phraseological phrases, one can distinguish a group of tautological, outdated phrases, the expressiveness of which is expressed by the repetition of words that have the same root, for example: darkness, darkness, fool by fool, rank by rank and others.
A very bright, emotionally expressive coloring of playfulness is contained in phraseological phrases of a punning nature, for example: without a year, a week, from the vest sleeves, without hind legs and others.
4. Colloquial phraseological units
Colloquial phraseological phrases have a more reduced stylistic character than colloquial ones, for example: show Kuzkin's mother, use good language, tear a goat, and others.
This group of phraseological units is characterized by pronounced emotionality, more often they have a negative connotation: disapproval, for example: small fry, poke your nose, scratch your tongue; neglect, for example: stationery press, nettle seed, the nut is weak; abusive language, for example: the blown beast, the booby of the king of heaven, the old pepper shaker and others.
5 . Usagephraseological unitsVmoderntexts
The widespread use of phraseological units as stylistic means is also reflected in modern texts.
1. Enrichment of the phraseology of the literary language
The vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language was replenished during the Soviet era with a huge number of new words and expressions.
Gorky drew attention to this, who said that by comparing the words used by Soviet writers of past eras, one can see how significantly the vocabulary of the modern Russian language has expanded and enriched. This is an enrichment of vocabulary and phraseology in that the main fund of the Russian language has been replenished with many new words and expressions of a socio-ideological nature.
2. Use of phraseological units
The use of phraseological units in speech is subject to historically established rules established by tradition. Deviations from generally accepted norms are acceptable if the speaker (writer) strives to achieve a certain stylistic effect. If the norms are violated as a result of ignorance of the peculiarities of using a particular phraseological unit, an error occurs. The most common errors in official texts are:
1. In verb-nominal combinations, semi-nominal verbs can be combined with a limited number of nouns.
2. Distortion of the composition of phraseological units as a result of lexical substitution.
3. Crossing phraseological units that are close in meaning.
4. Changing the grammatical form of a word included in circulation.
Correction of these errors in the texts of documents is mandatory.
6 . Errorsatusephraseologicalcombinations
Mastering phraseological units presents significant difficulties; however, highly organized speech is unthinkable without mastery of phraseology.
Phraseologisms, as is known, give special expressiveness to speech, emphasizing the national specifics and originality of the language.
Shortcomings in the field of phraseology can be divided into several groups:
1. errors in mastering the meaning of phraseological units;
2. errors in mastering the form of phraseological units;
3. formation of non-normative phraseological units;
4. change in the lexical compatibility of phraseological units;
7 . ErrorsVassimilationvaluesphraseology
1. Literal understanding
The danger of literal understanding exists for those phraseological units that have reduced their real prototypes in their language in the form of free combinations of words. Cases of literal understanding are especially common in the early stages of speech acquisition.
Phraseologism, as it were, ceases to exist as a separate lexical unit and functions as a free association of words that retain their own lexical meanings. (In the essay of one eighth-grader there was, for example, the following phrase: "" Tatyana's mother herself in her free time ""shaved foreheads to their peasants "", the meaning of the phraseological unit "" to shave their foreheads "" - to take as soldiers "".)
2. Change value
In the speech of schoolchildren, it is common to change the meaning of phraseological units, for example: "" Silence of everyone in the house drives behind nose"". in standard language, the phraseological unit used has the meaning ““to deceive, mislead”’. The meaning of phraseological units in in this case incorrectly expanded. There are also errors in oral speech: "" I need him as bath sheet "".
3. Same components
Phraseological units that contain the same components are mixed, for example: "" in extreme cases "" and "" at least: "" I think that in extreme case I will get a B for this essay "". "" in every way and in every way "", "" We on All peels We’ll discuss this and decide that it’s better to leave Natasha as head girl.” Sometimes phraseological units that have an accidental sound similarity are mixed, for example: "" neither gu-gu" and "" nor boom-boom": "" I'm in this algebra neither goo-goo"".
8 . ErrorsVassimilationformsphraseology
With a correct understanding of the meaning of a phraseological unit, its form in children's speech can be subject to restructuring and modification. Two types of such modification can be distinguished: grammatical and lexical.
1. Grammatical modification
Examples of grammatical modification of phraseological units are extremely diverse. It may consist in the fact that the form of the number of the noun that is part of the phraseological unit changes: "" He can take bulls behind horns "", "" Not take it from no one bad examples"". The use of the plural form is associated with the desire to emphasize the repetition of the depicted situation. There are widespread cases of eliminating species inconsistency, while phraseological units, which in normative language are used exclusively in the form of one type, receive in children's speech the form of the opposite type: "" He, as before, raked in the heat with someone else's hands "." A number of verbal phraseological units are used only in the present tense; in the speech of schoolchildren, cases of their use in others are possible: "" I scolded her on how light stood "" always knew where wind blew"". The only thing that is common is that each time a form is used, perhaps from the point of view of the language system, while the norm protects the inviolability of phraseological units: "" This cheaper, how steamed turnip"".- compare ""cheaper than steamed turnips"". "When she got to Kabanikha's house, she Not finds to myself places"" - comparison "" Not finds to myself place"". A special case of modifying a phraseological unit is the elimination of grammatical archaisms. For example, in the speech of schoolchildren there are numerous cases of “modernizing” gerunds: ““I can’t stand sitting, folded hands"". - comparison of “hands folded”. Also ""breaking your head"" and at breakneck speed head, ""outlining the head"" and outlines head. Some phraseological units use inflected forms of short adjectives, which can be replaced in children's speech full forms: ""in broad daylight"", ""on bare feet"" and the like, for example: ""She was wearing shoes on bare feet."
2. Lexical modification
Most phraseological units have the property of impenetrability: it is impossible to introduce an additional component into their composition.
Lexical modification often appears as a consequence of the desire to return to a phraseological unit the lost internal shape, make it lexical meaning, at least partly motivated. This is a manifestation of "folk etymology". This kind of error is widespread in speech: ““fly upside down””, ““even if it’s a stake in the head””, etc.
As special type lexical deformation may be considered a violation of word order. Fixed word order is not typical for everyone, but for some phraseological units, changing it in these cases constitutes a violation language norm: ""Molchalin will probably succeed go out from water dry""- comparison ""to get out of the water unscathed"".
Lexical deformation can be a consequence of combining two phraseological units that are close in meaning. Compare: ""to exhaust one's strength"" and ""to go out of one's way."
3. Formation of non-normative phraseological units
A new phraseological unit is always formed according to a specific model - the grammatical structure and partly the lexical composition of some normative phraseological unit are duplicated. The formation of a new phraseological unit is carried out, as a rule, by replacing one of the components of an existing phraseological unit with another word that is in combination with the one being replaced.
Conclusion
As a result of our research, we have proven that, scientifically, the study of phraseology is important for learning the language itself. Phraseologisms exist in a language in close connection with vocabulary; their study helps to better understand their structure, formation and use in speech. Getting to know Russian phraseology allows us to better understand the history and character of our people. Russian phraseological units reflected historical events and expressed the people's attitude towards them.
Mikhail Sholokhov wrote about the folk character of phraseological units: “Human relationships are diverse, which are imprinted in folk sayings and aphorisms. From the abyss of time, the joy and suffering of people, laughter and tears, love and anger, honesty and deception, hard work and laziness, the beauty of truths and the ugliness of prejudices have come to us in phraseological combinations."
Listliterature
1. A.I. Efimov "History of the Russian literary language". Moscow University Publishing House, 1954.
2. D.N. Shmelev "Modern Russian language". M., "Enlightenment", 1977.
3. N.S. Ashukin "Winged Words". State Publishing house Moscow, 1960.
4. S. Maksimova “Winged Words”. St. Petersburg, Moscow, 1955.
5. I.B. Golubev "" Stylistics of the modern Russian language "". M., "Science". 1980.
6. D.Ya. Deryagin "Conversations about Russian stylistics". "Knowledge", M., 1978.
7. L.A. Vvedenskaya “Russian Word”, M., “Enlightenment”, 1983.
8. V.M. Mokienko "Riddles of Russian phraseology". M., "Higher School", 1990.
9. V.M. Mokienko “Into the depths of the proverb”, M., “Enlightenment”, 1975.
10. V.V. Odintsov "Linguistic Paradoxes". M., "Enlightenment", 1988.
11. K.S. Gorbachevich “The World of Native Speech”, M., “Knowledge”, 1972.
12. Z.N. Lyustrov ""The Past. The present. Future"". M., "Enlightenment", 1984.
13. A.V. Rokhmanin "" Stylistics business speech and editing of official documents", M., "Higher School", 1970.
14. S.N. Zeitschen "" Speech errors and their warning." M., "Enlightenment", 1982.
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Phraseology as a special scientific discipline was founded by V.V. Vinogradov in the 50s of the twentieth century. The main attention of academician. Vinogradov devoted his attention to the description of phraseological units in the structural-semantic scientific paradigm paradigm. The main question is the difference between phraseological units from words and sentences, the disclosure of their own specificity.
Word phraseology phrase
Reproducibility grammatically formatted
Idiomaticity free combination of words
Based on syntactic
Semantic integrity of connection
Nominativity free word order
Integrity is a dismembered concept
Take, word, book, Take your books back, Back, yours
Lexeme-seme L1 + L2 + L3=С1+С2+С3
Take your words back L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = C1 PS: integrity, idiomatic meaning, undifferentiated nomination, reproducibility.
PV: combination of words, separately formed components, syntactic connection, grammatical dependence of words as part of a phraseological unit, but in PS they are identical to the word, since they function as integral units of nomination, stable not only in their meaning, but also in structure. Subsequently, the systemic classification approach dominated, which became the subject of criticism in the 70s. It was during these years that a crisis emerged in the study of phraseology and the need arose to revise this section of linguistic knowledge and the nature of its constituent units. Currently, the most important property of phraseological units is their situationality, i.e. their ability to point out situations and at the same time express an evaluative attitude towards them. In this regard, all of them have a predicative character: rack your brains, play the fool, grated roll, in the middle of nowhere, bonanza etc. The iconic specificity of phraseological units is manifested in the fact that they have a textual nature, they are microtexts, the nominative basis of which includes, when displaying a situation, all types of information in the form of a “convolution”, ready for use as text within a text . Their textual nature gives them the status of special linguistic signs. In this regard, they are actively used in the speech of politicians, in artistic and poetic speech. Paradigmatic relations in phraseology.
They manifest themselves in the presence of internal close variants of one phraseological unit. Variants of a phraseological unit are its lexical and grammatical varieties, identical in meaning and semantic unity. What varies?
1)elements of lexical composition; 2) structure; 3) word order; 4) stylistic coloring.
For example: throw a stone - a stone(morph. design); Not worth a penny(lex.);
Through the stump the deck (to fall); To be in an (interesting) position is completeness. Through the stump of the deck...- coloring: arch./new.
In phraseology, synonymous relationships can be observed. This usually applies to phraseological units that have common members, components, replaced by words of related semantics: talk nonsense(nonsense); chase the loafer (dogs); sleep on the road (on the way); complete fool -complete fool.
Grammatical properties of phraseological units.
Syntactic properties. They always function as one member of a sentence, depending on the lexical and grammatical meaning. For example: it’s a piece of cake - easy; to prevaricate - to lie.
The morphological nature of phraseological units is determined by the properties of the main, core word, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, taking into account the correlation with a grammatically equivalent other word. The following varieties of F. are distinguished:
Verbal: drink bitter, stretch your nose...
Substantive: pun, Augean stables...
Adverbial: forever and ever,
Adjectival: skin and bones (thin), in what the mother gave birth (naked)
Interjectives: Here you go! Tell me please!
Modal: What a question?
Allied: despite the fact that...
Morphological properties of phrases: they can be changeable (verbal, substantive, adjectival) and immutable (adverbial, interjectional, modal, conjunctive). For example: Which (what) is... I saw (saw) the views.
Typology of phraseological units.
It is built taking into account the degree of semantic proximity of the components of phraseological units, since the degree of proximity can be very different.
Phraseological adhesions. - these are phrases that are unmotivated equivalents of words in which their constituent components do not have semantic separateness and do not correlate with the individual meanings of their constituent words. For example: to wash bones - to gossip, to hit the bullshit, headlong, etc.
According to V.V. Vinogradov, they are “a chemical compound of some dissolved and, from the point of view of modern language, amorphous lexical parts”, only superficially similar to words. If their constituent elements are monophonic with some independent, separate words of the language, then their relationship is purely homonymous." Thus, here there is an extreme unity of words functioning as a single nomination. Moreover, each word has its own accentological decor.
So, FS is a semantically indivisible phraseological unit, consisting of two or more phonetic words that do not have a separate meaning.
Phraseological unities. These are semantically indivisible and integral (like fusions), but their integral semantics is motivated by individual meanings.
names of their constituent words. Indecomposability is the result of the merging of their individual constituent parts into a single, generalized, figurative holistic meaning. For example: cast the fishing rod, the first pancake is lumpy, floats shallowly, put the teeth on the shelf...
Their motivation is felt, like that of derived words, not directly, but indirectly. These are free words that can be inserted. These are all figurative expressions, since they have an internal figurative basis, so homonyms are possible for them. For example: lather your head, tuck it into your belt...
Phraseological combinations. They rely on a single combinability of words, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning, and the other may have a free meaning. But the main thing is that one word necessarily functions in a secondary, phraseologically related meaning. For example: bosom(connection) - Friend(free): kind, old, dear. Sworn enemy, bloody nose, sudden death, bitter cold...
They cannot have correlative homonyms, and in their composition, words with a related meaning can be replaced by synonymous words (sudden - sudden, disintegrate - break). Not all scientists classify them as phraseology, for example, Larin (verbal-noun phrase).
Phraseological expressions (precedent texts). They are not formed by the speaker in the process of communication, but are reproduced as ready-made units with constant composition and meaning (universal property). For example: Love for all ages; If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest; All that glitters is not gold-
They are similar to free phrases: they are semantically divisible, consisting of words with a free meaning, but unlike them they are reproduced entirely from memory.
Varieties: Phraseological expressions of a communicative nature: Man - that sounds proud! Horseradish is not sweeter than radish. The structure is equal to a sentence.
PV of a nominative nature: warmongers, higher education institution... In structure they are a phrase.
Their variety is compound names: neutral, unambiguous means of denoting certain concepts: abbreviations (LEP.NTR.), verb-noun phrases, stable combinations: general notebook, grade book etc.
Varieties of phraseological units can be depicted on the transitivity scale: Word: F. fusions - F. unities - F. combinations - F. phrases - (expressions - phrases) - Free phrases and sentences.
According to the degree of semantic unity: Indivisible: fusion, unity;
Articulates: combinations, expressions.
Phraseological phrases from the point of view of origin.
1. Originally Russian federal districts.
They differ in time of appearance: 1)common Slavic: lead by the nose, hit in the eyes (Yuolg. Biya in the eyes; Ukrainian. Biti in the eyes);
East Slavic: under a hot hand.
Russians proper (from the 10th century) The soul has sunk into your heels, you drive more quietly...
According to the nature and method of formation, they can be formed: A) From free combinations that have become phraseological for some reason. Man in a case former people, at a broken trough.- As a result of metaphorization, the use of words in a figurative meaning. Phraseological unities and expressions of a communicative nature are formed more often. Red maiden, wasted, heart-rending cry- As a result of the development of one of the words associated value. Phraseological combinations are usually formed.
Expression of a single concept by a free combination of words: pedagogicalpractice, economy regime, socialist competition. Phraseological expressions of a nominative nature are formed.
B) Original Russian phraseological units formed by analogy (by model). For example: birch porridge(spanking) - semolina, millet... Like an oxymoron: living corpse, white crow.
2. Borrowed phraseological units. - a stable phrase that came into the Russian language from outside as a ready-made reproducible unit and is used as in the source language.
2 categories: 1..FE of Old Slavonic origin - walking quotes from the Holy Scriptures: salt of the earth, flesh and blood, scapegoat, coming to sleep, without hesitation, an eye for an eye...
3. Foreign language FOs without translation from Western European languages. AN pf1? O Tetroga, O Togez\(Latin).
Phraseological tracing paper.
FO, which appeared in the Russian language as a result of the literal, i.e. word-by-word, translation of a foreign language. For example: struggle for existence(8 1gi yo 1 gog Ige) - word-by-word, component-by-component translation. These are the final words of Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Existence (1859).
Tracing paper can be exact or approximate. Exact tracings - reproduction of an alien phraseological unit without deviations: blue stocking - English Yie yosksh e.
Inaccurate - with deviations in the lexical and grammatical transmission of its individual components, for example, word order: standard of living - English. Zgapyoags! oPgGe.
FO of a conversational and everyday nature. These are stable combinations of words, mainly used in oral speech. Usually they have a reduced expressive and stylistic coloring: caress. Br., irony, joke... Point your skis, stick your nose in...
Almost all of them have a figurative basis: kill a worm, plant a pig, drive it into the head.
FO of a bookish nature. Usage used in writing. They have increased expressive and stylistic coloring: book, torch, poet. Used in strictly standardized speech, journalism, artistic speech: Golden Taurus(money) female(women), sea of life(life)
Among them, a special place is occupied by the French. Historicisms - those that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the corresponding phenomenon of reality: State Councilor, cloth snout.
Fr archaisms - those that have fallen out of active use due to their displacement by other stable combinations of words or individual words: New World(America), wandering stars s- planets, bet-argue
Felix Krivin "Sin" (sketch):
"They released the soul to repentance. The soul goes and rejoices: - Oh, and I will repent now!So I will repent! They greeted her as expected: they surrounded her on all sides, asking her whatever her heart desired. - so and so, says the soul.
-Okay, answer in order: what did you take into your soul, what did you hide in your soul?-I didn’t take anything, I didn’t hide anything.“We’ll see, we’ll see,” they say. And they get into your soul.My soul couldn't bear it.
“I repent,” he says. - I’ll say whatever you order!
Well, that's where they took their breath away. And then, when they took us away, they found out that not a soul was in sight.which is not there. She shouldn't have taken the sin upon herself.
And since it’s all sin, then again we need to repent.”
2. Interstyle - used in all styles of speech. Stylistically neutral. They are simple names of phenomena of objective reality without any evaluation: keep your word, secret ballot, play on words. There are a lot of them and their number is growing
Stylistic use of phraseological units.
Functions: give speech strength and persuasiveness, colorfulness and imagery.
A catchword or a saying makes speech brighter and more convincing. Also used in
poetic speech, performing figurative-expressive and characterizing
function.
S. Kirsanov. Comic miniature with the word “airy”:
Let me have a castle in the air
To wander through its airy halls.
Where will we be after leaving the stuffy city?
The two of you can sit and eat a fluffy pie.
We are not in the castle, we are not wandering around, we are not feasting...
Am I fed up with blowing a kiss?
Am I glad that in the sky above the boulevard
Love flies like a children's balloon.
1. Filling the FO with new content while maintaining its lexical and grammatical integrity: " A dead fish swims alone. The fins hang like broken wings. It floats for a week, and there is neither a bottom nor a tire."(V. Mayakovsky0.
2.Updating the lexical and grammatical structure of the FO while maintaining the PS and
structures. Usually replacing one component with a synonym, expanding the composition
2-And the Slavophiles? Populists? -
“Some are no longer there, and those are far from reality,” answered Turobaev(M.G).
-We smoked a lot that day in the pitch silence(Floor).
3.The use of FO as a free combination of words is often associated with
changing its meaning and grammatical properties.
-We will be considered glory - after all, we are our own people(M.G.)
His fussiness(SShch), Your pronoun(Czech.). Handy craftsman. 5.Use of FO both as FO and as free phrases:
I began to write on fruits and ears, on mole skins, on salmon scales,I splashed the lines with an oar on the pond,I even wrote on the water with a pitchfork.(S. Kirsanov)
No need to boast! Humble your pride, friend. You walk like a gogol, but you write...much worse(E.K?).
Phraseological dictionaries.
Berkov V.P., Mokienko V.M., Shulezhkova S.G. Large dictionary of popular words in the Russian language. M.: Russian dictionaries; Astrel; AST, 2000.
Birikh A.K., Mokienko V.M., Stepanova L.I. Dictionary of Russian phraseology: Historical and etymological reference book. St. Petersburg: Folio-Press, 1998. 704 p.
Dobrovolsky D.O., Karaulov Yu.N. Associative phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / Institute of Russian. Language RAS. M.: Pomovsky and partners. 1994. 116.
Zhukov A.V. Lexical and phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M.: Ast-rel; AST, 2003. 607 p.
Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. M.: Rus. Language 1994. 431 p.
Zhukov V.P., Sidorenko M.I., Shklyarov V.T. Dictionary of phraseological synonyms of the Russian language: About 730 synonymous rows / Ed. V.P. Zhukova. M.: Rus. Yaz., 1987. 448 p.
Kozlova T.V. Ideographic dictionary of Russian phraseological units with animal names. M.: Business and Service, 2001. 208 p.
Melerovich A.M., Mokienko V.P. Phraseologisms in Russian speech. Dictionary. M.: Russian dictionaries, 1997. 864 p.
Mikhelson M.I. Russian thought and speech: Ours and others: Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and allegories: In 2 volumes. M.: Terra. T. 1. 779 pp.; T. 2. 580 p.
Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language of the late XVIII-XX centuries: In 2 volumes / Ed. A.I. Fedorov. Novosibirsk: Science. 1991.
Shansky N.M., Zimin V.I., Fillipov A.V. Experience of an etymological dictionary of Russian phraseology. M.: Rus. Yaz., 1987. 240 p.
Yarantsev R.I. Russian phraseology: Dictionary reference book. M.: Rus. Yaz., 1997. 845 p.
The first place among methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language belongs to the communicative method. In the process of communication, phraseological means perform an important stylistic function, emotionally and expressively characterizing many phenomena and factors of reality.
The phraseological composition of the Russian language is very rich and diverse. It contains tens of thousands of phraseological units. Phraseologisms show the richness and beauty of the Russian language. To master phraseology is to master the greatest treasury of the Russian language, to know the world of the Russian word.
Communicating in Russian, understanding its oral and written speech is impossible without mastering phraseological units, which give Russian speech a special imagery and emotionally expressive coloring: “... a language without phraseological units is like distilled water, if you compare it with spring water.”
The importance of studying phraseological units of the Russian language is due to: 1) the fact that phraseological units of the Russian language, like any other, reflect the character imaginative thinking the Russian people, are closely connected with their culture, history, and traditions; 2) the particularity of their use in both written and spoken speech of the Russian language; 3) breadth of use in media texts and works of fiction; in colloquial speech.
Our task is to introduce students to the most common Russian phraseological units, their meaning, the scope of their use (the situation of use), teach them to see them in literary texts, media materials, and to use them correctly in speech.
Collocations - connecting words with each other Free (each word in them retains an independent meaning and performs the function of a separate member of a sentence: read an interesting book.) Not free. Related or phraseological (words do not have their own eigenvalues. Unlike a word, the meaning is always figurative, metaphorical, figurative. The meaning of a phraseological combination is a semantic whole, which is semantically equivalent to a separate word: from minute to minute - soon; about the size of a pinhead - small; the cat cried - very little; to make mountains out of molehills – to exaggerate; feed breakfast - promise, but do nothing)
A phraseological unit is a set of lexically indivisible, integral in meaning combinations of words (from the Greek Phrasis “expression” and logos “teaching, science.”) But here is how a famous linguist, a major specialist in phraseology, V.M. defines a phraseological unit. Mokienko: “A phraseological unit is a special linguistic unit, which is characterized by: separate form, relative stability, reproducibility in finished form, semantic integrity and expressiveness” (1989)
The origin of phraseological units Phraseologisms come from different areas usage: 1) From colloquial speech: charm your teeth, notch it on your nose, remember it firmly. Why does this expression arise? In the old days, “nose” (from the word “to carry”) was the name given to sticks and tablets that illiterate people carried with them to make various notes and notches on them. Notching on the nose meant: making notches on a tablet about what needs to be remembered, not to be forgotten.
The dog was eaten by kind only perfect. past. time. Has extensive experience, thorough knowledge of something. Example: my friend is well versed in computers: he ate the dog at them. The expression arose on the basis of a saying recorded by V.I. Dahlem “ate the dog and choked on its tail.” This proverb is used in relation to a person who has done something very difficult and stumbled over a trifle. The modern meaning (“master of something”) arose from the abbreviated form - “one who has done or can do something very difficult is a master of his craft.”
Born in a shirt (shirt) - to be lucky, happy in everything (about a person who is accompanied by good luck, happiness, who is lucky). He was born in a shirt, he is always lucky in everything. Originally Russian expression. The shirt is a “Russian men’s shirt with an oblique collar”; it was worn untucked, belted, and was considered a sign of material well-being. The shirt is here: amniotic sac, covering the body or head of a newborn baby. According to superstitious beliefs, one who was born in such a shell (which is rare) will be happy and lucky in life. This shell different nations called differently (cf.: cap - Polish, Czech, etc., film - Hungarian, father's fur coat - Mong.).
2) Expressions that came from professional fields Usage: To baffle is usually a tale. transfer meaning Confuse someone? To cause extreme difficulty, confusion, to put in a hopeless situation; to be perplexed by what? Question, comment, request, etc. Your request simply baffles me. A dead end is a railway track that has only one exit to other tracks.
Green Street is a phraseological phrase with a figurative meaning: Favorable conditions, the absence of obstacles to the implementation of something. Initially: a clear path without obstacles or delays (usually for traffic). Initially: a chain of green traffic lights that opened the path for the train. A clear path, without obstacles or delays (Usual for traffic). Give, open “what? Green street for what? Cargo, transport, buses." Favorable conditions, absence of obstacles for anything. Give a green light to what? The young designer's project was given the green light.
Clumsy work - rough, poorly done - from the speech of carpenters. Without a hitch, without a hitch. Razg. Obst. unism. Without complications and difficulties, without any obstacles and interference (about business, events, work) with the verb. nesov. and owls view: The Olympics went off without a hitch. From the vocabulary of joiners and carpenters. Initially about wood, high quality boards and careful processing of wood. A snag is a roughness on the surface of a smoothly planed board.
Rub glasses Razg. unofficial Usually a tale. More often than not. To deceive someone by pretending to be something. in the wrong light, don't rub my glasses in someone's face! Yesterday you were late for work! In vintage card games glasses were written in chalk on the cloth of the card table. Dishonest players took advantage of the moment, choosing the entry in their favor. This is an expression from the argot of gamblers.
3) Expressions from scientific speech. Bring/bring to white heat. Razg. Usually a tale. Lead to a state of extreme irritation, complete loss of self-control. He drove me crazy with his terrible behavior. Initially, turnover meant: gradually heat a metal or metal product to such an extent that it first turns red (red heat), then, at very high temperature, - white (white heat). Heating is very intense heating.
5) Phraseologisms are widely used in modern youth speech. To be in the west of Razg. slang they say Tale; on whom. To fall in love, to feel sympathy for someone. Many young men were in the west for the young beauty. To be in shambles. Razg. slang they say Tale; To be extremely surprised, amazed at something, admire something. What an outfit! I'm completely lost.
Be in the black. Razg. please, kind Tale; To be a winner; make a profit Today we are in the black. Be in the saddle. Razg. jarg.Tale. auto To be behind the wheel. I was in the saddle all day and didn’t even have time to have lunch. they say Readiness to do something quickly. Tell me what to do. We're already in the saddle. Be on topic. Razg. please, kind Tale to be aware of something, to be aware of something. - Do you know what happened yesterday? - Yes, I'm in the know.
6) A special group of phraseological units in their origin consists of expressions borrowed from sources of religious content (primarily from the Bible and the Gospel). Augean stables. Book.Only plural. 1. A very polluted place, a cluttered room. The room looked like a real Augean stable. Finally, we cleared our Augean stables of accumulated papers. In Greek mythology, the Augean Stables are the vast stables of Augeas, King of Elas, which have not been cleaned for many years. They were cleansed in one day by Hercules. He led a stormy river through the stables, the waters of which cleansed them.
Alpha and Omega Book. Only singular. Usually spoken, less often mean, additional. The essence, the most important thing, is the basis; beginning and the end. = Cornerstone “Energy,” said the builder, “is the basis of the foundations, alpha and omega folk life" (K. Paustovsky). Let’s listen to the statement of a famous teacher, teacher of Ukrainian and Russian languages and literature, corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR: “The alpha and omega of my pedagogical activity is the deep belief that a person is what his idea of happiness is. (V. Sukhomlinsky.)"
Pitch darkness Complete, hopeless darkness: ignorance, painful gloomy life. It is used both in literal and figurative meaning. A voice crying in the desert A vain call for something that remains unheeded and unanswered. Expressions from the Bible. Let this cup pass from me. Let this grief and misfortune not touch me. An expression from the Gospel is the words of Jesus spoken by him during prayer.
7) Next group phraseological units borrowed from foreign languages. All languages and cultures are closely related to each other. The interaction of languages and cultures is a sign of globalization. This process of linguistic borrowing also includes phraseological units. One of the languages borrows, takes a vivid figurative expression from another language and it begins to be used in parallel in other languages, becoming international.
Brain drain is the emigration of talented scientists and specialists from the country. This phraseological unit came into the Russian language from the English language - brain drain. To play the first violin - To be the main one in something. in fact. Came to Russian from German language- Die erste Geige spielen. Neither fish nor fowl - a mediocre, inexpressive person who does not stand out among those around him. In German: nicht Fisch nicht Fleisch. Hand on heart - Frankly, sincerely. From German: Hand aufs Herz.
Throw/throw a pebble into someone's garden - To do in someone's garden. Address judgmental or ironic allusions. In German: Steine in den Garten werfen. To put a spoke in the wheels of someone or something. To deliberately interfere with something. case From French: mettre des bâtons dans la roue.
The examples given show that many Russian phraseological units arose not on national, but on pan-European soil. There have always been channels of culture: ancient and classical literature, mythology, and there has always been oral communication. If we talk about ways of borrowing, then the main way is tracing - borrowing by literal translation of each component of each word included in the phraseological circulation. And if figurative patterns are observed that are the same for two languages, then it is easier for students to understand and remember this or that phraseological unit.
8) Phraseological units come into the Russian language from the English language itself, from Latin language etc. For example: alma mater, lit. - mother-breadwinner is an old traditional name for high school. Finita la commedia The comedy is over - Italian language. So, phraseological units as an object of study are of great interest both for native Russian speakers and for those for whom Russian is a foreign language.
The study of phraseology presents great difficulties both for Russians and, naturally, for foreigners. But you and I must overcome all these difficulties, because phraseological units are an obligatory part of the lexical and cultural minimum that is necessary for the communication of our students in Russian.
Literature 1. Bystrova E.A. Linguistic foundations of teaching Russian phraseology in national schools. // Linguistic foundations of language teaching. - M., Bystrova E.A. Minimization of phraseological material for educational purposes. // Translation and educational lexicography. Comp. Uvarov V.D. - M., Bystrova E.A. " Theoretical basis teaching Russian phraseology at the national school.” - M., Bystrova E.A. Phraseological unit in linguistics and linguodidactics. // Teaching the Russian language in national schools at an advanced stage. - M., 1978.
5. Bystrova E.A., Okuneva A.P., Shansky N.M. Educational phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - L., Kostomarov V.G., Vereshchagin E.M. “Language and culture: Linguistic and regional studies in teaching Russian as a foreign language.” - M., Melikyan V.Yu. Dictionary emotionally expressive turns of living speech. - M., Solodub Yu.P., Albrecht F.B. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary and phraseology of the modern Russian literary language: Textbook. - M., Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language. – M., 1969.
Phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language 1. Large Polish-Russian, Russian-Polish phraseological dictionary. Yuri Lukshin. - Warsaw, Basics of phraseology of the Russian language. A.I. Molotkov. – M., Russian phraseology. Dictionary-reference book. – M., Russian phraseological units. Linguistic and regional dictionary. V.P. Felitsyna, V. M. Mokienko. – M., Handbook of Phraseology // GRAMOTA.RU 2010 URL: 6. Educational phraseological dictionary of the Russian language for the national school. Shansky N.M.. E.A. Bystrova.. - M., 1979.
7. Educational phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. E. A. Bystrova, A. P. Okuneva, N. M. Shansky.. - M., Phraseological units in Russian speech. Dictionary. V. M. Mokienko, A. M. Melerovich. – M., Phraseologisms in Russian speech: Dictionary-reference book. N.V. Basco. – M., Phraseological Dictionary of the Expression of Feelings and Emotions URL: 11. Ru-Ru Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language. A.I. Fedorov. 3rd ed. Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Ed. A.I. Molotkov. – M., 1967.
13. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. Compiled by A.N. Tikhonov. M., Ru-Ru Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. I.V. Fedosov Phraseological dictionary of modern Russian literary language in 2 volumes. Under. Ed. A.N. Tikhonov. – M., School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1994.
