Globalization of the English language and its influence on the Russian language. The influence of the English language on modern Russian speech

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The problem of the relationship between language and thinking has interested many scientists. Thus, in the works of K. Marx, we can find an interesting thought: “Language determines not only the direction of activity of the individual consciousness, mediating with meanings the degree of importance of the elements of the knowledge system, but even the dominant intellectual skills and manner of understanding the world.” E. Sapir wrote: “People live not only in the objective world of things and not only in the world of social activity, as is usually believed; they are largely influenced by the particular language that is the means of communication for a given society.” Language influences people’s thinking, their worldview, mentality, their behavior and how they learn a foreign language, how they speak it and what mistakes they make. As a result, concepts such as “typical mistakes of Russian speakers” or “typical mistakes of German speakers, Italian speakers” and so on appear.

Imagine you have just started learning English. On initial stage studying, you cannot know about the existence of all the differences between your native language and a foreign language, and when you start to build a sentence in English, you simply transfer “familiar” structures from your native language into the language that you are studying, and have limited command, and this leads to mistakes. It is always more difficult for a student to learn those linguistic phenomena that are structured differently in a foreign language and in his native language. For example, in Russian, we say: “enter the room.” After the verb to enter, we definitely need the preposition “B”, but in English the word enter(enter) used without a preposition: “enter the room”; but if you don’t know this, then it’s easy to make a mistake and say: “enter INTO the room.” Conversely, an Englishman who is learning Russian might say: “ In the morning I love tea" (tracing paper from English: in the morning → in the morning).

Sometimes, we know the rule, but we still make mistakes, since our native language dominates and, as we already found out at the very beginning of the article, influences us. Communicating with immigrants who have lived in England for a long time and speak English fluently, I nevertheless noticed how they put will after if, since in Russian it is allowed to use the future tense after the conjunction “ If» (If you will see him, tell him hi!), or replace a noun money, pronoun they even though they know that money – uncountable noun, and therefore the pronoun must be it. However, the Russian language influences us and “forces” us to speak they, since in Russian money- This They.

Now, let's talk about these typical mistakes in more detail and conduct a comparative analysis of the Russian language and English. Let's start with phonetics.

The most important distinguishing feature The difference between Russian and English is that in Russian there is no difference between long and short vowels. In vocalism in English, long vowels differ from the short ones opposed to them both in the time of sound (longer duration) and in some articulatory features: for example, English long is more closed and forward, and short [ı] is more open and less forward. Another distinctive feature is the complete absence of diphthongs in the Russian language.

Other phonetic differences:

There is no sound [ə:] in the Russian language - something in between the sounds O , e And uh , so words like girl, early or turn cause difficulties in pronunciation.
Particularly difficult are words that begin with W , such as work, worm, but as soon as the student learns to pronounce the sound [w], another problem may arise: he begins to insert this sound everywhere, including at the beginning of those words that begin with V and where the sound should be [v], not [w]. You often hear a student pronounce the word woman through [v] (something like [woman]), and the word village through [w] ([village]), although it should be the other way around.
The sound [æ] is completely absent in the Russian language and therefore Russian speakers like to replace it with “e”, resulting in confusion with words bad And bed, sat And set.
In general, long vowels are pronounced too “stressed” by Russian speakers, which makes them sound similar to English short vowels: field can be pronounced as filled, A seat, How sit.
It's no secret that the main difficulty among consonant sounds is caused by interdental [θ] and [ð], which are replaced by the sounds of the Russian language [c] or [z]. Typical error: word then sounds like zen.
The sound [ŋ] is usually replaced by Russian speakers with [g] or [n].
The sounds [p], [k], [t] are pronounced without aspiration.
To pronounce the sounds [t], [d], [l], [n], the tongue of Russian speakers comes into contact with the upper teeth, and not with the alveoli, like the English, which gives even such in simple words, How Ted or net foreign sound.
The [h] sound is more “rough” (more reminiscent of the Scottish sound ch, for example in the word loch), and not at all “light and airy”, as in English.
Another common mistake is that Russian speakers deafen voiced consonants at the end of words. Eggs may sound like , and English people may confuse this word with the word ex(former), or pens pronounced as , not and the word appears in the minds of English speakers pence (pence) .
The [ʃ] sound in Russian is harder than the similar English sound, but on the contrary, it is softer in Russian, but hard in English.
The sound [r] is completely different from the Russian sound [r] and in many words it is not pronounced at all (provided that you are learning British English).
Russian speakers have a tendency to soften consonants (palatalization) before vowel sounds such as , [i], [e], , , for example in words like tea, deed, key. Don't do this!

Consonantal clusters (combination of consonants)

The main difficulty, even for very gifted students, is the letter combinations [θ] + [s], [ð] + [z] or [s] + [ð] (for example, in the words months, clothes, sixth). Often these consonant clusters are replaced with sounds or [z].
Under the influence of the Russian language, students very often insert the sound [ə] in the middle of such combinations as , , or , which leads to the fact that the word little, pronounced like , button, pronounced like , modern, How .

Intonation

General interrogative sentences in Russian are pronounced with a lower tone (falling intonation), which leads to the fact that similar English sentences sound very rude, since in English they always have a rising intonation:

Did you tell her?↓

And it should be like this:

Did you tell her?

Intonation in sentences with a tail (tag questions) often causes confusion among students, since it can be either ascending or descending and depends on whether it is a question or whether a person simply needs confirmation of some information.

Punctuation

In general, punctuation in Russian and English is the same. The main difference is that in Russian almost everything subordinate clauses are separated from the main sentence by commas, which leads to the following errors in English:

I think , that you're right. – WRONG!

I don't know , which book to choose. – WRONG!

The writing of quotation marks is also different in Russian and English. In Russian, quotation marks look like this: “paws” (one sign at the bottom and the other at the top). While in English: “English double” (both quotes are placed at the top). When transmitting direct speech, the rules also differ, but this will be the subject of a separate article.

That’s all for today, next time we’ll talk about typical grammar mistakes of Russian speakers.

Introduction. Every language has words borrowed from other languages. As for the Russian language, there are about 10% of such words in it, the bulk of which are nouns. Currently, much attention in the study of the state of the Russian language is paid to English and American linguistic and cultural influence. The process seems interesting to us for research for the reason that it clearly reflects the connection of language with social life, with the culture of the time.

Relevance, subject, object and purpose of our work. Relevance is determined by the importance of the English language in the life of Russian society. Subject of work: study of borrowed Anglicisms in the modern Russian language of recent decades. Object of study: lexical units of English origin and their derivatives. Purpose of the work: to identify the degree of influence of the English language on the Russian language, the frequency of use of borrowings English vocabulary in modern Russian language.

Research tasks. Determine the reasons for borrowing English elements into the Russian language. Analyze theoretical materials related to borrowing. Outline the stages of the evolution of Anglicisms. Consider ways of forming Anglicisms. Classify the most commonly used Anglicisms by areas of communication. Find out the attitude of peers to the phenomenon under study. Identify English borrowings in the names of companies and institutions in Tomsk and draw conclusions. Lead Interesting Facts about the origin of some borrowings.

Reasons for borrowing Anglicisms in modern Russian. 1.strengthening information flows, 2.emergence of a global computer system Internet, 3.expansion of interstate and international relations, 4.development of the world market, economy, information technology, 5.participation in Olympiads, international festivals, fashion shows, 6.expanding the horizons and volume of knowledge of Russians, 7.flourishing of foreign tourism, 8. functioning of joint Russian-foreign enterprises on the territory of Russia.

2. Borrowing Bedlam Initial meaning: a hospital for lunatics Acquired meaning: disorder, vanity, chaos 3. Rooting: 3. Rooting: words begin to acquire characteristic Russian features: “image - image policy”; “creative”, “creative”, “creative”, “creative”, “more/less creative”.

Methods of forming anglicisms. 1. Direct borrowings. The word is found in Russian in approximately the same form and with the same meaning as in the original language. These are words such as weekend - weekend; black - black; mani - money. 2. Hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root, for example: ask (to ask - ask), buzz (busy - restless, fussy), connect (connect - connect, connect). 3. Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while maintaining their phonetic and graphic appearance. These are words such as manager, standard, comfort.

4. Half tracing paper. Words that, when grammatically mastered, obey the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes are added). For example: drive - drive (drive - fuse, energy, game (game - game). 5. Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. They do not have Russian synonyms. For example:, hot- dog (hot-dog), cab 6. Foreign language inclusions. These are words or combinations of words conveyed in writing and in speech by graphic and phonetic means of the source language. For example: wow (Wow!), happy end (happy end) 7. Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example: second-hand - a store selling used clothes; hit parade - a list of the most popular media products. 8. Jargons. Words that appeared as a result of the distortion of some sounds, for example: crazy (crazy), parens (parents).

Social significance of English borrowings in the media. Three groups: Three groups: 1. Words - terms that do not have synonyms in Russian: Office, speedometer, interview, business, leader, champion, farmer, simulator, trailer, marketing, display, sponsor, barter, slang, bolt, lord , golf, station, charter, raid, voucher, picnic, blues, dealer, broker, holding, autocar, parking, tram, soundtrack, crossword.

2. Words that have synonyms in Russian: Speaker (from English speaker) – speaker giving a speech; Fitness (from English fit) – slim, healthy; Container (from the English container) – container, container; Design (from the English design) – drawing, pattern; Teenager (from English teenager) – teenager; Business (from the English business) - occupation; Poster (from English poster) - poster; Cupcake (from English cakes) - cake; Rating (from the English rating) - assessment; Season (from English season) – time of year; Match (from English match) - competition; Price list (from the English pricelist) – a list of prices; Gamer (from English gamer) - player. 3. Words printed in English newspapers in English letters 3. Words printed in newspapers in English, in English letters, for example: Non – stop, shop, the best.

The use of vocabulary of English origin in the everyday life of schoolchildren. Let us draw your attention to the fact that, first of all, teenagers use borrowing because it is fashionable. They want to follow the American way of life, and also believe that a borrowed word is more compact, clear, logical, and therefore irreplaceable (according to a sociological survey).

In addition, we identified the most frequently used Anglicisms in the speech of teenagers and at one of the lessons we invited the children to write short stories: 1. One girl chatted online for a long time with her boyfriend, and then watched a new super film on TV with a happy ending and go to do shopping. She bought a lot of fashion new items at one sale. And then my cell phone rang, my friend called and invited her to a party today. She decided to give her a player. (Masha Startseva, 10 A) 2. I and my boyfriend were going to a night club. Before this, I went shopping for myself to look glamorous and pass the face control. There we listened to remixes, danced RnB and drank cocktails. The parents almost freaked out. (Samira and Nastya, 10A)

The use of English borrowings in the names of Tomsk enterprises and institutions. Reasons (according to a telephone survey): Reasons (according to a telephone survey): 1. Fashionable and popular 2. Brief, does not make it difficult to understand 3. Easy to remember 4. Use of well-known brands 5. Focus on the consumer (client)
22 History of the meaning of the word “athlete”. 1. “hunter of horses and dogs” (1859) 2. “hunter “for the extermination of animals” (I.A. Goncharov) 3. “killer, one who maims” (XIX century) 4. “person involved in physical education” (1928) 5. “a person who plays sports as an amateur or professional” (1940. Ushakov’s Dictionary) 6. “a person who performs physical exercises to develop and strengthen the body, taking part in competitions; passionately interested in sports” (XXI century. Ozhegov’s Dictionary)

Conclusion. Thanks to this study We came to the conclusion that the process of borrowing from English into Russian is intensifying at the present time, since English is the basis of many professional languages and is widely used in youth slang. On the one hand, this process is inevitable, but on the other, the cultural basis of the language must be preserved. Hence, we believe that Anglicisms must meet the following requirements: 1. any borrowing must be necessary, it is impossible to do without it in the Russian language; 2. a foreign word must be used correctly and precisely in the meaning that it has in the language source; 3. it must be understandable to those who use it.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH BORROWINGS ON THE SPHERE OF VOCABULARY OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Zheleva Olga Viktorovna

4th year student, YuI TSU, Tomsk

Zakhlebnaya Valentina Lavrentievna

scientific supervisor, teacher foreign language, Tomsk

Every language has words borrowed from other languages. As for the Russian language, there are about 10% of such words in it, the bulk of which are nouns.

Currently, much attention in the study of the state of the Russian language is paid to English and American linguistic and cultural influence.

The process seems interesting to us for research for the reason that it clearly reflects the connection of language with social life, with the culture of the time.

Relevance determined by the importance of the English language in the life of Russian society.

Subject of work: study of borrowed Anglicisms in the modern Russian language of recent decades.

ABOUT subject of research: lexical units of English origin and their derivatives.

Goal of the work: identifying the degree of influence of the English language on the Russian language, the frequency of use of borrowed English vocabulary in the modern Russian language.

The set goals identified the following research tasks:

· Determine the reasons for borrowing English elements into the Russian language.

· Analyze theoretical materials related to borrowing.

· Identify the stages of the evolution of Anglicisms.

· Consider ways of forming Anglicisms.

· Classify the most commonly used Anglicisms by areas of communication.

· Find out the attitude of peers to the phenomenon under study.

· Identify English borrowings in the names of companies and institutions in Tomsk and draw conclusions.

· Give interesting facts about the origin of some borrowings.

To solve the above problems, the following methods and techniques were used:

1. Descriptive method with techniques for observing linguistic phenomena.

2. Technique of taxonomy and classification.

3. Sociological survey, questionnaire.

We began our research by identifying the reasons for borrowing, which are listed below:

1. strengthening information flows,

2. the emergence of the worldwide computer system of the Internet,

3. expansion of interstate and international relations,

4. development of the world market, economy, information technology,

5. participation in Olympics, international festivals, fashion shows,

6. expanding the horizons and volume of knowledge of Russians,

7. flourishing of foreign tourism,

Based on these data, we suggested that the guys identify the main reason, in their opinion, and this is what happened:

The development of the Internet was put in first place, expanding the horizons of Russians and participating in Olympics, international festivals, and fashion shows was in second and third place; the flourishing of foreign tourism was in last place.

As a result of the work carried out, various theoretical materials related to borrowings were analyzed, and these are dictionaries foreign words, as well as articles by modern linguists who propose different classifications of Anglicisms and different stages of their evolution, they are presented in our work.

Stages of the evolution of Anglicisms (V.M. Aristova).

· "penetration" - initial stage, the relationship of the word only with English reality: can be short (for words that have absolute synonyms, for example, reconstruction- perestroika); may be long (for words whose content is incompatible with Russian reality, for example, policeman).

· “borrowing” is a period when the scope of use of a word expands in relation to Russian reality, for example, bedlam, which previously meant a hospital for sleepwalkers, is now used to mean vanity, chaos, disorder.

· “rooting” - a period of widespread dissemination of a word, when borrowings gradually acquire features inherent in words of the Russian language, for example, athlete, club.

It is also necessary to highlight the classification of Anglicisms according to the method of formation (Kasatkin L.L.):

1. Direct borrowings. The word is found in Russian in approximately the same form and with the same meaning as in the original language. These are words such as weekend- weekend; black- black person; mani- money.

2. Hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root, for example: ask(to ask - to ask), make a fuss(busy - restless, fidgety), connect(connect - connect, connect).

3. Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while maintaining their phonetic and graphic appearance. These are words like manager, standard, comfort.

4. Half tracing paper. Words that, when grammatically mastered, obey the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes are added). For example: drive - drive(drive - fuse, energy, game(game - game).

5. Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. They do not have Russian synonyms. For example: Hot Dog(hot dog ), cab.

6. Foreign language inclusions. These are words or combinations of words transmitted in writing and in speech by graphic and phonetic means of the source language. For example: Wow(Wow!) happy end ( happy ending).

7. Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example: second hand- a store selling used clothing; hit parade- list of the most popular media products.

8. Jargon. Words that appeared as a result of distortion of any sounds, for example: screwed up(crazy) parens(parents - parents).

It should be noted that recently the main source of language material has become modern media. Flipping through newspapers or watching TV (newspapers: “Arguments and Facts”, “Tomsky Vestnik”, “Red Banner”; programs: “To the Barrier”, “Rush Hour”, “Full House”), any person inevitably encounters many words of English origin . As a rule, all these words found on the pages of newspapers and magazines can be divided into three groups:

1. Words that usually do not have synonyms in Russian. They have taken root a long time ago, everyone understands them, and many people don’t even think about the fact that these words came to us from the English language, for example: gene, football problem.

2. Words that have synonyms in Russian and are often incomprehensible to people, for example : monitoring- synonym for “observation”, presentation- synonym for “presentation”, teenager- synonym for “teenager”; The use of these words in many cases is not necessary and often only complicates the perception and understanding of the text.

3. Words printed in newspapers in English, in English letters. These words are even more incomprehensible to most people, for example: Non- stop, shop, thebest.

It is important to note the use of Anglicisms in the speech of teenagers for the following reasons: they want to follow the American way of life, and also believe that a borrowed word is more compact, clear, logical, and therefore irreplaceable (according to a sociological survey). And by inviting the children to write short stories using Anglicisms, we became convinced of the influence of Anglicisms on youth slang.

Having interviewed 80 students and 50 adults, we noticed that teenagers have a positive attitude towards this phenomenon, and the older generation negatively, because by frequently using borrowings, we clog up our speech, although in our native language there is a worthy synonym for it, and main problem It is not the language itself, but incompetent mastery of it. And, having analyzed the names of Tomsk enterprises and firms, we saw a large contamination of the Russian language.

The next part of our research was devoted to the consideration of the etymologies of various borrowings, namely: PR, office, tram. But what we found most interesting was the history of the meaning of the word “athlete”:

1. “hunter of horses and dogs” (1859)

2. “hunter “for exterminating animals” (I.A. Goncharov)

3. “killer, one who maims” (19th century)

4. "man doing physical exercise" (1928)

5. “a person who plays sports as an amateur or professional” (1940. Ushakov’s Dictionary)

6. “a person who performs physical exercises to develop and strengthen the body, who is passionate about sports” (XXI century. Ozhegov’s Dictionary).

Summarizing all of the above, we came to the following conclusion:

The process of borrowing from English into Russian is intensifying at present, since English is the basis of many professional languages and is widely used in youth slang. On the one hand, this process is inevitable, but on the other, the cultural basis of the language must be preserved. Hence, we believe that Anglicisms must meet the following requirements:

1. any borrowing must be necessary, it is impossible to do without it in the Russian language;

2. a foreign word must be used correctly and accurately in the meaning that it has in the language source;

3. it must be understandable to those who use it.

Based on the results of the work, a mini-dictionary and exercises on the topic were compiled.

Bibliography:

Aristova V.M. English-Russian language contacts (Anglicisms in the Russian language) L.: Publishing house Leningrad. University, 1978. - 151 p.
Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory M.: Bustard, 2002. - 351 p.
Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in the modern Russian language // Language and culture. - 2003. - No. 5.
Zakharenko E.N., Komarova L.N., Nechaeva I.V. New dictionary of foreign words: 25,000 words and phrases. M.: Azbukovnik, 2003. - 567 p.
Kasatkin L.L., Krysin L.P., Lvov M.R., Terekhova T.G.. Russian Language M.: Education, 1989. - 287 p.
Krapivin A.A. Anglicisms in German(Interuniversity collection of student articles of TSPU) Tomsk: TSPU Publishing House, 2007. - 50-52 p.
Krysin L.P. Dictionary foreign words. Over 25 thousand words and phrases, Library of Dictionaries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. M. - Eksmo, 2007. - 478 p.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RF

RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY named after. I.KANTA

FACULTY OF LINGUISTICS AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION

INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH ON RUSSIAN

Course work

Work completed:

FLiMK student,

3rd year, group 1AP

Stepanchenko E.A.

Scientific adviser:

Ph.D. L.B. Boyko

Kaliningrad

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………….5

Modern speech situation…………………………………………….5

History of the entry of English borrowings into the Russian language………..7

Causes and factors of occurrence……………………………………...11

Trajectory of English borrowings…………………………………..14

The nature and form of English borrowings……………………………15

Language of Russian emigrants…………………………………………………………….17

Chapter 2……………………………………………………………………………….22

Analysis of the use of English borrowings…………...................22

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….31

List of references………………………………………………………32

Introduction.

“Take care of the properties of your own language, because what we love in the Latin, French or German style is sometimes worthy of laughter in Russian.” M.V. Lomonosov.

Language as a means of communication is connected with culture through numerous and complex connections. Language contacts take place both with direct contacts of peoples and in the absence of them, representing an important part of indirect contacts of cultures. One of the serious consequences of the interaction of cultures is the borrowing of linguistic units, which at the same time represents a certain phase in the process of borrowing cultural values.

Throughout its historical development, the Russian language has faced the influence of other languages, the strength and significance of which depended on specific linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Among such languages are Church Slavonic, South Slavic, Latin, Greek, Turkic, French, German, English and other languages.

Russian-English contacts are of great importance in the history of the Russian language, and also play a significant role in the process of its rapprochement with other European languages.

All changes occurring in the language can be traced by analyzing the language of modern media. They reflect the main socio-economic processes in society and the processes of transformation in language. Any phenomenon or event in one form or another is reflected on the pages of newspapers and magazines, on television screens, and in the news feeds of Internet portals.

A significant layer of media vocabulary consists of foreign language borrowings.

This course work poses several tasks. Firstly, it is to define foreign language borrowings and identify the main causes and factors of occurrence. Secondly, to trace the routes of penetration and the main stages of the development of English borrowings in the Russian language. And based on specific examples find out the feasibility of their use.

The topic of the work is relevant due to the fact that recently there has been a noticeable depletion of the lexical composition of the Russian language, truncation in the construction of statements and negligence at the phonetic level. The reasons are that the language of the media has become a literary norm, and the intensive growth of borrowings in the last decade determines the speech portrait of an individual.

Chapter 1.

Modern speech situation.

The events of the second half of the 80s - early 90s are similar to a revolution in their impact on society and language. The state of the Russian language of our time is determined by a number of factors.

1. The composition of participants in mass and collective communication is sharply expanding: new segments of the population are being introduced to the role of speakers, to the role of writing in newspapers and magazines. Since the late 80s, thousands of people with different levels of speech culture have had the opportunity to speak publicly.

2. In the media, censorship and auto-censorship, which previously largely determined the nature of speech behavior, are sharply weakened.

3. Personality in speech increases. Great and unaddressed speech is replaced by personal speech, acquiring a specific addressee. The dialogical nature of communication, both oral and written, is increasing.

4. The sphere of spontaneous communication, not only personal, but also oral public, is expanding. People no longer give or read pre-written speeches. They say.

5. Important parameters of the flow of oral forms of mass communication are changing: the possibility of direct communication between the speaker and the listeners and feedback from the listeners to the speakers is created.

6. Situations and genres of communication are changing both in the field of public and personal communication. The rigid boundaries of official public communication are loosening. Many new genres of oral public speech are being born in the field of mass communication. The dry radio and TV announcer has been replaced by a presenter who thinks, jokes, and expresses his opinion.

7. Psychological rejection of the bureaucratic language of the past (the so-called Newspeak) is sharply increasing.

8. There is a desire to develop new means of expression, new forms of imagery, new types of addresses to strangers.

9. Along with the birth of the names of new phenomena, there is a revival of the names of those phenomena that return from the past, prohibited or rejected in the era of totalitarianism (Russian language of the end of the twentieth century, M., 1996).

Freedom and emancipation of speech behavior entails loosening language norms, growth of linguistic variability (instead of one acceptable form of a linguistic unit, different options turn out to be acceptable).

The media have a special influence on the state of speech culture. Each person daily experiences the powerful influence of television speech, speech heard on the radio or presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines. The quality of this speech evokes an immediate emotional response. It is newspapers and magazines, radio and television that for many native speakers serve as the main source of ideas about the language norm, it is they who form linguistic taste; Many diseases of the language are rightly associated with the media.

Modern media reflect the main socio-economic processes in society and the processes of transformation in language. Any phenomenon or event in one form or another is reflected on the pages of newspapers and magazines, on television screens, and in the news feeds of Internet portals. Certain word formations introduced into the language by the media firmly enter our speech and take root in it.

A significant layer of media vocabulary consists of foreign language borrowings.

Analysis of the language of modern literature, as well as the media, allows us to summarize the features modern stage the development of the Russian language from the point of view of borrowings from the English language as follows:

English becomes the dominant donor language;

the use of earlier borrowings is intensifying;

there is a reinterpretation of old borrowings in the direction of neutralizing their negative connotations; in some cases, the process does not stop at a neutral level, but shifts towards a positive, sometimes unjustifiably positive, connotation;

there is a semantic development of exoticisms with the aim of their greater integration;

the reorientation of borrowings from the monosemantic plan of the terminological corpus into polysemantic words of the standard language is carried out;

The borrowing of English words acquires special importance due to their greater economy and rationality compared to Russian descriptive synonyms;

Semantic groups, including computer vocabulary, as well as vocabulary related to business, economics and management, come out on top in terms of quantitative composition;

the process of assimilation of borrowings through the media is intensifying due to the intensification of contacts with foreign countries;

the initial stage of moderation of the borrowing process is observed, which is based on the psychological characteristics of the transition period.

MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES:

PROGRESS OR DEGRADATION?

6th grade "B"

GBOU secondary school No. 113

Head: Kuznetsov P.S.,

English teacher

Moscow 2014-2015

Content:

1. Introduction

1.1. Project problem

1.2. Project hypothesis

1.3. Objective of the project

2. What is “Anglicism”?

4. Types of Anglicisms

6. Justified and unjustified borrowings of Anglicisms

8. Ways to overcome the negative influence of Anglicisms on the Russian language

8.1.

9. Changes in the Russian language at the legislative level

10. Conclusions

11. List of sources used

1. Introduction.

1.1 Project problem:

Beginning withXVIIIcenturies and to the present day, the Russian and English languages have exerted mutual influence on each other due to the penetration of various words, expressions, set phrases, etc. However, starting from the 50s.XXcenturies, words of English origin began to penetrate into the Russian language rapidly and in large quantities. Today we hear Anglicisms everywhere: in various means media, at work, in everyday communication etc. Sometimes you may come across phrases that don’t contain a single Russian word! How to evaluate this process? What is this? A sign of the times that nothing can be done about? Natural development and enrichment of language resulting from globalization? Or is the Russian language rapidly becoming poorer and losing its originality? Our project is dedicated to solving these issues.

1.2. Project hypothesis:

English has had a greater influence on Russian than Russian has on English. Wherein this phenomenon is ambiguous and carries both positive and negative consequences.

1.3. Objective of the project:

1. Analyze the nature of the influence of the English language on Russian and Russian on English.

2. Identify the reasons large quantity Anglicisms in the Russian language, their main sources, as well as the various consequences of this provision.

3. Think about ways to overcome negative influence massive flow of English words into Russian.

4. Create a design product: English-Russian dictionary substitute words.

2. What is “Anglicism” (concept)?
ANGLICISM [fr. anglicisme] - linguistic. a word or expression borrowed from English. (e.g. “image”, “scanner”). Dictionary of foreign words. - Komlev N.G., 2006.

3. History of the influence of English on Russian
Anglicisms began to penetrate into the speech of Russian people at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. The Russian language experienced a historical boom in the influx of Anglicisms in the early 90s.
Cardinal changes in the way of life, rapid import of Western material (and in general) culture into the territory former USSR could not but affect the growth rate of the number of Anglicisms in the Russian lexicon.
Foreign cinema, imported goods, and increased contacts between the Russian population and native English speakers have done their job.

In progress historical development human languages constantly come into certain contacts with each other. At the beginning of the 21st century, Russian-English language contact is characterized by the greatest dynamics and mobility. Today, Anglicisms are penetrating the Russian language rapidly and in large quantities. And this is no coincidence. Nowadays, the areas of international contacts are constantly expanding, where English is becoming the language of international communication. The important political and economic role of English-speaking countries in the world, their superiority in some areas of activity greatly intensify the emergence and use of Anglicisms in the Russian language.
The appearance of a large number of foreign words of English origin and their rapid consolidation in the Russian language is explained by rapid changes in social and scientific life. Strengthening information flows; the emergence of the global computer system of the Internet; expansion of interstate and international relations; development of the world market, economy, information technology; participation in Olympics, international festivals, fashion shows; expressiveness of novelty: many firms and companies use Anglicisms as names to attract attention with the novelty of their sound:Beeline, Skyline, Wearblack.

Advertising is one of the main sources of Anglicisms in the Russian language. Domestic advertisers often have no experience in creating advertising, and therefore copy English-language advertising, filling Russian-language advertising texts with Anglicisms:steamer, trimmer, pager, immobilizer, spoiler, shock sensor, locker, pool, squash;
The sources of the appearance of Anglicisms in the Russian language also include:

1) Cinema . The popularity of Hollywood films has led to the emergence of new words in our vocabulary:horror, blockbuster, western, prime time, cyborg, terminator;
2) Music. The perception of the USA as a center of musical fashion led to the appearance of such words as:hit, single, remake, track, soundtrack, poster, etc.;
3) Sports vocabulary: bowling, diving, skateboard, snowboard, biker, shaping, fitness.
We, Russian people, are tolerant of external influences. The openness of our society leads to a significant expansion of the horizons and knowledge of Russians, to an improvement in knowledge in the field of foreign languages. Business, trade, and cultural ties have intensified, foreign tourism has flourished; Long-term work of our specialists in institutions of other countries and the functioning of joint Russian-foreign enterprises in Russia have become commonplace. The need for intensive communication with people who use other languages has increased. Thus, the borrowing of Anglicisms at the end of the twentieth century

meets the reasons listed above.

Material taken from the site www.voprosum.ru

4.Types of Anglicisms
The range of new concepts and phenomena of Russian origin is limited. Therefore, borrowing an already existing nomination with a borrowed concept and subject is considered more prestigious and effective. The following groups of foreign borrowings can be distinguished:
1. Direct borrowings. The word is found in Russian in approximately the same form and with the same meaning as in the original language. These are words likeweekend - weekend;mani - money.
2. Hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root. In this case, the meaning of the foreign word - source often changes somewhat, for example:ask (to ask – to ask),make a fuss (busy – restless, fussy).
3. Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while maintaining their phonetic and graphic appearance. These are words likemenu, password, disk, virus, club, sarcophagus .
4. Half tracing paper. Words that, when grammatically mastered, obey the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes are added). For example:drive - drive (drive) “There hasn’t been such a drive for a long time” - in the meaning of “fuse, energy.”
5. Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. Distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example:chips (chips),Hot Dog (hot dog)cheeseburger (cheeseburger).
6. Foreign language inclusions. These words usually have lexical equivalents, but are stylistically different from them and are fixed in one or another area of communication as an expressive means that gives speech a special expression.
For example:OK (OK);Wow (Wow!).
7. Composites. Words consisting of two English words
For example:second hand – a store selling used clothing;video salon - room for watching movies.
8. Jargonisms. Words that appeared as a result of distortion of any sounds, for example:screwed up (crazy) - crazy.
Thus, neologisms can be formed according to models existing in the language, borrowed from other languages, and appear as a result of the development of new meanings for already known words.

Material taken from the site

5. Reasons for the appearance of Anglicisms in the Russian language

The main reason for borrowing words is the need to name things and concepts. The following reasons for borrowing are also identified:
1. Lack of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the receptor language (organizer, pager, timer, scanner and others)
To the dictionary business man In the 90s, such Anglicisms asbadge, classifier, laptop and its new varieties:audiobook and powerbook; organizer, pager and twerger, timer, intercom, shredder, scanner, tuner, toner and others.
2. Cases were noted when borrowings were used to denote concepts that were new to the receptor language and not available in the source language. In the receptor language there is a need to designate an “actively pulsating” phenomenon in life; the exact word is not immediately found in one’s own language, but in another language (in our case, English) there are two units that, when combined (already on Russian soil), are suitable for naming. That is, here we have not so much borrowing as the formation of a new Russian word from non-Russian elements. For example "anglicism"shopping tour, which is understandable to native speakers of Russian, but has no equivalent in English, thus it cannot be called anglicism in the full sense. Here we can talk about the separate borrowing of two elements and combining them into a complex name in the receptor language.
3. Lack of a corresponding name in the receptor language (top model, virtual, sponsor, spray, investor ). About 15% of new Anglicisms are borrowed due to the lack of a corresponding name in the receptor language. These include:detector (currencies), top model, brandname, virtual, investor, sponsor, spray . This group can also include those borrowings that, for some reason (easier to pronounce, shorter, more specific in meaning) replaced (partially or completely) previously mastered or native Russian language units, for example,price list (instead of price list),image (instead of image). In the latter case, it is more accurate to talk not about repression, but about the redistribution of semantic roles: in some situations it is appropriate to use only anglicism (the image of an employee, the image of our bank), in others - the image (the image of God / Tatyana / the beast / the king / teacher, etc.) .
4. The borrowing of new words is due to the influence of foreign culture, simply dictated by the fashion for English words. In Pushkin’s time it was considered fashionable to speak French, today it is fashionable to speak English. Accordingly, the merchant alternates between becoming a merchant and a businessman, and the person dealing the cards becomes either a croupier or a dealer. Most of these words, due to their relevance, very quickly became commonly used and entered the active vocabulary.
5. Clarification or detail existing concept. For example, in Russian there was jam, which was the name for both liquid and thick jam. To distinguish thick jam from fruits or berries, which is a homogeneous mass, from liquid jam, in which whole berries could be preserved, thick jam began to be called the English word jam. The words also arosereportage (in original Russian - a story),total (in native Russian - universal),hobby (in native Russian - hobby),comfort (in native Russian - convenience),service (in native Russian - service), etc.
A special phonetic feature of words of English origin is the combinationj , which is not typical of the Russian language. In dictionaries of foreign words, the majorityvocabulary withj - English origin. This:jab (English jab) - in boxing - a light direct blow,jumper - knitted sweater. The aspirated h, which Russian phonetics does not know, is replaced by the sound [x] or [g]:hockey - hockey,hero - hero,hobby - hobby.
Among the morphological signs the most characteristic feature is the invariance of the word by case, the absence of plural forms and singular: hobby, miss, mrs. The largest group is nouns in –er, -or:docker, provider . Words of English origin often end in –ing:blooming, rating, dumping, marketing.

Material taken from the site http://www.philology.ru/

6. Justified and unjustified borrowed Anglicisms

Considering the topic of borrowings in the Russian language, all borrowings can be divided into two groups: justified and unjustified. Borrowing is justified if it means in a language a concept that did not previously exist in that language. For example, such concepts as “chocolate”, “galoshes”, “telephone” and many others did not exist in the Russian language. These things entered our world, and, accordingly, the words denoting them appeared in the language. Basically, justified borrowings are found in medicine, science and technology. The people or state from whose language words are taken is considered more developed than the one into whose language the borrowings fall. This can be shown very well in the following examples. As soon as the USSR launched the first Earth satellite in world history, the word “satellite” immediately became world famous and entered many languages. Immediately after the invention and introduction of the tank by the British during the First World War, the word “tank” also instantly passed into all languages of the world, where it is still used today. Thus, justified borrowings fill empty niches in the language; they denote those concepts for which words have not yet been invented in the language. However, in the Russian language, which is rightfully considered the richest language, one should strive to ensure that after the introduction of new concepts, and with them words, Russian words denoting these new concepts are introduced into the language.

An unjustified borrowing is a word that is introduced into a language from a foreign language (and used in it) as a synonym to define a particular concept, despite the fact that Russian words defining this concept are already available. However, many believe that such words, on the contrary, enrich the Russian language. Using this logic, it is possible to collect thousands of synonyms for each Russian word from different languages and “enrich” the Russian language thousands of times. Naturally, few people will like the result. Unnecessary English borrowings are now used by everyone: politicians, radio and television announcers, entrepreneurs, students. In the speech of young people, you can count about 1000 unjustifiably used English words, such as “pressing”, “nickname”, “goalkeeper”, “divides”, “login”, “training”, etc. Even foreigners who speak Russian well are surprised by the huge number of foreign words in our press, magazines, books, and advertising. Currently, there is a process of barbarization of the Russian language, that is, the penetration into speech of foreign words that have equivalents in the Russian language. The passion for Anglicisms has become a kind of fashion; it is due to the stereotypes and ideals created in society. Such a stereotype is often the image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates technical progress lead the whole world. And by adding English borrowings to their speech, people (especially young people) want to get closer to this stereotype in a certain way and become familiar with American culture and lifestyle. Listening to the speech of classmates, acquaintances, friends - peers and adults, you can find a lot of English words that they pronounce in the Russian manner and cannot always express the same thing in the words of their native language. Borrowings from the English language cover all areas of school life.

Unjustified introduction of borrowed words into the text causes great damage not only to colloquial, everyday life, but also artistic speech. Speech becomes discolored if borrowed and inexpressive words are preferred to diverse and bright Russian synonyms.

The abuse of borrowed words that have a limited scope of use is also undesirable in non-fiction texts. Authors scientific works often rightly reproached for an unjustified passion for foreign terminology, which makes it difficult to read the text, and sometimes becomes an insurmountable obstacle to its understanding. Having examined examples with unjustified English borrowings, we can conclude that many of them appear in the Russian language due to the fact that polysyllabic, strange-sounding and generally non-Russian words have more weight for the listener, which, in the speaker’s opinion, increases his own importance. The reason for this psychological phenomenon may lie precisely in the fact that foreign words are used in science, and people of science are knowledgeable, intelligent, educated and respected people. This is why many speakers use difficult words to appear more impressive. From the above examples it is also clear that unjustifiably borrowed Anglicisms have equivalents in the Russian language and are easily replaced by Russian words with a similar meaning. Many English words sound dissonant to the Russian ear and are difficult to spell and pronounce, so you should try to replace them with more understandable Russian synonyms .

Material taken from the siteotvetis.ru

7. Positive and negative consequences of a large number of Anglicisms in the Russian language

- tongue-tiedness,

The number of Russian-speaking people who know English has increased significantly. Often in a speech situation English word becomes more prestigious than Russian, the expression of its novelty is attractive. The use of anglicism in the speech of an authoritative person (or in advertising) can become an impetus for its assimilation into Russian speech.
The relevance of this work lies in the fact that consideration of problems associated with the theory and practice of borrowing is especially significant in modern conditions, since today serious concerns are being expressed about the powerful influx of borrowings, which could lead to the devaluation of the Russian word. But language is a self-developing mechanism that can clean itself, get rid of the superfluous, unnecessary. This also happens with foreign words, the borrowing of which was presented during the study. In general, foreign language terminology is a very interesting linguistic phenomenon, the role of which in the Russian language is very significant.

Material taken from the site http://www.rusnauka.com/

8. Ways to overcome the negative influence of Anglicisms on the Russian language

8.1. Replacing Anglicisms and other foreign words in Russian

One of the well-known supporters of replacing borrowed words with Russian ones was Vladimir Ivanovich Dal.

Here are some of his words, which, unfortunately or fortunately, have not taken root in our language:

atmosphere - world face
horizon - heavenly
address - banishment
pince-nez - nasograss
egoist - self-propelled gun

As you know, language is a system of signs, and a dictionary is a system of words. It’s a system, but not a bunch of words. However, in the modern Russian language, vocabulary often multiplies not systematically, but in bulk. This manifests itself when new foreign words are introduced without any comprehension.

Sometimes it comes to the point that foreign words, including proper names, are not transcribed, but are written in their own alphabet. However, this can be explained quite simply. For example, the English surname Galsworthy can (in principle) be transcribed 144 various options: Galsworthy, Galsworthy, etc. Therefore, some authors are simply not able to provide a specific transcription, but invite readers to do so. However, such a burden on the reader is completely unacceptable.

Language is living system signs, living and self-developing, which determines the development of civilization. Like the language, so is the civilization.

The weakness of the modern Russian language lies in its word production dystrophy, and this is disastrous for the language, because in this case, foreign words begin to be introduced into the language in bulk, many of which destroy the dictionary as a system of words, i.e. behave like pathogenic viruses in relation to the biological organism. And in this case the language begins to “wither”, i.e. lose your communication function, and especially your thought-forming function. Therefore, the language must, on the one hand, develop its own system of protection against destruction (its own, as it were, “ immune system”), and on the other hand, improve your system of word production. And active creative word production will improve the health of the language, determine its normal development, and, naturally, the normal development of Russian-speaking civilization.

Thus, there is a need for an analytical study of the entire dictionary of foreign words.

All foreign words can be divided into two categories: high-frequency and low-frequency, i.e. having respectively high and low frequency of use. This can be easily determined using frequency dictionaries.

The multifrequency of a foreign word indicates that this word has taken root in the Russian language, and, as a rule, does not require its replacement (car, politics, theater, etc.)

Low-frequency foreign words (advection, aphelion, diuker, etc.), in principle, require replacement with self-explanatory words, i.e. into words made up of known components.

Some foreign words already have their Russian equivalents. For example: axial - axial, comme il faut - decent, pyreptum - chamomile, preformation - preformation, precipitation - deposition, eguter - leveler, ganglion - nerve ganglion, pine - Italian pine. Such foreign words should be classified as archival, the use of which is possible only with explanations in parentheses or in footnotes (in fact, this is what authors who respect readers do). For example: pine (Italian pine), but better simply - Italian pine.

First of all, the following foreign words must be replaced:

1. All difficult to pronounce words. For example: inauguration, reconnaissance, exemplification, exhibitionism, etc.

2. Words that evoke associations that distort the meaning of the word. For example: testing (try ), aerobics (something related to aviation), veto (rootvet associated with information - cf. with forvet , fromvet ), holography (cf.naked ice,naked legged), diacritic - (cf.dia projector,dia film), crescendo (baptism tion), motto (cf.moto sport), neophyte (cf. geofit y, neofit s), passe-partout (passport ), retrograde (city in the styleretro ), smog (smo ch), hairdryer (hair dryer ology), flotation (fleet ), sketch (photo graphingrobot ). Such words should be replaced regardless of their frequency of use, because They most of all destroy the dictionary as a system of words. In some cases, only some modernization of such a word is possible, for example: holography -holography .

One way or another, the creative word production process needs to be intensified. And it is clear that at the beginning it is not new words as such that are created, but projects of new words. And naturally, in the future, a dictionary of new word projects is needed, which will be a kind of project competition. And only the Russian-speaking public is capable of turning a draft word into a new normative word.

As an example of replacing Anglicisms, the authors of the project have developed a dictionary of Anglicisms and substitute words(see file "project product" )

Material taken from sites , http://miresperanto.com/

8.2 Changes in the Russian language at the legislative level

The relevant State Duma Committee on Culture recommended adopting in the first reading a bill on penalties for the unjustified use of foreign words in Russian speech. The initiative of LDPR deputies proposes to punish for “violation of the norms of the Russian literary language when using it as the state language of the Russian Federation, committed by using foreign words and expressions that do not correspond to the norms of the Russian literary language.” Liability, as conceived by the authors, will arise if the foreign words used have commonly used analogues in the Russian language.

The bill applies to all cases of “public dissemination of information on state language Russian Federation, regardless of the purposes and form of such distribution.” If the law is adopted, citizens will face fines of 2 - 2.5 thousand rubles, and legal entities- 40 - 50 thousand.

Deputy Chairman of the State Duma, director Vladimir Bortko, told ITAR-TASS that Russia is not the first to adopt such a law. Previously, he said, the French adopted a similar norm, “as they were concerned about Anglicisms and the disappearance of the great French language.”

As an example of the unjustified borrowing of foreign words, the deputy cited the phrase “we are positioning our brand in the high-middle class sector,” in which “in Russian there is only the word “we”.”

In the explanatory note to the bill, the authors say that throughout the history of its existence, the Russian language has absorbed foreign words, which, having no local analogues, organically entered the language. However, deputies are concerned about the tendency of recent decades to use borrowings in cases where there are exact Russian-language equivalents.

Among such words and their Russian analogues, deputies include:

Session - “meeting, meeting”

Dealer - "intermediary"

Boutique - “shop”,

Manager - “manager, clerk”,

Single - "song",

Gadget - “device, instrument, technical device”,

Business lunch - “business lunch”,

Performance - “presentation”,

and interjections “Oh, Kay” and “Wow” (no analogues are offered for them).

The use of such Anglicisms and Americanisms in youth slang is difficult to subject to any control, however, unfortunately, Russian announcers and presenters of various television programs and musical performances on the Russian stage began to use such foreign words. They can be found on the pages Russian newspapers and magazines. They are even uttered from parliamentary platforms and during interviews with government officials. ( explanatory note to the law on the prohibition of foreign words)

Material taken from the site

9. The influence of the Russian language on English

The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called Early Modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. The vocabulary was enriched by a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought during the Renaissance.

At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) were in many cases subjected to Latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural relations with various countries during the New England period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in the 18th-19th centuries introduced more or less words from a wide variety of languages of the world into the English language. IN modern times The international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.

The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic relations between the two states were established quite late, only by the 16th century, and were initially limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the English descriptions of the Moscow state that have survived to this day, there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government structure, social relations, systems of measures, monetary units, etc.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sable, were highly valued in Europe. IN English dictionaries this word was recorded already in the 14th century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun “sable”, it is also given in the meaning of the adjective “black”.

A larger number of Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. The Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of trade items, names of ruling, class, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (elder), muzhik (man), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet) were borrowed ), rouble (ruble), altyn (Altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (pies), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.

Some special terms also penetrate into the English language. For example: siberite - special kind ruby, uralite - asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the English vocabulary and are used by English writers.

In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word was borrowed from Russian not directly, but through Polish language. Of course, the roots of such words as nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they arose in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrated into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as ispravnik (police officer), miroed (world eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently in Russian in historical terms, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowings, which has become widespread in modern English, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] is indicated in writing by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (this word was first included in Ludolf’s “Russian Grammar”).

It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called Sovietisms - these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social system and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (collective farm) ), sovkhoz (state farm), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan, palace of culture, hero of labor.

Let us give more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as kalek (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (greyhound), byelorussian* (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (dacha), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).

Russian borrowings that have penetrated into the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This can be clearly seen in the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound appearance of which is transformed according to the laws of English pronunciation. Plural Most nouns borrowed from the Russian language are formatted in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives based on word-formation models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - to beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should also be noted that borrowings from the Russian language that entered the English language in various periods and have survived to this day constitute an insignificant share, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.

Material taken from the site

10. Conclusions:

1. In the process of historical development, the establishment of diplomatic, trade, cultural, and economic ties between Russia and Great Britain, there was a process of mutual influence of two languages - Russian and English.It should be concluded that as a result, the English language had a much greater influence on Russian than the Russian language had on English. Today, the modern Russian language has more than 1000 Anglicisms.Borrowings from the Russian language, which entered the English language in various periods and have survived to this day, make up an insignificant share, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.

2. Basicreasons A large number of anglicisms in the Russian language are:1) the absence of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the receptor language;
2) the influence of foreign culture, fashion for English words. 3) clarification or detailing of an existing concept.

3. The use of a large number of anglicisms has its ownpositive and negative consequences. On the one hand, numerous Anglicisms penetrating the Russian language are a natural phenomenon, reflecting the economic, political, cultural, social ties and relations between Russia and other countries that have intensified in the last decade. On the other hand, we have to sadly admit that in the pursuit of everything foreign, in the desire to copy Western models, we are increasingly losing our originality, including in language, because language reflects a way of life and a way of thinking. As a consequence of this:
- loss of interest in the native (Russian) language, Russian literature and culture,
- tongue-tiedness,
- decrease in literacy and linguistic and general culture.
The number of Russian-speaking people who know English has increased significantly. Often in a speech situation, an English word becomes more prestigious than a Russian one, the expression of its novelty is attractive. The use of anglicism in the speech of an authoritative person (or in advertising) can become an impetus for its assimilation into Russian speech.

4. As a way to solve the problem of a large number of Anglicisms in the Russian language, it is proposedreplacement of anglicisms and other foreign words in Russian , creation of special dictionaries of Anglicisms and their substitute words in the Russian language, changes at the legislative level.