The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in grammatical basis.
Two-Part Sentences contain two main members - subject and predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's getting dark.
Types of one-part sentences
| Principal term expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Vaguely personal proposals | ||
| Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Somebody knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal proposals | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). |
Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. Impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) Composite verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone keep quiet! |
Everyone keep quiet. |
| 2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| Subject - name in nominative case(the sentence cannot contain circumstances or additions that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: form genitive case will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences (No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).
4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.
Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.
Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.
4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I'm walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.
A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.
With a kind word and you will melt the stone(proverb).
The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the predicate verb refers to any actor (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).
It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).
The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).
The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
ON THE. SHAPIRO
Continuation. See the beginning in No. 39, 43/2003
One-part sentences.
Incomplete sentences
Definition of a one-part sentence
In Russian, all simple sentences according to the nature of the grammatical basis are divided into two types - two-part And one-piece. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful tongue. (S. Yesenin) Poet may you not be , But . must be a citizen (N. Nekrasov) In one-part sentences there is only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn . In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything earlier. it's getting dark
At school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate.
Linguistic scientists usually use the term “main member of a one-part sentence.” All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences). It is important to understand the difference between one-part sentences and incomplete ones, which can also have only one main member. Wed: 1) – Dry leaves are being burned in the courtyards. 2) – What do wipers do in the fall? – Dry leaves are burned in the yards.
In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, but who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a specific subject - the wipers. Subject
One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness.(A. Akhmatova) The greenery of the laurel, almost to the point of trembling. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness.
It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase “turns” into a sentence. Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle: Here Here's the mill ); emotional assessment (expressed using special particles Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with a particle from two-part ones with a pronoun This. Here's a chair– one-part noun sentence; This is a chair– two-part, where This– subject, and
chair – a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the order of words in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in a sentence Warm day the subject and definition, expressed by the adjective, standing before the word being defined, are easily detected. This is a one-part nominative common sentence. In the sentence
Warm day there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part unextended proposal. Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring listening to him is considered a one-component impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb there is a word of the state category boring and a linking verb. But if the infinitive is put in first place - Listen to him was boring, it can be considered as the subject, then it was boring
– a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed short adjective(cf. The listening was boring). They are not studied in the school course. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as denominative. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as the subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (by the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call nominative - nominative (by the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both of them into the type “nominal one-part sentences”.
When the only main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the secondary members depend on the main one and form a phrase with it ( Early morning; End of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.
But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has adverbial or objective meaning (I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither an adverbial nor an object can relate to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that relates to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called a determiner.
Exercise
Are the highlighted sentences denominative?
A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.
- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, which is set out to air out along with the dress?.. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find guns like this anywhere anymore. Even when I was getting ready to join the police, I bought it from Turchin... How is that possible? This is a necessary thing...
- Good gun!(N. Gogol)
Answer. Title suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! And Nice gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. All other highlighted sentences have both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are two-part.
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, and impersonal. These types differ in two main ways: a) in how expressed the idea of the actor is; b) according to morphological verb forms, used as the main member of a sentence. In other words, different types one-part sentences make it possible to to varying degrees concreteness to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine him.
Moreover, each type of sentence has its own forms of the predicate verb, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, you can determine the type of one-part sentence (with the exception of generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).
Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal These are one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a well-defined person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definite personal sentences the subject is easily restored - the 1st or 2nd person pronoun (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.
I'm sorry the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river I'm rinsing, my two flowers growing.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed: “Oh, prophesy We’ll probably both be in trouble.”(A. Akhmatova) Let's praise, brothers, twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come near to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's drink guilt, let's have a snack bread or plums. Tell me let me know. I'm going to bed to you in the garden under the clear sky and I'll tell you what are the constellations called?(I. Brodsky)
It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (Cf. Came up. I didn't show my excitement...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but two-part, incomplete. Which subject is missing can only be determined from the following lines:).
Exercise
She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.
Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya lies widely on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars turn blue, its church turns blue.
The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression calm to the point of sternness - they hide their fatigue. But finally the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounding us with white huts and front gardens with mallow. Here we made our first stop. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am more than anyone else. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup or millet porridge with lard.
Answer.(E. Schwartz) Title suggestions: Steppe again. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely personal proposal: We collect brushwood and make a fire
(part of a complex sentence).
Vaguely personal proposals Vaguely personal
are called one-part sentences, where the actor is thought of as an indefinite person who does not interest the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean that there are many implied figures), in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. – 3rd person plural form. h. After all, it’s only here that treasure nobility! (A. Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A. Griboyedov) Let me scold will announce Old Believer... But, without asking her advice, the girl got lucky to the crown. And at their table there are guests wore dishes by rank. Whenever left, I was free, how quickly I would run into the dark forest! Just you will be locked up will be imprisoned on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come. (A. Pushkin) They took me away you at dawn... (A. Akhmatova) I let them take it away
Exercise
lanterns...
(A. Akhmatova)
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he lived not in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy would perish. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and abandoned there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses.
Answer. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya) Vaguely personal sentence: baby carried to Mount Ida and
abandoned there.
Possible modifications to other proposals:
In Troy, even before the birth of the king's son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd. Generalized-personal proposals Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is thought of as a generalized person, i.e. the action relates to every person, to everyone; This meaning is especially common in proverbs: Soldiers are not born(i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily Not take it out.
and fish from the pond. Quiet you're going- further
you will
As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite-personal or indefinite-personal sentences. And yet, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal
offers. Impersonal offers Impersonal these are called one-component sentences in which the action is not correlated with any agent; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, he cannot be imagined. To me can't sleep, no fire... They've been talking about Lensky's wedding for a long time it was decided . How funny shod with sharp iron on your feet, slide along the mirror of standing, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter... But how any? to me sometimes in the autumn, in the evening silence, in the village
visit family cemetery... How long will I walk in the world, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes on horseback, sometimes in a wagon, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in a cart, sometimes on foot? Where should we go? swim (A. Pushkin) The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the 3rd person singular form. h. (for present and future tense, as well as for the imperative mood):
Smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping
, like at home; unit form Part neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat.
As can be seen from the examples given above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and environment, human condition, inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in the ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:
a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Veterom blew away
hat. Wed. Wind blew away
hat – two-part sentence, subject – wind));
c) verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And did not have)
;
d) verb in indefinite form (This not to happen).
In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:
a) impersonal verbs should, I want to,
lucky and so on. (I had to All do again);
b) personal phase verb ( It's starting to get dark
);
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles are often used and special words condition categories it’s impossible, it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time, it’s a sin and so on . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain due to lack of time).
A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive past participles - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - the zero connective). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. In the evenings in the city dangerous. In the room tidied up.).
Word No
What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, there cannot be an auxiliary verb or connective with it, it is impossible to pose a question to it... And yet we discover that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! – a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle, opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you finished reading the book yet?– No .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we call it unchangeable verb form (No - Means does not exist, is absent). This word is not found in any Slavic language except Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression don't eat that one, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression the word first appeared There is not, and then the final one at disappeared, they began to talk and write No, although in colloquial speech can be found There is not so far (no one There is not Houses).
Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to consider that we are faced with complex sentences in which each part is one-part sentence.
Exercises
1. Select the predicates in impersonal sentences.
We should tell you more about this tenant, because suspicion fell on him first of all. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly... Suddenly he straightened his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy to approach us. (Yu. Koval)
Answer.I should tell you, it was not easy to approach.
2. Find one-part sentences in the text.
Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate. Since mom is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And mother, and Marusya, and I must get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go get water, and we want to save her from this - Marusya and I.
(K. Chukovsky) Answer. You'll bring it four buckets – definitely personal (or generalized personal). ...to pour, an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green need to be carried
fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise
have to go
for water for mom - impersonal.
3. Find incorrect statements.
1) In one-part sentences there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinite-personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by a verb in plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
Answer. 1, 4.
4) In definite personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the predicate verb cannot be used in the plural form. depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various function words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life, which sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but a sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between spoken speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.
Answer. a) – 3); b) – 1).
Incomplete sentences
Incomplete is a sentence in which any member (or group of members) is missing. The missing part of the sentence can be restored from the context or is clear from the speech situation.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.
She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context – previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana I walked alone for a long time.)
Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.
He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .
– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “ Do you dare say it here, next to this tomb!”
May be missed:
subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);
He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain doesn’t arrive, to me Perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God again!)(N.V. Gogol);
addition:And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);
predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);
several at once members of the proposal, including grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)
Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main sentence.
Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.
– I'm angry with my son.
– For what?
– For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)
It happens that students mistakenly consider sentences incomplete in which not a single member is missing, for example: He's a genius, like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that sentence incompleteness is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic incompleteness. In the example given, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need to be explained in context.
Exercises
1. Find incomplete sentences and restore missing members.
And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ...Tanya is further away; The old woman said to her: “Here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone... This is the master's office; Here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk’s reports and read a book in the morning...” (A.S. Pushkin)
Answer. Tanya ( coming) further... Old lady ( speaks) to her...
2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.
You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when people contradict you. You are tolerant if you can understand why they hate you so much or love you so annoyingly and troublesomely, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and deep down, excusing them for being different from you.
An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying the political regime, no matter what outrages happened under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather funny activity if done out of stupidity, and vile if done out of calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)
Answer. 1) ...if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul, excusing them for being different from you; 2) ...if done out of stupidity; 3) ...if by calculation.
All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part clauses.
Let us remind you once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences, in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by addition us from the previous subordinate clause. Subordinate clause of a sentence Just make sure that didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin) by the nature of the grammatical basis is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence: what is important here is the action itself, and not the one who performs it; The grammatical form of the verb (plural past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action - this is an indicator of an indefinite personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that
didn't see you
– complete. Punctuation in an incomplete sentence In an incomplete sentence, a dash may be placed at the place where the predicate is missing, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was aiming to be a minister, and I was aiming to be his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) If there is no pause, the dash is not placed:
...Well, people in this side! She comes to him, and he comes to me.
(A.S. Griboedov) Elliptical sentences In Russian there are sentences called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( And his wife: for rudeness, for your words(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.
The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis. Two-part simple sentence- the main structural-semantic type of a simple sentence, which has the most complete set of differential features. (for reference*Differential features of a simple sentence are considered in three main aspects:
The structural aspect of the proposal involves highlighting the following features:
The nature of the articulation/inarticulation of the sentence; - way of expressing the predicative basis;
Prevalence/non-prevalence; - completeness of composition (presence of structurally obligatory main members); - the presence of a complication of the sentence.
The semantic aspect of a sentence involves highlighting the following features:
Function (purpose of the statement) - narrative, interrogative, incentive;
Emotional characteristics (exclamation, neutral); - the nature of predicative relations (affirmative/negative).
The communicative aspect of the proposal involves highlighting the following features:
Actual (topic-rhematic) division; - an information center and a method for updating it (see Textbook edited by E.I. Dibrova, p. 57).
Main featuretwo-part sentence- the presence of two main members - subject and predicate, which denote the subject of speech (subject, bearer of a predicative attribute) and its predicative attribute (action, state). For example, .
boy runs; The earth is round
There are limitations in the structure of a two-part sentence:
1) in 2-component infinitive sentences, the verbs d/b are coordinated in appearance; 2) if the subject is an infinitive, then the full form of the adjective is not used in the nominative part of the predicate. ( );
Hunting snakes is dangerous 3) with a predicate, which is expressed by adverbs like in German, a noun is never used as the subject, but an executor. infinitive ( Is it economical to cross Sorokin off the list? ); instead of the infinitive m/b the pronoun all/ is ( )
Everything is serious with us
Two-piece sentence - a complex object of study.
- nominative – subject: the position of the subject in this type is occupied by the name of the noun. in I.p., according to the form of the predicate, it is divided into:
a) nominative - verbal ( The holidays have come to an end );
b) nominative – nominal ( Stepasha looked sick ).
- infinitive – subject: the infinitive as the subject comes in 1st place ( Learning is our task ), according to the form of the predicate, distinguishes:
a) biinfinitive (Lekant calls infinitive - verbal) ( Coming back means admitting your mistakes )
b) infinitive - nominal ( Catch hare hands stupid )
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate). For example, Evening; It's getting dark. Shakhmatov believes that these sentences are an expression of judgment. This can be seen in his book “Syntax of the Modern Russian Language” (August 1941). In the 70s. One-part proposals are being revised. Zolotova suggests studying at school how 2-components ( To me Cold ), but Babaytseva and Lekant distinguish single-component sentences, and this opinion exists to this day.
Sentences with one-part structure are complete sentences. They do not omit the second term: the second main term is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence.
The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-Part Sentences contain two main members - subject and predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's getting dark.
Types of one-part sentences
| Principal term expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Vaguely personal proposals | ||
| Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Somebody knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal proposals | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). |
Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. Impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone keep quiet! |
Everyone keep quiet. |
| 2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).
4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.
Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.
Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.
4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I'm walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.
A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.
With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).
The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the predicate verb refers to any actor (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).
It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).
The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).
The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
In which there are both a subject - single or with words dependent on it, and a predicate - also single or with associated words dependent on it. So, the first composition is the subject, the second composition is the predicate. The syntactic construction of two-part sentences is divided into two main types - nominal and verbal.
Verb and noun clauses
In sentences related to the verb form, the predicate is expressed personal form full nominative verb. Two-part sentences of the verb type contain in the verb an expressed relationship to the subject, as well as all the categories of modality and tense necessary for the sentence. For example: She fell silent. The main members of a two-part sentence are very easily defined here.
The nominal sentence type requires a predicate of at least two words. One of them is the connecting verb “to be” with all its equivalents, conveying the categories of modality and time. And the nominal part also conveys the meaning of the predicate. For example: She was red(or redhead). He was the manager(or manager). The connective can easily be omitted, but the meaning of the sentence will change slightly: She's a redhead. He is a manager. That is, the absence of this connective will convey the present tense of the verb and the indicative mood.
Meaningful relations
The grammatical basis of a two-part sentence reveals the types of semantic relationships. They may be as follows.
1. Characterizing type, when the predicate is expressed by qualitative features, states or actions of the subject. For example: Book best gift . The cloud is light, snow-white, like a swan’s wing.
2. A type of two-part sentence showing the relationship of identity between the predicate and the subject. For example: I'm Peshkov.
3. A type that reveals relations of being between the predicate and the subject and is composed of a purely existential verb “to be” (even in zero form) as circumstances of the area of being, place of being and a noun that directly names an existing object. For example: I had this book somewhere. Pockets are empty. Wind in my head.
It is necessary to remember the types of two-part sentences. There are three of them, they are listed above.
Categories of the same name
This is the main variety, where two-part sentences have a connection between their main members in purely formal terms, when they are agreed upon in the same categories - gender, number, person. This means that the subject is in the nominative case, and the predicate contains conjugated forms of verbs, adjectives, and participles. In this way a two-part sentence can be constructed. Examples: The door creaks. Girl having fun. They are going away. We're losing it. The shop is closed.
If there is no agreement, the connection between the predicate and the subject is not formally expressed; it can only manifest itself in a certain word order and intonation. For example: Equipment in the hands of a savage - a piece of plastic. Her passion is books. The task of the proletariat is unity. And the rich cry. In such cases, it is possible to discern the main members of a two-part sentence after a long hesitation. It is almost impossible to even confidently classify these proposals as two-part ones. More examples: It's the neighbors' birthday. The robbers were already waiting. Tomorrow is the exam. Everyone - to the garden. This path is impossible.
Definition of two-partness
As already mentioned, a two-part sentence is a subject (with or without minor members) and a predicate (with or without minor members). The number and quality of minor members (compositions) of a sentence can be different, it depends on the development of the grammatical structure. For example: The usual winter mood blossomed with May lilacs. Here's the word mood- subject, which contains definitions ordinary And winter, and the word blossomed- predicate with May lilac in the composition.
A two-part incomplete sentence does not have all the components, but it does not cease to be two-part, since the absence of a composition is always implied. For example: Your brother wasn't at school? - Mom was surprised. “It was,” answered the sister.. In the last sentence it is easy to guess the subject, although it is missing.
Structure of two-part sentences
Two-part sentences are contrasted with one-part sentences, in which there is only one main member, similar either to the subject of the two-part sentence or to the predicate. Thus, by considering the ways in which the main members of a two-part sentence are expressed, the character of the main member of a one-part sentence is also recognized.
The organizing centers of a two-part sentence are the subject and the predicate - the predicative core. Between them, relationships arise, called predicative ones, which manifest themselves interdependently. The positions of both main members of the sentence are independent and self-sufficient, that is, they necessarily constitute a predicative minimum. For example: A long, cold and almost snowless winter has arrived.. Here it is quite possible to reduce the sentence to a pure structural core. Winter has come. That's all. The meaning remains the same. This is a simple two-part sentence.
Subject and sign
The defined and the defining are always interconnected, so the predicate and the subject are in a formal connection. This is determined by the semantic and grammatical unity that two-part sentences always have. The semantic principle - an object and its attribute - passes through the relationship of the subject and the predicate, since it is impossible to attribute a attribute to an object without determining time and modality. If you define the members separately, connections are revealed very easily: the relationship to the predicate determines the subject, and the predicate itself also has a connecting relationship to the subject and is determined through this. The main members of a sentence help define each other because they are tightly connected by meaning.
But these connections are not only mutually directed, but also positionally opposed from a grammatical point of view. The nature and signs of connections directly indicate this. A hierarchy in the relations of the main members is also required: the dominant position of the subject causes the grammatical subordination of the predicate. Otherwise there will be no agreement, which almost certainly contains a two-part proposal. Examples of coordination: She dreamed an old house on top of the hill. This vision stood before my eyes as if alive. Even from the wide chimney on the roof a transparent strand of smoke rose into the sky. These twelve years past life they didn’t leave her anywhere.
Here the predicates " dreamed", "stood", "left", "gone" expressed only by verbs in the past tense, which is quite grammatically consistent with the subjects attached to them: " house", "vision", "strand", "twelve years", being nouns of all genders - feminine, neuter and masculine, which are consistent with the predicate both in gender and in number.
Breaking a rule
Conventions of the usual type are quite easy to break. An example is two-part sentences, where the subject, which is in singular, corresponds to a predicate having the form plural. And if he deviates from the truth, the desired prosperity will not come. In this case, the predicates give up, it won't happen and subject he, prosperity not consistent, but quite common.
Thus, the idea of the subject dominating the subordinate predicate is clearly undermined. Many examples suggest that syntactic connection between the centers of predicative relations is fluid and unique. Based on the correlation of components, such a connection is mutually conditioned: juxtaposition, coordination, and gravity are important here. More examples: Lunch is ready. Where would you be without a coat? Running is good for you. The blockage has been removed. It's sitting in me.
About lexical meanings
When the subject is determined by the predicate, it is not always expressed by the word of one lexical meaning, even if the grammatical meaning of objectivity is observed. The subject can define anything: a phenomenon, an animate or not object, a person, even an abstract concept. For example: The storm has passed. The table constantly hurts me with its corners. Ivanov bore his last name with pride. Tenderness overwhelmed my hero.
The predicate, when it comes first in relation to the subject, denotes either an action, or a state, or a property, or quality, or quantity. As well as belonging, generic concept and many other things. The predicate in Russian is always extremely functional. Examples: Pot, cook! She grew old and he died. Lightning flashed constantly. Before going to bed, she dreamed sweetly. And three times three is six for her! My address - Soviet Union. Sergiev Posad is a small town. That is, the concept of main members contains, in addition to grammatical and semantic content. Moreover, the main ones may even give up their role minor members. The semantic load can belong to any of them. For example: She walked first with one, then with the other. She returned home not even at night, but in the morning.
conclusions
You need to study two-part sentences carefully, noting the differentiation of members into main and secondary ones according to those characteristics that reveal the dominance of one over the other. Modern syntax and grammar do not survive better times, and here the debatability of the main issues is extremely important. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the difficulties of the characteristics that two-part sentences present, due to the exceptional variety of ways of expressing predicates - it is the morphological expression that is meant. All components, all their functional characteristics are important here, especially for compound predicates - both nominal and verbal.
