Introduction.

Subject: " The influence of drinking beer on the body of a teenager and the body of women"

Research objectives:

Formation of the correct attitude of teenagers towards beer based on a comprehensive analysis of information about this product.

Conducting preventive conversations on the topic “The influence of beer, as well as alcoholic beverages on the child’s body and”

Research objectives:

Select and study the composition of beer, as well as the technological process of its production.

Analyze information and conduct research on the effect of beer components on living organisms.

Show the danger and methods of protection against negative influence alcoholic drinks.

Conduct a survey and survey of students in order to obtain the necessary information ormations.

Provide and convey to teenagers information about the effect of beer on the developing body.

To develop a critical attitude towards advertising of alcoholic beverages, the ability to evaluate and analyze the techniques used in advertising.

Theoretical significance lies in the fact that the work reveals the essence of the harm brought by the consumption of alcoholic beverages on the health of the younger generation.

Practical significance is that the research can be used class teachers when conducting cool hours, meetings with narcologists, gynecologists and can be taken into service by students and their parents.

Working methods : search, research, creative.

Conclusions: In order to prevent beer alcoholism, an action was held at school, newspapers were published, and in high schools, meetings were held with narcologists and gynecologists, and conversations were held about addiction and the harmful effects on the body. The main thing is that teenagers start playing sports and knowing about the dangers of beer, many would refuse to drink it.

The relevance of research.

The store handed out small brochures - advertisements. It turned out that these were advertisements for beer. After reading the contents of the advertising brochure, I was very interested in this topic, since recently young people have been drinking beer, considering it a harmless drink. Two thirds of children and young people start drinking beer at the age of 12 on average. Even parents, considering beer a healthy drink, give it to their children for appetite, and when communicating with their growing children, they drink beer together, considering this the norm of behavior, and women also drink beer to increase their tone, mood and appetite.

Concern about the increase in the consumption of low-alcohol “drinks” by young people in recent years has been expressed by public organizations, scientists, doctors, and sociologists. According to the results of regional health monitoring, the largest percentage of boys (71%) and girls (61%) choose beer from the variety of alcoholic products on the market!

Why is beer so popular? First of all, beer is considered a harmless, and sometimes even healthy, low-alcohol product; among the main alcoholic products, it has a relatively low price. Most scientists around the world consider massive offensive advertising to be another reason for the massive spread of beer consumption among children, teenagers, and young people. Beer propaganda can be found in feature films, various television shows, and in the press. Also, the popularity of beer is determined by the flow of information in various sources about its benefits.

Chapter 1. Analysis of theoretical knowledge about alcoholic beverages.

1. The history of the discovery of beer.

Beer was discovered back in Ancient Mesopotamia. Ancient bakers discovered that when warm, wet grains of bread swell, begin to ferment, and produce an intoxicating potion. After the Mesopotamian triumph, the time of oblivion came. The Greeks and Romans not only did not drink the Mesopotamian drink, they openly despised it. Aristotle, for example, said that beer makes your head dull.

But later, among the “barbarian tribes,” beer conquered the market and became truly a “folk drink.” Success for beer came in the middle of the century, when merchants from Hamburg, Wismar, and Berman brought it to their homeland, Holland. At that time, drinking water in those cities was dirty, and beer became almost the only drink that eliminated gastrointestinal troubles. Adult men consumed 400 liters per year. In Holland, no contract signed after three o'clock in the afternoon had any legal force. By this time, the consciousness of the Dutch was thoroughly clouded by the drink.

1. The main stages of beer production.

The main component of beer is malt. “Malting” means making the grain sweet. Most often used barley .Barley grains are easy to process, have good germination and unpretentiousness.

The grains are pre-soaked and germinated.During germination, the starch contained in the grains is converted into carbohydrates under the action of enzymes.

Hops are an essential component of beer.

Crushed malt and hops are poured with water to form what is called wort.

“Just think - beer, not vodka,” many people think. We suggest you pay attention to the label of the beer bottle, which must indicate a number that shows how many volume percent of ethyl alcohol is contained in the beer (for example, 5.0%). The volume percentage of alcohol is much higher than the mass percentage. This means that this beer contains 4.35% alcohol by weight. In other words, a half-liter bottle of low-alcohol beer contains 20 ml of pure alcohol. Thus, a bottle of beer with a strength of 5% vol. equivalent to approximately 60 ml of vodka. If the beer is strong (containing, for example, 8% vol.), a bottle is equivalent to 100 ml of vodka, and two bottles of strong beer is already a glass of vodka.

Meanwhile, many of today's 16-17 year olds drink more

3 liters of beer per day, which is equivalent to approximately 400 ml of vodka per day.

It should be noted that varieties of beer with a high alcohol content - up to 12% (Strongbeer). Drinking such beer in the quantity generally accepted for this drink will certainly entail a chain of negative consequences.

1.3. Beer composition.

Beer is an alcoholic drink and you shouldn’t forget about it. Ethyl alcohol can modify or enhance the toxic effect of other components of beer. More than 3,000 chemical substances have been found in it, of which more than 800 have been identified.

Beer contains a number of toxic substances, including salts of heavy metals cobalt, cadmium, lead, copper, mercury, and zinc. The accumulation of heavy metals in the human body gradually leads to symptoms of chronic poisoning.

Among toxic metals in beer, cadmium and cobalt, as foam stabilizers, occupy a special place, as they have special biological properties and a mechanism of damaging action. It has been established that the salts of these metals affect the absorption and metabolism of a number of essential microelements, including iron, disrupt the transmission of signals in the nerve and endocrine cells of the body’s regulatory systems, inhibit the synthesis of hormones (male sex hormones, insulin), dampen conditioned reflexes, and have a mutagenic effect, affect spermatogenesis, affect the kidneys and heart, and inhibit digestive enzymes.

High content of K ions in beer + (160 – 450 mg/l) and water (91-93%) sharply increases the formation of urine and enhances the excretion of ions by the kidneysNa+ and Cl - leads to demineralization of the body.

Bitter substances come into beer from hops and give it a specific flavor. These substances are divided into low- and high-resin. There are a lot of low-resin substances in beer, they consist ofα – acids (humulones),β – acids (lupulins) and a group of as yet uncharacterized compounds. The bitter substances of beer, along with other extractive substances of hops, belong to the category of psychoactive compounds. They have a sedative, hypnotic, and, in large doses, a hallucinogenic effect.

Beer contains monoamines, which are formed as a result of hop fermentation. The following were discovered: histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, a cadaveric poison. The concentration of these substances in beer is 1-3 mg/l. Monoamines provoke the development of hypertension, cause headaches, and can lead to kidney damage.

Beer contains phytoestrogens, which are analogues of female sex hormones and are also found in the drink from hops. Their content is 1-36 mg/l. However, this amount is sufficient to provide a distinct hormonal effect on the human body.

1.4. The effect of beer on the human body.

Of course, the most dangerous consequences are changes in the brain. Scientific data have established that due to the increased concentration of alcohol in the cerebral cortex, red blood cells can stick together, and conditions are created under which neurons die in large numbers. nerve cells, as is known, are not restored.

The heart suffers especially. Long-term consumption of beer leads to degeneration of the myocardium due to metabolic disorders. As a result muscle becomes flabby, muscle fibers are replaced by adipose tissue, which leads to a decrease in the contractility of the heart, it ceases to cope with the load, shortness of breath and weakness appear. The size of the heart increases 1.5-2 times. Back at the end of the 19th century, doctors described a pathology associated with the consumption of beer by young and middle-aged men, which was called “alcoholic holiday heart”, “beer heart”. Alcoholic cardiopathy is the modern name for this disease.

Distinct changes are also observed in the respiratory system. Vapors of alcohol and its breakdown product (acetaldehyde) negatively affect lung tissue, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases, and inflammatory processes are observed.

Everyone has learned an elementary truth since childhood - to live, you need to eat. Our nutrition is the basis of health and longevity. To this simple wisdom we need to add one more thing - a person must have healthy digestive organs. Alcohol irritates the mucous membrane digestive tract, increases the secretory function of the salivary and pancreas glands, increases the acidity of gastric juice. Large doses paralyze the cells that produce the digestive enzyme pepsin; food proteins coagulate and become difficult to dissolve.

About 90% of alcohol is slowly oxidized, mainly in the liver. Ethyl alcohol has a detrimental effect on liver cells, which die under its influence. In their place, connective tissue, or a scar, is formed that does not perform liver function. The liver gradually decreases in size, the liver vessels are compressed, the blood stagnates in them, the pressure increases 3-4 times. And if these vessels rupture, severe bleeding begins. The described changes are called liver cirrhosis. Alcoholic liver damage - obesity and cirrhosis.

In response to drinking beer, the liver synthesizes a substance that suppresses the secretion of the male hormone - methyltestosterone. That is why men who are overly fond of beer develop a figure similar to a woman’s: the pelvis becomes wider, the mammary glands enlarge, fat is deposited on the hips and abdomen (“beer belly”). In women, the likelihood of developing breast cancer increases in proportion to the amount of beer consumed.

It has been established that any dose of alcohol, no matter how small, has an effect on the central nervous system. After drinking one bottle of beer, the right hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for making decisions, is depressed. Consequences: the time for processing information increases, the biocurrents of the brain change significantly, nervous irritation, nervous fatigue, and inaccuracy in movements occur. With repeated intake of alcohol, damage to higher centers of brain activity lasts from 8 to 20 days. Long-term alcohol consumption inevitably leads to human degradation. His ability to creative thinking, synthesis, analysis.

People who believe that pregnant and lactating women can drink beer are mistaken. Ethanol disrupts the correct segregation of chromosomes in meiosis, resulting in the formation of genetically defective gametes with an altered number of chromosomes. Down syndrome, Shershevsky-Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome - this is not a complete list of pathologies possible with alcohol abuse.

And the children pay the price. With a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, children lag behind in physical and mental development.

1.5. Beer and childbirth

Another quote from beer admirers: “Almost all the authors of old books about beer recommend drinking beer even to nursing mothers and infants, seriously arguing that after mother’s milk, beer is the most suitable food for children. Even the “teacher of nations” Jan Amos Komensky did not exclude beer from the children's diet." Although it is actually useful to give children beer wort.

Serious modern doctors completely deny the advisability of recommending beer to children and pregnant women. This is even reflected in the trading rules:Do not sell beer to pregnant women. It turns out that at the counters where they sell beer and alcoholic beverages, “information on contraindications to the use of alcoholic beverages” should be displayed in a prominent place. New trade rules oblige citizens to be notified that intoxicating drinks are especially harmful to pregnant and lactating women, adolescents under 18 years of age, heart patients, hypertensive patients, kidney patients, liverworts, etc.

Along with the direct toxic effect of alcohol on the testicles, known value has a dysfunction of the liver that develops in those suffering from alcohol addiction and its ability to destroy estrogen (female sex hormones). It is known that with liver cirrhosis, the amount of estrogen significantly increases in both men and women, which leads to inhibition of the sexual function of the pituitary gland. In addition, it is worth remembering the already mentioned phytoestrogens (plant hormone). As a result, female sex hormones begin to accumulate. The pelvis becomes wider, the mammary glands expand, from which colostrum begins to be released. For a man, the nasal mucosa swells for three days a month and is marked nose bleed. "Ambulance", which is usually called in such cases, is not able to help, since doctors do not know the true causes of this bleeding. It happens when a man, a big beer drinker, develops a malignant tumor of the mammary gland.

In women, the likelihood of developing breast cancer increases in proportion to the beer they drink. It is dangerous for a mother who is breastfeeding a baby to drink beer. The baby may have epileptic convulsions, and over time, epilepsy (a seizure-like manifestation of a disorder of brain activity) may occur.

Chapter 2. Research part.

2.1. Research methods and analysis of results.

Experience No. 1

Study of the effect of beer on proteins.

Equipment: egg white, filtered through cotton wool, water, beer, 10% solutionNaOH; 1% solution CuSO 4 .

Progress.

Pour 1-2 ml into two test tubes. egg white. Add 8 ml to one of them. water, and the same amount of beer in the other and shake, then compare the contents.

In the first test tube, the protein dissolves, because egg white is easily soluble (it is well absorbed by the body). In the second test tube, a dense white precipitate forms, because Protein does not dissolve in alcohol: alcohol removes water from proteins. As a result, the structure of the protein and its functions are disrupted.

To prove the irreversible change in proteins under the influence of beer, we will carry out a biuret reaction (reaction to soluble protein) in both test tubes. To do this, add 3 ml to the test tubes. 10% solutionNaOH, as well as 3 drops of 1% solutionCuSO 4 . In the complete absence of soluble proteins, the color will be blue. In a test tube that does not contain alcohol, a purple color is observed, indicating the presence of dissolved protein. In the test tube to which beer was added, no protein was detected in the solution. This means that an important property of protein - solubility - was violated.

Result: beer causes protein coagulation and interferes with the digestion and absorption of food.

Experience No. 2

Study of the effect of beer on the liver.

Equipment: beaker, chicken liver, beer.

Progress.

Chicken liver was placed in a beaker and beer was added, it changed color and became pale yellow.

Result: liver cells die even under the influence of a small amount of alcohol.

Experience No. 3.

The effect of beer on plant seed embryos.

Equipment: three Petri dishes, bean seeds, beer, alcohol, water.

Progress.

Bean seeds were placed in three Petri dishes. Water was added to one cup, beer to another, and alcohol to the third. After a week, it was possible to observe that the seeds sprouted in a cup of water, swelled in beer, but no sprouts appeared, and no changes occurred in the alcohol.

Result: even a small amount of alcohol in beer affects the germination of seeds in negative side, and this effect is more noticeable the higher the alcohol concentration.

2.2 Does beer alcoholism exist? Survey among students.

But in reality, does beer alcoholism exist? What is the opinion of scientists?

Systematic consumption of beer can cause alcoholism, as well as wine, vodka, and cognac. Beer alcoholism develops according to the laws of ordinary alcoholism. Alcohol is a poison that has a narcotic effect. Beer promotes relaxation and calmness. Over time, a person without beer is unable to feel normal, his mood worsens, tension appears, and sleep is disturbed. Beer becomes a habit, doses increase. Among those who seek help from narcologists, approximately 15-20% suffer from beer alcoholism. Beer alcoholism is especially common among young people (under 25 years of age).

What is the insidiousness of beer? Beer alcoholism is more dangerous than vodka alcoholism, as it develops unnoticed. The disease progresses very quickly, is accompanied by severe mental disorders, personality degradation, and is difficult to treat.

The opinion that beer cannot be considered a real alcoholic drink is not uncommon. It is often put on a par with kefir (also containing alcohol) and some carbonated drinks. For a long time it was believed that beer could not contribute to the development of alcoholism; even 40 years ago, doctors recommended beer to compensate for the deficiency of vitamin B (which is part of beer) and to combat insomnia. Today the attitude towards beer has changed.

To determine children's awareness of beer alcoholism, 120 students in grades 8–11 were surveyed.

Based on the results of the analysis of questionnaires, it was revealed that more than 60% of respondents are convinced that alcohol helps in communication between teenagers. These ideas can provoke the consumption of beer and alcoholic beverages. More often, the desire to drink beer appears during periods of failure, stiffness; alcohol intoxication reduces sensitivity, and because of this, it leads to drinking. Most students are familiar with the taste of beer from their own experience; 50% of all students drink beer systematically, preferring those brands that are advertised. The age threshold for starting the consumption of alcoholic beverages is decreasing.

2.3. Statistical analysis – alcohol consumption teenagers 13 – 17 years old.

Of the 120 respondents, half (67 hours) believe that beer is not able to quench thirst, but at the same time improves mood. Girls have a more positive attitude towards beer, and at the same time, when drinking beer, they are aware of its harm to the body. Only 4% of respondents do not know about the dangers of beer on the body or deny it.

13% of respondents did not try beer at all, 9% tried it, but did not like it. Only 22% of respondents do not drink beer.

32% of respondents drink 0.5 liters of beer at a time, of which 25% are girls and 8% are boys. More than 1 liter is consumed by 9% of girls and 19% of boys.

Alcohol intoxication occurs faster in girls than in boys, depending on the percentage of alcohol per kg. body weight. As a result, 33% of girls and 25% of boys who drank beer became intoxicated. In general, 58% of respondents became intoxicated. 2% of teenagers drink beer on their own, 70% with friends and 11% with relatives.

Conclusion:

Knowing about the dangers of beer, most young people drink it, and also count on improved mood, relaxation, and even acceptance into the company due to beer. Parents believe that less harm will be done to their children if they try beer in their presence or use it as a remedy. (The presence of yeast in beer prevents acne).

Narcologists consider advertising to be one of the leading reasons for the spread of beer alcoholism among teenagers. It provokes earlier initiation not only into beer, but also into other drinks and smoking. In this regard, it becomes important to develop in adolescents a critical attitude towards the information presented in advertising and the ability to analyze the methods of social influence used.

The basis of the mechanism of advertising’s influence on a person is that it is, as a rule, focused on the formation of positive emotions, creates a positive emotional background, gives a feeling of security, relaxation, etc. Demonstration of successful people, beautiful views, attributes of a rich life is not easy nice pictures, they are intended to evoke in the viewer a sense of belonging to “well-being.” It has been established that the purchase of an advertised product is often an attempt by a person to compensate for a feeling of self-doubt. Thus, he seems to join the group of “successful and prosperous”.

The impact of advertising can also be carried out through a certain advertising slogan, that is, the most memorable a short phrase in advertising that attracts attention, is remembered, forms an attitude towards the product (“Beer for real men”, “Yarpivo - more positive”), etc.

Of course, any advertising cannot be viewed as an exclusively negative phenomenon; it performs an important social function, helping to navigate the world of goods. However, you need to understand that the task of advertising is to influence our consciousness and behavior, so it is important to analyze the information provided. Young people are especially susceptible to advertising. Teenagers and young people, following advertising, prefer beer among alcoholic beverages.

Conclusion.

We see the problem of drinking beer and alcoholic beverages as one of the reasons for the lack of culture of behavior and literacy of boys and girls about the dangers of alcohol on the body and the symptoms of addiction to it.

Having carried out a statistical analysis based on an anonymous survey of adolescents, the reasons for drinking beer and alcoholic beverages were identified. This happens more often in a company. Younger teenagers are involved by older ones. Drinking beer smooths out age differences. Teenagers feel relaxed, independent, mature, and bolder. The dose of an alcoholic drink does not exceed 0.5-1 liter, but the result of its action is intoxication. Most often, the age of adolescents who find themselves in this condition is 14 years. Many of them tried beer for the first time in the company of their parents or relatives. The increase in beer consumption among teenage girls is alarming.

After spending laboratory experiments, we are convinced that ethanol, contained in beer, denatures protein and disrupts metabolic processes in the body. The experiments made it possible to tell teenagers more convincingly about the dangers of beer.According to the drug treatment clinic in Taldykorgan, the percentage of alcohol consumption has increased by over the past two years, the increase in offenses committed by minors under 14 years of age,

In order to prevent beer alcoholism, an action was held at school, a newspaper was published, and conversations were held in high schools about addiction and the harmful effects on the body.

Health is the greatest personal asset of a person. Our body has enormous capabilities to preserve and maintain health, but these capabilities are not unlimited. If a harmful factor systematically affects the body, then its condition invariably begins to deteriorate, and a disease occurs. One of these factors is beer. Alcohol does not spare any organ. Should I drink beer or not? The choice is up to each of us. Our choice is a responsibility to our health, our family, our future!

List of used literature and Internet resources:

1. Kolesov D.V. “Conversations about anti-alcohol education” M., Prosveshchenie, 1987.

2. Kolesov D.V. "Warning bad habits among schoolchildren." M., 1984

3. Makeeva A.G. "Pedagogical prevention of drug abuse in schoolchildren." M., Education 2005

4. Rokhlov V.S. "Textbook on Physiology." M., Asadema 1999

5.Shabalina V.V. "Dependent behavior of schoolchildren." Medical Press 2001

6.Yagodinsky V.N. “For schoolchildren about the dangers of nicotine and alcohol.” M., Education 1986

7.Internet.

Appendix No. 1

Questionnaire.

Your age is 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 yearsunderline

Your gender: Male Womenunderline.

1. Do you think that beer is a drink that can quench your thirst?

Yes. No. Don't know.

2. Do you know about the dangers of beer on the body?

Yes. No. Don't know.

3. Do you drink beer or tonics with an alcoholic effect?

Yes. No.

4.At what age did you try beer for the first time?

10-12 years old, 12-14 years old, 14-16 years old.

5.Do you often drink this drink?

Always when the opportunity to buy arises.

Often

Rarely

Only when they give you a treat.

6. Do you enjoy what you drink?

No effect.

Improves mood

Sleepy.

7.How much beer could you drink at one time?

0.5 liter, 1 liter, more than 1 liter.

They don't know about the dangers of beer

They know about the dangers of beer, but

use it

Appendix No. 3

“Do you really not love your body so much that you methodically, glass by glass, pour poison into it?”

Drinking beer means ruining yourself!!!

Appendix No. 4

Table “Statistical analysis of alcohol consumption by adolescents 13-17 years old.”

Answer options

boys

1) Is beer a thirst quencher?

2) Is beer harmful?

3) Do you use tonics with an alcoholic effect?

4) At what age for the first time

tried beer?

Don't use

5) Do you often drink this drink?

Buy if possible

When will they treat you?

Don't use

6) Do you enjoy what you drink?

No effect

Improves mood

7) How much could you drink at one time?

more than 1 liter

8) Did beer cause

alcohol intoxication?

9) Who did you drink beer with for the first time?

With friends

With relatives

10) With whom most often?

do you drink beer?

With friends

With relatives

The structure of alcohol consumption as an indicator of social group in modern Russian cities

But, in addition to studying the demand for alcohol in a quantitative aspect (usually expressed in the level of ethanol consumption), it is equally important to analyze the structure of consumption, that is, the share of consumers and the volume of consumption of certain drinks. As you know, in the 1990s. Russia has largely moved from the so-called northern type of consumption (focused primarily on vodka) to the Central European one (focused on beer in combination with vodka). However, a radical change in the structure (a decrease in the share of consumers of vodka and moonshine, an increase in consumers of beer and partly wine) ended by the beginning of the 2000s, and over the past 10 years the share of consumers of various alcoholic beverages has remained relatively stable. Although such a change is often considered positive, since the transition from vodka to beer means a decrease in the strength of the drink, and, therefore, should have less fatal consequences for health, recently there has been a lot of talk about “beer alcoholism”.

But changing the consumption structure is important not only from the point of view of its impact on reducing the overall volume of alcohol consumption and, as a result, improving public health. The choice of alcoholic beverages, like other consumer goods, including food, is part of a lifestyle and is closely related to a person’s position in society, therefore in this work we are primarily interested in the structure of alcohol consumption as a reflection of the social meanings attributed to different drinks, as well as their role as markers of social status. The importance of differentiating food and beverages as indicators of social status has been noted by many researchers. But, starting from the last quarter of the twentieth century, sociologists have postulated the emergence of a “post-class” society, in which conventional social units such as class, stratum and group (including those based on division by gender, age, etc.) determine practices less and less individuals. Researchers tend to classify Russia as a “post-class” society. A similar phenomenon is noted by the theory of postmodern society, in which the lifestyle is becoming increasingly fragmented, unrelated to social status.

In this study, therefore, we will try to answer the question: can the consumption of different alcoholic beverages be considered an indicator of the differentiation of social groups in modern Russia? To do this, we will first review the economic and sociological concepts of alcohol consumption, which explain what factors influence the volume and structure of consumption. The research methodology will then be discussed and finally the empirical results obtained will be presented.

The reasons, features and factors of alcohol consumption have been studied within the framework of economic and sociological concepts for quite a long time. We will consider those that allow us to assume which social groups of society, identified on the basis of gender, age, profession, position in the hierarchy, may be characterized by the consumption of more or less alcohol, as well as individual drinks and preference for certain brands.

Within the framework of economic science, empirical research in the area under study began with the publication of the work of G. Becker and K. Murphy, where the authors develop a theory of rational biases that explains the commitment of an economic agent to certain benefits over a long period of time. Using the concept of “consumer capital,” researchers show that a habit is the result of maximizing utility from the consumption of a good, associated with the accumulation of consumer capital. An important conclusion of this model is that people who are focused on the current period of time are more likely to consume “harmful” goods than those who have a long-term orientation. The consequence of this is the conclusion that individuals with a higher level of education, as they better predict their future, are less likely to consume alcohol.

Another line of research into alcohol consumption is the connection between the level of its consumption and income and prices. Alcohol is a normal good, meaning its consumption (physical volume) increases with income. At the same time, a number of researchers note the nonlinear nature of the relationship between income and consumption. For Russia, a U-shaped relationship between income and consumption was found, that is, the poor and rich drink more than people with average incomes. Another one characteristic consumption - a significant increase in alcohol costs (rather than the volume of consumption) with income growth. Thus, wealthier people prefer to increase not so much the quantity of alcohol consumed, but its quality, buying more expensive, good drinks.

Alcohol consumption in social hoops theory was seen as a form deviant behavior; another sociological approach views it as a reaction to an individual's poor psychological and emotional state. Based on these ideas, more active consumers may be, on the one hand, poor and even declassed strata, and on the other hand, those experiencing stress at work (for example, business managers).

However, within the framework of this article we will be more interested in the so-called structural approach, associated with the study of not only the volume, but also the composition of consumed goods. It was proposed to analyze the relationship between the social structure and culture of a society and the diversity of food preferences, including beverages. At the same time, consumption different types alcohol is inextricably linked with culinary preferences, which vary in different regions, in different periods time and in different social classes. First, N. Elias, for the first time in 1939, and after him S. Mennell showed that changes in nutrition (including drinks) are subject to the so-called civilization process, that is, the individual’s increasing control of his affects. At the same time, “hunger” is replaced by “appetite”, and the process of eating and drinking becomes more and more regulated, subject to social norms. At the same time, restrictions are introduced on certain types of food and drinks, and among such restrictions are those related to the marking of gender and social status. Thus, consumption of meat and certain types of alcohol becomes an advantage for the rich, and among other status groups - an advantage for men. Strong alcohol is also a symbol of masculinity. Possible explanations for the fact that in many societies women and young people are not allowed to consume strong alcohol include concern for the health of them and their descendants. Drinking alcohol (especially hard alcohol) in this context can be a symbol of growing up (for young people) or gender equality (for women).

Within the framework of cultural and anthropological traditions, the consumption of food and drinks has a ritual meaning. Alcohol can act as a marker of the transition from work to leisure, social exclusion, social roles, and close friendships. In addition, its consumption often acts as a ritual and is associated with significant events, and certain types of drinks are tied to specific holidays (for example, champagne - on New Year). A. Thornton examines the consumption of two types of alcoholic beverages in Austria - Sect and Schnaps - in the context of their social significance. Thus, zekt (sparkling wine) is a formal, individualizing drink, consumed on holidays and important dates. In contrast, schnapps (fruit vodka) is a drink that is not tied to any formal event, and is suitable for consumption in a close circle of family or friends. Conforming to a certain social attitude, the consumption of a particular drink can say a lot about who drinks it. The consumption of zect is more characteristic of the class of professional workers who prefer formal relationships and are more individualized, while schnapps is more often consumed by workers and farmers who tend to establish closer, almost friendly relationships. In this context, alcohol consumption ceases to be exclusively a means of satisfying individual needs and becomes a means of reproducing the structure of social positions through the acquisition of symbolic meaning, as J. Baudrillard pointed out.

Consideration of the consumption of goods (and alcohol, in particular) as a mechanism for the reproduction of social structure is one of the basic ideas of the French sociologist P. Bourdieu, who discovered the dependence of the differentiation of life styles (that is, practices and tastes) on the volume and ratio of economic and cultural capital of different social groups . P. Bourdieu notes that unequal conditions of existence give rise to different practices. Thus, professors and teachers, who have a large amount of cultural capital compared to industrialists and businessmen, are characterized by the consumption of other foods and drinks, as well as a different level of budget expenditures for these purposes. We can say that it is more typical for workers to consume wine and beer (in France), and for the wealthy classes - cognac and champagne. At the same time, the theory of postmodern society suggests that such class differences in the modern world are being erased and city dwellers are becoming characterized by a fragmented, mosaic lifestyle, borrowing practices from different social segments.

Empirical studies of alcohol consumption have also contributed to the structural approach. The alcohol consumption typologies used by the authors can be based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Within the first, it is customary to distinguish at least three groups: abstainers, moderate consumers and those whose alcohol consumption can be hazardous to health. A qualitative approach at the interregional level distinguishes such types as northern (preference for drinks such as vodka, as well as heavy drinking from time to time), southern (with a predominance of regular, but not excessive consumption of wine) and central European (with a focus on beer and irregular consumption of strong alcohol) . Statistics show that in recent years the Central European type has captured more and more countries, including those that previously belonged to the northern or southern type. This process also affected Russia: in the 1990s. The share of vodka consumers has significantly decreased and the share of beer consumers has increased.

Thus, advances in the field of alcohol consumption research allow us to put forward two opposing hypotheses.

Hypothesis 1: alcohol consumption in Russia remains highly differentiated in volume and structure depending on social group (including gender, age, social class and others).

Hypothesis 2: the boundaries of social groups in the area of ​​consumption have become blurred (especially in cities), which has led to the emergence of a postmodern lifestyle, characterized by a combination of fragments from different types (in our case, this means a weak relationship between the nature of alcohol consumption and social characteristics and a high degree of combination of different drinks).

In our study, for a number of reasons, we will consider only alcohol consumption by the population of large cities. First, depending on the level of urbanization, differences were identified in the structure of alcohol consumption by type. Thus, in large cities the share of consumers of wine and cognac is 1.5-2 times higher, and moonshine - half as high as in the countryside. Second, in rural areas the social structure and patterns of alcohol consumption are more homogeneous, which makes testing their relationship less interesting. Thirdly, it was found that prestige consumption, as well as a postmodern lifestyle, are more characteristic of urban populations than of rural residents.

The main information base of the project is data from the Russian Target Group Index (RTG), provided free of charge for our research by Synovate Comcon. This database has been collected by Synovate Comcon annually since 1995 on the basis of a large-scale questionnaire survey of residents of Russian cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people. and contains data on the consumption of goods and services, media preferences and lifestyle, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the family as a whole and its individual members.

We will consider the dynamics of the structure of alcohol consumption based on the data from the Russian Center for Social Sciences for 2000-2010, and the factors influencing the consumption of different types of alcohol - based on data for 2010. The general population of the Russian Center for Social Sciences (population over 16 years old, living in cities with a population of more than 100 thousand .) amounted to more than 57 million people in 2010, the sample was almost 29 thousand people. Of these, those who drank at least one alcoholic beverage in the last three months accounted for 70.5%, that is population alcohol consumers - 40.3 million people. (sample - 18.56 thousand people).

One more Russian base The data on the basis of which alcohol consumption is often analyzed is the study “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of HSE, RLMS-HSE”. However, some results obtained from RLMS-HSE and RICG data may differ slightly. This is due to several factors. First, in the RLMS-HSE, information on alcohol consumption is collected for the last month before the survey (most often October or November), and in the RIC - for the last three months. In addition, since data is collected quarterly in the RIC, the influence of seasonality is virtually eliminated. This explains why the share of consumers of such drinks as champagne and cognac is significantly higher in RICH compared to RLMS-HSE: they are often drunk on holidays. In addition, these types of alcohol are more typical for residents of cities, which are the object of the RICH (and RLMS-HSE is representative for all of Russia). It must also be said that the RIC does not have data on the consumption of moonshine and homemade wine: These types of alcohol are consumed significantly less often in the city compared to the countryside, so this does not lead to a significant underestimation of consumption.

We will begin the analysis with a study of the dynamics of the share of alcohol consumers in general and individual drinks, which will place our research in the context of changes in consumption patterns. A respondent is considered a consumer of each type of drink if he drank it during the last three months before the survey. Accordingly, alcohol consumers are those respondents who have drank at least one type of alcohol over the past three months.

Next, we will analyze the relationship between the consumption of individual drinks and the respondent's membership in social groups defined by their gender, age, education, income and social class. For this purpose, correlation analysis and correspondence analysis (CA) will be applied. In this latter we will use two groups of variables: the first is the fact of consumption of different alcoholic beverages; the second is socio-demographic characteristics. In different AS models, the composition of the variables of the second group will differ (gender and age groups, professional and income groups, social classes). In our research, we will always use the division into social classes according to the methodology of the European Society for Public Opinion Polls and marketing research(European Society for Opinion and Market Research, ESOMAR), adopted by the RIC: A - highest class; B, C1 and C2 - middle classes (higher-middle, middle-middle and lower-middle, respectively); D - lower and E - lower-lower classes.

Then we will move on to consider the repertoire map of the alcoholic beverages market, showing how many types of alcohol the consumer drinks along with the selected one.

At the next stage of analysis, to identify characteristic types of consumers depending on the structure of preferred drinks, a cluster analysis model was implemented on the totality of those respondents who consume alcohol. For classification, the k-means cluster analysis procedure on factors, built into the DataFriendWeb package, was used, using the dichotomous variable “does the respondent drink this type of alcoholic drink?” The socio-demographic characteristics of each cluster are examined based on the significance of correlations between them and the “cluster number” variable.

Finally, we will look at the relationship of consumer characteristics (gender, age, income, education, social class) with volume, frequency, types, brands and location of consumption for drinks such as beer, vodka, wine and cognac. For this purpose, methods of correlation analysis and correspondence analysis will also be used. In the AS, in this case, as the first group of variables, a set of dummy variables is used about the fact of consumption by the respondent of a particular brand of each type of alcohol.

In 2000-2010 The share of consumers of any alcoholic beverages among the urban population over 16 years of age fell from 78 to 70.5%, that is, their number decreased by 2 million people. (from 42.3 to 40.3 million). At the same time, the reduction in the share of drinkers affected men more strongly: during the analyzed period it fell among them by almost 11 percentage points, while among women it fell by only 5 percentage points.

As in Russia as a whole, among the population of large cities most of the patterns regarding the determinants of the likelihood of drinking alcohol remain the same. All the factors described below have a significant effect, identified on the basis of correlation analysis. Thus, the probability of consuming any alcoholic beverages increases linearly with the level of education and per capita income (with the exception of the least affluent group). The dependence on age is quadratic, that is, with age, the proportion of alcohol consumers first increases and then falls. The maximum proportion of alcohol consumers is aged 35-44 years. At the age of 16-19 years, there are more girls who drink (51%) than boys (46%), but already in the next age interval (20-25 years) men are ahead of women. For 2000-2010 Alcohol consumption decreased among both men and women of all ages, with the exception of the oldest. Among men over 65 years of age, this proportion has remained virtually unchanged (75% in 2010), and among women of this age it has even increased (from 40 to 55%).

As in other studies (based on RLMS-HSE data), it was found that the proportion of drinkers is higher among people living in cities with a population of more than 1 million people; married (including unregistered); having a job (the type of work - mental or physical - is insignificant); in households without children or with children under 5 years of age. Apparently, the lower proportion of drinkers in families with children aged 10-18 can be explained by the parents’ desire not to encourage them to start drinking alcohol. IN in this case this most likely supports the social hoops theory.

Among married men, the share of alcohol consumers is 80.2%, while for single men it is 67.9% (significant correlation coefficients for married: + 0.132; for single: - 0.124 compared to the Russian average). For women, such differences are characteristic to a lesser extent: the difference in the share of consumption among married and unmarried people is only 5 percentage points (68.5 and 63.3%, respectively). However, the correlation coefficients show the presence of a weak (for unmarried: - 0.043; for married: + 0.061), but significant dependence, that is, single women are slightly less prone to alcohol consumption than married women.

Of the million-plus cities, the lowest proportion of abstainers is in St. Petersburg (22%). It turned out to be unexpected that among Ukrainians and especially Belarusians there are more alcohol consumers (75 and 80%, respectively) than among Russians (70.6%), and among Tatars there are almost the same number (69.5%) as among Russians. This contradicts the assumption that being Muslim is a barrier to alcohol consumption. The share of those who drink is higher among representatives of the upper and middle-middle classes (about 74%), and the smallest among the lower class (60%).

During the period under review (2000-2010), the popularity rating of different types of alcoholic beverages did not change, but the share of consumers of beer, vodka, wine and ready-made low-alcohol cocktails fell slightly, while the share of other drinks increased (see Fig. 1). In 2010, like 10 years ago, the share of beer consumers is highest; in second place is vodka, followed by wine and champagne, cognac, ready-made cocktails and vermouth. For 2005-2010 The share of those who drink whiskey (twice) and rum has increased, although the level of consumption of these drinks is still low (but in 2000, only 1.5% of alcohol consumers drank whiskey, and 0.7% drank rum).

Figure 1. Dynamics of the share of consumers of various alcoholic beverages as a percentage of all alcohol consumers over 16 years of age. RICG, 2000-2010

It is well known that the structure of alcohol consumption has a pronounced gender character: the so-called men's drinks are primarily beer and vodka, and women's drinks are wine and champagne. However, if you look at the dynamics, you will notice that over 11 years the structure of alcohol consumption among women has changed more than among men. Among men, the share of those drinking vodka fell the most (from 81 to 60%), slightly less - the share of drinking beer (from 86 to 78%), and the share of drinking cognac (from 13 to 20%) and whiskey increased (from 2005 to 2010). - from 5 to 8%).

Among women, the share of vodka drinkers also fell the most (but this change was more radical than among men - from 53 to 29%) and beer (from 60 to 48%). During the same time, the share of those who drank champagne increased from 45 to 51%, while those who drank wine remained at the same level (52%). The peak share of wine drinkers among women occurred in 2004 (60%, that is, more than the share of beer drinkers). The proportion of those who consumed cognac (from 10 to 18%), vermouth (from 8 to 11%), liqueurs (from 5 to 9%), and whiskey (from 3 to 6% in 2005-2010) also increased.

There is quite a significant difference in changes in the consumption structure by age. In the age group of 20-35 years, the share of those who drank vodka fell the most (from 66 to 34%, that is, almost half) and the share of those who drank wine (from 46 to 36%) and beer (from 83 to 76%) decreased slightly, the level of consumption The rest of the drinks have changed little. But among people over 55 years of age, the share of vodka and beer drinkers also fell, but not so much, while the share of wine, champagne and especially cognac consumers increased significantly. True, it should be noted that during the observations, people became 10 years older, that is, the age group of 20-35 years in 2010 are those young people who were only 10-25 years old in 2000. Changes in consumption may therefore be explained more by changes in cohorts than by changes in tastes within a generation.

As for changes in the structure of consumption by social classes, they were similar in both the lower and higher (including upper-middle) classes: the share of vodka consumers fell significantly (in the upper A and upper-middle B classes from 65 to 45%, in lower D and lower-lower E - from 70 to 47%); the proportion of those drinking beer decreased, but not so much (in classes A and B - from 74 to 59%; in class D - from 76 to 67%; in class E - from 67 to 54%). The share of wine drinkers in all classes changed slightly (although in class A it increased from 49 to 52%, and in class B it fell from 49 to 44%); the share of cognac lovers increased in all classes (in the highest - from 25 to 32%, and in the lowest - from 6 to 10%), champagne decreased slightly in all classes except the two lowest (here it even increased slightly: in class E - from 25 to 29%). However, the percentage of those who drink these three drinks remained higher in the upper classes.

Correlation analysis based on 2010 data showed that women are more likely than men to consume a range of alcoholic beverages. Thus, among women drinkers, the share of wine drinkers is 52%, champagne - 50%, vermouth - 11%, liqueur - 8.7%, which is almost twice as high as among men. But among men there are one and a half times more lovers of vodka (59.8%) and beer (78.4%).

As for the influence of age, we can say that the popularity of beer reaches its maximum (76%) in the group of people 20-24 years old, then gradually decreases to 38.5% for people over 65 years old. The peak popularity of vodka occurs between the ages of 55-64 years (54.4%), after which the share of its consumers in the oldest age group decreases to 50.3%. A change in wine consumption patterns was observed in different age groups. In 2000, the share of wine consumers was highest among young people aged 2024 (45.5%), then decreased to 34.6% among people over 65 years of age. In 2010, the share of wine drinkers was the smallest (29%) among young people aged 16-19, then it gradually increased to 50.7% among the elderly. The influence of cohorts was not detected in this case. A similar trend can be seen for cognac and brandy.

Analysis of the correspondence between types of drinks and gender and age groups made it possible to identify the horizontal axis as gender, and the vertical axis as age (see Fig. 2). Based on significant positive relationships, it can be established that wine, champagne, liqueurs and vermouth are most typical for consumption by women over 25 years old, rum - by women 20-24 years old. Cognac is most typical for men over 65, vodka for men over 25, beer for men under 54, and whiskey for men 20-34 and women 20-24. Tequila and low-alcohol cocktails are most commonly consumed by young people aged 16-24 of both sexes.

Figure 2. Analysis of correspondence between types of drinks and gender and age groups. RIC 2010

Note. Green dotted lines indicate significant positive relationships between traits.

Thus, gender and age aspects in the consumption of various drinks are most clearly expressed: lighter and sweeter drinks are typically feminine, and stronger or bitter ones are typically masculine. In addition, there are status drinks for older people (primarily men), this is cognac, and, conversely, for young people, regardless of gender, these are low-alcohol cocktails, tequila, whiskey and rum. As you can see, the last group of drinks is relatively new on the Russian market and has won the sympathy of, first of all, young people.

Let us now turn to the study of the relationship between the consumption of various drinks and social class. As we already noted in the literature review, a number of studies in the structuralist paradigm have revealed the relationship between the consumption of various drinks and social class. P. Bourdieu's study examined two type of capital, the different volume and structure of which are social classes: economic (expressed in income) and cultural (expressed in level of education). Is it possible to talk about the relationship between the social class to which a person belongs and his economic and cultural capital with the propensity to consume a particular drink? To do this, we first used correlation analysis, which showed the presence of significant relationships.

Thus, among alcohol consumers with incomplete secondary, secondary and secondary specialized education, the largest number of drinkers are beer (more than 65%) and vodka (more than 45%). Students and university graduates also prefer beer (59.9%), but the second most popular drink is wine (46.3%). Among people with a science degree, wine is the most popular (63.3%), followed by vodka (57.3%). Thus, with an increase in the level of education, the share of consumers of wine and champagne significantly increases and the share of beer decreases. People with the highest level of education are also characterized by “experimentation”: in this case, there is the largest proportion of those who consume such atypical and expensive drinks for Russia as rum, gin, liqueur and whiskey.

As we have already seen, the largest proportion of alcohol consumers drink beer. However, the variation in beer consumption among different income groups is quite significant. So, for groups with per capita income below 2000 rubles. characterized by a high proportion of beer consumers (70.6%), while for groups with an income of 5000-7000 rubles. it is 57.4%. As income increases, the proportion of people who drink champagne, whiskey, cognac and brandy, tequila, and wine increases. Correlation analysis also showed the presence of a relationship between the consumption of different types of alcohol and social class. In the lowest-lowest class (E), the proportion of those drinking champagne (29%) and wine (37.2%) is minimal, and then it gradually increases, reaching 51.8% and 45.3% respectively in the upper class ( A). Also, from class E to class A, the share of consumers of whiskey (from 1.1 to 11.9%) and cognac (from 10.3 to 31.6%) is growing. The share of lovers of gin, rum and tequila is increasing, but only slightly, since in general very little of them are drunk in Russia. Vodka consumption varies little by social class, but the slight variation is nonlinear. Thus, the lower class (E) is characterized by the largest share of consumers of vodka and bitters (47%), then this value decreases to 42% in the middle class and grows again to 45% in the upper classes.

The second correspondence analysis model was implemented to identify relationships between types of alcoholic beverages, on the one hand, and per capita income and level of education, on the other (see Fig. 3, only significant positive relationships are shown). The horizontal axis in this model can be interpreted as income growth (from right to left), and the vertical axis as education growth (from top to bottom).

Because education level, income, position, and social class are interrelated variables, they do not fit well together in a single correspondence analysis model, so in the other two models we used the variables “position” (and “occupation” for unemployed) and “social class.” . These three models ultimately made it possible to distinguish three groups of drinks.

The first group included vermouth, cognac and wine; their use corresponds to a high level of education. Cognac, in addition, marks the consumption of three classes occupying the best positions in the social structure (A, B and C1), as well as highly qualified specialists and second-level managers. Wine is the choice of educated retirees. Whiskey, rum, gin and tequila correspond to a high level of per capita income; At the same time, whiskey marks all three higher classes, rum - upper-middle class (B), and tequila - middle-middle class (C1). Managers of enterprises and organizations prefer both whiskey and tequila. Vodka, beer and low-alcohol cocktails form a group associated with low income and education. At the same time, the preference for both vodka and beer characterizes the lower class (D), people with secondary and specialized secondary education, as well as skilled workers and craftsmen. The lower-lower class (E) prefers vodka rather than beer. And for students and people with incomplete secondary education (most often these are college students and schoolchildren), consumption of low-alcohol cocktails is typical.

Thus, the structure of consumption of various alcoholic beverages confirms our first hypothesis - that they often act as indicators of belonging to a certain status position associated with the possession of a certain level of cultural and economic capital, as well as professional status. We can say that Russian alcohol consumers do not yet look like people of a postmodern society, which is characterized by a mosaic and fragmented lifestyle.

Figure 3. Analysis of the correspondence between types of drinks and education, per capita income and social class. RICG, 2010

The data also showed a significant effect of job type on drink choice. Thus, among manual workers, compared to those engaged in mental labor, there is a higher proportion of those who consume beer (74.4 versus 60.8%), vodka and bitters (52.5 versus 39.8%). On the contrary, among knowledge workers there is a higher proportion of consumers of champagne (44.5 versus 29.4%), wine (47.9 versus 28.8%) and cognac (25.2 versus 14.9%). This corresponds well to the results obtained by both P. Bourdieu for France and M. Thornton for Austria: certain types of alcoholic beverages are associated with status differences among consumers and carry a semantic load, acting as “official” and “unofficial.” As in Austria, in Russia champagne is positioned as a formal and “disconnecting” drink, while vodka and beer are positioned as informal, consumed among friends and strengthening social ties.

The greater the proportion of consumers of any alcoholic drink, the less it is combined with the consumption of other types of alcohol. Thus, among lovers of the most popular drink in Russia today - beer - half also drink vodka and about a third also drink wine or champagne. Other drinks are chosen less frequently. More than 70% of vodka consumers also drink beer, a third drink champagne and wine, and a quarter drink cognac. Half of wine drinkers do not refuse both beer and champagne, and 38% do not refuse vodka. Approximately the same situation is typical for champagne consumers. The tastes of more than half of cognac lovers allow them to drink wine and champagne, and more than 60% - beer and vodka. But among consumers of almost all other drinks (except for liqueurs and vermouth, although for them the shares given below are simply slightly smaller), more than three-quarters drink beer, more than half drink vodka, wine, champagne and cognac. Thus, whiskey, gin, rum and tequila do not represent the choice of a “loyal” consumer, but are characteristic of people with diverse tastes and high incomes who can afford to buy them.

The repertoire map of consumption of alcoholic beverages presented in Figure 4 illustrates their location in the space of two axes: vertically - the share of consumers, horizontally - the average number of drinks consumed. An inverse relationship between these indicators is obvious, which is usual for markets of many goods (as a rule, such a map is built for different brands). It can also be noted that beer has the highest share of consumers (62%) and at the same time the smallest number of preferred drinks: for example, a beer lover drinks on average 1.8 types of other drinks (including beer - 2.8 types of drinks). Vodka, champagne and wine occupy similar positions: the share of consumers is about 40%, and the average number of other drinks consumed is slightly more than two types. Accordingly, those who drink cognac (about 20%) on average focus on three other types of alcohol. But the share of consumers of other drinks does not exceed 10%, but if for lovers of vermouth and liqueurs the average number of other drinks consumed is about 4.5 types, then for those who drink whiskey and tequila - 4.5, and for those who drink rum and gin - 5. 5.

Figure 4. Repertoire map of the alcoholic beverages market. RIC 2010

To divide consumers into different segments by type of consumption, cluster analysis was used, as mentioned above. The optimal number of clusters - four - was identified in the process of interpreting various solutions.

Cluster 1: lovers of light alcohol (37.2% of the total number of alcohol consumers). Among the respondents in this cluster, the largest share consumes beer (62.5%), a very small number drink other strong drinks (for example, 5% cognac), and no one drinks vodka. At the same time, 21% drink champagne, and 25.7% drink wine.

In this group, the proportion of women is significantly higher than the average for the sample (58%), but this group is quite gender neutral. The share of young people under 35 is also significantly higher here (47%). The differences by level of education are not very large, although they are significant: in general, the proportion of people with higher education is lower here (44%). 30% are not engaged in the labor market, the rest are approximately equally engaged in physical and mental labor. In this group, the proportion of representatives of the lower class E (7.5%) is significantly higher and the proportion of classes A and B is significantly lower (12% in total).

Cluster 2: male type of consumption (32.5%). Among the people included in this cluster, the largest proportion of consumers are vodka (99.6%) and beer (71.5%). Since these drinks correspond to a “masculine” image, this cluster was named accordingly. 17.5% each drink cognac and champagne, 14% drink wine.

This group, as one might expect, is almost three-quarters male, and 60% of its representatives are between the ages of 35 and 64, which is significantly higher than in the entire sample. Thus, more than half of the consumers of strong alcohol are older people, which corresponds to the previously discovered results: with increasing age, the consumption structure shifts towards strong alcoholic drinks. More than half of all cluster members (56.9%) have secondary or specialized secondary education; 60% of workers (or 43% of the entire group) are engaged in manual labor. In this cluster, the highest proportions of people from the lower and lower-low classes (in total - 37.5%), the average level of per capita income is 14.6 thousand rubles. (about $500).

Cluster 3: female type of consumption (26%). Among the respondents assigned to this cluster, the highest proportion of consumers are wine (88.2%) and champagne (85%). The consumption of these drinks, as shown above, is typical primarily for women and corresponds to their image. In this group, the shares of vermouth (21.1%) and cognac (34%) lovers are also high.

This group is 72% female. The cluster includes people from a wide range of age groups. The age structure is close to the Russian average, but there are slightly fewer young people aged 20-35 and more elderly people over 55 (the differences are significant). 58% have higher or incomplete higher education, so it is not surprising that 69% of workers are engaged in mental work (48% of the entire group). Almost half of all members of this group belong to classes A, B and C1 (that is, higher, higher-middle and middle-middle), which exceeds the average share of representatives of these classes in Russia as a whole (36%). However, the average per capita income of representatives of this group is not so high (16.5 thousand rubles).

Cluster 4: eclectic type of consumption (4.3%). Although this is the smallest group, it is very interesting. Perhaps, only in connection with it can we talk about a postmodern style of consumption, since the shares of consumers of all alcoholic beverages are large here (the highest are whiskey (88%), beer (78%), rum (76%); the lowest are vermouth and low-alcohol cocktails (28% each). The share of vodka consumers is lower than in the male type (63%), however, for all drinks the correlation shows a significant excess of the share of consumers above the average for Russia.

This group does not have a pronounced gender specificity, although there are significantly more men in it (57%). Half of this cluster is under 35, more than any other group. It also has the highest level of education (64% have incomplete higher education, higher education or an academic degree), the share of people engaged in mental work (52%), and income level (20% had a per capita income above $1,000). A fifth of this group belongs to the upper classes (A and B), another 62% belong to the middle classes (C1 and C2). This cluster has the highest proportion of managers (first level - 5.2%, second level - 17%).

Thus, clusters corresponding to different types of consumption have both gender-age and class specificities. It can be said that the male type of alcohol consumption is characteristic of both men and older people, as well as people with lower incomes and education. In contrast, women's pattern of alcohol consumption is less associated with age, but is typical for the middle class, that is, for people with high education, but not the highest incomes. The remaining two types can be called youth; these types do not have such a bright gender coloring, however, there is a significant difference between them in social status. Light alcohol drinkers often do not work or study and do not have the highest incomes, while the eclectic type is typical for highly wealthy young people holding high positions. We can confirm the above conclusion that the type of alcohol consumption in modern Russia is quite closely related to social, gender and age status and can be considered as one of its identifiers. Even the eclectic type of consumption that we discovered, which is closest to the concept of a postmodern lifestyle, is still a marker of the highest status groups.

As we saw above, a number of alcoholic beverages - such as cocktails, vermouth, whiskey, liqueurs, gin, rum and tequila - are drunk by less than 10% of alcohol consumers, and their consumption itself is already a social marker due to its rarity. However, for example, beer and vodka are drunk by both men and women, both young and old, both poor and rich, although in different proportions. The same, but to a lesser extent, can be said about wine, champagne and cognac. One might expect that not only do alcoholic beverages themselves act as indicators of membership in a particular social group, but also the volume (or frequency) of consumption, preferred brands and price may serve this purpose. Unfortunately, the RIC database does not contain information on expenses for the purchase of alcoholic beverages, so let’s try to look at the differences in other characteristics (based on data for 2010).

It is not surprising that among beer consumers, men drink it more often than women (men - 7 times a month on average; women - 3.8 times), and drink a larger volume (6.4 versus 3.8 liters). In addition, men more often drink strong beer, and women drink light beer. The dependence of consumption volume on age is quadratic, as are the shares of consumers (the maximum volume - 6.3 liters per month - is drunk by people aged 25-34 years; the least amount - 3 liters - is drunk by elderly people over 65 years old). Older people often prefer strong beer. More than a fifth of young people under 25 drink beer in bars, discos, etc., and this share then drops sharply with age, reaching 5% or less for people over 45. Poor people (with a per capita income of up to 5,000 rubles) and those with average incomes (15-30 thousand rubles) also drink the most. As the level of education increases, the volume of consumption decreases. Most high level consumption in the lowest class (D) is 5.7 liters per month, and the lowest in the upper class (A) is 5.1 liters. The middle classes are somewhat more likely to drink beer in restaurants, pubs and bars (12-13 versus 4%), while the lower classes drink beer on the street (8-9% versus 5-6%). People most likely to drink alone are the upper (18%) and lower-lower classes (24%).

It is curious that in all classes the most popular is Baltika (Baltika No. 7 is most often drunk by 11% of the upper and 14% of the upper-middle classes, and Baltika No. 3 by 19.5% of the lower-low and 17.6 % lower classes). However, the greatest differences between classes (as well as between people with different levels of education and income) are observed in the preferences of less common brands: for example, “Velkopopovicky Kozel” is drunk more often than other brands by 8.4% of the upper class and only 2.7% of the lower-lowest. class. However, there are no significant differences between social classes in the average number of brands consumed. Correspondence analysis showed that the most characteristic brands for the upper, upper-middle and middle-middle classes are the brands “Staropramen”, “Velkopopovicky Kozel” and “Holsten”; classes B and C1, in addition, prefer Heineken and Carlsberg; class A - “Zlatopramen” and “Sol”. Classes E and D most often drink, in addition to Baltika, such brands as Zhigulevskoe, Klinskoe, Yarpivo, Okhota, Three Bears. Thus, there are two distinct types of brands: the lower classes prefer cheaper domestic brands, and the upper and middle classes prefer more expensive foreign ones. For the lower classes, when choosing, it is also significantly more important that the brand is easy to find on sale (18.6% in class E and only 8% in class A), as well as an acceptable price (39 versus 23%), and for the upper classes - country of origin (18 versus 15% in class E).

Like beer, vodka is a drink with a masculine image, so it is not surprising that men drink it more often than women (on average 3.7 times a month versus 1.7 times), and twice as much (the average man drinks 0. 6 liters per month, and a woman - 0.3 liters). With age, the frequency of vodka consumption gradually increases, reaching 3.3 times a month for older people 55-64 years old, and maximum amount- more than 0.5 liters - drunk by middle-aged people, 25-54 years old. The amount of drinking depends nonlinearly on income, and decreases with increasing education. The lower classes drink more than the upper classes. There are also significant differences in the share of those who drink vodka in a bar or restaurant: this share is higher among younger people and lower in lower classes. For the lower classes, also significantly more important when choosing a brand are the reasonable price (45% of class E and 40% of class D choose this factor, but only 30% of the upper classes) and the fact that the brand is easy to find on sale (27% for class E and 11% for class A). It is quite interesting that the brand that is most often consumed by all social classes, except the lowest-lowest, is the “Green Brand” (it was noted by 17-18% of classes A, B, C1 and D), and in class E - “Wheat”. However, a significantly larger proportion of both the upper classes and people with higher education choose “Parliament”.

Although the proportion of wine consumers is higher among women, men on average consume it 1.5 times more and more often than women (2.7 times a month, drinking 0.6 liters). Men prefer women more often dry wine, and the weaker sex is sweet. The dependence of consumption volume on age is quadratic (they drink the most at the age of 35-45 years, 0.5 liters per month), and on income it is close to linear (direct dependence). However, people with incomplete secondary education drink more wine (0.6 l) than those with higher education (0.43 l), although the share of wine consumers among the former is 16%, and among the latter - 35%. Most often, the highest class drinks wine (2.5 times a month), as well as classes B and E (2.2 times a month). However, the volume of alcohol consumed by class does not differ significantly from the average.

There are significant differences by country of origin. Correspondence analysis shows that the upper class prefers German, Chilean and Spanish wines, the upper-middle class prefers Spanish and French, the middle-middle class prefers Chilean, Italian and Argentinean, that is, foreign wines. At the same time, the lower-lowest class prefers Russian and Hungarian wines, and the lower class prefers Russian and Bulgarian. In general, more expensive foreign wines are preferred by people with higher incomes and education, while domestic and cheaper wines are preferred by people with lower incomes. The upper classes prefer dry wine, while the lower classes prefer fortified wine. As in the case of vodka and beer, the factors of affordability and availability are more important for the lower classes than for others.

Cognac is also a more “masculine” drink, and men drink it more often than women (1.8 vs. 1.3 times per month) and more (0.3 vs. 0.2 l), although these differences are smaller than for vodka and beer . The share of cognac consumers is highest at the age of 35-64 years, however, the largest amount on average is drunk by people 20-44 years old (more than 0.25 liters per month). The share of cognac consumers also increases linearly with the level of social hierarchy (from 6% in class E to 24% in class A), but the volume of consumption per person does not change significantly. The upper classes prefer older skates, choosing brands for good taste and quality. The upper classes (A, B and C1) drink Ararat more often than others (12-13%), the lower-middle class drinks Hennessy (11%), the lower class drinks White Stork, and the lower-low class drinks Russian. and "White Stork". Correspondence analysis, in addition to the identified preferences, also showed that “Remy Martin” is characteristic of the upper class.

The results of our study showed that differences in the structure of consumption of alcoholic beverages are important symbolic characteristics of social groups in Russia, primarily gender, age, and educational and income groups, which allows us to say that hypothesis 1 was confirmed, and not hypothesis 2. First of all this applies to the choice of drinks itself: for example, beer, vodka and other strong drinks are typical for male consumption, and wine, champagne and liqueurs - for female consumption. In general, women choose lighter and sweeter drinks (even prefer sweet wine over dry), and men confirm their status with strong and bitter types of alcohol. These preferences should be attributed primarily to the cultural traditions that reinforced such symbols of gender status. Age differences also reflect fixed stereotypes: older groups prefer vodka and wine, younger groups prefer beer and low-alcohol cocktails, most likely due to aggressive advertising in the late 1990s. and affordability of price and portions, since a single dose of beer or cocktail (can, bottle) is easy to buy and drink, and stronger drinks, as a rule, require division into portions (that is, drinking in company or over time).

Class differences associated with unequal amounts of cultural and economic capital are also reflected primarily in the types of drinks chosen, consistent with the results obtained for France in the 1970s. P. Bourdieu, although the list of these drinks in Russia is somewhat different. Thus, the upper classes in Russia are more inclined to consume wine, champagne, cognac, whiskey and such “exotic” drinks as rum and tequila. At the same time, the volume of consumption is not an indicator of luxury for alcohol, as it was, for example, in the Middle Ages for meat consumption. On the contrary, beer and vodka, which are consumed by all classes, are consumed to a greater extent by the less educated and poorer. But for these drinks, as well as for wine, the most significant class differences are found in the choice of brands and producers. The lower classes focus on affordability and availability, choosing cheap domestic brands, while the upper classes focus on quality and taste, preferring more expensive foreign brands.

Thus, in general, in modern Russia, a high dependence has been identified between types of alcohol consumption and social classes, as was discovered by P. Bourdieu. Features of a postmodern lifestyle, characterized by a mosaic of consumption, and in our case, eclecticism of taste, were found in less than 5% of alcohol consumers, who mainly belong to the educated and wealthy strata of young people occupying leadership positions. However, in this case, there is still no reason to believe that such a style of alcohol consumption will spread from rich to poor, as often happens with goods that were considered a luxury for some time, but then became commonplace, as noted in the trickle-down theory. Rather, this pattern of eclectic consumption also acts in this case as an indicator of high social status.

This scientific work uses the results of the project “Sociological studies of modern Russian markets", carried out within the framework of the Fundamental Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of Economics in 2014.
Pyotr Aleksandrovich Martynenko is a first-year master's student in Applied Methods of Social Analysis of Markets at the Faculty of Sociology of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.
Roshchina Yana Mikhailovna - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Sociology, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Economic and Sociological Research of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.
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Roshchina Y. 2012. Dynamics and structure of alcohol consumption in modern Russia. In: Kozyreva P. M. (responsible editor). Bulletin of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the National Research University of Higher School of Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). M.: Publishing house. HSE building: 245.
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Harvey D. 1989. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell; Herpen N., Verger D. 2008. Consommation et modes de vie en France. Paris: La Decouverte, coll. "Grands Reperes".
Becker G., Murphy K. 1988. A Theory of Rational Addiction. Journal of Political Economy. 96 (4): 675-700.
In the same place, r. 677.
In the same place, r. 682.
Andrienko Y., Nemtsov A. 2005. Estimation of Individual Demand for Alcohol. Economics Education and Research Consortium Working Paper Series. No. 05/10.
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Douglas M., Isherwood B. 1979. The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption. New York: W. W. Norton; Levi-Strauss C. 1981 (1947). Les structures elementaires de la parente. Paris: Mouton.
Elias N. 1969. The Civilizing Process. Vol. I. The History of Manners. Oxford: Blackwell; Elias N. 1982. The Civilizing Process. Vol. II. State Formation and Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell; Mennell S. 1987. On The Civilizing of Appetite. Theory, Culture & Society. 4 (2-3): 373-403.
Mennell S. 1985. All Manners of Food. Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present. Oxford: Basil Blackwell; Mennell S. 1987. On The Civilizing of Appetite. Theory, Culture & Society. 4 (2-3): 373-403.
Douglas M. 1987. A Distinctive Anthropological Perspective. In: Douglas M. (ed.) Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 7.
Ibid., r. 10.
Thornton M. 1987. Sekt versus Schnapps in an Austrian Village. In: Douglas M. (ed.) Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 102-112
Ibid.
Baudrillard J. 1968. Le systeme des objets. Paris: Gallimard.
Harvey D. 1989. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
Brennan A. et al. 2009. Modeling to Assess the Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Public Health Related Strategies and Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Attributable Harm in England Using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model Version 2.0. Report to the NICE Public Health Program Development Group. 9 November 2009.
Popova S. et al. 2007. Comparing Alcohol Consumption in Central and Eastern Europe to Other European Countries. Alcohol & Alcoholism. 42 (5): 465-473.
Right there.
Tapilina V. 2006. How much does Russia drink? Volume, dynamics and differentiation of alcohol consumption. Sociological research. 2: 85-94; Roshchina Y. 2012. Dynamics and structure of alcohol consumption in modern Russia. In: Kozyreva P. M. (responsible editor). Bulletin of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the National Research University of Higher School of Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). M.: Publishing house. HSE House; 238-257.
Klimova S. 2007. Alcoholism: ordinary theories. Social reality. 2: 30-40. URL: http://corp. fom.ru/uploads/socreal/post-225.pdf: 35; Roshchina Y. 2012. Dynamics and structure of alcohol consumption in modern Russia. In: Kozyreva P. M. (responsible editor). Bulletin of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the National Research University of Higher School of Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). M.: Publishing house. HSE House; 238-257.
Kozyreva P., Dorofeeva Z. 2008. General and specific in the adaptation of townspeople and villagers to radical transformations. In the collection: Golenkova Z. T. (responsible editor). Modernization of the social structure of Russian society. M.: Institute of Sociology RAS: 73; Herpen N., Verger D. 2008. Consommation et modes de vie en France. Paris: La Decouverte, coll. "Grands Reperes".
For more information about the RIC, see: URL: http://www.comcon-2.ru/default.asp?trID=427
See URL: http://www.comcon-2.ru/
See, for example: [Roshchina Y. 2012. Dynamics and structure of alcohol consumption in modern Russia. In: Kozyreva P. M. (responsible editor). Bulletin of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the National Research University of Higher School of Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). M.: Publishing house. HSE House; 238-257].
See description of classes and methods of their construction: URL: http://www.comcon-2.ru/default.asp?artID=1937
Unfortunately, not all types of drinks had data on the volume of consumption, which, perhaps, would be more informative for conducting cluster analysis.
Roshchina Y. 2013. To Drink or Not to Drink: The Microeconomic Analysis of Alcohol Consumption in Russia in 2006-2010. WP BRP 20/SOC/2013, Moscow: National Research University Higher School of Economics.
Roshchina Y. 2012. Dynamics and structure of alcohol consumption in modern Russia. In: Kozyreva P. M. (responsible editor). Bulletin of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). M.: Publishing house. HSE House; 238-257.
Roshchina Y. 2012. Dynamics and structure of alcohol consumption in modern Russia. In: Kozyreva P. M. (responsible editor). Bulletin of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the National Research University of Higher School of Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). M.: Publishing house. HSE House; 238-257.
Bourdieu P. 1984 (1979). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Transl. by Richard Nice. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
The structure of these AS models is not given due to the limited space of the article.
Bourdieu P. 1984 (1979). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Transl. by Richard Nice. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; Thornton M. 1987. Sekt versus Schnapps in an Austrian Village. In: Douglas M. (ed.) Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 102-112.
Bourdieu P. 1984 (1979). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Transl. by Richard Nice. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Braudel F. 1979. Civilization materielle, economie et capitalisme, XVe - XVIIIe siecles. 3 vols. Tome 1. Les Structures Du Quotidien: Le Possible et l "Impossible. Paris: Armand Colin; Ch. 3.
Bourdieu P. 1984 (1979). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Transl. by Richard Nice. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Braudel F. 1979. Civilization materielle, economie et capitalisme, XVe - XVIIIe siecles. 3 vols. Tome 1. Les Structures Du Quotidien: Le Possible et l "Impossible. Paris: Armand Colin; Ch. 3.

Object research is beer alcoholism in adolescence.

Subject research is the signs and features of the mechanism of occurrence of beer alcoholism.

Purpose This study is to identify the characteristics of beer alcoholism among young people, its signs and mechanism of development.

Research objectives.

• 1. Conduct a theoretical analysis and synthesis of the literature on the research problem.
• 2. Theoretically find out how beer affects the human body.
• 3. Identify the mechanisms of occurrence of beer alcoholism as an additive behavior in adolescence.

Beer alcoholism

Beer, along with natural grape wine, is one of the most ancient and most complex alcoholic beverages in composition.

Analyzing many publications about beer in the media and the Internet, one cannot help but notice that society seems to be divided into two camps: supporters and ardent opponents of this drink. Many articles praising healing properties beer, clearly have a biased character. It is especially unpleasant to come across this kind of article on portals with a medical bias.

Unfortunately, marketers of beer producing companies today, through advertising messages, influence young people much more strongly than the warning of the Chief Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation Gennady Onishchenko: “It is not AIDS, not tuberculosis that will destroy Russia, but “beer alcoholism” among the younger generation.”

Scientists studying the problem of alcoholism quite rightly consider it unlawful to divide alcoholic products according to the degree of their harmful effects on the body, since none of them are harmless.

Contrary to this attitude, beer producers, when advertising their product, strive to increase the influx of customers by the fact that beer is not alcoholic, but a low-alcohol, supposedly harmless and almost healthy “drink.” And this despite the fact that in recent years The alcohol content of beer reaches 14% in some varieties(i.e., it corresponds in alcohol content to wines), whereas during the USSR, the strength of beer, depending on the type, ranged from 1.5-6%, and more often - from 2.8% in Zhigulevskoye to 3.5% in Moskovskoye. Not many people know that a bottle of light beer is equivalent to 50-60 grams of vodka. Four bottles during the day - 200-240 g of vodka, almost half a bottle. The situation with energy cocktails is even worse. Here, to the same amount of alcohol, caffeine is added in the amount of four cups of strong coffee per can.

Beer alcoholism- a term denoting a morbid addiction to beer (gambrinism, gambrinismus).

Beer alcoholism is a form of alcoholism.

Narcology doctors really don’t like the journalistic cliche “beer alcoholism.” In this case, there should be vodka, champagne, cognac, chatter, they say. A disease called alcoholism" is the same, but the drinks that patients prefer may be different.

Recent consumption beer in Russia has increased, which leads to an increase in cases of alcoholism associated with drinking beer, especially among young people. For example, in the Komi Republic, according to media reports, the number of children found intoxicated increased by 4.5%, and among minors registered at the dispensary, 82% suffered from alcoholism due to beer. Beer is becoming an everyday drink.

Children They think that drinking beer is fashionable. A not fully formed body quickly gets used to the drink. If a teenager drinks a bottle of beer every day, he will become an alcoholic within a year. Problem teenage alcoholism is threatening. According to the latest sociological research data, 82% of young people aged 12-22 years drink alcoholic beverages.

Based on studies conducted in 1985 in paid clinics in Canada by comparing beer drinkers with consumers of other alcoholic products, it was found that the diagnosis of “palpable liver” is most often diagnosed in people who regularly drink beer.

Studies conducted in many countries indicate that chronic alcoholism develops 3-4 times faster from drinking beer than from strong alcoholic products. Although, ethyl alcohol itself is addictive, regardless of the “container” - beer, wine, vodka - who receives a fair dose of alcohol every day with beer, is psychologically protected, does not feel threatened and is not going to fight it. This will happen until a person sees himself in deep beer addiction. If he does not “improve his health” with a bottle or two of beer in the morning, his mental and physical well-being worsens, loss of strength and other symptoms appear.

Harm of beer for human body very extensive. Death of brain cells, which, dying, enter the blood, are filtered by the kidneys and exit with urine, dysfunction of the spinal cord, myocardial dystrophy, cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, pancreatitis, gastritis, neuropathy, damage to the visual and auditory analyzers. A correlation has also been proven between daily beer consumption and increased blood pressure. One of the severe complications of beer alcoholism is lactic acidosis and hyponatremia. Patients with beer alcoholism end up in hospitals in an extremely serious, neglected condition, most often with severe dementia and a decrease in personal assessment. These are the main consequences of beer alcoholism.

The most destructive and harmful consequence of excessive beer consumption is a bad heart or, as the German doctor Professor Bohlinger called it, a Bavarian heart. "beer" or "bull" heart(Figure 1.). It is expressed in the expansion of the cavities of the heart, thickening of its walls, necrosis in the heart muscle, reduction of mitochondria, etc. It is recognized that these changes are associated with the presence of cobalt in beer, which is used as a stabilizer of beer foam. The content of this toxic element in beer in the heart muscle of beer drinkers exceeds the permissible limit by 10 times. In addition, cobalt causes inflammatory processes in the esophagus and stomach in beer drinkers.

There are other factors that disrupt the functioning of the heart during beer alcoholism. These are, first of all, large portions of beer consumed per day by its lovers, as well as the saturation of beer with carbon dioxide. Once in the body, beer quickly overwhelms blood vessels. This leads to varicose veins and expansion of the borders of the heart. This is how “beer heart” syndrome or “nylon stocking” syndrome occurs, when the heart greatly increases in size, sags, becomes flabby and does not pump blood well.

Beer contains a number of toxic substances, including salts of heavy metals that cause changes in the endocrine system. Thus, in the body of men, with the systematic consumption of beer, a substance is released that suppresses the production of the male sex hormone testosterone. Beer contains phytoestrogens - an analogue of the female sex hormone, which leads to the gradual feminization of the male population. In men who drink beer, fat begins to be deposited according to the female type - on the hips and sides - the mammary glands grow (gynecomastia), the pelvis becomes wider, they become effeminate externally and internally. Beer weakens interest in the other sex. Fifteen to twenty years of beer experience - and impotence is guaranteed. Women who drink beer have an increased risk of developing cancer, infertility, and if they are a nursing mother, the child may experience epileptic convulsions. Also, women's voices become rougher and so-called "beer mustaches" appear.

In modern Russia, the problem of so-called children’s and youth “beer alcoholism” has sharply declared itself and has become the most acute problem. Today, the problem of “beer alcoholism” is one of the first places, often ahead of drug addiction and substance abuse.

Currently, Russia is among the countries whose population occupies a leading position in beer consumption.

Currently, the average age for starting beer consumption is 12-13 years. A few years ago it was 16-18 years old. Unfortunately, beer consumption by minors has been steadily increasing in recent years. According to the Center for Sociological Research, in the age group 11-24 years old, more than 70% consume beer. At the same time, girls do not lag behind boys.

The widespread practice of drinking beer and low-alcohol drinks in public places has a negative impact on the moral and ethical climate in society and creates an atmosphere of permissiveness. The desire to understand this issue, as well as its relevance today, prompted us to turn to the stated research topic.

82 people, school students in Samara aged 14-16 years, took part in the sociological study. Among them are 41 girls and 41 boys.

During the research process, a set of methods was used that were adequate to the object and subject of the study, namely: “Methodology of personality differential”, “Questionnaire to identify the attitude of adolescents towards beer alcoholism”. The reliability of the results was established using correlation analysis (Spearman's rank analysis), f* - Fisher's angular transformation test, U - Mann-Whitney test.

“Questionnaire to identify adolescents’ attitudes towards beer alcoholism” includes 16 questions with multiple answer options. The questionnaire is aimed at studying three main relationships: I.

Personal experience of use. This position is tracked by the following:

No. 4. At what age did you try alcoholic drink;

No. 5. What alcoholic drink did you try for the first time?

No. 7. How often do you drink alcohol?

No. 9. When you feel it is appropriate to drink alcohol;

No. 10. Have you ever regretted drinking alcohol?

No. 11. Have you ever experienced discomfort after drinking alcohol? II.

Civil position. This position is tracked by the following:

No. 1. Do you think that alcoholism is a problem in modern society;

No. 2. Do you think that this problem will always be present in society;

No. 6. What alcoholic drink can you drink at your age?

No. 8. How do you feel about prohibiting alcohol consumption?

No. 12. Will the situation with alcohol consumption change in the future?

No. 13. Do you think that anyone can become addicted to alcohol? III.

Involvement in prevention (attitude towards prevention):

No. 3. Do you think that you can make a significant contribution to the prevention of alcohol addiction;

No. 14. In your opinion, what motives can contribute to a person’s addiction to alcoholic beverages;

No. 15. If a loved one began to abuse alcohol, what would you do?

No. 16. In your opinion, is it difficult to recover from alcohol addiction?

Statistical analysis. The percentage of respondents who answered a particular question is calculated. 2.

Quantitative analysis. Allows you to track the positive or negative “attitude” of adolescents towards the problem of beer alcoholism.

After collecting data using the above questionnaire, the “Personality Differential” technique was carried out. The results obtained were compared, and methods of mathematical statistics were applied to them.

As a result, we were able to draw the following conclusions: 1.

There are differences in the attitude of boys and girls to the problem of “beer alcoholism.” 2.

The following positions are typical for boys: -

in adolescence you can drink beer; -

alcoholic drinks can be consumed in a situation of relieving emotional stress; -

Each person decides for himself whether to drink alcohol or not, so you should not interfere in the process of making this decision -

Teenage boys with a high level of self-esteem have a greater awareness of the problem of “beer alcoholism.” 3.

The following positions are typical for girls: -

It is appropriate to drink alcohol at a birthday party; -

If a loved one begins to abuse alcohol, then it is necessary to have an explanatory conversation with him. 4.

However, there are a number of similar opinions regarding the positions of boys and girls in relation to the problem of “beer alcoholism”. -

Regarding citizenship:

Alcoholism is a problem in modern society.

This problem will always be present in society.

Alcohol consumption cannot be prohibited.

The level of alcoholism will increase in the future. -

In relation to prevention:

It is difficult to recover from alcohol addiction.

Not every person can become addicted to alcoholic beverages.

Both believe that they will not be able to make a significant contribution to the prevention of alcohol addiction. -

In a relationship personal experience usage:

Boys and girls tried alcohol before the age of 14.

Neither one nor the other ever regretted drinking alcohol.

Thus, the study was able to establish that there are differences in the attitude of boys and girls to the problem of “beer alcoholism.” Despite this, it can be stated that not all problems voiced during the study were studied in depth and thoroughly. However, this study can become the basis for further study of the problem of “beer alcoholism” and can be used to prevent alcohol (beer) addiction among young people.

Literature 1.

Guzikov, B.M. Identification of adolescents at risk of drug and other abuse toxic substances/ B.M. Guzikov, A.A. Vdovichenko, N.Ya. Ivanov // Review of psychiatry and medical psychology. - 1993. 2.

Egorov, A.Yu. Features of alcoholism in puberty and postpuberty // Materials of the Congress on Child Psychiatry. September 25 -28, 2001. - M., 2001. 3.

Practical psychodiagnostics / Ed. D.Ya. Raigorodsky. - Samara, 2000. 4.

Korolenko, Ts.P. Addictive behavior. general characteristics and patterns of development // Review of psychiatry and medical psychology. - 1991.

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