natural catastrophic danger emergency

More than 30 dangerous natural phenomena and processes occur on the territory of Russia, among which the most destructive are floods, storm winds, rainstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, mudflows, and avalanches. Most of social and economic losses are associated with the destruction of buildings and structures due to insufficient reliability and protection from hazardous natural influences. The most common natural catastrophic phenomena of an atmospheric nature in Russia are storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, squalls (28%), followed by earthquakes (24%) and floods (19%). Dangerous geological processes such as landslides and collapses account for 4%. The remaining natural disasters, among which forest fires have the highest frequency, total 25%. Total annual economic damage from development 19 most hazardous processes in urban areas in Russia is 10-12 billion rubles. in year.

Among geophysical emergency events, earthquakes are one of the most powerful, terrible and destructive natural phenomena. They arise suddenly; it is extremely difficult, and most often impossible, to predict the time and place of their appearance, and even more so to prevent their development. In Russia, zones of increased seismic hazard occupy about 40% of the total area, including 9% of the territory classified as 8-9 point zones. More than 20 million people (14% of the country's population) live in seismically active zones.

Within seismically dangerous regions of Russia there are 330 settlements, including 103 cities (Vladikavkaz, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, etc.). Most dangerous consequences earthquakes cause destruction of buildings and structures; fires; releases of radioactive and emergency chemically hazardous substances due to destruction (damage) of radiation and chemically hazardous objects; transport accidents and disasters; defeat and loss of life.

A striking example of the socio-economic consequences of strong seismic phenomena is the Spitak earthquake in Northern Armenia, which occurred on December 7, 1988. During this earthquake (magnitude 7.0), 21 cities and 342 villages were affected; 277 schools and 250 healthcare facilities were destroyed or found to be in disrepair; More than 170 industrial enterprises ceased to function; About 25 thousand people died, 19 thousand received varying degrees of injury and injury. Total economic losses amounted to $14 billion.

Among geological emergency events, landslides and mudflows represent the greatest danger due to the massive nature of their spread. The development of landslides is associated with displacements of large masses rocks along slopes under the influence of gravitational forces. Precipitation and earthquakes contribute to the formation of landslides. IN Russian Federation Every year from 6 to 15 emergencies associated with the development of landslides are created. Landslides are widespread in the Volga region, Transbaikalia, the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia, Sakhalin and other regions. Urbanized areas are especially hard hit: 725 Russian cities are exposed to landslide phenomena. Mudflows are powerful flows, saturated hard materials, descending through mountain valleys at tremendous speed. The formation of mudflows occurs with rainfall in the mountains, intensive melting of snow and glaciers, as well as the breakthrough of dammed lakes. Mudflow processes occur on 8% of the territory of Russia and develop in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, Kamchatka, Northern Urals and the Kola Peninsula. There are 13 cities under direct threat of mudflows in Russia, and another 42 cities are located in potentially mudflow-prone areas. The unexpected nature of the development of landslides and mudflows often leads to the complete destruction of buildings and structures, accompanied by casualties and large material losses. Of the hydrological extreme events, floods can be one of the most common and dangerous natural phenomena. In Russia, floods rank first among natural disasters in terms of frequency, area of ​​distribution, and material damage, and second after earthquakes in terms of the number of victims and specific material damage (damage per unit of affected area). One severe flood covers an area of ​​the river basin of about 200 thousand km2. On average, up to 20 cities are flooded every year and up to 1 million residents are affected, and within 20 years, serious floods cover almost the entire territory of the country.

On the territory of Russia, from 40 to 68 crisis floods occur annually. The threat of flooding exists for 700 cities and tens of thousands of settlements, large quantity economic objects.

Floods are associated with significant material losses every year. IN last years two major floods occurred in Yakutia on the river. Lena. In 1998, 172 settlements were flooded here, 160 bridges, 133 dams, and 760 km of roads were destroyed. The total damage amounted to 1.3 billion rubles.

The flood in 2001 was even more destructive. During this flood, the water in the river. The Lene rose 17 m and flooded 10 administrative districts of Yakutia. Lensk was completely flooded. About 10,000 houses were under water, about 700 agricultural and more than 4,000 industrial facilities were damaged, and 43,000 people were displaced. The total economic damage amounted to 5.9 billion rubles.

A significant role in increasing the frequency and destructive power of floods is played by anthropogenic factors-- deforestation, irrational agriculture and economic development of floodplains. The formation of floods can be caused by improper implementation of flood protection measures, leading to the breach of dams; destruction of artificial dams; emergency releases of reservoirs. The aggravation of the flood problem in Russia is also associated with the progressive aging of fixed assets of the water sector and the placement of economic facilities and housing in flood-prone areas. In this regard, an urgent task may be the development and implementation effective measures flood prevention and protection.

Among the atmospheric hazardous processes occurring in Russia, the most destructive are hurricanes, cyclones, hail, tornadoes, heavy rains, and snowfalls.

A traditional disaster in Russia is a forest fire. Every year, from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires occur in the country on an area of ​​0.5 to 2 million hectares.

Nature is not always as serene and beautiful as in the photograph above these lines. Sometimes she shows us her dangerous manifestations. From violent volcanic eruptions to terrifying hurricanes, nature's fury is best viewed from afar and from the sidelines. We often underestimate the amazing and destructive power of nature, and it reminds us of this from time to time. While it all looks exciting in photographs, the consequences of such events can be very scary. We must respect the power of the planet we live on. We have made this photo and video collection of frightening natural phenomena for you.

TORNADOES AND OTHER TYPES OF TOrnadoes

All these types of atmospheric phenomena are dangerous vortex manifestations of the elements.

Tornado or tornado arises in a thundercloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud arm or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. Tornadoes can appear in many shapes and sizes. Most tornadoes appear as a narrow funnel (only a few hundred meters across), with a small cloud of debris nearby earth's surface. A tornado can be completely hidden by a wall of rain or dust. These tornadoes are especially dangerous because even experienced meteorologists may not recognize them.

Tornado with lightning:

Tornado in Oklahoma, USA (May site 2010):

Supercell thunderstorm in Montana, USA, formed by a huge rotating thundercloud 10-15 km high and d about 50 km in diameter. Such a thunderstorm creates tornadoes, gusty winds, and large hail:

Thunderclouds:

View of a hurricane tornado from space:

There are other vortex phenomena that are similar in appearance, but different in nature:

Formed as a result of the rise of warmer air from the surface of the earth. Tornado-vortices, unlike tornadoes, develop from the bottom up, and the cloud above them, if formed, is a consequence of the vortex, and not its cause.

Dust (sand) whirlwind- this is a vortex movement of air that occurs near the surface of the earth during the day in partly cloudy and usually hot weather with strong heating of the earth's surface sun rays. The whirlwind lifts dust, sand, pebbles, and small objects from the surface of the earth and sometimes transports them to a site over a considerable distance (hundreds of meters). The vortices pass in a narrow strip, so that in a weak wind its speed inside the vortex reaches 8-10 m/s or more.

Sandspout:

Or a firestorm forms when a column of hot, rising air interacts with or causes a fire on the ground. It is a vertical whirlpool of fire in the air. The air above it heats up, its density decreases, and it rises. From below, cold masses of air from the periphery enter in its place, which immediately heat up. Steady flows are formed, spiraling from the ground to a height of up to 5 km. A chimney effect occurs. The pressure of hot air reaches hurricane speeds. The temperature rises to 1000˚C. Everything burns or melts. At the same time, everything that is nearby is “sucked” into the fire. And so on until everything that can burn has burned.

A site is a funnel-shaped air-water vortex, similar in nature to an ordinary tornado, formed over the surface of a large body of water and connected to a cumulus cloud. A waterspout can form when a regular tornado passes over a water surface. Unlike a classic tornado, a waterspout lasts only 15-30 minutes, is much smaller in diameter, the speed of movement and rotation is two to three times lower, and is not always accompanied by hurricane winds.

DUST OR SAND STORMS

Sand (dust) storm- this is dangerous atmospheric phenomenon, which manifests itself in the form of wind transfer of large quantities of soil particles, dust or small grains of sand from the Earth's surface. The height of the layer of such dust can be several meters, and horizontal visibility is noticeably deteriorated. For example, at a level of 2 meters visibility is 1-8 kilometers, but often visibility in a storm is reduced to several hundred or even tens of meters. Dust storms occur mainly when the soil surface is dry and the wind speed is more than 10 meters per second.

The fact that a storm is approaching can be understood in advance by the incredible silence that forms around you, as if you had suddenly found yourself in a vacuum. This silence is depressing, creating an inexplicable anxiety inside you.

Sandstorm on the streets of Onslow in northwestern Australia, January 2013:

Sandstorm in Golmud village, Qinghai province, China, 2010:

Red sandstorm in Australia:

TSUNAMI

is a dangerous natural disaster consisting of sea waves resulting from the shifting of the seabed during underwater and coastal earthquakes. Once formed in any place, a tsunami can spread at high speed (up to 1000 km/h) over several thousand kilometers, with the tsunami height initially ranging from 0.1 to 5 meters. When reaching shallow water, the wave height increases sharply, reaching a height of 10 to 50 meters. Huge masses of water washed ashore lead to flooding and destruction of the area, as well as the death of people and animals. An air shock wave propagates in front of the water shaft. It acts similarly to a blast wave, destroying buildings and structures. The tsunami wave may not be the only one. Very often this is a series of waves that roll onto the shore at intervals of 1 hour or more.

Tsunami in Thailand caused by earthquake (9.3 points) in Indian Ocean December 26, 2004:

CATASTROPHIC FLOODS

Flood— flooding of the territory with water, which is a natural disaster. Floods happen different types and called for various reasons. Catastrophic floods lead to loss of life, irreparable environmental damage, and cause material damage, covering vast areas within one or more water systems. At the same time, economic activity and production activities are completely paralyzed, and the lifestyle of the population is temporarily changed. The evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people, an inevitable humanitarian catastrophe requires the participation of the entire world community, the problem of one country becomes a problem of the whole world.

Flood in Khabarovsk and Khabarovsk Territory, caused by intense downpours that covered the entire Amur River basin and lasted about two months (2013):

Flooding in New Orleans after a hurricane. New Orleans (USA) stands on damp soil that the city cannot support. Orleans is slowly sinking into the ground, and the Gulf of Mexico is gradually rising around it. Much of New Orleans is already 1.5 to 3 meters below sea level. This was largely due to Hurricane Katrina in 2005:

Flood in Germany, in the Rhine River basin (2013):

Flood in Iowa, USA (2008):

THUNDERLIGHTNING

Lightning discharges (lightning) represent a giant electrical spark discharge into the site atmosphere, with a very long spark length, usually occurs during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright flash of light and accompanying thunder. The total length of the lightning channel reaches several kilometers (on average 2.5 km), and a significant part of this channel is located inside a thundercloud. Some discharges extend up to 20 km in the atmosphere. The current in a lightning discharge reaches 10-20 thousand amperes, so not all people survive a lightning strike.

forest fire- This is the spontaneous, uncontrolled spread of fire across forest areas. The causes of fires in the forest can be natural (lightning, drought, etc.) or artificial, when the cause is people. There are several types of forest fires.

Underground (soil) fires in the forest are most often associated with peat fire, which becomes possible as a result of drainage of swamps. They can be barely noticeable and spread to a depth of several meters, as a result of which they pose an additional danger and are extremely difficult to extinguish. Like, for example, the peat fire in the Moscow region (2011):

At ground fire forest litter, lichens, mosses, grasses, branches that have fallen to the ground, etc. burn.

Horse forest fire covers leaves, needles, branches and the entire crown, can cover (in the event of a general fire) the grass-moss cover of the soil and undergrowth. They usually develop in dry, windy weather from a ground fire, in plantations with low-lying crowns, in stands of different ages, as well as with abundant coniferous undergrowth. This is usually the final stage of a fire.

VOLCANOES

Volcanoes are geological formations on the surface of the earth's crust, most often in the form of a mountain, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, rocks and pyroclastic flows. When through the cracks in earth's crust Molten magma pours out, a volcano erupts, the site is named after the Roman god of fire and blacksmithing.

Karymsky Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Kamchatka:

Underwater volcano – the coast of the Tonga archipelago (2009):

Underwater volcano and subsequent tsunami:

Volcanic eruption photographed from space:

Klyuchevskoy Volcano in Kamchatka (1994):

The eruption of Mount Sinabung in Sumatra was accompanied by several mini-tornadoes:

Puyehue volcano eruption in Chile:

Lightning in the ash cloud of the Chaiten volcano in Chile:

Volcanic lightning:

EARTHQUAKES

Earthquake– these are tremors and vibrations of the Earth’s surface caused by natural tectonic processes (movement of the earth’s crust and the displacements and ruptures occurring in it) or artificial processes (explosions, filling of reservoirs, collapse of underground cavities in mine workings). May result in volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.

Japan earthquake followed by tsunami (2011):

LANDSLIDE

Landslide- a separated mass of loose rocks, slowly and gradually or abruptly sliding along the inclined plane of separation, while often maintaining its coherence, solidity and without overturning its soil.

VILLAGE

Sel- a flow with a very high concentration of mineral particles, stones and rock fragments (something between a liquid and a solid mass), suddenly appearing in the basins of small mountain rivers and usually caused by rainfall or rapid snow melting.

SNOW AVALANCHES

Snow avalanches belong to landslides. This is a mass of snow falling or sliding down the slopes of mountains.

This is one of record avalanches size 600 thousand cubic meters. The film crew was not injured:

“This is the consequence of an avalanche - snow dust, it flew up high, and everything disappeared as if in a fog. Everyone was doused with snow dust, which, by inertia, continued to move at the speed of a snowstorm. It became dark as night. The fine, fine snow made it difficult to breathe. My arms and legs instantly went numb. I didn't see anyone around. Although there were people nearby,” said Anton Voitsekhovsky, a member of the film crew.

A natural emergency is a situation in a certain territory or water area that has arisen as a result of the occurrence of a source of natural emergency, which may result or has resulted in human casualties, damage to human health and (or) the environment, significant material losses and disruption of people’s living conditions.

Natural emergencies are distinguished by the scale and nature of the source; they are characterized by significant damage and loss of life, as well as the destruction of material assets.

Earthquakes, floods, forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts and icing - all these are natural emergencies, and they will always be companions of human life.

In case of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes, a person’s life is exposed to enormous danger and requires the concentration of all his spiritual and physical strength, the meaningful and cold-blooded application of knowledge and skills to act in a particular emergency situation.

Landslide.

A landslide is a separation and sliding displacement of a mass of earthen and rocks downward under the influence of its own weight. Landslides most often occur along the banks of rivers, reservoirs and on mountain slopes.

Landslides can occur on all slopes, but on clay soils they occur much more often; excessive moisture of the rocks is enough for this to happen, so for the most part they disappear in the spring-summer period.

The natural reason for the formation of landslides is an increase in the steepness of the slopes, erosion of their bases by river waters, excessive moisture of various rocks, seismic tremors and a number of other factors.

Mudflow (mudflow)

A mudflow (mudflow) is a rapid flow of great destructive force, consisting of a mixture of water, sand and stones, suddenly appearing in mountain river basins as a result of intense rains or rapid melting of snow. The causes of mudflows are: intense and prolonged downpours, rapid melting of snow or glaciers, breakthrough of reservoirs, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as the collapse of large amounts of loose soil into river beds. Mudflows pose a threat to populated areas, railways, roads and other structures located in their path. Possessing a large mass and high speed of movement, mudflows destroy buildings, roads, hydraulic engineering and other structures, disable communication and power lines, destroy gardens, flood arable land, and lead to the death of people and animals. All this lasts 1-3 hours. The time from the occurrence of a mudflow in the mountains to the moment it reaches the foothills is often calculated at 20-30 minutes.

Landslide (mountain collapse)

Landslide (mountain collapse) is the separation and catastrophic fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling down steep and steep slopes.

Landslides of natural origin are observed in the mountains, on sea shores and cliffs of river valleys. They occur as a result of a weakening of the cohesion of rocks under the influence of weathering processes, erosion, dissolution and the action of gravity. The formation of landslides is facilitated by the geological structure of the area, the presence of cracks and zones of crushing rocks on the slopes.

Most often (up to 80%), modern landslides are formed as a result of improper work, during construction and mining.

People living in hazardous areas must know the sources, possible directions of movement of flows and the possible strength of these dangerous phenomena. If there is a threat of a landslide, mudflow or landslide, and if there is time, advance evacuation of the population, farm animals and property from threatening zones to safe places is organized.

Avalanche (snow avalanche)

An avalanche (snow avalanche) is a rapid, sudden movement of snow and (or) ice down steep mountain slopes under the influence of gravity and poses a threat to the life and health of people, causing damage to economic facilities and the environment. Snow avalanches are a type of landslide. When avalanches form, snow first slides down the slope. Then the snow mass quickly picks up speed, capturing more and more snow masses, stones and other objects along the way, developing into a powerful stream that rushes down at high speed, sweeping away everything in its path. The movement of the avalanche continues to flatter sections of the slope or to the bottom of the valley, where the avalanche then stops.

Earthquake

An earthquake is an underground tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface that arise as a result of sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper part of the earth's mantle and are transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. According to statistics, earthquakes rank first in terms of economic damage caused and one of the first places in terms of the number of human casualties.

During earthquakes, the nature of the damage to people depends on the type and density of buildings settlement, as well as the time of occurrence of the earthquake (day or night).

At night, the number of victims is much higher, because... Most people are at home and relaxing. During the day, the number of affected people fluctuates depending on what day the earthquake occurred - on a weekday or on a weekend.

In brick and stone buildings, the following nature of injury to people predominates: injuries to the head, spine and limbs, compression chest, soft tissue compression syndrome, as well as chest and abdominal injuries with damage to internal organs.

Volcano

A volcano is a geological formation that appears above channels or cracks in the earth’s crust, through which hot lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor, and rock fragments are erupted onto the Earth’s surface and into the atmosphere.

Most often, volcanoes form at the junction of the Earth's tectonic plates. Volcanoes can be extinct, dormant or active. In total, there are almost 1,000 dormant and 522 active volcanoes on land.

About 7% of the world's population lives dangerously close to active volcanoes. More than 40 thousand people died as a result of volcanic eruptions in the 20th century.

The main damaging factors during a volcanic eruption are hot lava, gases, smoke, steam, hot water, ash, rock fragments, blast wave and mud-stone flows.

Lava is a hot liquid or very viscous mass that flows onto the surface of the Earth during volcanic eruptions. The lava temperature can reach 1200°C or more. Along with the lava, gases and volcanic ash are emitted to a height of 15-20 km. and at a distance of up to 40 km. and more. A characteristic feature of volcanoes is their repeated multiple eruptions.

Hurricane

A hurricane is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration. A hurricane occurs suddenly in areas with sharp changes atmospheric pressure. Hurricane speed reaches 30 m/s or more. In terms of its harmful effects, a hurricane can be compared to an earthquake. This is explained by the fact that hurricanes carry colossal energy; the amount of energy released by an average hurricane in one hour can be compared with the energy of a nuclear explosion.

Hurricane winds destroy strong and demolish light buildings, devastate sown fields, break wires and knock down power and communication lines, damage highways and bridges, break and uproot trees, damage and sink ships, and cause accidents in utility and energy networks.

A storm is a type of hurricane. The wind speed during a storm is not much less than the speed of a hurricane (up to 25-30 m/s). Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called a storm.

A tornado is a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m/s, which has great destructive power (in the USA it is called a tornado). In the internal cavity of a tornado, the pressure is always low, so any objects that are in its path are sucked into it. The average speed of a tornado is 50-60 km/h, and as it approaches, a deafening roar is heard.

Storm

A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon associated with the development of powerful cumulonimbus clouds, which is accompanied by multiple electrical discharges between the clouds and the earth's surface, thunder, heavy rain, and often hail. According to statistics, 40 thousand thunderstorms occur in the world every day, and 117 lightning flashes every second.

Thunderstorms often go against the wind. Immediately before the onset of a thunderstorm, there is usually calm or the wind changes direction, sharp squalls occur, after which it begins to rain. However greatest danger represent “dry” thunderstorms, that is, not accompanied by precipitation.

blizzard

A snow storm is one of the types of hurricane, characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air, and has a relatively narrow range of action (up to several tens of kilometers). During a storm, visibility deteriorates sharply, and transport links, both intracity and intercity, may be interrupted. The duration of the storm varies from several hours to several days.

Blizzard, blizzard, blizzard are accompanied by sudden changes temperatures and snowfall with strong gusts of wind. Temperature changes, snow and rain at low temperature And strong wind, creates conditions for icing. Power lines, communication lines, roofs of buildings, various types of supports and structures, roads and bridges are covered with ice or wet snow, which often causes their destruction. Ice formations on the roads make it difficult and sometimes even completely prevent work road transport. Pedestrian movement will be difficult.

The main damaging factor of such natural disasters is the effect of low temperatures on the human body, causing frostbite and sometimes freezing.

Floods

Floods are significant inundations of an area resulting from rising water levels in a river, reservoir or lake. Floods are caused by heavy rainfall, intense snow melting, and the breach or destruction of dams and dams. Floods are accompanied by loss of life and significant material damage.

In terms of frequency and area of ​​distribution, floods rank first among natural disasters; in terms of the number of human casualties and material damage, floods rank second after earthquakes.

Flood- a phase of the water regime of a river, which can be repeated many times in different seasons of the year, characterized by an intense, usually short-term increase in flow rates and water levels, and caused by rain or snowmelt during thaws. Successive floods can cause flooding. Significant flooding may cause flooding.

Catastrophic flood- a significant flood resulting from intensive melting of snow, glaciers, as well as heavy rains, forming a severe flood, which resulted in mass death of the population, farm animals and plants, damage or destruction of material assets, and damage to the environment. The term catastrophic flood is also applied to a flood that causes the same consequences.

Tsunami– giant sea waves resulting from the upward or downward displacement of extended sections of the seabed during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes.

The most important characteristic of a forest fire is the speed of its spread, which is determined by the speed at which its edge moves, i.e. burning stripes along the fire contour.

Forest fires, depending on the area of ​​fire spread, are divided into ground fires, crown fires and underground fires (peat fires).

Ground fire is a fire that spreads along the ground and through the lower tiers of forest vegetation. The fire temperature in the fire zone is 400-900 °C. Ground fires are the most frequent and account for up to 98% total number sunbathing

A crown fire is the most dangerous. It begins in strong winds and covers the crowns of trees. The temperature in the fire zone rises to 1100°C.

An underground (peat) fire is a fire in which the peat layer of marshy and swampy soils burns. Peat fires are characterized by the fact that they are very difficult to extinguish.

The causes of fires in steppe and grain massifs can be thunderstorms, accidents of ground and air transport, accidents of grain harvesting equipment, Act of terrorism and careless handling of open fire. The most fire-hazardous conditions occur in late spring and early summer, when the weather is dry and hot.

ADVERSE AND DANGEROUS NATURAL PHENOMENA (NOES) are phenomena in the environment that pose a danger to humans and their economic activities. NOEs can have either natural or human-induced causes. In turn, NOEs can cause man-made accidents. There are the following NOEs: cosmic (solar activity, magnetic storms, meteorite falls, etc.), geological (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis), geomorphological (landslides, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, subsidence, etc.), climatic and hydrological (typhoons, tornadoes, storms, coastal abrasion, thermal erosion, soil erosion, changes in groundwater levels, etc.), geochemical (pollution environment, soil salinization, etc.), fires (forest, steppe, peat), biological (mass reproduction of agricultural pests, blood-sucking, poisonous animals, epidemics, etc.). The extreme manifestation of NOE is an environmental catastrophe.

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"ADVERSE AND DANGEROUS NATURAL PHENOMENA" in books

author Mosevitsky Mark Isaakovich

8.2. Natural phenomena dangerous to humanity in the present and future

From the book The Prevalence of Life and the Uniqueness of Mind? author Mosevitsky Mark Isaakovich

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Emergencies natural character: types and classification

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Under an emergency situation (ES) It is generally accepted to understand the situation in a certain territory resulting from an accident, natural or other disaster that may result or have resulted in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of the living conditions of the population. Emergencies do not arise immediately; as a rule, they develop gradually from incidents of a man-made, social or natural nature.

Natural disasters are usually unexpected. In a short time they destroy territories, homes, communications, and lead to hunger and disease. In recent years, emergencies of natural origin have tended to increase. In all cases of earthquakes, floods, and landslides, their destructive power increases.

Natural emergencies are divided into

• Geophysical (endogenous) hazardous phenomena: volcanic and geyser eruptions, earthquakes, releases of underground gases to the surface of the earth;
• Geological (exogenous) hazardous phenomena: landslides, screes, landslides, avalanches, mudflows, slope washout, subsidence of loess rocks, soil erosion, abrasion, subsidence (failure) of the earth's surface as a result of karst, dust storms;
• Meteorological hazards: hurricanes (12 – 15 points), storms, storms (9 – 11 points), tornadoes (tornadoes), squalls, vertical whirlwinds, large hail, heavy rain (shower), heavy snowfall, heavy ice, severe frost, severe blizzard, severe heat, heavy fog, drought, dry winds, frost;
• Hydrological hazards: high levels water (floods), high water, rain floods, congestion and jams, wind surges, low levels water, early freeze-up and the appearance of ice on navigable reservoirs and rivers;
• Marine hydrological hazards: tropical cyclones (typhoons), tsunamis, strong waves (5 points or more), strong sea level fluctuations, strong drafts in ports, early ice cover and fast ice, pressure and intense ice drift, impassable (difficult to pass) ice, icing of ships and port facilities , separation of coastal ice;
• Hydrogeological hazards: low groundwater levels, high groundwater levels;
• Natural fires: forest fires, peat fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, underground fires of fossil fuels;
• Infectious diseases of people: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, group cases of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic outbreak of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic, pandemic, infectious diseases people of unknown etiology;
• Infectious animal diseases: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, epizootics, panzootics, enzootics, infectious diseases of farm animals of unknown etiology;
• Infectious plant diseases: progressive epiphytoty, panphytoty, diseases of agricultural plants of unknown etiology, mass spread of plant pests.

Patterns of natural phenomena

• Each type of emergency is facilitated by a certain spatial location;
• The more intense a dangerous natural phenomenon is, the less often it happens;
• Each natural origin has predecessors - specific characteristics;
• The occurrence of a natural emergency, despite its unexpectedness, can be predicted;
• It is often possible to provide both passive and active measures to protect against natural hazards.

The role of anthropogenic influence on the manifestation of natural emergencies is great. Human activity disturbs the balance in the natural environment. Now that the use of natural resources, the features of a global environmental crisis have become very noticeable. An important preventive factor that allows reducing the number of natural emergencies is maintaining natural balance.

All natural disasters are interconnected, these are earthquakes and tsunamis, tropical cyclones and floods, volcanic eruptions and fires, poisoning of pastures, death of livestock. Taking protective measures against natural disasters, it is necessary to reduce secondary consequences as much as possible, and with the help of appropriate preparation, eliminate them completely if possible. Studying the causes and mechanisms of natural emergencies is a prerequisite for successful protection against them and the possibility of predicting them. Accurate and timely forecast is an important condition effective protection from dangerous phenomena. Protection from natural phenomena can be active (construction of engineering structures, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters),

Geological hazards

• earthquakes
• landslides,
• sat down
• snow avalanches,
• collapses,
• sedimentation of the earth's surface as a result of karst phenomena.

Earthquakes- These are underground impacts and vibrations of the earth's surface, arising as a result of tectonic processes, transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Earthquakes can cause volcanic activity, the fall of small celestial bodies, landslides, dam breaks and other reasons.

The causes of the earthquakes are not fully understood. Stresses arising under the influence of deep tectonic forces deform layers of the earth's rocks. They shrink into folds, and when the overload reaches critical levels, they tear and mix. A fracture in the earth's crust is formed, which is accompanied by a series of shocks and the number of shocks, and the intervals between them are very different. Shocks include foreshocks, mainshocks and aftershocks. The main shock has the greatest strength. People perceive it as very long, although it usually lasts a few seconds.

As a result of research, psychiatrists and psychologists have obtained evidence that aftershocks often have a much more severe mental impact on people than the main shock. There is a feeling of the inevitability of trouble, the person is inactive, while he should be defending himself.

The source of the earthquake– is called a certain volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which energy is released.

The center of the hearth is a conventional point - the hypocenter or focus.

Epicenter of the earthquake- This is the projection of the hypocenter onto the Earth's surface. The greatest destruction occurs around the epicenter, in the pleistoseist region.

The energy of earthquakes is assessed by magnitude (lat. value). is a conditional value that characterizes the total amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. The strength of the earthquake is assessed according to the international seismic scale MSK - 64 (Mercalli scale). It has 12 conventional gradations - points.

Earthquakes are predicted by recording and analyzing their “predecessors” – foreshocks (preliminary weak tremors), deformation of the earth’s surface, changes in the parameters of geophysical fields, and changes in animal behavior. Until now, unfortunately, there are no methods for reliable prediction of earthquakes. The time frame for the onset of an earthquake can be 1-2 years, and the accuracy of predicting the location of an earthquake ranges from tens to hundreds of kilometers. All this reduces the effectiveness of earthquake protection measures.

In earthquake-prone areas, the design and construction of buildings and structures is carried out taking into account the possibility of earthquakes. Earthquakes of magnitude 7 and higher are considered dangerous for structures, so construction in areas with magnitude 9 seismicity is uneconomical.

Rocky soils are considered the most reliable seismically. The stability of structures during earthquakes depends on the quality of building materials and work. There are requirements to limit the size of buildings, as well as requirements to take into account the relevant rules and regulations (SP and N), which come down to strengthening the structure of structures built in seismic zones.

Anti-seismic action groups

1. Preventive, precautionary measures are the study of the nature of earthquakes, the identification of their predecessors, the development of methods for predicting earthquakes;
2. Activities that are carried out immediately before the start of an earthquake, during it and after its end. The effectiveness of actions in earthquake conditions depends on the level of organization of rescue operations, the training of the population and the effectiveness of the warning system.

A very dangerous immediate consequence of an earthquake is panic, during which people, out of fear, cannot meaningfully take measures for rescue and mutual assistance. Panic is especially dangerous in places with the greatest concentration of people - in enterprises, educational institutions and public places.

Deaths and injuries occur when debris from destroyed buildings falls, as well as as a result of people being trapped in the rubble and not receiving timely assistance. As a result of earthquakes, fires, explosions, releases of hazardous substances, transport accidents and other dangerous phenomena can occur.

Volcanic activity- this is the result of active processes that constantly occur in the bowels of the Earth. is a set of phenomena that are associated with the movement of magma in the earth's crust and on its surface. Magma (Greek: thick ointment) is a molten mass of silicate composition that forms deep in the Earth. When magma reaches the earth's surface, it erupts as lava.

There are no gases in the lava that escape during an eruption. This is what distinguishes it from magma.

Types of winds

Vortex storms are caused by cyclonic activity and spread over large areas.

Among vortex storms there are:

• dusty,
• snowy.
• squalls.

Dust (sand) storms occur in deserts and plowed steppes and are accompanied by the transfer of huge masses of soil and sand.

Blizzards move large masses of snow through the air. They operate on a strip from several kilometers to several tens of kilometers. Great snow storms occur in the steppe part of Siberia and on the plains of the European part of the Russian Federation. In Russia, snow storms in winter are called blizzards, blizzards, and blizzards.

Squalls– short-term wind increases up to a speed of 20-30 m/s. They are characterized by a sudden beginning and an equally sudden end, a short duration of action and enormous destructive power.

Squalls affect the European part of Russia both on land and at sea.

Stream Storms– local phenomena, having a small distribution. They are divided into stock and jet. During katabatic storms, air masses move down the slope from top to bottom.

Jet storms characterized by horizontal air movement or its movement up a slope. Most often they occur between chains of mountains that connect valleys.

A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a thundercloud. Then it spreads in the form of a dark “sleeve” towards land or sea. Top part The tornado has a funnel-shaped extension that merges with the clouds. As a tornado descends toward the Earth's surface, its lower part sometimes expands, resembling an overturned funnel. The height of the tornado is from 800 to 1500m. Rotating counterclockwise at a speed of up to 100 m/s and rising in a spiral, the air in a tornado draws in dust or water. A decrease in pressure inside a tornado leads to condensation of water vapor. Water and dust make a tornado visible. Its diameter over the sea is measured in tens of meters, and over land – hundreds of meters.

According to their structure, tornadoes are divided into dense (sharply limited) and vague (unclearly limited); in terms of time and spatial effect - for small tornadoes of mild action (up to 1 km), small (up to 10 km) and hurricane whirlwinds (more than 10 km).

Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes are extremely powerful natural forces, comparable only to an earthquake in their destructive effect. It is very difficult to predict the place and time of a tornado, which makes them especially dangerous and makes it impossible to predict their consequences.

Hydrological disasters

High water– annually recurring seasonal rises in water levels.

Flood– short-term and non-periodic increase in water level in a river or reservoir.

Floods following one after another can cause floods, and the latter floods.

Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards. They arise from a sharp increase in the amount of water in rivers as a result of melting snow or glaciers, due to heavy rains. Floods are often accompanied by blockage of the river bed during ice drift (jam) or blockage of the river bed by an ice plug under a stationary ice cover (jag).

On sea coasts, floods can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Floods caused by the action of winds driving water from the sea and increasing the water level due to its retention at the mouth of the river are called surge.

Experts believe that people are at risk from floods if the water layer reaches 1 m and its flow speed is more than 1 m/s. If the water rise reaches 3m, this leads to the destruction of houses.

Flooding can occur even when there is no wind. It may be caused by long waves arising in the sea under the influence of a cyclone. In St. Petersburg, the islands in the Neva delta have been flooded since 1703. more than 260 times.

Floods on rivers differ in the height of water rise, the area of ​​flooding and the amount of damage: low (small), high (medium), outstanding (large), catastrophic. Low floods can recur after 10-15 years, high ones - after 20-25 years, outstanding ones - after 50-100 years, catastrophic ones - after 100-200 years.

They can last from several to 100 days.

The flood in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, which occurred 5600 years ago, had very serious consequences. In the Bible, the flood was called the Great Flood.

Tsunamis are long-length marine gravity waves that arise as a result of shifts of large sections of the bottom during underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or other tectonic processes. In the area where they occur, waves reach a height of 1-5m, near the coast - up to 10m, and in bays and river valleys - more than 50m. Tsunamis travel inland over a distance of up to 3 km. The coast of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is the main area where tsunamis occur. They cause great destruction and pose a threat to people.

Breakwaters, embankments, harbors and jetties provide only partial protection from tsunamis. On the open sea, tsunamis are not dangerous for ships.

Protection of the population from tsunamis - warnings from special services about approaching waves, based on advanced registration of earthquakes by coastal seismographs.

Forest, steppe, peat, underground fires are called landscape, or natural, fires. Forest fires are the most common, causing huge losses and leading to casualties.

Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spontaneously spreads throughout the forest area. In dry weather, the forest dries out so much that any careless handling of fire can cause a fire. In most cases, the culprit of a fire is a person. Forest fires are classified according to the nature of the fire, the speed of spread and the size of the area engulfed in fire.

Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into ground fires, crown fires and soil fires. At the beginning of their development, all fires have a grassroots character, and when certain conditions arise, they turn into crown or soil fires. Raised fires are divided according to the parameters of the advance of the edge (the burning strip bordering the outer contour of the fire) into weak, medium and strong. Based on the speed of fire spread, ground and crown fires are divided into stable and fugitive.

Methods of fighting forest fires. The main conditions for the effectiveness of fighting forest fires are the assessment and forecast of fire danger in the forest. Government bodies Forestry departments monitor the state of protection in the forest fund territory.

To organize fire extinguishing, it is necessary to determine the type of fire, its characteristics, directions of its spread, natural barriers (particularly dangerous places for the fire to intensify), the forces and means necessary to fight it.

When extinguishing a forest fire, the following main stages are distinguished: stopping, extinguishing the fire and guarding the fire (preventing the possibility of fire from unknown sources of combustion).

There are two main methods of fire fighting based on the nature of the impact on the combustion process: direct and indirect fire extinguishing.

The first method is used for extinguishing medium and low intensity fires with a propagation speed of up to 2 m/min. and a flame height of up to 1.5 m. The indirect method of extinguishing a fire in a forest is based on the creation of barrier strips along the path of its spread.

Epidemic is a widespread spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

– an unusually large spread of morbidity, both in level and in scope, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

All infectious diseases are divided into four groups:

• intestinal infections;
• infections respiratory tract(aerosol);
• blood (transmissible);
• infections of the outer integument (contact).

Types of biological emergencies

Epizootics. Infectious animal diseases are a group of diseases that have such general signs, such as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and become epizootic.

All infectious diseases of animals are divided into five groups:

• First group – nutritional infections transmitted through soil, food, and water. Organs are mainly affected digestive system. Pathogens are transmitted through infected feed, soil, and manure. Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, brucellosis.
• Second group - respiratory infections– damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. These include: parainfluenza, exotic pneumonia, sheep and goat pox, carnivorous plague.
• Third group - vector-borne infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, equine infectious anemia.
• Fourth group - infections whose pathogens are transmitted through the outer skin without the participation of vectors. These include: tetanus, rabies, cowpox.
• Fifth group - infections with unclear paths of infection, i.e. unskilled group.

Epiphytoty. To assess the scale of plant diseases, the following concepts are used: epiphytoty and panphytoty.

Epiphytoty – the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a certain period of time.