Our robot recognized:
Practical work 3
Ol whose properties of carboxylic acids
Whatsup Nob1yudiin Reaction equation Conclusion
Alacha 1. Receipt acetic acid
12-3 1 pis- in a test tube- 6e Acetic acid-
Ala sodium receiver GSNLAKhZha N-80 - that can be obtained
Roll 2 accumulate -2СН.СО0Н At -30, chii. and its salt.
And commission - and colorlessness - displacing sulfur
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Aa; K9v2SN, C0O, 2N - gsvsosg + mzk as well as with non-or-
Talichmn. On the-
Md 2K-Khd: For example, in provs-
Other reactions:
Hydrogen ions.
Emerging
Phi dissociation
Acetic acid.
Atochas oxidize
Zinc and small, reduced
B gtmnu.you slow gp gen.sooo; -
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What is dechago NipnkMmim Reaction equation 1 Ex/n
2p2N2G. H reactions with magnesium I1.ShK-
Alacha 3. In aimoleous acids with bases
To the solution, a solution of HAOA - Xa0H. A solution of phenol-
Gnlroksila turns pink, and phthalein 1yul lei-
Sodium do- with added- MaOH CHtCOOH - hydrium ions OH
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How much kaslots de- dilution kneuts
Pel phenol-colored OHstCOOH -+ gilrox yl-nones
Phthaleina, in -> SN:,SOOC-Na+NgO snya poke IOv-
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Acetic acid OH + H - H: 0 acetic ACID reacts with bases as mineral acids, forming the salt apegaOnvodu.
Alacha 4. VmimodsAstais acetic acid sospnr gam and
In test tubes with 0 X. When interacting
Solution H:50; the effect of vinegar
Acetic CHCH,OH C-CH-- acids with spir-
Acids / acids are formed
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Then both
The test tubes are distributed to:
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The ether layer is centered.
Noah vinegar and the bottom layer -
Acids. water, or rather acid and chloride
I close the selection
Stoppers with sowing sodium vapor. Occurred
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Test tubes density of saturated solution
1 pairs obtained have
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1High mixtures
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Lose acids.
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RIVING WATER.
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SHTY OR V1CHT1, lrmoy okisshtsl. for example, perchat an.i ka shya
Target:
Equipment:
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“Chemistry 10th grade Practical work No. 2. "Preparation of ethylene and experiments with it""
Practical work 2.
“Preparation of ethylene and experiments with it”
Target:
consolidate students' knowledge on the topic “Alkanes. Alkenes”, teach how to produce ethylene and conduct experiments with it;
improve the ability to obtain gaseous substances in the simplest devices, observing safety regulations;
foster a sense of responsibility and collectivism.
Equipment: on the students' tables: a laboratory stand with a foot, an alcohol lamp, matches, test tubes in a stand, a gas outlet tube, sand, bromine water, a solution of potassium permanganate, ethyl alcohol, concentrated sulfuric acid.
During the classes
1. Safety briefing against signature.
Then together we analyze the progress of practical work point by point, stopping
in detail on extreme caution when carrying out practical work.
2. Students begin to draw up practical work in notebooks for
practical work: write down the number, topic, purpose, equipment.
3. Then they do practical work. An issued test tube with a ready-made
mixture ethyl alcohol(2 – 3 ml), concentrated sulfuric acid
(6 – 9 ml) and calcined sand close gas outlet pipe, strengthen
in a laboratory stand and begin to heat it carefully, starting with warming up
the entire test tube.
a) C 2 H 5 OH → H 2 C = CH 2 + H 2 O
ethyl alcohol ethylene
The end of the gas outlet tube is lowered into a test tube into which 2-3 ml is poured
bromine water. After some time, the released gas discolors
bromine water. This means that it happened chemical reaction, and it was formed
new substance:
b) H 2 C = CH 2 + Br 2 → CH 2 Br – CH 2 Br
ethylene 1,2 – dibromoethane
4. After the bromine water has become colorless, pour 2-3 ml into another test tube
dilute solution of potassium permanganate acidified with sulfuric acid,
and also pass the resulting gas through it. Over time
the color disappears, the solution becomes transparent, which means also here
a chemical reaction occurred and a new substance was formed:
H 2 C = CH 2 + [O] + H 2 O → CH 2 – CH 2
ethylene ׀ ׀
ethylene glycol
5. After the experiments have been completed, remove the gas outlet tube from the test tube and
Set the released gas on fire, it burns with a luminous flame. Ethylene, like everyone else
hydrocarbons burn to form carbon dioxide and water:
C 2 H 4 +3O 2 → 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O
6. After finishing work, clean up the desktop and begin
designing the work in a notebook: describe the entire progress of the work, sketch
Figure 19 on page 56, as you work write the equations of the corresponding
reactions, at the end of the work draw a conclusion, while answering all questions for
independent conclusions; at the end of the lesson, notebooks are submitted for checking.
Practical work No. 1.
Practical work No. 2.
Practical work No. 1.
"Identification organic compounds»
Target:
Progress:
You have at your disposal an alcohol lamp and a set of reagents:
1) water solution NaOH;
2) N 2
SO 4
diluted;
3) aqueous solution of Na 2
C0 3
;
4) aqueous solution of KMn0 4
;
5) bromine water;
6) aqueous solution of CuSO 4
;
7) ammonia solution of silver oxide;
8) water.
Two test tubes contain the following substances:
1. a) glucose;
B) sucrose;
2. a) acetic acid;
b) ethyl alcohol;
3. a) glucose;
b) glycerin;
Using the minimum number of reagents (specified at the beginning of the work), determine the contents in each pair of test tubes. Write the equations for the corresponding reactions.
Please format your work according to the following template:
1. Recognition of glucose and sucrose2. Recognition of acetic acid and ethyl alcohol
3. Recognition of glucose and glycerol
Make a general conclusion
Characteristics of some organic matter
| 1.Methane | Colorless, odorless gas chemical formula-CH 4 . Slightly soluble in water, lighter than air. When used in everyday life and industry, odorants (usually mercaptans) with a specific “gas smell” are usually added to methane. |
| 2.Ethylene | A colorless flammable gas with a faint odor. Partially soluble in water. Drug. Formula C 2 N 4 . |
| 3.Acetylene | Unsaturated , C 2 H 2 , colorless , slightly soluble in , easier . When compressed, it decomposes explosively, stored in cylinders filled with , soaked , in which acetylene dissolves under pressure in large quantities. . Cannot be released into the open . |
| 4.Methanol | A colorless, toxic liquid with an odor reminiscent of ethyl alcohol, but weaker, it forms explosive mixtures with air and is miscible in any proportion with water and most organic solvents. Burns with a bluish flame CH 3 -OH |
| 5.Benzene | 6 6 , with a peculiar sharp . Included in , widely used in , is the raw material for production , , , dyes. , . Forms explosive mixtures with air, mixes well with ethers, gasoline and other organic solvents. |
| 6. Ethanol | Monohydric alcohol with CH 3 -CH 2 -OH, volatile, flammable, colorless transparent liquid. |
| 7. Methanal (formaldehyde) | A colorless, pungent gas, highly soluble in water, alcohols and polar solvents, toxic. Formula: HCOH |
| 8. Ethanal | Colorless liquid with a pungent odor, soluble in , , . Formula: CH 3 -CHO. Acetaldehyde is toxic to skin and possibly carcinogenic. It is also an air pollutant when burned, smoked, and in automobile exhaust. |
| 9.Formic acid | Colorless liquid. Soluble in , , , . Mixes with , , . In contact with skin, 100% liquid formic acid causes severe chemical burns. Contact of even a small amount of it on the skin causes severe pain, the affected area first turns white, as if covered with frost, then becomes like wax, and a red border appears around it. Formula: HCOOH |
| 10. Acetic acid | Organic substance with formula CH 3 COOH, colorless with a characteristic sharp and sour . . Unlimitedly soluble in . Mixes with many ; Organic compounds and gases are highly soluble in acetic acid. Weak, extreme uniaxial ́ private . Derivatives of acetic acid are called " ». |
| 11. Benzoic acid | C 6 H 5 COOH is the simplest monobasic aromatic series. Colorless crystals, poorly soluble in water, well soluble in And . Benzoic acid is, like most others , weak acid. |
| 12. Ethylene glycol | The simplest representative with formula HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH, clear, colorless liquid with a slightly oily consistency. It is odorless and has a sweetish taste. Toxic. The entry of ethylene glycol or its solutions into the human body can lead to irreversible changes in the body and to fatal outcome |
| 13. Glycerin | Chemical compound with HOCH formula 2 -CH(OH)-CH 2 OH; b Colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid, infinitely soluble in water. It tastes sweet, which is why it got its name (glycos - sweet). It dissolves many substances well. |
| 14. Glucose | A colorless crystalline substance with a sweet taste, soluble in water and organic solvents. Glucose is used for intoxication and is administered intravenously, as it is a universal antitoxic agent. WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 . |
| 15. Sucrose | C 12 H 22 O 11. Colorless crystals. When molten sucrose solidifies, an amorphous transparent mass is formed - . Sucrose is a very common disaccharide in nature; it is found in many , And . |
| 16. Starch | ( 6 10 5 ) n . Tasteless, amorphous powder , insoluble in cold water. Under a microscope it can be seen that it is a granular powder; When starch powder is squeezed in your hand, it produces a characteristic “creaking” noise caused by the friction of the particles. IN hot water swells (dissolves) to form solution - ; with solution forms an inclusion compound that is blue in color. In water, with the addition of acids (dilute H 2 SO 4 etc.) as , gradually . When in action or heating with acids undergoes hydrolysis. |
| 17. Aniline | Compound with formula 6 5 2 , the simplest aromatic . It is a colorless oily liquid with a characteristic odor, slightly heavier than water and poorly soluble in it, soluble in organic solvents. In air it quickly oxidizes and acquires a red-brown color. Poisonous. |
| 18. Amino acids | Colorless crystalline substances, highly soluble in water. Many of them have a sweet taste. |
Practical work No. 2.
"Recognition of plastics and fibers"
Target: recognize organic substances using qualitative reactions.
I am familiar with the safety regulations. Painting.
Equipment and reagents: samples of plastics and fibers with numbers, alcohol lamp, matches, glass rods, crucible tongs, asbestos mesh.
Progress:
1. Recognition of plastics
There are samples of plastics in different bags under numbers. Using the data below, determine which plastic number is under what number.
Polyethylene . Translucent, elastic, greasy to the touch material. When heated, it softens and threads can be pulled out of the melt. It burns with a bluish flame, spreading the smell of molten paraffin, and continues to burn outside the flame.
Polyvinyl chloride . An elastic or hard material, when heated, quickly softens and decomposes with the release of hydrogen chloride. Burns with a smoky flame, does not burn outside the flame.
Polystyrene . Can be transparent or opaque, often fragile. When heated, it softens and threads are easy to pull out of the melt. It burns with a smoky flame, spreading the smell of styrene, and continues to burn outside the flame.
Polymethyl methacrylate . Usually transparent, can have different colors. When heated, it softens, the threads do not stretch. It burns with a yellowish flame with a blue edge and a characteristic crackling sound, spreading an ethereal aroma.
Phenol-formaldehyde plastic. Dark tones (from brown to black). Decomposes when heated. It lights up with difficulty, spreading the smell of phenol, and gradually goes out outside the flame.
2. Fiber recognition
Different bags contain fiber samples under numbers. Using the data below, determine which fiber number is which.
Cotton . It burns quickly, spreading the smell of burnt paper, leaving behind gray ash after combustion.
Wool, natural silk. It burns slowly, with the smell of burnt feathers; after combustion, a black ball is formed, which turns into powder when rubbed.
Acetate fiber. It burns quickly, forming a non-fragile, sintered ball of dark brown color. Unlike other fibers, it dissolves in acetone.
Capron . When heated, it softens, then melts, and threads can be pulled out of the melt. Burns, spreading bad smell.
Lavsan . When heated, it melts and threads can be pulled out of the melt. Burns with a smoky flame to form a dark shiny ball.
Form of work:
Color, appearance.Is it burning or not? Character of combustion. Smell.
Conclusion
1. Recognition of plastics
2. Fiber recognition
General conclusion: What groups are plastics divided into? fiber?
Grade 10
Laboratory experiments
Subject laboratory experience
Instructions
L.o. No. 1. Making models of hydrocarbon molecules
Model of a methane molecule. Build a model of a methane molecule using the factory set of atom models. If he is not at school, collect it from plasticine balls. To do this, make four small balls from light-colored plasticine, and one ball from dark-colored plasticine, which is approximately twice the size of the previous ones. Matches can be used as rods. Please note that in a methane molecule the angle between the chemical C-H bonds is 109°, i.e. the molecule has a tetrahedral structure (see Fig. 11 on p. 25).
Models of butane and isobutane molecules. Build a model of an n-butane molecule using a factory set of atom models or plasticine. Similarly, assemble a model of an isobutane molecule. Please note that in butane the carbon atoms are located at an angle of 109° to each other, i.e. the carbon chain should have a zigzag structure. In the isobutane molecule, all bonds of the central carbon atom are directed towards the vertices of a regular tetrahedron. Compare the structure of these hydrocarbons.
L.o. No. 2. Detection of unsaturated compounds in liquid petroleum products
Divide the given substances into two parts and examine their relationship to solutions of iodine and potassium permanganate. Observe the color change of the solutions. Enter your observations into the table and draw conclusions.
| L.o. No. 3. Preparation and properties of acetylene | Pour about 1 ml of water into a test tube and place in it a piece of calcium carbide the size of a match head. Quickly close the test tube with a stopper with a gas outlet tube and pass the released gas into another test tube with a solution of potassium permanganate. What are you observing? What does the change in color of the solution indicate? Write down the equations of the reactions carried out. |
| L.o. No. 4. Properties of ethyl alcohol |
|
| L.o. No. 5. Properties of glycerin |
|
| L.o. No. 6. Properties of formaldehyde |
|
| L.o. No. 7. Properties of acetic acid |
|
| L.o. No. 8. Properties of fats |
3. Practically prove that the vegetable fat given to you contains residues of unsaturated acids. Explain your actions. |
| L.o. No. 9. Properties of glucose |
|
| L.o. No. 10. Properties of proteins |
|
Practical work No. 1
Equipment:
Reagents: solutions of glycerin, ethyl alcohol, copper sulfate, sodium hydroxide.
Target:
Progress
INSTRUCTIONS
Think through solutions to problems.
Complete the tasks.
| What they were doing? | What did you observe? Reaction conditions. | Conclusion. Reaction equations. |
|
Option 1
Tasks:
1. Two test tubes with numbers are filled with solutions: ethyl alcohol and glycerin.
Identify them.
2.Prove that polyethylene contains carbon and hydrogen.
HCI KOH (alcohol)
CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2 A B
Practical work No. 1
"Solution experimental tasks for the identification of organic compounds"
Equipment: stand with test tubes, alcohol lamp, test tube holder, matches.
Reagents: solutions of glycerin, ethyl alcohol, copper sulfate, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, methyl orange.
Target: to form in students the ability to carry out characteristic reactions for organic substances, to consolidate general laboratory and organizational skills.
Progress
INSTRUCTIONS
Tidy up your workspace.
Write the topic in your notebook practical lesson and option number.
Think through solutions to problems.
Complete the tasks.
Compile a work report using the table:
| What they were doing? | What did you observe? Reaction conditions. | Conclusion. Reaction equations. |
||
Option 2.
1. Two test tubes with numbers are filled with solutions: ethyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Identify them.
2.Prove that the substance issued is glycerin.
Additional task
KOH (alcohol) HBr
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 BR A B
"practical work No. 2"
PRACTICAL WORK No. 2
"Recognition of plastics and fibers"
Equipment and reagents: samples of plastics and fibers with numbers, alcohol lamp, matches, glass rods, crucible tongs, asbestos mesh.
Plastic recognition
There are samples of plastics in different bags under numbers. Using the data below, determine which plastic number is under what number.
Polyethylene. Translucent, elastic, greasy to the touch material. When heated, it softens and threads can be pulled out of the melt. It burns with a bluish flame, spreading the smell of molten paraffin, and continues to burn outside the flame.
Polyvinyl chloride. An elastic or hard material, when heated, quickly softens and decomposes with the release of hydrogen chloride. Burns with a smoky flame, does not burn outside the flame.
Polystyrene. Can be transparent or opaque, often fragile. When heated, it softens and threads are easy to pull out of the melt. It burns with a smoky flame, spreading the smell of styrene, and continues to burn outside the flame.
Polymethyl methacrylate. Usually transparent, can have different colors. When heated, it softens, the threads do not stretch. It burns with a yellowish flame with a blue edge and a characteristic crackling sound, spreading an ethereal aroma.
Phenol-formaldehyde plastic. Dark tones (from brown to black). Decomposes when heated. It lights up with difficulty, spreading the smell of phenol, and gradually goes out outside the flame.
Fiber recognition
Different bags contain fiber samples under numbers. Using the data below, determine which fiber number is which.
Cotton. It burns quickly, spreading the smell of burnt paper, leaving behind gray ash after combustion.
Wool, natural silk. It burns slowly, with the smell of burnt feathers; after combustion, a black ball is formed, which turns into powder when rubbed.
Acetate fiber. It burns quickly, forming a non-fragile, sintered ball of dark brown color. Unlike other fibers, it dissolves in acetone.
Capron. When heated, it softens, then melts, and threads can be pulled out of the melt. It burns, spreading an unpleasant odor.
Lavsan. When heated, it melts and threads can be pulled out of the melt. Burns with a smoky flame to form a dark shiny ball.
Color, appearance.
Is it burning or not? Character of combustion. Smell.
Write down the formulas of the starting substances and the formulas of the sample polymers
What class do these fiber samples belong to?
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“practical No. 1 my new”
Practical work No. 1
“Solving experimental problems for the identification of organic compounds”
Equipment: stand with test tubes, alcohol lamp, test tube holder, matches.
Reagents: solutions of glycerin, copper sulfate, sodium hydroxide, protein solution, milk, starch paste, alcohol solution of iodine, concentrated HN O 3, glucose solution, ammonia solution of Ag O, water.
Target: to form in students the ability to carry out characteristic reactions for organic substances, to consolidate general laboratory and organizational skills.
ATTENTION!
Review the safety rules!
Progress
INSTRUCTIONS
Draw a conclusion.
Tidy up your workspace.
Write down the topic of the practical lesson and the purpose of the work in your notebook.
Experiment No. 1: add an ammonia solution of silver oxide to the glucose solution in a test tube and heat the test tube. What are you observing?
Experiment No. 2: pour glucose solution into a test tube. Add sodium hydroxide solution to it and then copper sulfate. What are you observing? Add a little water to the resulting solution and heat it on the flame of an alcohol lamp so that only top part solution. Stop heating as soon as color changes begin.
Experiment No. 3: Add 1 drop of an alcohol solution of iodine to the starch paste solution. What are you observing? Place a drop on a piece of bread alcohol solution Yoda. What are you observing? Draw a conclusion.
Experiment No. 4: Pour a little copper sulfate into a test tube and add a little sodium hydroxide solution until a blue precipitate forms. Add glycerin drop by drop to the resulting precipitate and shake the mixture. What's happening?
Experiment No. 5: pour a little protein solution into a test tube chicken egg and add a few drops of concentrated nitric acid. Gently heat the mixture until a yellow precipitate forms. Repeat this experiment with a milk solution. Draw a conclusion about the presence of protein and the specificity of this reaction.
Experiment No. 8: pour 2-3 ml of a protein solution and 2-3 ml of a sodium hydroxide solution into a test tube, then 1-2 ml of a copper sulfate solution. What are you observing?
Compile a work report using the table:
| What they were doing? | What did you observe? Reaction conditions. | Conclusion. Reaction equations. |
|
