A noun is a part of speech that denotes any objectivity, i.e. a noun answers the question “who” or “what”. The noun changes by case. In order not to confuse the cases with each other, there is a strictly defined system of differences between them. This article will help in the future to easily distinguish the genitive from the accusative case.
You will need
- Nouns in genitive and accusative cases.
- The ability to determine cases.
- Knowledge of questions that determine cases.
Instructions
1. There are six cases of nouns in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional. It is not for nothing that these names were given to them. Let's look at two cases of each: genitive and accusative.
2. Genitive case According to definitions in the Russian language, the genitive case means: Belonging to someone or something, say “an arctic fox skin”, “a teacher’s journal”; If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, say “magazine page (RP)”; Displaying the sign of an object in relation to another object, say “survey results (RP)”; The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, say, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”; The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, say, “want happiness (R.p.)”, “avoid responsibility (R.p.)”; If there is a comparison of objects, say, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”; If the noun is the object of measurement, counting, or genitive date, say “a spoonful of sour cream” or “Paris Commune Day.”
3. Accusative caseAccording to definitions in the Russian language, the accusative case means: The transition of action to the entire object, say, “leafing through a magazine,” “driving a car”; Transfer of spatial and temporal relations “walk a mile”, “rest for a month”; In rare cases, it is formed as a connection from an adverb, say, “insultingly for a friend.”
4. In order to never confuse the cases of a noun, it is important to remember that all cases in the Russian language correspond to a multifunctional question; asking the one for a given noun, as a result, we get the corresponding case. The genitive case corresponds to the question “there is no one?” for the animate and “no what?” for inanimate nouns. The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns. It is very difficult to determine the cases of nouns based on their definitions or endings. It is possible that remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings of nouns quite often coincide. Let’s give an example using an animate noun in plural:I noticed people nearby (I see who? - V.p.) There were no people around (there was no one? - R.p.) As you can see, the word is declined in both cases identically. But, in order to finally verify the correctness case definitions, mentally substitute animate noun inanimate. Let's say: Nearby I noticed a pillar (I see who? - V.p.) There were no pillars around (there was no one? - R.p.) From the example it is clear: inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change to distinguish it from the same noun having the genitive case.
5. From here we can draw some conclusions: 1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a defining question.2. If you find it difficult to determine the case of an animate noun, because... the question “who?” refers to both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it a defining question. For the genitive it will be “no what?”, and for the accusative “I see what?”. If the word looks like it is in the nominative case, then the case of your noun is accusative.
In most cases, distinguishing the forms of the genitive and accusative case does not present any difficulties: you just need to pay attention to case endings. If the endings of both forms coincide, it is necessary to do the following algorithm.
Instructions
1. If you have an inanimate noun in front of you, then you should ask a question about this word. Nouns in the genitive case answer the question “what?” and are in harmony with the word “no”. Nouns in the accusative case answer the question “what?” and are in harmony with the word “I see”. Let's say: I put on (what?) a coat - accusative case, I go without (what?) a coat - genitive case.
2. If you have an animate noun in front of you male II declension, then you should substitute any word of the 1st declension and look at its ending. Let's say: shot a boar = shot a fox (ending -у - accusative case), got scared of a boar = scared of a fox (ending -ы - genitive case).
3. If you have an animate noun in the plural, then it should be replaced with an inanimate noun in the same form. Let's say: I love people, I love (what?) letters - accusative case. I love the sincerity of people, I love the sincerity of (what?) letters - genitive case.
Helpful advice
In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns, say, “coat”, “coffee”, when in any case the word looks identical. In this case, the case can be determined only by the key issue.
The accusative case answers the questions "who? what?" and is used in sentences and phrases only with verbs and its forms (participle and gerund). The most common function of this case in the Russian language is the expression of the direct object of the action: I read a book, draw a picture and so on. What else can the accusative case mean, and how to distinguish it from the genitive? Read the article below!
What does case mean?
The case discussed in the article can have completely different meanings.
For example:
- The accusative tense will indicate the time of an already completed action - “meet every Tuesday.”
- The accusative quantity should be used to denote cost when there is a reference to the quantitative side of the verbal action - “cost one hundred rubles.”
- A noun in the accusative case of measure will indicate a measure of time or space - “to run three kilometers.”
- The accusative of the object will name the object to which the action is directed - “throw the ball.”
- The accusative of the result will designate an object that will be the result of some action - “sew a T-shirt.”
In order to correctly determine the case in front of you, you need to know the questions of the accusative case (who? what?). Substitute “blame” or “see” with the word, and you will immediately understand everything. For example, I blame (who?) my grandmother, I see (what?) a cutlet.
Case meanings
This form of the word has two main meanings: objective and subjective.
- Object meaning can appear next to transitive verb (buy a cat), next to the predicate ( sorry, visible, necessary, painful, sorry for the dog) and in one-part sentences expressing the required object ( reward for the brave).
- Subjective meaning can only be expressed in a sentence (not in a phrase). The accusative case, located at the beginning of a sentence, which tells us about the state of the person ( The boys were inspired by the award). The subject meaning is expressed by the case in sentences like “The child is shivering.” This meaning is also expressed by sentences that do not have a clear subject of action ( a person was killed).
Case endings
Questions in the accusative case also determine its ending.
So, what should be the endings for these forms of words?
- Nouns in singular: horse, land, mother, pig, field, mouse, path, banner.
- Accusative case of plural (the number plays a big role in setting the correct ending) number: horses, land, mothers, pigs, fields, mice, paths, banners.
- Adjectives and participles in the singular have the following endings: oval and oval, oval, oval; soft and soft, soft, soft; hare and hare, hare, hare.
Accusative prepositions
This case can be combined with a large number of prepositions, both simple and derivative. If a word is combined with simple prepositions (in, for, under, on, with), then it has a definitive meaning. Moreover, this definition can be different - by place, time, property, reason, purpose, and so on. Paired with a simple preposition, a word in the case we are analyzing can also have an objective meaning ( vote for a deputy, go mushroom picking). The word can also perform the function of replenishing the necessary information ( got a reputation for being a talker).
In the whole sentence, the form of the word in the accusative case paired with a simple preposition performs other functions. For example, case can indicate a predicative feature ( medal for bravery). The accusative case can even extend the sentence ( a kilometer from the village there is a lake; V New Year miracles happen). Paired with the prepositions “for” and “under,” the word can express the meaning of approximate ( he is over forty, she is under fifty).
Also, words in the accusative case form can be combined with derived prepositions ( despite, despite, a day later).
How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive: method one
In order not to confuse the cases of the Russian language, you need to remember that each of them has its own question, depending on the meaning of the case. By asking a universal question and finding a match for it, you will easily understand which case the word is in front of your eyes. The genitive case often denotes belonging, the whole-part relationship, a sign of an object in relation to some other object, an object of influence, and so on.
This form of the word is associated with the questions “no who?”, “no what?”. The accusative case will answer the questions “I see who?”, “I see what?” It is very difficult to determine the form of a word only by its meaning or ending. It is too difficult to remember all the meanings of the genitive and accusative case; they have many nuances. And the endings of nouns in these forms may even coincide!
Difficulties can especially often arise in determining the case of an animate noun. If the question is “who?” does not help you cope with the task, then imagine an inanimate noun in place of the animate noun. Ask a question for the genitive “no what?” and for the accusative “I see what?” If the word being defined has the same form as in the nominative case, then it is in the accusative case.
How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive: method two
- If the noun in front of you is inanimate, just ask the right question ( I buy (what?) flowerpots; I don’t see (what?) pots). In the second case, the word is in the form genitive case.
- If you see an animate noun of the 2nd declension masculine, put any word of the 1st declension in its place and watch the ending ( I see a boar - I see a fox: ending y - genitive); ( no boar - no fox: ending ы - accusative).
- If you see an animate noun in the plural, then simply replace it with an inanimate noun ( I love people - I love (that) letters- accusative; I love the kindness of people - I love the kindness of letters- genitive).
Remember that in Russian there are many indeclinable nouns ( coffee, pots and so on), looking the same in any case. In this case, all higher-level advice may not be suitable. Always check the correctness of the case definition with a key question, and there will be no mistakes.
The grammar of the Russian language is incredibly vast and at the same time extremely complex. However, if you properly understand the topic that poses a problem for you, eventually everything will fall into place.
In this article we will talk about how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive, and about several more difficulties in declension of nouns and pronouns. Let's start with the basic concepts and rules.
The meaning of cases in Russian
To connect words in sentences, all independent parts of speech can take the necessary form: verbs change according to tenses, numbers, persons and voices, and nouns, numerals, adjectives, participles and pronouns - according to numbers and cases. This is how they carry out their task in sentences, but for this it is necessary to incline them correctly.
There are only 6 cases in the Russian language, each of them has auxiliary questions and its own endings. However, when choosing the latter, it is strictly necessary to take into account Plus, all adjectives, participles and numerals associated with the words of this part of speech also depend on it. Thus, in order to learn how to change all these morphological units by case, you first need to study this category in detail.
Declension
The constant features of nouns as parts of speech include gender (feminine, masculine, neuter), declension (1st, 2nd, 3rd, indeclinable and indeclinable words). You should also distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns, common and proper nouns. And it is on the second category that the change in cases depends, or rather the addition of the necessary ending.
You need to know that the first declension includes both masculine and masculine nouns. female with the endings “-a” and “-ya”, for example, rainbow, fox, man. In the second - masculine words with a zero ending (son-in-law, genius, yogurt) and everything (window, grief, bed), and in the third - only those feminine words that end in “b” (mother, night, lynx). However, for case changes, the declension of nouns matters only in the singular, since in the plural all words of a given part of speech have the same endings (“-ы/-и,-а/-я”), for example, foxes, yoghurts, mothers, shores, anchors.
The role of cases
Each of the six cases in Russian has eigenvalue and the purpose of application in the text. Thus, with their help, words fulfill their syntactic role, forming a connection with in phrases.
Also, by case, you can determine which member of the sentence refers to given name noun: if it is in the nominative case, it is a subject, if it is in the prepositional case and answers the question “Where?”, in the genitive (“from where?”) or in the accusative (“where?”) it is an adverbial case, in other cases it is an object .
As for adjectives and participles, they, regardless of case, are definitions, just like quantitative ones. But quantitative ones are always circumstances with the meaning of measure and degree and answer the question “how much?”
Not subject to change by case
Indeclinable and indeclinable nouns require special attention. The first of these include words mainly borrowed from foreign languages. For example, casino, popsicle, muffler, flowerpot, coffee, etc. Their form is unchanged, that is, they cannot be declined by case, since their ending will remain the same. In this regard, the problem of how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive or which ending to choose when writing does not concern this category of words, and therefore they are easy to use in the text.
I. p.: What’s in the cup? - tasty coffee
R. p.: no what? - delicious coffee
D. p.: add to what? - to delicious coffee
V. p.: want what? - tasty coffee
T.p.: what does it smell like? - delicious coffee
P. p.: think about what? - about delicious coffee
Change by cases outside the rules of declension
However, significant difficulty is presented by inflexible words, there are only 11 of them (path + 10 on “-name”: seed, udder, burden, crown, stirrup, tribe, time, name, flame, banner). When they change by case, they take endings of different declensions. In addition, only a noun in the accusative case or nominative from a series of words starting with “-mya” does not require the addition of the suffix “-en” for singular declension. In other cases it is necessary.
However, this is precisely why the question of how to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case does not concern heterodeclinable nouns, since their form is c. n. is identical to i. n. In the plural of the genitive case, the suffixes “-yon” (“names, tribes”) and “-yan” (“stirrups, seeds”) are added to them. It’s easier to remember this visually: from the attached photo “table of cases of differently indeclinable nouns.”
Main difficulty
To learn how to cope with the task of how to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case, you need to learn how to correctly ask questions to words and determine morphological characteristics nouns. This will help you take advantage a little trick by replacing difficult words with those that are clearly distinguished in these two cases, that is, with any example of the 1st declension.
So, if you see in the text an animate noun in the plural, then instead you should mentally use an inanimate noun in the same form. For example, “I see who? - people” (“I see what? - books” - since it is not a subject, it is not an ip. p., which means we choose a v. p.), “there is no one? - people” ( “no what? - books” - r.p.).
If the problem is an animate noun of the masculine gender of the 2nd declension, then substitute “mother” instead, and then ask questions of the accusative case and the genitive case. For example, do I see who? - donkey (I see who? - mom - v.p.), no one? - donkey (no one? - mothers - r.p.). A similar trick should be used to distinguish between accusative and genitive (personal and reflexive), and possessives should be declined based on the nouns associated with them.
You will need
- Nouns in genitive and accusative cases.
- Knowledge of case definitions.
- Knowledge of questions that determine cases.
Instructions
Genitive
According to the definitions in, the genitive case means:
Belonging to someone or something, for example “an arctic fox skin”, “teacher’s journal”;
If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (RP)”;
Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (RP)”;
The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;
The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example, “to wish happiness (R.p.)”, “to avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;
If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;
If the noun is the object of measurement, or genitive date, for example "a spoonful of sour cream" or "Paris Commune Day".
Accusative
According to definitions in the Russian language, the accusative case means:
Transition of action to the subject completely, for example, “leafing through a magazine,” “driving a car”;
Transfer of spatial and temporal relations “walk a mile”, “rest”;
In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on, for example, “it’s a shame for a friend.”
In order to never confuse a noun, it is important to remember that each case in the Russian language corresponds to a universal question, asking which of a given noun, we ultimately get the corresponding case.
The genitive case corresponds to the question “there is no one?” for the animate and “no what?” for inanimate nouns.
The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.
Determining the cases of nouns based on its definitions or is extremely difficult. Let’s say that remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings of nouns quite often coincide.
Here is an example using an animate noun in the plural:
Not far away I noticed people (see who? - V.p.)
There were no people around (there was no one? - R.p.)
As you can see, the word is declined in the same way in both cases.
But, in order to finally make sure that the case is determined correctly, mentally substitute an inanimate noun instead of an animate one.
For example:
Not far away I noticed a pillar (see who? - V.p.)
There were no pillars around (there was no one? - R.p.)
From the example it is clear: an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case.
From this we can draw conclusions:
1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a defining question.
2. If you determine the case of an animate noun, because the question “who?” refers to both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it a defining question. For the genitive it will be “no what?”, and for the accusative “I see what?”. If the word looks like in, then the case of your noun is accusative.
In most cases, distinguishing between the genitive and accusative forms does not present any difficulties: you just need to pay attention to the case endings. If the endings of both forms coincide, you need to proceed according to the following algorithm.
Instructions
If you have something inanimate in front of you, then you should ask a question about it. Nouns in
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“Only having mastered the primary material, that is, the native language, to the possible perfection, will we be able to master a foreign language to the possible perfection, but not before.”
F.M. Dostoevsky
Studying the cases of a noun is one of the important topics of the Russian language. Knowing the cases helps us express thoughts correctly and be confident in completing written work.
Thanks to research work, we studied the history of the occurrence of cases, learned their meaning and difficulties, and consolidated the skills of distinguishing the nominative, accusative and genitive cases. Our research also allowed us to identify the most difficult cases.
According to sociological research, the most difficult case to determine among our classmates is the accusative case, in second place is Nominative case. It should be noted that the nominative case itself does not present any difficulties, but in the text it can be confused with the accusative case.
Why does language need case? If, for example, all case endings suddenly disappeared in the Russian language, we would not be able to understand a single sentence. For example, in the sentence The wolf scared Petya noun Peter is in the accusative and the noun wolf - in the nominative case. Now let’s try to put a noun in the same sentence Peter in the nominative form, and the noun wolf– into the accusative case: the resulting sentence Petya scared the wolf describes a different situation, in a certain sense opposite to the first. We can say that the case indicates the roles that Petya and the wolf play in the situation: if you change the cases, then the roles will change.
Thus, the study of cases is necessary for everyone who wants to master the Russian language perfectly.
Goals:
- to develop the ability to recognize I.p. and V.p. nouns in a sentence;
- practice the ability to determine the case of a noun by question and preposition, parse a sentence into members;
- cultivate attentiveness, independence, and a sense of mutual assistance.
Equipment: computer, projector, blackboard, textbook “Russian language” T.G. Ramzaeva, task cards.
During the classes
I. Org. moment.
II. Checking the house. tasks.
2 slide
P. 80 ex. 150
– At home you had to make sentences and determine the case of nouns.
– What needs to be done to determine case?
(Reading sentences and identifying cases)
– Read the sentence that corresponds to the scheme proposed in the textbook.
III. Calligraphy.
3 slide
IV. Vocabulary and spelling minute.
4 slide
The slide has words printed against the background of the picture “In the Field.” Find the extra ones.
What letters are missing?
Make up phrases with the remaining words, putting them in different cases. Write it down in a notebook with comments, determine the case.
(For example: bread made from wheat (R.p.), watched the work (T.p.), etc.)
V. Working on a new topic.
5 slide
Communicating the topic of the lesson and setting goals.
– Today we will continue to learn how to determine the case of nouns.
Look, our guests have two cases. They are very similar to each other and we will learn to distinguish them. What do you think these cases are? (I. and V.) Formation of new knowledge.
– What are the similarities ( questions) and difference ( prepositions, part of the sentence) these cases? 6 slide
– What do the cases themselves tell you about themselves?
- I am nominative case, 7 slide
And I don’t have other people’s clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subjects are called.
I haven’t liked prepositions since childhood
I can't stand being around you.
My questions are who? So what? –
No one will confuse it with anything.- And I am the accusative case, 8 slide
And I blame it all on the ignorant.
But I love excellent students,
I catch “fives” for them.
Who to call, what to play,
I'm ready to give the guys some advice.
Don't mind making friends with pretexts,
But I can live without them.
- Read the sentences. Slide 9
– What noun. found in all sentences?
– What question does it answer? Is it possible to determine case by it?
Conclusion: Inanimate nouns. both in the I. and V. cases they answer the same question - what?
- Then let's look for differences.
Conclusion: If noun. is the subject, then it is in I.p. if minor member, then in V.p. (with or without preposition).
Analysis of proposals with commentary.
What other noun? We haven't determined the case? (grows where? in what? in the nursery - P.)
What is a nursery?
VI. Consolidation of knowledge.
10 slide
Complete the sentence with nouns, putting them in the correct case.
Sasha took………. went to ………. and cleared……….. .
Checking missing letters on a slide.
What else did you find in this sentence? (Sentence with homogeneous members. Explain the placement of the comma, conjunction and).
Words for reference: st..tsa, d..ro..ka, l..pata.
VII. Summing up, conclusions from the table.
11 slide
How to distinguish them. case from Vin.?
D/z p.81 exercise 153, learn the rule.
VIII. Task on cards (according to options).
IX. Reflection.
Filling out the table.
