The state of Kievan Rus appeared in what century. Kievan Rus. Formation of tribal alliances

Kievan Rus N.M. Karamzin notes that Nestor makes no distinction between the Varangians and Rus. However, scientists and foreign writers distinguish them, and at present the term Varangian-Rus is considered outdated and is used in some cases to denote the Baltic

Kievan Rus (Old Russian state, Kiev state, Russian state)- the name of the early feudal Old Russian state with the center in Kiev, which arose at the turn of the 7th-9th centuries. as a result of a long process of economic, political and cultural consolidation of the East Slavic tribal unions and in various forms existed until the middle of the XIII century.

In the history of Kievan Rus, one can distinguish three consecutive periods:

The period of emergence, formation, and evolution of state structures chronologically covers the end of the 9th - the end of the 10th century;

The period of the greatest rise and development of Kievan Rus (late 10th - mid-11th century)

The period of political fragmentation of Kievan Rus (late 11th - mid-13th century).

2 The origin of the names "Kievan Rus" and "Rus-Ukraine". The state of the Eastern Slavs was called "Kievan Rus", or "Rus-Ukraine". Researchers do not have a common opinion about the origin and definition of the name "Rus". There are several versions:

The tribes of the Normans (Varangians) were called Rus - they founded the state of the Slavs and from them came the name "Russian land"; such a theory originated in the 18th century. in Germany and received the name "Norman", its authors - historians G. Bayer and G. Miller, their followers and like-minded people are called Normanists;

Rus - Slavic tribes who lived in the middle reaches of the Dnieper;

Rus is an ancient Slavic deity, from which the name of the state originated;

Rusa - in the Proto-Slavic language "river" (hence the name "channel").

Ukrainian historians generally adhere to anti-Norman views, although they do not deny the significant contribution of the Varangian princes and troops to the formation of the state system of Kievan Rus.

Russia, Russian land in their opinion:

The name of the territory of the Kiev region, Chernigov region, Pereyaslav region (lands of the glades, northerners, Drevlyans);

The name of the tribes that lived on the banks of the rivers Ros, Rosava, Rostavitsya, Roska, etc.

The name of the Kiev state since the 9th century.

The name "Ukraine" (land, region) means the territory that was the basis of Kievan Rus in the 11th-12th centuries. For the first time this term is used in the Kiev Chronicle in 1187 regarding the lands of the Southern Kiev and Pereyaslav regions.

3. The emergence of Kievan Rus. Before the formation of the state on the territory of the future Kievan Rus lived:

a) East Slavic tribes- ancestors of Ukrainians- Drevlyans, Polyans, Northerners, Volynians (Dulibs), Tivertsy, White Croats;

b) East Slavic tribes - ancestors of Belarusians- Dregovichi, Polotsk people;

c) East Slavic tribes - ancestors of Russians - Krivichi, Radimichi, Slovenia, Vyatichi.

Basic prerequisites formation of the East Slavic statehood:

At the beginning of the VIII century. in general, the process of settling the Slavs and the creation of territorially defined large and small unions of tribes was completed;

The presence in the East Slavic unions of tribes of certain local differences in culture and life;

The gradual development of tribal unions into tribal principalities - pre-state associations of a higher level that preceded the emergence of the East Slavic state;

Formation at the turn of the VIII-IX centuries. around Kiev, the first East Slavic state, which experts conditionally call the Kiev principality of Askold.

The following main stages the process of uniting the Eastern Slavs into one state:

a) the creation of a principality (state) with the capital in Kiev; this state included glade, rus, northerners, dregovichi, polochans;

b) the seizure of power in Kiev by the Novgorod prince Oleg (882), under whose rule some of the Slavic tribes were previously;

c) the unification of almost all East Slavic tribes into a single state of Kievan Rus.

The first Slavic princes:

- Prince Kiy (semi-legendary) - the leader of the union of the tribes of the Polyans, the founder of Kiev (according to legend, together with the brothers Shchek, Khoryv and sister Lybid in the 5th-6th centuries);

Prince Rurik - the chronicle mention of him in the "Tale of Bygone Years", the vocation in 862 of the Novgorodians of the "Varangians" of Rurik with an army is said ; .

The princes Askold and Dir conquered Kiev in the second half of the 9th century, according to the chronicles, Askold and Dir were the boyars of Prince Rurik;

After the death of the Novgorod prince Rurik (879), until the age of majority of his son Igor, Oleg became the actual ruler of the Novgorod land;

In 882 Oleg captured Kiev, on his order the Kiev brothers Askold and Dir were killed; the beginning of the rule of the Rurik dynasty in Kiev; Prince Oleg is considered by many researchers to be the direct founder of Kievan Rus.

4. Economic development of Kievan Rus. The leading place in the economy of the Kiev state was occupied by agriculture, which developed in accordance with natural conditions. In the forest-steppe zone of Kievan Rus, a fire-undercutting system of tillage was used, and in the steppe zone, a shifting one. Farmers used perfect tools of labor: plows, harrows, shovels, scythes, sickles, they sowed cereals and industrial crops. Cattle breeding has achieved significant development. Hunting, fishing, and beekeeping remained important.

Initially, land tenure by free communes prevailed in the Old Russian state, and from the XI century. gradually formed and intensified feudal land tenure - patrimony, which was inherited. Crafts played an important role in the economy of Kievan Rus. Since that time, more than 60 types of handicraft specialties have been known. Trade routes ran through the Old Russian state: for example, “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” connecting Russia with Scandinavia and the countries of the Black Sea basin. In Kievan Rus, minting of coins was started - silversmiths and zlotniks. The number of cities in the Russian state grew - from 20 (IX-X centuries), 32 (XI century) to 300 (XIII century).

5. Political and administrative system of Kievan Rus. The political and administrative system of Kievan Rus was based on a princely squad for the long-term preservation of the self-government of urban and rural communities. Communities were united in volosts - administrative-territorial units, which included cities and rural districts. Groups of volosts were united into lands. Kievan Rus was formed as a sole monarchy. At the head of the state was the Grand Duke of Kiev, who concentrated in his hands all the full legislative, executive, judicial and military power. The prince's advisers were "princely men" from the top of his squad, who received the title governors, and from the XI century. they were called boyars. Over time, boyar dynasties arose, occupying important government posts.

The internal government of the state was carried out by numerous princely rulers (mayors, thousand, butlers, tiuns, etc.). The princely power relied on a permanent military organization - the squad. Druzhinniks-mayor were entrusted with the management of individual volosts, cities and lands. The people's militia was formed according to the decimal principle. At the head of individual divisions were the foreman, sotskiy, tysyatskiy. "Thousand" was a military-administrative unit. In the XII-XIII centuries. the form of the state has changed. Relations between the individual principalities developed on the principles of federation or confederation.

6. The social structure of Kievan Rus. The social structure of Kievan Rus corresponded to its economic system. The dominant position was occupied by voivods (boyars), tysyatsky, sotsky, tiuns, ognischans, village elders, and the city elite. The free category of rural producers was called smerds, the feudally dependent population in Kievan Rus was ryadovychs, purchases and outcasts. Serfs and servants were in the position of slaves.

7. Political fragmentation of Kievan Rus and its consequences. Kievan Rus was one of the most powerful states of its time, which significantly influenced the development of European civilization, but after the death of Vladimir Monomakh's son Mstislav Vladimirovich (1132), it began to lose its political unity and was divided into 15 principalities and lands. Among them, large and influential were the Kiev, Chernigov, Vladimir-Suzdal, Novgorod, Smolensk, Polotsk and Galicia principalities.

The political prerequisites for fragmentation were as follows:

The succession to the throne among the princes of Kievan Rus was different: in some lands, power was transferred from father to son, in others - from older brother to younger ;,

Weakened political ties between individual feudal possessions and individual lands, the development of individual lands led to the emergence of local separatism;

In some lands, the local boyars, to ensure the protection of their rights, demanded a strong power of the prince; on the other hand, the real power of appanage princes and boyars was strengthening, the power of the Kiev prince was weakened, many boyars put local interests above national interests;

In the Kiev principality, its own dynasty was not created, since the struggle for the possession of Kiev was fought by representatives of all princely families;

The expansion of nomads to the Russian lands intensified.

Socio-economic prerequisites for fragmentation:

The natural character of the economy of the Kiev state led to a weakening of economic and trade ties between individual lands;

The cities developed rapidly and became the political, economic and cultural centers of the principalities;

The transformation of the conditional land tenure of the appanage boyars into hereditary land tenure significantly strengthened the economic role of the local nobility, which did not want to share its power;

Changes in the trading environment, as a result of which Kiev lost its role as a center of trade, and Western Europe began to trade directly with a close gathering.

Modern research by scientists proves that feudal fragmentation is natural stage in the development of medieval society. This is evidenced by the fact that all the peoples and states of Europe have experienced it. The fragmentation was caused by the further feudalization of ancient Russian society, the spread of socio-economic development in the localities. If earlier Kiev was the center of the entire socio-economic, political, cultural and ideological life of the country, then from the middle of the XII century. other centers already competed with him: the old ones - Novgorod, Smolensk, Polotsk - and the new ones - Vladimir-on-Klyazma and Galich.

Russia was torn apart by princely feuds, large and small wars, constantly marched between the feudal lords. However, contrary to popular belief, the Old Russian State did not disintegrate. It only changed its form: in place of the sole monarchy came federal monarchy, under which Russia was jointly ruled by a group of the most influential and powerful princes. Historians call this form of government "collective sovereignty."

Fragmentation weakened the state politically, but contributed to the development of the local economy and culture. She, to a certain extent, laid the foundations of three East Slavic peoples: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The last decades of the 15th century, when the Russian centralized state was formed, and the Ukrainian and Belarusian lands fell under the rule of Lithuania, Poland, Hungary and Moldova, are considered to be a period of cessation of fragmentation in the East Slavic lands.

8. The value of Kievan Rus. The meaning of Kievan Rus is as follows:

a) Kievan Rus became the first state of the Eastern Slavs, accelerated the development of the last stage of development of the primitive communal system into a more progressive feudal one; this process created favorable conditions for the development of the economy and culture; M. Hrushevsky stated: "Kievan Rus is the first form of Ukrainian statehood";

b) the formation of Kievan Rus helped to strengthen the defensive capacity of the East Slavic population, preventing its physical destruction by the nomads (Pechenegs, Polovtsians, etc.);

c) the ancient Russian nationality was formed on the basis of a common territory, language, culture, mental make-up;

d) Kievan Rus raised the authority of the Eastern Slavs in Europe; the international significance of Kievan Rus lies in the fact that it influenced political events and international relations in Europe and Asia, in the Middle East; Russian princes maintained political, economic, dynastic ties with France, Sweden, England, Poland, Hungary, Norway, Byzantium;

e) Kievan Rus laid the foundation for the statehood of not only Slavic, but also non-Slavic peoples (the Finno-Ugric population of the North, etc.);

f) Kievan Rus was the eastern outpost of the European Christian world, it held back the advance of the hordes of steppe nomads, weakened their onslaught on Byzantium and the countries of Central Europe.

During the historical period of Kievan Rus on the Dnieper, in Galicia and Volyn, in the Black Sea and Azov regions, the traditions of independent statehood were laid on the territory of Ukraine. The historical center of the formation of the Ukrainian people was the territory of the Kiev region, Pereyaslav region, Chernigov-Sivershchina, Podolia, Galicia and Volyn. Since the XII century. this territory is covered by the name "Ukraine"... In the process of fragmentation of the Kiev state, the Ukrainian nationality became the ethnic basis of the lands-principalities of South-Western Russia in the XII-XIV centuries: Kiev, Pereyaslavsky, Chernigov, Seversky, Galitsky, Volynsky. So, Kievan Rus was a form of socio-economic and state development of the Ukrainian ethnos. Galicia-Volyn principality became the immediate heir of Kievan Rus.

Selected as a venue for the show multifunctional arena "Rotterdam Ahoy" with a capacity of more than 16 thousand spectators, located in Rotterdam, the second largest city in the country after the capital Amsterdam.

The format of the event includes two semi-finals and one final, which are traditionally held on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday of the second full week of May.

In 2020, the dates for the semi-finals and the Eurovision final will be as follows:
* 1st semi-final - May 12, 2020 (BT).
* 2nd semi-final - May 14, 2020 (TH)
* Final - May 16, 2020 (Sat).

Who will represent Russia at Eurovision 2020:

Will represent our country at Eurovision in 2020 group "Little Big"(literal translation into Russian - "Little Big").

The musical style of the group is quite unusual. The musicians themselves call themselves "satirical art collaboration" (satirical art project), which combines music, images and spectacle. After watching several clips of the collective, there is confidence that the guys will definitely conquer the European podium of popular music. Or, at the very least, they will make an unforgettable impression on the prim Western audience.

The current lineup of the group "Little Big":

• Ilya "Ilyich" Prusikin.
• Sergey "Gokk" Makarov.
• Sofya Tayurskaya.
• Anton Lissov.

Until now, historians have put forward various theories about the emergence of Kievan Rus as a state. For a long time, the official version was taken as a basis, according to which 862 is called the date of birth. But the state does not appear "out of the blue"! It is impossible to imagine that before that date, there were only savages in the territory of Slavs' residence, who could not create their own state without help "from outside". After all, as you know, history moves along an evolutionary path. For the emergence of a state, there must be certain prerequisites. Let's try to understand the history of Kievan Rus. How was this state created? Why did it decline?

The emergence of Kievan Rus

At the moment, domestic historians adhere to 2 main versions of the emergence of Kievan Rus.

1. Norman. It is based on one weighty historical document, namely the "Tale of Bygone Years". According to this theory, the ancient tribes called the Varangians (Rurik, Sineus and Truvor) to create and manage their state. Thus, they could not create their own state education on their own. They needed outside help.
2. Russian (anti-Norman). For the first time, the rudiments of the theory were formulated by the famous Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov. He argued that the entire history of the ancient Russian state was written by foreigners. Lomonosov was sure that there was no logic in this story, that the important question of the nationality of the Varangians was not disclosed.

Unfortunately, until the end of the 9th century, there is no mention of the Slavs in the annals. It is suspicious that Rurik "came to rule the Russian state" when it already had its own traditions, customs, its own language, cities and ships. That is, Russia did not arise from scratch. Old Russian cities were very well developed (including from a military point of view).

According to generally accepted sources, 862 is considered the date of foundation of the ancient Russian state. It was then that Rurik began to rule in Novgorod. In 864, his associates Askold and Dir seized princely power in Kiev. Eighteen years later, in 882, Oleg, who is commonly called the Prophet, captured Kiev and became the Grand Duke. He managed to unite the disparate Slavic lands, and it was during his reign that the campaign against Byzantium was made. More and more territories and cities were added to the grand princely lands. During the reign of Oleg, there were no major clashes between Novgorod and Kiev. This was largely due to blood ties and kinship.

Formation and flourishing of Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus was a powerful and developed state. Its capital was a fortified outpost located on the banks of the Dnieper. Taking power in Kiev meant becoming the head of vast territories. It was Kiev that was compared to the “mother of Russian cities” (although Novgorod, from where Askold and Dir arrived in Kiev, was quite worthy of such a title). The city retained the status of the capital of the ancient Russian lands until the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

• Among the key events of the heyday of Kievan Rus can be called the Baptism in 988, when the country abandoned idolatry in favor of Christianity.
• The reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise led to the fact that at the beginning of the 11th century the first Russian law code (code of laws) appeared under the name "Russian Truth".
• The Kiev prince became related with many famous ruling European dynasties. Also, under Yaroslav the Wise, the raids of the Pechenegs, which brought Kievan Rus a lot of troubles and suffering, forever turned.
• Also, from the end of the 10th century, its own coin production began on the territory of Kievan Rus. Silver and gold coins appeared.

The period of civil strife and the collapse of Kievan Rus

Unfortunately, an understandable and uniform system of succession to the throne was not developed in Kievan Rus. Various grand-princely lands for military and other merits were handed out to vigilantes.

Only after the end of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise was such a principle of inheritance established, which implied the transfer of power over Kiev to the eldest in the family. All other lands were divided between members of the Rurik family in accordance with the principle of seniority (but this could not remove all the contradictions and problems). After the death of the ruler, dozens of heirs remained, claiming the "throne" (from brothers, sons, and ending with nephews). Despite certain rules of inheritance, the supreme power was often asserted by force: through bloody clashes and wars. Only a few independently renounced the control of Kievan Rus.

Applicants for the title of Grand Duke of Kiev did not shy away from the most terrible deeds. Literature and history describe the terrible example of Svyatopolk the Accursed. He went to fratricide only in order to gain power over Kiev.

Many historians come to the conclusion that it was the internecine wars that became the factor that led to the collapse of Kievan Rus. The situation was complicated by the fact that the Tatar-Mongols began to attack actively in the 13th century. "Small rulers with big ambitions" could unite against the enemy, but no. The princes dealt with internal problems "in their own area", did not compromise and desperately defended their own interests to the detriment of others. As a result, Russia for a couple of centuries fell into complete dependence on the Golden Horde, and the rulers were forced to pay tribute to the Tatar-Mongols.

The preconditions for the coming collapse of Kievan Rus were formed even during the reign of Vladimir the Great, who decided to give each of the 12 sons his own city. The beginning of the disintegration of Kievan Rus is called the year 1132, when Mstislav the Great died. Then two powerful centers at once refused to recognize the grand-ducal power in Kiev (Polotsk and Novgorod).

In the XII century. there was a rivalry between 4 main lands: Volyn, Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk. As a result of internecine clashes Kiev was periodically plundered and churches were burnt. In 1240 the city was burnt down by the Tatar-Mongols. The influence gradually weakened, in 1299 the metropolitan's residence was transferred to Vladimir. To control the Russian lands, it was no longer necessary to occupy Kiev