The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, contains material from the course “History of Russia,” which is tested on the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - control measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Exam. The directory includes three sections: “Antiquity and the Middle Ages”, “Modern times”, “ Recent history", the content of which is presented in the form of structural-logical diagrams and tables, allowing not only to quickly remember extensive factual material, but also to understand the relationship between individual events, phenomena, and processes. Sample tasks and answers to them, completing each section, as well as an option test work V Unified State Exam format will help you assess your level of preparation for the exam. The manual contains a dictionary of terms and concepts, knowledge of which is necessary for successful completion unified state exam.
Examples.
To which city in North-Eastern Rus' did Andrei Bogolyubsky move the capital?
1) Tver
2) Rostov
3) Vladimir
4) Moscow
Answer: 3.
Read an excerpt from a work of ancient Russian literature and indicate which year the described event is associated with.
“And the Tatar regiments ran, and the Russians chased after them, beat and flogged them... Rus', under the Moscow banner, won its first victory over the Tatars at the confluence of the Nepryadva River with the Don.”
1) 1242
2) 1380
3) 1480
4) 1552
Answer: 2.
Which of the following was one of the reasons for popular uprisings in Russia in the 17th century?
1) introduction of conscription
2) introduction of the poll tax
3) establishing a single deadline for the transfer of peasants from the landowner
4) establishment of an indefinite search for fugitive peasants Answer: 4.
CONTENT
Preface 9
Section 1. Antiquity and the Middle Ages
1.1. Peoples and ancient states on Russian territory 12
East Slavic tribes and their neighbors 12
Classes Eastern Slavs 13
Social structure of the Eastern Slavs 14
Beliefs of the Eastern Slavs 14
1.2. Rus' in the 9th - early 12th century 15
The main prerequisites for the formation of statehood among the Eastern Slavs 15
Stages of statehood formation among the Eastern Slavs 16
Old Russian princes and their politics 16
Management of the Old Russian state in the 19th-19th centuries
Acceptance of Christianity 20
Categories of population in the Old Russian state 21
"Russian Truth" - a set of laws Old Russian state 22
International connections Ancient Rus' 23
Culture of Ancient Rus' 23
1.3. Russian lands and principalities in the XII - mid-XV century 25
Reasons for the collapse of the Old Russian state 25
The main centers of political fragmentation in Rus' 26
Organization of management in Veliky Novgorod 27
Mongol conquests 28
Education of the Golden Horde. Rus' and Horde 30
Manifestations of the Horde yoke 31
Relations between Rus' and the Golden Horde in the 13th century. 32
Expansion from the West in XIII to 33
Prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands 34
The struggle for leadership in politics
unification of Russian lands 35
Reasons for the rise of Moscow 35
Moscow princes and their policies 36
Battle of Kulikovo 39
Restoring the economy of Russian lands 40
Russian city 41
Culture of Rus' in the XII-XV centuries 42
1.4. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th century - the beginning of the 17th century 43
Moscow princes and their policies 43
Central authorities
Russian state in the 15th - early 16th century 44
The importance of the formation of the Russian centralized state 44
Categories of population XV-XVI centuries 45
Beginning of the reign of Ivan IV 47
Reforms mid-16th to 48
Oprichnina 49
The formation of serfdom in Russia 52
Foreign policy Ivan IV 53
Culture of Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries 55
Troubles at the end of the 16th century - early XVII at 58
Stages of the Time of Troubles 59
Social movements at the beginning of the 17th century. 62
Consequences of the Troubles 64
Elimination of the consequences of the Time of Troubles 65
The first Romanovs and their politics 66
New phenomena in economics 69
Supreme bodies of state power and administration in the XVII to 70
Local governments in the 17th to 71
Legal registration of serfdom 71
Church schism 73
Social movements in the 17th to 75
Examples of tasks 77
Section 2. New time 85
2.1. Russia in the XVIII - mid-XIX century 86
Transformations of Peter I the Great 86
The highest bodies of state power and administration of the Russian Empire (1725) 94
Absolute power of the monarch 95
The significance of the formation of an absolute monarchy in Russia 95
Northern War (1700-1721) 96
Russia during palace coups 98
“Enlightened absolutism” 104
The policy of “enlightened absolutism” of Catherine II the Great (1762-1796) 105
Formation of the class system in the 18th century 109
Economy of Russia in the XVIII - first half of the XIX century 110
Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 18th century 115
Domestic and foreign policy of Paul I (1796-1801) 117
Russian culture second half XVII I - first half of the 19th century at 121
Domestic and foreign policy of Alexander II (1801-1825) - 128
Patriotic War of 1812 135
Foreign campaign of the Russian army 1813-1814. 138
Decembrist movement 140
Domestic policy Nicholas I (1825-1855) 144
The main directions of social thought in Russia in the second quarter of the XIX at 149
Foreign policy in the second quarter of the 19th century 154
2.2. Russia in the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century in 162
Reforms of the 1860-1870s 162
Counter-reform policy 172
Capitalist relations in industry and agriculture 176
Social movement in Russia
after the abolition of serfdom 179
Russian culture
in the second half of the XIX - early XX in 194
The highest bodies of state power and administration of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century in 201
Economic development of Russia in 1901-1913 203
Ideological trends in Russia at the turn of the century 205
Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) 207
Revolution 1905-1907 210
The highest bodies of state power and administration of the Russian Empire in 1905-1914 214
Experience of Russian parliamentarism 215
Basic political parties in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century in 217
Reforms P.A. Stolypin 220
Russia in the First World War (1914-1918) 223
The impact of the war on Russian society 227
Examples of tasks 230
Section 3. Recent history 237
3.1. Revolution and Civil War in Russia 238
February Revolution 1917 238
Dual power 241
Bolshevik political tactics 244
October armed uprising of 1917 in Petrograd 245
Constituent Assembly 247
Domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet government in 1917-1918 248
Civil War and Foreign Intervention 253
Chronology of main events 255
The main reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the Civil War 259
The policy of “war communism” 260
Transition to a new economic policy 263
3.2. USSR in 1922-1991 266
Education USSR 266
Further nation-state building in the USSR 269
Party discussions about ways and methods of building socialism in the USSR 269
Cult of personality I.V. Stalin 272
Mass repression 273
Constitution of the USSR 1936 276
Reasons for curtailing the new economic policy 277
Industrialization 278
Collectivization 280
"Cultural Revolution" 283
Foreign policy strategy of the USSR in the 1920-1930s 288
USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War 293
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 295
Farm restoration 319
« Cold War» 322
Intra-party struggle in the mid-1950s 325
XX Congress of the CPSU and condemnation of the cult of personality 327
Socio-economic reforms of the 1950-1960s 328
“Stagnation” as a manifestation of the crisis of the Soviet development model 332
Economic reforms 1965 334
Constitution of the USSR 1977 335
The growth of crisis phenomena in Soviet society 337
Attempts to modernize the Soviet economy and political system 1980s 339
The policy of perestroika and glasnost 340
Socio-economic transformations 341
Foreign policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1950s-1980s 347
Development Soviet culture in the 1950s-1980s 355
3.3. Russian Federation 361
Collapse of the USSR 361
Political crisis
September 4 - October 1993 364
Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 367
Transition to market economy:
reforms and their consequences 369
Russian Federation in 2000-2013: main trends in the socio-political development of the country in modern stage 372
Russian Federation in 2000-2013: main trends in the socio-economic development of the country at the present stage 376
Modern Russian culture 378
Russia in the system of modern international relations 381
Examples of tasks 386
Dictionary 395
Literature 433
Practice version of exam paper on history 436
Annex 1
Continuity of Russian statehood 457
Appendix 2
Top leadership of Soviet Russia - USSR (1917-1991) 459
Appendix 3
Top management Russian Federation 460.
Series: Unified State Exam
Publishers: AST, Astrel, VKT, 2009
Hardcover, 320 pp.
The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, provides in full the material of the “History of Russia” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks - test and measurement materials of the Unified State Examination - are compiled.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century,” “History of Russia in the 17th-18th centuries,” “Russia in the 19th century,” “Russia in the 20th - early 21st centuries.”
A brief form of presentation ensures maximum efficiency in self-preparation for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.
At the end of the book there is a reference chronological table and a dictionary. historical terms and concepts to the extent necessary to successfully pass the Unified State Exam.
Preface
Section 1. History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century.
Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium
Topic 2. Old Russian state (9th – first half of the 12th century)
Topic 3. Russian lands and principalities in the 12th – mid-15th centuries.
Topic 4. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th – early 17th centuries.
Section 2. History of Russia in the 17th–18th centuries.
Topic 1. Russia in the 17th century.
Topic 2. Russia in the first half of the 18th century.
Topic 3. Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Domestic policy of Catherine II
Section 3. Russia in the 19th century.
Topic 1. Russia in 1801–1860. Domestic and foreign policy of Alexander I
Topic 2. Russia in the 1860-1890s. Domestic policy of Alexander II. Reforms of the 1860–1870s
Section 4. Russia in the 20th – early 21st centuries.
Topic 1. Russia in 1900–1916. Socio-economic and political development of the country at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Topic 2. Russia in 1917–1920. Revolution of 1917. From February to October. Dual power
Topic 3. Soviet Russia, USSR in the 1920-1930s. Transition to a new economic policy
Topic 4. The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Main stages and battles of the Great Patriotic War
Topic 5. USSR in 1945–1991. USSR in the first post-war decade
Topic 6. Russia in 1992–2008. The formation of a new Russian statehood
Reference chronological table
Dictionary of historical terms and concepts
Preface
This guide is addressed to schoolchildren and applicants. It will allow you to repeat the main content of the school course on the history of Russia and qualitatively prepare for a single state exam on history.
The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test materials for the Unified State Examination.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century,” “History of Russia in the 17th–18th centuries,” “Russia in the 19th century,” “Russia in the 20th – early 21st centuries.”
Each topic of the book contains a brief historical background, presented in a concise and accessible form, as well as sample tasks used in the Unified State Exam test materials. These are closed tasks with the choice of only one correct answer out of four possible (part 1 (A); tasks to establish the correct correspondence and establish the correct sequence of letters or numbers, tasks open type with a short answer in the form of one or two words (Part 2 (B); essay tasks that require writing a detailed answer (Part 3 (C). All sample tasks are compiled in accordance with the content and structure of the Unified State Exam test materials in history.
Answers to assignments will help you objectively assess your level of knowledge.
At the end of the book there is a chronological reference table and a dictionary of concepts and terms to the extent necessary for successfully passing the Unified State Exam.
The book will also allow history teachers to organize a final repetition of educational material in graduating classes, which is necessary for successfully passing the Unified State Exam in Russian history.
Long answer tasks (Part C) involve writing a short written work. They allow graduates to demonstrate in-depth knowledge of a subject, often beyond basic training. During the exam, the results of this part of the work are assessed by a special expert commission. Based on pre-developed criteria, experts make a decision on evaluating the work.
The tasks of part C are different in their form and focus. The first three tasks are based on any historical source and test the ability to analyze a historical document (determine the time, place, circumstances, reasons for creating the source, the position of the author, etc.). For each correct answer to tasks on a historical source, 1–2 points are given. The maximum score is 6 points.
Part C tasks are aimed at testing various types of educational activities: 1) characterize, systematize, 2) analyze and argue various historical versions and assessments, 3) the ability to compare historical events, phenomena, processes. It is important to remember that when assessing the answer to the task of analyzing historical versions and assessments, experts pay attention to their own attitude to the proposed controversial issue. The maximum score for each of the tasks in Part C is up to 4 points. Thus, the total maximum score for completing tasks in part C is 22 points.
When assessing answers to tasks with a detailed, complete answer, the validity of ideas with facts and arguments or generalization of facts with concepts is taken into account. It is necessary to present only the most essential facts related only to this specific issue, without going beyond its scope. If a historical term appears in a question, be sure to explain its meaning in a clear and concise manner. In this case, the student answer can be written concisely, in free form or in the form of abstracts, in a proposed or other sequence of tasks.
It is important to remember that answers should not be verbose. As a rule, the answer to each task should not exceed a few sentences. You should not write down lightweight formulations that do not reflect the content of the educational material being asked - this will take time, but will not add points to the answer. The work must be built in a certain logic. If there is not enough time, you need to indicate the main thing in short form, but in such a way that the experts understand the logic of the person answering. It is better not to allow abbreviations of words other than generally accepted ones (RF, USSR, Sovnarkom).
When assigning points, experts take into account only correctly given facts, arguments, concepts, etc. For incorrectly specified elements of the answer (errors) 0 points are given, i.e. incorrect answers are not taken into account when assigning the final score (they are not deducted from the total score) . Grammatical errors are also not taken into account, but even in conditions of lack of time we must strive to avoid them.
The reference book is addressed to graduates and applicants to prepare for the unified state exam in history. The manual contains detailed theoretical material on all topics tested by the exam.
After each section a training session is given Unified State Exam test. For final knowledge control, at the end of the reference book there are 3 training options, corresponding to the Unified State Examination in history, as well as answer forms. Answers are provided for all tasks.
The publication will be useful to history teachers, tutors and parents, and will help effectively organize the preparation of students for the unified state exam.
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CONTENTS HISTORY. THEORETICAL COURSE WITH TRAINING TEST TASKS Section 1. HISTORY OF RUSSIA FROM ANCIENTITY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 17th century. 1.1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium 6 1.1.1. East Slavic tribes and their neighbors 6 1.1.2. Occupations, social system, beliefs of the Eastern Slavs 9 1.2. Old Russian state (IX – first half of the 12th century) 12 1.2.1. The emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs. Discussion about the origin of the Old Russian state 12 1.2.2. Princes and squad. Veche orders 13 1.2.3. Acceptance of Christianity. The role of the church in the history of Ancient Rus' 16 1.2.4. Categories of the population. "Russian Truth" 19 1.2.5. International relations of Ancient Rus'. The influence of Byzantium and the peoples of the Steppe 22 1.2.6. Culture of Ancient Rus'. Christian culture and pagan traditions 24 1.3. Russian lands and principalities in the XII - mid-XV century 32 1.3.1. Reasons for the collapse of the Old Russian state. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality; Novgorod the Great; Galicia-Volyn principality: political system, economic development, culture 32 1.3.2. Mongol conquest and its influence on the history of our country. Expansion from the West and its role in the history of the peoples of Rus' and the Baltic states 38 1.3.3. Education of the Golden Horde. Rus' and the Horde 40 1.3.4. Formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Russian lands as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 42 1.3.5. The struggle for political hegemony in North-Eastern Rus'. Moscow as the center of unification of Russian lands. Moscow princes and their policies 47 1.3.6. The role of the church in the consolidation of Russian lands 49 1.3.7. The Battle of Kulikovo and its significance. The emergence of national identity 51 1.3.8. Culture of Rus' in the XII-XV centuries. Urban culture 53 1.4. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th century and the beginning of the 17th century 60 1.4.1. Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. Formation of central government bodies 60 1.4.2. Code of Law of 1497. Forms of land ownership and categories of population. The beginning of the enslavement of peasants 64 1.4.3. Russia under Ivan IV. Reforms of the mid-16th century. The formation of the ideology of autocracy 65 1.4.4. Oprichnina policy 66 1.4.5. Expansion of Russian territory in the 16th century: conquests and colonization processes. Livonian War 70 1.4.6. Culture of Russia in the 16th century 73 1.4.7. Troubles at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th centuries. (reasons, essence, consequences). Fight against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty 78 Training test tasks for section 1 84 Section 2. HISTORY OF RUSSIA XVII-XVIII centuries. 2.1. Russia in the 17th century 94 2.1.1. Elimination of the consequences of the Troubles. New phenomena in the economy: the beginning of the formation of the all-Russian market, the formation of manufactories 94 2.1.2. Socio-political structure (autocracy, class structure of society). Cathedral Code of 1649 System of serfdom 97 2.1.3. Expansion of the territory of the Russian state in the 17th century 103 2.1.4. Church schism. Old Believers 106 2.1.5. Social movements in the 17th century 109 2.1.6. Culture of Russia in the 17th century. Strengthening secular elements in culture…. 113 2.2. Russia in the first half of the 18th century 118 2.2.1. Transformations of Peter I (socio-economic, state-administrative, military). Affirmation of absolutism 118 2.2.2. Foreign policy in the first quarter of the 18th century. North War. Formation of the Russian Empire 124 2.2.3. Changes in culture and life in the era of Peter the Great 126 2.2.4. Russia during the period of palace coups 128 2.3. Russia in the second half of the 18th century 132 2.3.1. Domestic policy of Catherine II. Enlightened absolutism. Charters granted to the nobility and cities 132 2.3.2. Features of the Russian economy in the second half of the 18th century. The rise of serfdom 134 2.3.3. Social movements of the second half of the 18th century 137 2.3.4. Russia in the wars of the second half of the 17th century. Annexation of new territories 140 2.3.5. Domestic and foreign policy of Paul I 142 2.3.6. The culture of the peoples of Russia and its connections with European and world culture of the 18th century 145 Training test tasks for section 2 152 Section 3 RUSSIA IN the 19th century. 3.1. Russia in 1801-1860 162 3.1.1. Domestic policy of Alexander I 162 3.1.2. Patriotic War of 1812. Foreign campaign of the Russian army of 1813-1814. 169 3.1.3. Decembrists 172 3.1.4. Domestic policy of Nicholas I (1825-1855) 175 3.1.5. Socio-economic development of pre-reform Russia 179 3.1.6. Social thought in 1830–1850: the “protective” direction, Slavophiles and Westerners, supporters of communal socialism 182 3.1.7. The peoples of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. National politics autocracy. Caucasian War 185 3.1.8. Foreign policy in the second quarter of the 19th century. Eastern (Crimean) War (1853-1856) 188 3.1.9. Development of culture in the first half of the 19th century 190 3.2. Russia in the 1860-1890s 194 3.2.1. Domestic policy of Alexander II (1855-1881) Reforms of the 1860-1870s. 194 3.2.2. Domestic policy Alexandra III 200 3.2.3. Socio-economic development in the post-reform period. Completion of the industrial revolution. The emergence of commercial and industrial monopolies 203 3.2.4. Ideological movements, political parties and social movements in 1860-1890. Conservatives, liberals. The evolution of populism. The beginning of the labor movement. Russian Social Democracy 205 3.2.5. The main directions and events of Russian foreign policy in the 1860-1890s. Expansion of the empire's territory. Participation in military alliances 209 3.2.6. Peoples of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. National policy of autocracy 215 3.2.7. Culture and life of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the 19th century 218 Training test tasks for section 3 222 Section 4. RUSSIA IN THE XX-EARLY XXI centuries. 4.1. Russia in 1900-1916. 232 4.1.1. Russia at the beginning of the 20th century: autocracy and society; class system; economic and political development; problems of modernization. Reforms of S. Yu. Witte. Russo-Japanese War 232 4.1.2. Ideological movements, political parties and social movements in Russia at the turn of the century. Revolution 1905-1907 Duma monarchy 239 4.1.3. Reforms of P. A. Stolypin 245 4.1.4. Culture at the beginning of the 20th century 246 4.1.5. Russia in the First World War. The impact of the war on Russian society 249 4.2. Russia in 1917-1920 258 4.2.1. Revolution of 1917 From February to October 258 4.2.2. Proclamation and establishment of Soviet power. Constituent Assembly. Domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet government in 1917-1920. 265 4.2.3. Civil war: participants, stages, main fronts. Intervention. “War communism.” Results and consequences Civil War 275 4.3. Soviet Russia, USSR in 1920-1930. 284 4.3.1. Crisis of the early 1920s. Transition to a new economic policy 284 4.3.2. Education of the USSR. The choice of ways to unite the national gender in the 1920-1930s. 287 4.3.3. Political life in 1920-1930 Intra-party struggle. The cult of personality of J.V. Stalin. Mass repression. Constitution of 1936 289 4.3.4. Rolling back the New Economic Policy 299 4.3.5. Cultural revolution" (affirmation of a new ideology, elimination of illiteracy, development of education, science, artistic culture) 304 4.3.6. Foreign policy of the Soviet state in the 1920-1930s. USSR on initial stage World War II 306 4.4. Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 312 4.4.1. The main stages and battles of the Great Patriotic War 312 4.4.2. Heroism Soviet people during the war years. Home front during the war. Ideology and culture during the war years 319 4.4.3. Fascist " new order"in the occupied territories. Guerrilla movement 321 4.4.4. Anti-Hitler coalition 323 4.4.5. The end of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War. Results of the war 324 4.5. USSR in 1945-1991. 326 4.5.1. USSR in the first post-war decade: economic restoration, creation of nuclear missile weapons, ideological campaigns of the late 1940s. “Cold War” And its influence on domestic and foreign policy 326 4.5.2. USSR in the mid-1950s - mid-1960s. 336 4.5.3. USSR in the mid-1960s - mid-1980s. 346 4.5.4. USSR in the second half of the 1980s. The politics of perestroika and glasnost. Attempts to reform the economy and political system. Foreign policy: “new political thinking.” Events of 1991. Collapse of the USSR. Education CIS 359 4.5.5. Development of Soviet science and culture in the 1950-1980s. 371 4.6. Russia in 1992-2007 374 4.6.1. The formation of a new Russian statehood. Events of 1993 Adoption of the Constitution of 1993 3747 4.6.2. Transition to a market economy 381 4.6.3. Political, economic, national and cultural development modern Russia 384 4.6.4. Russia in the system of modern international relations 396 Training test tasks for section 4 398 Answers to examples of Unified State Exam and training tasks test tasks 408 TRAINING TESTS Option 1 440 Option 2 461 Option 3 475 Answers 487
