What verbal features does the participle have? Main signs of the sacrament

For others.

Interpretations of participles vary. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to follow:

1. How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?
2. What form: indefinite form verb or participle in the form of m.r. units I.p. - considered the initial form?
3. What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does a verb have?

• Because he sees no reason to single them out separate part speech.
• Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
• Because he considers this position not only scientifically sound and appropriate common sense and a broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for the children.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant to many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that children easily and automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the writing of suffixes of present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verb stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from 6th grade to 11th grade. If we consider the participle as a verb form, then the question of searching initial form, which constantly arises during learning, will contribute to the development of the child, awareness of the unified nature of verb forms, originality verb categories aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are more easily oriented in distinguishing participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, this is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study foreign languages(attribution of participles to verb forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by material in foreign languages, such as English.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: a sign of an object by action. Questions: which one? what is he doing? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological characteristics: Features of the morphological form: participles have the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

• Constant (unchangeable) signs are the signs of a verb:
  • type: NE and NSV,
  • transitivity,
  • repayment,
  • tense (present and past),
  • pledge.
• Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
  • number,
  • case,
  • completeness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are a modifier or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, only part of the predicate.

More details:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of an adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: active and passive.

What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any attribute, but only one that in a real situation is associated with the action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping Baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items- these are the subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is carried out on the object by some producer of the action.

Active participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called active. Examples:

Boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sitting)

Girl chatting on the phone...

defined word girl, definition of chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

Dishes, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.

Defined word dishes, definition of dishwasher-washed (the dishes didn't wash themselves, someone did).

Essay, what I wrote last week got lost.

Defined word essay, definition what I wrote last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).

Passive participles have a full and a short form.

§4. Full - short form of passive participles

Tulip varieties bred in Holland are highly valued throughout the world.

withdrawn- full form

These varieties of tulips were bred in Holland.

withdrawn- short form

The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by number, by gender (in singular), and by case. Examples:

Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.

withdrawn- unit, m.r., I.p.

We are living in the country, occupying a sixth of the landmass.

occupying- unit, f.r., pp.

Our Houses, located next door, were not at all similar.

located- plural, i.p.

Short forms vary in numbers and units. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book has been written and sent to the publishing house.
The novel has been written and even already published.
The essay was written and published in the magazine.
Letters have been written and sent.

§5. Formation of participles

Different verbs have different quantities participial forms. It depends on the type and transitivity of the verb.

Transitive verbs NSV have 4 forms of participles:

reading,
read
3) passive present participle: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From NSV verbs, both past and present tense forms are possible.

Transitive verbs SV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy NE. Present tense forms from SV verbs are not possible.

Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active present participle: walking,
2) active past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. Past and present tense forms are possible from NSV verbs.

Intransitive verbs have a single participle form:

active past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from SV verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. There is no future tense for participles.
Transitive verbs can be used to form both active and passive participles. From intransitives - only active participles. Formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs impossible.

Exceptions:

• Some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, written, sewn, swept- forms of passive past participles;
• Some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. Beloved, sought after- forms of present passive participles;
• from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesova. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling of participles.

§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if an object is involved in an action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: aspect, tense.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent feature: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

1. Full form

1). The word in full form with the suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

• a verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
• participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words: purchased newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid-July- dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

• verbal adjective if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn out- intransition.v.), conceivable (from think- intransitive verb.), unfading (from fade- intransition.ch.);
• participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: inflected (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

2. Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film is shot. The letter is written. The picture is hung. The laundry is washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). Can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot, the letter was written, the picture was hung.

In short adjectives the attribute is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is to her In general, these signs are characteristic. You cannot add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive structure.

§7. Participial

A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Do not confuse:

A dependent and qualified word is different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle refers, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that extends the participle. Its form depends on the form of the participle.

Fog, which landed on the river at night, dissipated during the day.

Defined word - fog. Participle - sunken, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(Which?) sunken- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: sunken(for what?) to the river- V.p.

Participial - landed on the river at night.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent features of participles?

2. Is it correct to think that participles change like adjectives?

3. What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?

   • Defined word
   • dependent word

4. Which participles do not have short forms?

   • Have valid
   • In the passive
   • Everyone has

5. How do short forms of participles change?

   • By case

6. How do full forms of participle change?

   • By case
   • By numbers and singular- by birth
   • By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender

7. What determines how many participial forms different verbs have?

   • From reflexivity of verbs
   • From verb conjugation

8. Which verbs have all 4 forms of participles: present active, past active, present passive, past passive?

   • Transitional air supply systems
   • Transitional SV

9. Which verbs have only 1 participle form: active past tense?

   • Intransitive NSVs
   • Intransitive SV
   • Transitional NSV
   • Transitional SV

10. How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs of SV?

11. How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs of the NSV?

Right answers:

1. dependent word
2. Have valid
3. By numbers and singular - by gender
4. By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
5. From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
6. Transitional air supply systems
7. Intransitive SV

• A16. Vowels in personal endings of verbs and suffixes of participles

In contact with

Participle is a part of speech that means attribute of an object by action and answers questions Which? which? which? which? Sometimes the participle is considered not as an independent part of speech, but as a special form of the verb.

Participles are formed from a verb and have some of its constant features. Participles are perfect ( read, excited ) And Not perfect form (read, excited ). The type of participle coincides with the type of the verb from which it is formed ( excited - from the perfective verb to excite, worried- from the imperfect verb to worry).

Like the verb, participles have a tense sign, but for the participle this sign is constant. Participles are past ( listened) and present tense ( listening). There are no future participles.

Designating sign of an object by action, participle combines signs verb And adjective . Like an adjective, a participle agrees with a noun in gender, number and case (these are its inconstant characteristics): child playing, girl playing, children playing . Some participles, like adjectives, can form a short form: built - built, born - born .

The initial form of the participle is the nominative singular masculine form. Syntax function participles: in full form most often perform the function definitions , and in short form - noun part compound predicate .

ATTENTION. We need to differentiate!

Adjectives And participles answer the same question, indicate a feature of an object. To distinguish them, you need to remember the following: adjectives denote a characteristic by color, shape, smell, place, time, etc. These signs are constantly characteristic of this object. And the participle denotes a sign by action, this sign occurs in time, it is not permanently characteristic of the object. Let's compare: reading room - adjective, sign by purpose, and reading person - participle, sign of action; bold - emboldened, dark - darkening, busy - busy . Also, participles are formed using suffixes unique to them: - ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-), -vsh-(-sh-), -eat-, -im-, -om-,-T-, -enn- (the latter occurs in adjectives).

Strengthen theory with practice!

(take tests with the answer checked immediately and an explanation of the correct answer)

There are two special verb forms: participle and gerund.

Participle

Participle- this is a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers questions Which? which? which? which?
Syntactic role: a participle in full form in a sentence is a definition, in short form it is a nominal part of a compound predicate.
A light moon shone over the trembling aspen.(A. Akhmatova)
Signs contain a lot of knowledge and poetry.(K. Paustovsky)

Morphological characteristics of the participle

Permanent:
type (perfect or imperfect);
tense (present or past).
Non-permanent:
full or short form (for passives);
case (in full form);
number;
gender (singular).
Initial form- full form of participle in nominative case singular male.

Active and passive participles

Active participles denote a sign of an object that itself performs an action: educational(i.e. he teaches himself), taught(i.e. he taught himself), trained(i.e. he taught himself).
Formed:

Passive participles denote a sign of an object that experiences an action from another object: trainee(by someone) trained(by someone) trained(by someone).
Formed:

Morphological analysis of the participle

1. Part of speech (special form of the verb). General value(sign by action).
Initial form (I.p., singular, male).
2. Constant morphological characteristics:
active or passive;
view;
time;
returnable or non-returnable.
Variable morphological characteristics:
full or short form (for passive participles);
case (in full form);
number;
gender (units).
3. Syntactic role.
Above the calmly sighing sea hung low a huge,the already flattened sun.(Sobol.)
(Above) sighing(by sea) - participle.
1. The sea (what?) sighs (denoting a sign of an object by action). N. f. - sighing.
2. Post. - valid, nonsense century, present vr., non-return; non-post - T.p., units. h., Wed. R.
3. .
Flattened(sun) - participle.
1. The sun (what?) is flattened (denoting a sign of an object by action). N. f. - flattened.
2. Post. - sufferer, owl. V., past. vr., non-return; non-post - in full f., I.p., units. h., Wed. R.
3. 

Basic features of a verb

	Examples
This is the action value:
· actions physical, mental, speech, emotional;	Chop, think, talk, love.
· movements and positions in space;	Run, stand.
process;	Develop.
condition, etc.	Sleep, get sick.
B) Morphological characteristics
Aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, mood, tense, person, gender, number, conjugation.
The verb changes according to moods, tenses, numbers, persons or genders (singular).
B) Syntactic features	Examples
In a sentence, the verb is usually a predicate and, together with the subject, forms grammatical basis offers.	Wed: Moon The whole valley lit up brightly.
In a sentence, the verb can be distributed by other parts of speech, most often by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases.	Wed: Illuminated the valley; illuminated brightly.

Question No. 2. (What is the difference between perfective and imperfective verbs?)

View verbs - verbs come in perfect and imperfect form.

• Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?

• Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do?

• In Russian there is a small number two-type verbs, that is, such verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then the imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?).

Execute, marry, marry, order, explore, examine, arrest, attack, etc.

For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king would personally execute (what is he doing?- imperfect species) their enemies; The king executed (What did you do?- perfect view) more than fifty rebels.

Question No. 3. (What verbs are called transitive?)

Transitivity– in Russian there are transitive and intransitive verbs.

· Transitive verbs capable of combining with a noun, pronoun in accusative case without pretext.

Question No. 4.

1.Find the noun that the verb refers to. For example, in the sentence “All of Russia glorified the victory won by the Russian army on the Borodino field,” the verb “glorified,” being a predicate, is associated with the subject - the word “Russia.” And the participle “possessed” (the participle is also a form of a verb, and therefore always has a voice) refers to the word “victory”.

2
Answer the question - what kind of action does our verb mean? Are we talking about something that was done by the person whom (or what) the noun denotes? Or did someone else perform this action on him? “Russia glorified the victory” - it is Russia that represents the protagonist here. Therefore, the verb “glorified” is in the active voice. “Victory won by the army” - here the character is already “the army,” and the participle “won” denotes what the army did with this victory. Therefore it is in the passive voice.

3
Separate conversation - reflexive verbs, that is, those that end in “-sya”. It is sometimes believed that all such verbs are necessarily in the passive voice. But this is a mistake. There are many active reflexive verbs. You can distinguish them like this. Try rephrasing the sentence so that the ending “-sya” is dropped. For example, “An article is being written now” easily becomes “Someone is writing an article now.” This means that “is written” is a passive verb. But let’s take the phrase “The housewife is stocking up on vegetables for the winter.” Paraphrasing it, we get “The housewife stores vegetables for the winter.” Obviously, the original proposal meant something completely different. In the same way, it is impossible to remake the phrase “The dog bites.” “Someone bites the dog” is a sentence with a completely different meaning. “Stocks up” and “bites” are active verbs.

4
The active voice also includes those reflexive verbs that denote action on oneself. You can distinguish them by trying to replace the ending “-sya” with a separate word “yourself”. “He saves himself from danger” thus becomes “He saves himself from danger.” The active voice of this verb is already obvious.

Question No. 5. (What is a participle? What signs of a participle make it similar to an adjective and a verb?)

Participle– an independent part of speech, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers a question Which? Questions are also possible what to do? what to do?

Main signs of the sacrament

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples
This is the value of an object's attribute by action.	Thinking, speaking, standing, deciding, shot, finished drinking.
B) Morphological characteristics	Examples
A combination of the characteristics of a verb and an adjective in one word.
Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following characteristics of verbs: transitivity, repayment, time.
Unlike verbs, participles do not have future tense forms. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms.	Wed: think(imperfect species) - thinking, thinking; think(perfect view) - thinking.
Participles have the following characteristics of adjectives:
· participles, like adjectives, change according to number, gender (in the singular) and case (in the full form);	Fled, fled, fled, fled.
· participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case;	Lost diary, lost book, lost time; lost hours, lost time.
Passive participles, like qualitative adjectives, have a complete and short form.	Finished - finished; lost - lost.
B) Syntactic features	Examples
In a sentence, participles, like adjectives, are usually modifiers or part of a compound nominal predicate.	Wed: Carried away, we forgot about everything; All The people around him seemed lost in thought.
Short participles, like short adjectives, act as a compound nominal predicate in a sentence.	Book revealed on page eight.
Full participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case.

Question No. 6. (How are participles formed? What is the difference between active and passive participles?)

Education:

· Present participles are formed from the foundations of the present tense. In order to highlight this basis, it is necessary to discard the personal ending of the verb in the present tense:

a) active participles:

decide(I conjugation): decide-ut → solving- + -yush- + -y (decisive );
build (II conjugation): constructionyat → build- + -box- + -y (building );

b) passive participles:

decide(I conjugation): decide-ut → solve- + -em- + -th (solvable );
build (II conjugation): constructionyat → build- + -im- + -y (under construction ).

· Past participles are formed from the infinitive stem (or past tense stem):

a) active participles:

decide(vowel stem): decide-t → solve- + -vsh- + -y (deciding );
carry (stem per consonant): carriedyou → nes- + -sh- + -y (carrying );

b) passive participles:

write(not based on -it ): wrote-t → written- + -nn- + -y (written );
build (based on -it ): built/and-th → built- + -enn- + -y (built );
take : took-t → take- + -t- + -y (taken ).

Real and Passive:

• Active participles denote a feature that is created by the action of the object itself.

Reading reads it himself ; read boy is the boy whoI read it myself .

• Passive participles denote a characteristic that is created in one object by the action of another object.

Readas a boy, a book - a book thatthe boy read ; built workers' house - a house thatbuilt by workers .

Passive participles have a number of features:

• passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs;

• passive participles have a full and a short form;

A house is built - the house is built, milk is finished - milk is finished.

• Passive participles can be extended by a noun or pronoun in a similar manner with the meaning of the subject of the action.

Wed: built(by whom?) workers house (workers built a house); narrated(by whom?) grandmother fairy tale (grandmother told a fairy tale).

Question No. 7. (What is a gerund? What brings together and what distinguishes a gerund and an adverb?)

Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when an action caused by a predicate verb is performed.

The participle answers questions doing what? what did you do? Questions are also possible How? Why? how? When? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with words dependent on it is called participial phrase.

Having gone to the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing my brother.

Similarities:

Question No. 8.

Formation of gerunds– gerunds are formed from verbs using special suffixes – -a, -i, -v, -lice, -shi :

• participles imperfect form formed from the present tense stem using suffixes -and I :

keep silent: silently -at → silentA ;
decide : deciding -yut → reshaI ;

• participles perfect form formed from the stem of the infinitive using suffixes -v, -lice, -shi :

shut up: shut up -t → shut upV ;
decide : decide -t → decideV ;
do : busy -t-Xia → busylice sya;
bring : brought -you → broughtshi .

©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2018-01-08

A participle is a special form of a verb with the following characteristics:

1. Indicates the attribute of an object by action and answers the questions: what is he doing, what did he do?, what did he do?.

2. Has morphological characteristics verb and adjective.

The features of a verb include

View (NE and NSV),

Transitivity (the sign is relevant for active participles),

Returnability,

Time (present and past).

Voice (active and passive).

In school grammar, voice is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the sign of voice is seen in a verb in any form (cf.: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb .

The characteristics of an adjective include

Case (for full participles),

Completeness/brevity (passive participles only).

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in a sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and nominal part of a compound nominal predicate (short participles are only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and verb type

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.

Transitive verbs can have active and passive participle forms, intransitive verbs only have active participle forms.

SV verbs have only past participles (that is, SV verbs cannot have any forms of the present tense - neither in the indicative mood nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. Thus,

NSV transitive verbs have all 4 participles (reader, read, read, read),

intransitive verbs of the NSV have 2 participles - active present and past tense (sleeping, asleep),

Transitive verbs of the SV also have 2 participles - active and passive past tense (read, read).

intransitive verbs of the SV have only 1 participial form - the active past participle (overslept).

Active participles

Active participles denote the attribute of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.

Active participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes

Usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the first conjugation: running-ush-y, running-yush-y,

Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the second conjugation: lying-ash-y, hundred-box-y.

Active past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the past tense stem using suffixes

Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-iy,

Sh- for verbs with a consonant as a base: carried-sh-iy.

Verbs can form active past participles from another stem:

Some verbs in -sti (to lead, to gain) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present/simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): acquired (the basis of the future tense will gain-ut, the basis of the past - has found), led;

The verbs go and fade form these participles from a special base, not equal to any others: shed-sh-ii, fade-sh-ii.

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the past tense stem dried up and the other from the infinitive stem dried up, and the choice of suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the given rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote the attribute of the object to which the action is directed: a book being read by a boy.

Present passive participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV, from the present tense stem using a suffix

I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the first conjugation: read-em-y, ved-om-y,

Im- for verbs of II conjugation: stored-im-y.

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: guided and managed are formed from the intransitive verbs lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by a noun in the form not of V. p., but of T. p.: to lead, to manage a plant).

The verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others do not have passive present participles.

The present passive participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (davaj-em-y).

The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.

Passive past participles are formed from the transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from verbs NSV are few) from the past tense stem using suffixes

N(n) - from verbs ending in -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-y,

En(n) - from stems to consonant and -it: taken away, built,

T- from the bases on -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and derivatives from them: closed-t-y, kol-t-y, locked-t-y, bi-t-y, split-t- y.

Passive past participles are not formed for the verbs to love, seek, take.

For some verbs starting with -sti, -st, the passive past participles are formed from the base of the present/future tense: brought, acquired, spun, stolen.

Passive participles of the present and past tenses can also be formed by attaching the postfix -sya to the active voice form: good-selling (=selling) / selling-your-s books.

Passive participles have full and short forms: the letter I wrote - the letter was written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and appear in a sentence primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn with the suffix -yash- the participle burning is formed, and with the suffix -yuch- the adjective combustible is formed. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “able to participate in an action”), cf.:

She was brought up in strict rules (=She was brought up in strict rules) - participle;

She was well-mannered, educated (= She was well-mannered, educated).

2. A word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows (adjective),

meadows not mowed with a scythe (participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows (participle, because SV).

3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have passive participles of the present tense, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots (adjective, since the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),

invincible army (adjective, because verb to defeat SV).