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Text content of presentation slides: Lymphatic system Author: Ananyeva N.V. GBPOU DZM "MK No. 2" 2016 Functions of lymphatic vessels: 1. Drained from tissues excess liquid 2. Removing “dirt” from tissues and organs and cleansing the lymph from it in the lymph nodes. “Dirt” - dead or dead cells of one’s own body, atypical cancer cells, dust, toxins, preservatives, etc. Elephantiasis Lymph is a clear, colorless liquid, chemical composition resembles blood plasma (does not contain all blood proteins - fibrinogen), contains cells - lymphocytes. milky lymph - it flows from the intestines, contains fat, so it is white and opaque. milky lymph - flows from the intestines, contains fat, so it is white and opaque. Lymph formation Lymph is formed in tissues. From cells to intercellular substance water and dirt come in. Some of these products enter the venous capillaries, and most of- into lymphatic capillaries and forms lymph. Primary lymphatic vessels (primordial) - contain immature eggs, their number is laid in utero. There are about 400,000 of them in each ovary of a newborn girl. Back to top menstrual cycle their number decreases to 10,000. secondary (Graafian) - are formed as a result of the maturation of primary follicles. One egg matures approximately every 28 days. In this case, the follicle gradually increases and by the time of ovulation can reach 1 cm. Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic ducts Thoracic lymphatic duct long, about 20 cm, begins at the level of the second lumbar vertebra, the expanded part is the cistern. The duct runs parallel to the Ao, passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm and flows into the left venous angle. At the level of the second lumbar vertebra, three lymphatic trunks flow into the cistern: the intestinal trunk, the right and left lumbar trunks. At the level of the left clavicle, three more trunks flow into the duct: the left internal jugular, the left subclavian, the left bronchomediastinal. This duct collects lymph from the left half of the head, the left half of the neck, the left arm and the left half of the chest cavity, from the entire abdominal cavity, pelvis and lower limbs. The right lymphatic duct is short, its length is 1.5 cm, located in the area of the right clavicle and flows into the right venous angle. This duct is formed from the confluence of three trunks: the right internal jugular, the right subclavian, the right bronchomediastinal. The duct collects lymph from the right half of the head, the right half of the neck, right hand and the right half of the chest cavity.
Attached files
Krasnoturinsky branch
GBPOU "SOMK"
OP.02. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Functional anatomy of the lymphatic system
Anfilofyeva Yu.A., teacher of the 1st qualification category
Plan:
1. general characteristics lymphatic system. Lymph.
2. Lymphatic capillaries and vessels.
3. Structure and functions of the lymph node.
4. Lymphatic trunks and ducts.
5. Regulation of the lymph circulation system.
1. General characteristics of the lymphatic system. Lymph
Lymphatic system – This is a set of vessels that collect tissue fluid from tissues and organs and drain it into the venous system.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune and vascular systems.
Similarities between the lymphatic system and the venous system:
1. The movement of lymph occurs - from tissues to the heart;
2. The presence of valves in the lymphatic vessels.
DIFFERENCES IN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND THE VENOUS SYSTEM:
1. Lymphatic capillaries begin blindly;
2. There are lymph nodes along the path of the vessels.
Functions of the lymphatic system:
1. Protective – removal of foreign substances (dead cells, microorganisms, bacteria, etc.) from organs and tissues.
2. Conductive - serves for the outflow of lymph, is a drainage system that removes excess tissue fluid
3. Barrier – carried out by lymph nodes, which are biological filters
4. Exchange
5. Hematopoietic
The lymphatic system consists of:
The lymph nodes
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic ducts
Lymphatic vessels
The structural and functional unit of the lymphatic system is the lymphangion
Lymphangion is the part of the vessel between two valves
Lymph– it is a transparent or cloudy-white liquid, similar in chemical composition to blood plasma
Composition: sweated tissue fluid, lymphocytes, proteins – prothrombin and fibrinogen
Quantity: 1 – 2 l
Reasons for lymph movement:
1. Continuous formation of tissue fluid;
2. Contraction of lymphatic vessels
3. Negative pressure in the chest cavity
4. Skeletal muscle work
5. Pulsation of arteries
6. External pressure (during massage)
2. Lymphatic capillaries and vessels
Lymphatic capillaries penetrate all tissues, except the brain and spinal cord, their membranes, skin, placenta, spleen, bone marrow, cartilage, inner ear, cornea and lens of the eye.
Features of lymph capillaries:
1. large diameter
2. start blindly
3. there are extensions - lacunae
4. the wall has high permeability
The wall of the lymphatic vessel consists of 3 layers:
1) internal - endothelial;
2) middle - muscle, formed by circular smooth muscle fibers with an admixture of elastic ones;
3) external – adventitia, formed connective tissue, bundles of elastic and longitudinally running muscle fibers.
3. Structure and functions of the lymph node
Form lymph nodes:
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Cortex
Brain matter
Trabeculae
Efferent lymphatic vessel
The lymph nodes
superficial deep
THE LYMPH NODES
visceral parietal mixed
Functions of lymph nodes:
1) hematopoietic – formation of lymphocytes;
2) immunopoietic – education cellular elements, antibodies, differentiation of T - and B - lymphocytes;
3) protective – phagocytosis of bacteria, foreign particles and toxins;
4) exchange;
5) reservoir – lymph depot.
4. Lymphatic trunks and ducts
The following lymphatic trunks are distinguished:
1) right and left jugular trunk - collects lymph from the head and neck;
2) right and left subclavian trunk - from the upper limbs;
3) right and left bronchomediastinal trunk - from the organs of the chest cavity and its walls;
4) right and left lumbar trunk - from the lower extremities and pelvis;
5) intestinal trunk - from the organs of the digestive tract.
Thoracic duct
- Formed from the fusion of the right and left lumbar trunks, at the level of the XII thoracic and II lumbar vertebrae
- Length: 30 – 40 cm
- The initial section is expanded and called the “milky cistern”
Thoracic duct
- Passes next to the abdominal aorta, rises up, and enters through the aortic opening of the diaphragm chest cavity and extends into the neck area
- It drains into the left venous angle, formed by the confluence of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
- At its confluence, the duct has a semilunar valve and a muscular sphincter
Right lymphatic duct
- Formed from the confluence of the right jugular, right subclavian and right bronchomediastinal trunks
- Length: 10 – 12 mm
- Located in the neck area on the right
- It drains into the right venous angle, formed by the confluence of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
5. Regulation of the lymph circulation system
I. NERVOUS REGULATION
- Sympathetic nerves constrict lymph vessels, increase tone and increase lymph flow.
- Parasympathetic nerves both relax and contract lymphatic vessels, i.e. increase or decrease lymph flow.
II. humoral regulation
- Under the influence of catecholamines, serotonin, vasopressin, the lymphangion contracts, intravascular pressure increases, and lymph flow increases.
- Under the influence of acetylcholine and oxytocin, the frequency and amplitude of myocyte contractions decreases, lymph pressure and the speed of lymph flow decrease.
- Na + , K + , Ca 2+ have a pronounced effect on the amount of lymph flow. Thus, Ca 2+ in small concentrations reduces the speed of lymph flow, in large concentrations it increases. K+ in small concentrations increases the speed of lymph flow, in large concentrations it causes a decrease in the speed of lymph flow.
Check yourself!
1. LYMPH IS FORMED FROM:
a) tissue fluid
c) cerebrospinal fluid
2. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE OF LYMPH FROM BLOOD:
a) absence of red blood cells
b) lack of proteins
c) absence of leukocytes
d) no fat
1 - a, 2 - a
3. THE LENGTH OF THE RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT IS:
d) 1 – 1.5 cm
4. MARGINAL SINUS IS PRESENT:
a) at the spleen
b) at the thymus gland
c) at the tonsil
d) at the lymph node
5. POINT OF ENTRY OF THE THORACIC DUCT:
a) inferior vena cava
b) left venous angle c) superior vena cava
d) right venous angle
1 – g, 2 – g, 3 – b
Assignment for extracurricular work:
Based on the text in the textbook, fill out the table:
Node names
Where is lymph collected from?
Lower limb
Where do the efferent vessels go?
1. Popliteal nodes
From the foot and lower leg
2. Inguinal nodes
In the inguinal nodes
Pelvic cavity
