Histamine preparations of the new. Phencarol to combat allergy symptoms: instructions for use for children. Other pharmacological properties of antihistamines

Antihistamines are a group of drugs whose principle of action is based on the fact that they block H1 and H2-histamine receptors. This blocking helps to reduce the reaction of the human body with a special mediator histamine. What are these medicines for? Doctors prescribe them during allergic reactions. Possessing good antipruritic, antispastic, antiserotonin and local anesthetic action, antihistamines perfectly help with allergies, and also effectively prevent bronchospasm, which can cause histamine.

In accordance with the time of invention and release on sale, the whole variety of allergy remedies is classified into several levels. Antihistamines are classified into first, second, third and fourth generation drugs. The medicines included in each generation have their own specific features and properties. Their classification is based on the duration of the antihistamine effect, the available contraindications and side effects. The medicine necessary for treatment must be selected based on the characteristics of each specific case of the disease.

Generations of antihistamines

First generation antihistamines

Preparations of the 1st (first) generation include sedatives. They work at the level of H-1 receptors. The duration of their action is four to five hours, after this period it will be necessary to take a new dose of the drug, and the dose should be large enough. Sedative antihistamines, despite their strong effect, have a number of disadvantages. For example, they can provoke dry mouth, dilated pupils, blurred vision.

Drowsiness and a decrease in tone may occur, which means it is impossible to take these drugs while driving a car and other activities that require a high concentration of attention. They also enhance the effect of taking other sedatives, sleeping pills and pain medications. The effect on the body of alcohol mixed with sedatives also intensifies. Most first generation antihistamines are interchangeable.
Their use is advisable in the event of problems of an allergic nature with respiratory system such as coughing or nasal congestion. It is worth paying attention to the fact that first-generation antihistamines fight cough well. This makes it appropriate to use them in bronchitis.

They will also be useful to those people who suffer chronic diseases associated with difficulty breathing. They are quite effective in bronchial asthma. They can also have a fairly good effect in the treatment of acute allergic reactions. So, for example, their use will be appropriate for urticaria. The most common among them are:

suprastin
diphenhydramine
diazolin
tavegil

Also often on sale you can find peritol, pipolfen and fenkarol.

Second generation antihistamines

Preparations of the 2nd (second) generation are called non-sedative. They do not have such a large list of side effects as the drugs that make up the first generation of antihistamines. These are drugs, not causing drowsiness and do not reduce brain activity, and also do not have cholinergic effects. good effect gives their use for itching of the skin and allergic rashes.

However, their significant drawback is the cardiotoxic effect that these drugs can cause. Therefore, non-sedative drugs are prescribed only on an outpatient basis. In no case should they be taken by people suffering from diseases. of cardio-vascular system. Names of the most common non-sedative drugs:

trexil
histalong
zodak
semprex
fenistil
claritin

Third generation antihistamines

Antihistamines of the 3rd (third) generation are also otherwise called active metabolites. They have strong antihistamine properties and have virtually no contraindications. The standard set of these drugs includes:

cetrin
zyrtec
telfast

These drugs do not have a cardiotoxic effect, unlike second-generation drugs. Their use gives a positive effect in asthma and acute allergic reactions. They are also effective in the treatment dermatological diseases. Quite often, third-generation antihistamines are prescribed by doctors for psoriasis.

New generation drugs are the most effective and harmless antihistamines. They are non-addictive, safe for the cardiovascular system, and also have a long period of action. They belong to the fourth generation of antihistamines.

Fourth generation antihistamines

Preparations of the 4th (fourth) generation have a small list of contraindications, which are mainly pregnancy and childhood, but, nevertheless, it is worth reading the instructions and consulting with a specialist before starting treatment. The list of these drugs includes:

levocetirizine
desloratadine
fexofenadine

Based on them, a larger number of drugs are produced, which, if necessary, can be purchased at a pharmacy. These include erius, xizal, lordestin, and telfast.

Forms of release of antihistamines

There are several forms of release of drugs that block histamine receptors. In most cases, their most convenient type to use are tablets and capsules. However, on the shelves of pharmacies you can also find antihistamines in ampoules, suppositories, drops and even syrups. The action of each of them is unique, so only a doctor can help you choose the most appropriate form of taking the medicine.

Treatment of children with antihistamines

As you know, children are more susceptible than adults to allergic diseases. A qualified allergist should select and prescribe drugs for children. Many of them in the list of their contraindications are of children's age, therefore, if necessary, from the application to the preparation of a course of treatment, it is necessary to be especially careful. Children's organisms can react quite sharply to the effects of the drug, so the child's well-being during the period of their use must be monitored very carefully. In case of side effects, the drug should be stopped immediately and consult a doctor.

For the treatment of children, both somewhat outdated medicines and more modern ones are suitable. The drugs that are part of the first generation are mainly used for urgent removal acute symptoms allergies. During long-term use, more modern means are usually used.

Antihistamines are not usually available in special "children's" forms. For the treatment of children, the same drugs are used as for adults, but in smaller doses. Drugs such as zyrtec and ketotifen are usually prescribed from the moment the child reaches the age of six months, all others - from two years. Do not forget that taking medicines by a child should be under the supervision of an adult.

In the case of an illness of a small child, the selection of antihistamines is much more complicated. For newborns, medications that have a slight sedative effect, that is, first-generation drugs, may be suitable. The most commonly used in the treatment of very young children is suprastin. It is safe for both toddlers and older children, as well as for nursing mothers and pregnant women. Depending on the disease and the condition of the child's body, the doctor may prescribe him tavigil or phencarol, and in case of skin allergic reaction- antihistamine cream. For infants, the same drugs are suitable as for newborns.

Antihistamines during pregnancy and lactation

Due to the increased production of cortisol in the body of a woman, allergies during the childbearing period are quite rare, but, nevertheless, some women still face this problem. During pregnancy, the intake of absolutely all medications must be agreed with the doctor. This also applies to allergy remedies, which have enough wide range side effects and may harm the baby. The use of antihistamines is strictly prohibited in the first trimester of pregnancy; in the second and third trimesters they can be used, observing, however, necessary measures precautions.

Unintentional ingestion of the drug into the child's body is possible not only during pregnancy, but also during breastfeeding. During lactation, the use of antihistamines is highly undesirable and is prescribed only in the most urgent cases. The question of which remedy a nursing woman will use can only be decided by a doctor. Even the newest and most modern medicines can cause irreparable harm, so in any case, do not self-medicate by feeding your baby with your milk.

Side effects of antihistamines

As mentioned earlier, the body of each person is individual, and only a specialist can choose the right remedy for treatment. Taking the wrong medicine for a person and violating the dosage can seriously harm health. The harm of antihistamines can manifest itself in addition to their usual side effects such as drowsiness, runny nose and cough in violation of the timing of ovulation in women, the occurrence allergic edema and asthma. Therefore, be sure to consult your doctor before you start drinking the medicine, and strictly follow the recommendations for taking it.

The main antiallergic drugs were and remain to this day antihistamines. This article will discuss what antihistamines for children exist, in what cases they are used and, most importantly, how to choose a remedy.

In order to understand why antiallergic drugs for children are needed for hypersensitivity, it is important to know the mechanism of the allergic reaction.

First exposure to an allergen- foreign protein - "acquaintance" occurs in the body immune system with it, and immunoglobulins - antibodies are produced. They settle on the so-called membrane. mast cells, sticking around it from all sides - sensitization occurs.

Re-penetration of the allergen more immunoglobulins are formed, and the mast cell, unable to withstand it, bursts. Allergy mediators are distinguished - biologically active substances that in a certain way affect organs and tissues and cause the entire clinic of hypersensitivity reactions. Under the influence of these substances:

there is an increase in permeability vascular wall, which causes swelling, rash and itching;
blood vessels dilate, causing local (and sometimes general) fever and redness;
smooth muscles contract, causing bronchospasm;
an active inflammatory reaction begins, which can turn into a chronic one and form a clinic of bronchial asthma.

There are many such mediators - leukotrienes, thromboxane A2, tumor necrosis factor α, adenosine, kinins, interleukins, etc. But the main one is histamine.

That is why it is so important to “bind”, to block all the histamine that is released from mast cells during an allergic reaction. Allergy medications for children and adults do exactly that: they are not able to remove the sensitization or completely prevent the release. active substances, however, they do an excellent job with the process of “intercepting” histamine.

Features of drug names

It is worth noting that there is international non-proprietary name everyone active substance(such as paracetamol or pantaprazol) and trade names- they are given by manufacturing companies (Panadol, Cefekon, Kalpol in the first case, Nolpaza, Controloc, Panum - in the second).

So it is with antihistamines: desloratadine is both Erius, and, and Alestamine, etc. Medicines are produced in a variety of forms and dosages, and it is difficult to figure out which drug is right for a child. This article is a selection algorithm medicinal product.

The first step is to determine why the medicine is needed, what symptoms need to be removed.
The second is the selection of medicine in accordance with the age of the child.
And, finally, the third point is the choice of the form of administration of the drug.

Lists of antihistamines for symptomatic relief

Below we will consider drugs for children that will help to cope with the symptoms of a particular disease.

With urticaria

Photo: Red spots on the body of a child - an allergy to antibiotics in the form of urticaria

Symptoms: rash, itching/burning, swelling, redness.

Second and third generation antihistamines:

desloratadine;
loratadine;
fexofenadine;
cetirizine;
levetirizine;
lopyramine;
dimethindene;
denhydramine;
ebastine

II generation:

Eliza (syrup, tablets);
Lordestin (tablets);
Claritin (syrup, tablets);
Tyrlor (tablets);
Clargotil (tablets);
Kestin (syrup, tablets)

III generation:

Topical preparations:

Allergosan (ointment);
Fenistil Gel;
Psilo-balm (gel).

With allergic dermatitis

Photo: Atopic dermatitis

Symptoms: peeling, itching, dryness, swelling, redness, sometimes erosion.

There are no grounds for the routine use of drugs. Applicable only in complex therapy, or for the correction of concomitant conditions - urticaria or rhinoconjunctivitis that disturb sleep. In this regard, first-generation drugs with a sedative effect are shown:

chloropyramine;
diphenhydramine;
mebhydrolin

List of drugs by brand names

Suprastin (solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration, tablets);
Diphenhydramine (solution for intravenous and intramuscular injection, tablets);
Diazolin (tablets, dragees).

For food allergies

Photo: Red rash on the cheeks as a manifestation food allergies

Symptoms : skin manifestations, itching, angioedema

The drugs are not effective for gastrointestinal complaints (used only in complex treatment), but can help with skin allergies after eating the allergen. First generation drugs are used:

chloropyramine;
diphenhydramine.

As well as modern medicines of the latest generation:

cetirizine;
fexofenadine;
levocetirizine.

List of drugs by brand names

1st generation:

Suprastin;
Diphenhydramine;

III generations:

Zyrtec;
Suprastinex.

With allergic conjunctivitis

A photo: allergic conjunctivitis

Symptoms: pain or itching in the eyes, tearing, redness, blurred vision, swelling.

Used as common drugs(any of the latest generation), and local funds:

levocabastine;
azelastine.

List of drugs by brand names

Vizin allergy (eye drops);
Histimet (eye drops);
Reaktin (eye drops);
Allergodil (eye drops).

For allergic rhinitis

Symptoms: nasal congestion, difficulty in nasal breathing, rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, swelling.

Local remedies are used - drops and sprays in the nose:

levocabastine;
azelastine.

List of drugs by brand names

Tizin allergy (spray);
Histimet (spray);
Reactin (spray);
Allergodil (spray).

With hay fever

Symptoms: a combination of symptoms of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, sometimes skin and food allergies.

The same means are used as for allergic rhinitis, as well as combined preparations, for example, a combination of diphenhydramine and naphazoline (an anticongensant is a vasoconstrictor).

List of drugs by brand names

Polinadim (eye drops)

Other diseases

Disease	Symptoms to be addressed		Preparations	Trade names, introduction form
Bronchitis, laryngitis	cough, hoarseness, bronchospasm, itching in the larynx and chest		Inhalation administration of the drug would be optimal, however, antihistamines in the form of solutions for inhalation are not available. Therefore, oral or parenteral preparations of the 3rd generation are used. In some cases, nasal sprays are effective - as with allergic rhinitis.	Siresp (syrup); Erespal (syrup, tablets)
With bronchial asthma	For asthmatics, antihistamines are not indicated in the classical GINA therapy regimen. They can be prescribed, but only by an allergist according to individual indications.
For insect bites	itching, burning, redness, rash	Both system tools (of all generations) and local ones are used.		Suprastin; Diphenhydramine; Tyrlor; Clargotil; Allergosan (ointment); Fenistil Gel; Psilo balm.
When taking antibiotics	Prevention drug allergy, treatment of skin and nutritional symptoms	As a preventive measure: often, along with the first use of an antibiotic, an antihistamine of any generation is prescribed to a child. As a planned treatment: third-generation drugs. As an emergency treatment: first-generation drugs parenterally, in a hospital or SMP		Zyrtec; Allegra; Suprastin (in / m, in / in).
Before and after vaccinations	For the prevention of allergic complications	Children with a diagnosed allergy, or those who have reacted inadequately to the previous vaccination (itching, swelling, rash, etc.).		Suprastin; Zyrtec; Zodak;
At chicken pox(windpox)	To relieve itching	Only drugs for oral use, with a sedative effect (first generation), at night		Suprastin; Diphenhydramine; Atarax;
With adenoids	Decongestants needed	Medicines are used for oral intake any generation and sprays		Eliza, ordestine, claritin, Tyrlor, Tizin allergy; Histimet;
When teething		No in clinical guidelines. It is advisable to replace the antihistamine with drugs with a local anesthetic effect (for example, Dentinox or Cholisal).
At a temperature		The combination of an antipyretic, analgesic and antihistamine is the so-called. lytic mixture that allows you to quickly reduce the temperature. Effective when i / m or / in the introduction, can not be used at home. Allowed drugs: promethazine; chloropyramine; diphenhydramine.		Pipolfen (solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration); Suprastin (solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration); Diphenhydramine (solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration).

It is important to understand that the choice of a drug cannot be based only on reading the instructions for use.

Any medicine should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor, having previously assessed the patient's condition, individual characteristics body, age, setting treatment goals, "weighing" the risk and benefit.

Lists of antihistamines for children by age

There is no doubt that preparations for children are more difficult than for adults. However, modern pharmacology offers medicines for any age group literally from birth to old age.

It should be noted that there are no separate drugs for children and adults. Most often, the differences are in the form of administration and dose. And, of course, some drugs are contraindicated for children under a certain age.

0 to 1 year

Children under one year old are the most “problematic” category, since allergies occur quite often, but the body is still weak and not sufficiently formed to receive high doses of antihistamines. However, today there are drugs that can be taken almost from birth:

Zirtek, drops for oral administration - from 6 months;
Cetrin, drops for oral administration - from 6 months;
Suprastin, solution for parenteral administration - from 1 month, to vital indications in a hospital setting;
Diphenhydramine, a solution for parenteral administration - from birth, according to health indications in a hospital;
, tablets and dragees, pounded into water, milk formula or baby food - from 2 months;
Pipolfen, solution for parenteral administration - from 2 months;
, ointment - from birth;
Fenistil - from 1 month for the drug in the form of a gel, drops for oral administration - from 1 month;
Psilo-balm, gel - suitable for newborns;
, eye drops - from 1 month.

From 1 year to 6 years

At the age of 1 year and up to 6 years, the range of drugs is expanding, although many more drugs are contraindicated:

Suprastin, tablets, must be added in crushed form to water or food - from 3 years;
Erius, syrup - from 1 year;
Claritin, syrup - from 2 years old, tablets - from 3 years old;
Tirlor, tablets - from 2 years;
Clargotil, tablets - from 2 years;
Zodak, drops for oral administration - from 1 year old, syrup - from 2 years old;
Tsetrin, syrup - from 2 years;
Suprastinex, drops for oral administration - from 2 liters;
Azelastine, eye drops - from 4 years old.

6 to 12 years old

Starting from the age of 6, medium-sized tablets are no longer rubbed into food, but allow children to swallow on their own. The choice of drug is even greater:

Zirtek, tablets - from 6 years;
Zodak, tablets - from 6 years old;
Cetrin, tablets - from 6 years;
Suprastinex, tablets - from 6 years;
, syrup - from 6 years;
Tizin, nasal spray - from 6 years;
Azelastine, nasal spray - from 6 years;
, nasal spray - from 6 years.

From 12 years and older

At this age, almost all antihistamines are allowed. In an emergency, any remedy can be used:

Erius, tablets - from the age of 12;
Eliza, syrup and tablets - from 12 years old;
Lordestin, tablets - from 12 years old;
, tablets - from 12 years;
Feksadin, tablets - from 12 years old;
Allegra, tablets - from 12 years old;
, tablets and syrup - from 12 years old;
Vizin allergy, drops in the eyes - from the age of 12;
Histimet, nasal spray and eye drops - from 12 years old.

The drug Kestin in tablets is prescribed from the age of 15.

Antihistamines for children: choice of form of administration

As you can see, almost all drugs have several forms of release. Most often, the choice is determined by the point of application, i.e. the area where the drug is to be delivered.

Tablets. Easy to use, act quickly, do not require special conditions administration, a single dose is sufficient. At the same time, small children cannot swallow tablets on their own, which is why the drug has to be crushed and mixed with food or drink. In addition, they have a systemic effect, affecting the liver and kidneys, which is why they are contraindicated in people with a serious pathology of these organs.
Drops. Small children can take it without even noticing it. They have fewer auxiliary components. Like tablets, they have a systemic effect.
Syrup. It has a pleasant taste, which is a plus for young children. However, this is also a minus, since the preparation contains flavors and fragrances, which can also provoke a reaction in an allergic child. Does not require drinking, has a systemic effect.
Injections. Pluses - in the rapid delivery of the drug into the bloodstream and, as a result, a quick, reliable effect. But this type of administration is practically inaccessible at home, it is not carried out independently.
Ointments, creams, gels. The advantages of this dosage form in a "point", local action, ease of application, the ability to use even the smallest children. However, the medication must be applied several times a day. What is the difference between these types of drugs? Generally speaking - in the intensity of absorption.

Repeatedly in the text of the article there have already been references to generations of antiallergic drugs. Can we say that new generation drugs are the best antihistamines for children? To make such claims, it is necessary to study not only the list of drugs, but also their pros and cons.

Lists of antihistamines for children by generation

The first histamine-blocking drug was invented in 1936. Since then, there have been no fundamentally new products in this line, only existing ones have been improved. To date, there are three generations of antihistamines (in some literature, the 4th generation is singled out, but there are enough sources that use the division into only 2 generations).

Despite the fact that drugs may belong to the same generation, the rules for their use vary. The dosage of each drug and dosage form is its own, and individual for certain age groups.

For convenience, the generation, names of drugs, their advantages and disadvantages, forms of administration and doses of antihistamines for children are combined in the table.

1st generation

Advantages

Good bioavailability;
Intense fast action;
Rapid excretion from the body;
The drugs are interchangeable;
Well eliminate the symptoms of respiratory allergies;
They are the drugs of choice for emergency conditions;
They have a sedative effect (“plus”, if it is necessary to eliminate insomnia caused by itching);
Have some antiemetic effect;
They have a local anesthetic effect, comparable in strength to novocaine;
Usually inexpensive.

Flaws

Have a sedative effect (cause drowsiness even when the situation does not require it);
Short-term (no more than 5 hours);
Are addictive;
Cause dry mucous membranes, thirst, tremor, tachycardia;
Allergenic themselves.

Representatives	Form of introduction	Dosage	A photo
Chloropyramine
Suprastin	tablets	3-6 years ½ tab. 2 r / day; 6-14 ½ tab. 3 r / day; >14 years - 1 tab. 3-4 r / day
	solution for intramuscular injection	1-12 months for ¼ ampoules; 1-6 years ½ ampoule; 6-14 years ½-1 ampoules; >14 years 1-2 ampoules
	ointment	thin layer 2-3 r / day
	tablets	>14 years 1 tab. 3-4 r / day
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine	tablets	0-12 months, 2-5 mg; 1-5 years, 5-15 mg; 6-12 years old, 15-30 mg; >12 years 30-50 mg
	solution for p / e introduction	IM 50-100 mg IV drip 20 mg
Psilo Balm	gel	thin layer 3-4 r / day
Mebhydrolin
	tablets	0-24 months, 50-100 mg; 2-5 years, 50-150 mg; 5-10 years, 100-200 mg; >10 years 100-300 mg
	dragee	same
clemastine
	tablets	6-12 years ½-1 tab 2 r / day; >12 years 1 tab 2 r/day
	solution for intramuscular injection	2 injections / day at 0.025 mg per kg of body weight
promethazine
	solution for intramuscular injection	2 months - 16 years, 1 mg per kg of body weight 3-5 r / day

II generation

Generation Virtues

High specificity;
Quick effect;
Long-term effect (a single dose is enough);
Minimal sedation;
Lack of addiction;
Long-term use is possible.

Generation Disadvantages

The risk of developing arrhythmias and other cardiac disorders;
Dry mucous membranes, nausea, vomiting are possible.

Representatives	Form of introduction	Dosage	A photo
Loratadine
Claritin	syrup	2 months - 12 years - depending on body weight and severity of allergies; >12 years 1 tsp. syrup or 1 tab 1 r / day
Claritin	tablets
Tyrlor	tablets	2-12 years old ½ tab 1 r / day >12 years 1 tab 1 r/day
Clargotil	tablets	2-12 years old<30 кг по ½ таб 1 р/сут 2-12 years >30 kg 1 tab 1 r/day
Dimetinden
Fenistil Gel	gel	2-4 r / day
	drops for oral administration	1 month - 12 years, 2 drops per kg of body weight; >12 years old 20-40 drops 3-4 times a day
Azelastine
	nasal spray	6-12 years 1 dose 2 r / day >12 years 2 doses 2 r / day
	eye drops	1 drop 2 r / day
Levocabastin
Vizin Alergi	eye drops	>12 years 1 drop 2 r / day
nasal spray	>6 years 2 doses 2 r / day
Histimet	eye drops	>12 years 1 drop 2 r / day
Histimet	nasal spray	>12 years 2 doses 2 r / day
	eye drops	>1 month 1 drop 2 r / day
	nasal spray	>6 years 2 doses 2 r / day
ebastine
	syrup	6-12 years old, 5 ml 1 r / day; 12-15 years old, 10 ml 1 r / day; >15 years 10-20 ml 1 r / day
	tablets	>15 years 1 tab 1 r/day

III generation (new generation)

Generation Virtues

No sedation (or minimal);
No cardiotoxicity;
There are no restrictions on how long children can take antihistamines;
Fast long lasting effect.

Generation Disadvantages

Possibility of drug allergy
High price.

Representatives	Form of introduction	Dosage	A photo
Fexofenadine
tablets	>12 years 1 tab 1 r/day
Feksadin	tablets	>12 years 1 tab 1 r/day
Allegra	tablets	>12 years 1 tab 1 r/day
cetirizine
Zyrtec	drops for oral administration	6-12 months, 5 drops 1 r / day; 1-2 years, 5 cap 2 r / day; 2-6 years old, 10 drops 1 r / day; >6 years 20 drops 1 r/day
Zyrtec	tablets	>6 years 1 tab 1 r/day
Zodak	drops for oral administration	1-2 g, 5 drops 2 r / day; 2-12 years old, 10 cap 1 r / day or 5 cap 2 r / day; >12 years cap/day 1 r/day
	tablets	6-12 years old, 1 tab 1 r / day or ½ tab 2 r / day; >12 years 1 tab 1 r/day
	syrup	2-6 years 1 measure. l. 1 r / day; 6-12 years old 2 measurements l. 1r / day or 1 measure.l. 2 r / day; >12 years, 2 measurements l. 1r / day;
Tsetrin (read)	drops for oral administration	6-12 months, 5 drops 1 r / day; 1-6 years, 5 cap 2 r / day; >6 years 10 drops/day 1 r/day
	tablets	>6 years 1 tab 1 r/day or ½ tab 2 r/day
	syrup	2-6 years, 5 ml 1r / day; >6 years 10 ml 1 r / day or 5 ml 2 r / day
Levocetirizine
Suprastinex	drops for oral administration	2-6 years old, 5 drops 2 r / day; >6 years 20 drops 1 r/day
Suprastinex	tablets	>6 years 1 tab 1 r/day

Contraindications and side effects. Overdose

There is not a single drug that has no contraindications and side effects. One way or another, the use of drugs is an outside interference in the body, which can have undesirable consequences.

Contraindications

Contraindications to the use of each particular drug, of course, differ, and it is necessary to consult a doctor and carefully study the instructions for each drug. However, there are situations common to all in which the application is unacceptable:

individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;
severe pathology of the liver and kidneys;
severe pathology of other internal organs;
age (individually for each remedy);
in some cases - lactase deficiency.

Side effects

Many parents are understandably interested in what is the effect of antihistamines on a child? Do they have adverse effects? side effect? In terms of the number of side effects, first-generation drugs are in the lead. Among the possible:

drowsiness, weakness, decreased concentration, distraction of attention;
anxiety, insomnia;
convulsions, dizziness, loss of consciousness;
blurred vision;
dyspnea;
violation of the outflow of urine;
puffiness;
anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema or other allergic reactions.

Second-generation drugs give fewer unwanted effects, but they are:

feeling of dry mouth, nausea, vomiting;
abdominal pain;
increased fatigue, increased excitability;
tachycardia (very rare);
allergic reactions.

In the development of third-generation drugs, numerous placebo-controlled studies have been conducted that have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of the drugs. However, can these drugs be harmful, if so, why are antihistamines of this generation dangerous for children? May develop:

headache, drowsiness, dizziness (less than 10%);
insomnia, irritability, tachycardia, diarrhea (less than 1%)
hypersensitivity reactions (<0,1%).

Precautionary measures

The main measure to prevent complications is not to prescribe medications on your own, but to take medications only on the recommendation of a doctor. In addition, you should take into account:

if long-term antihistamines for children are used, dosage adjustments should be made regularly;
the possibility of drug interactions when using other drugs;
the inadmissibility of drinking even low-alcohol drinks in conjunction with antihistamine therapy (relevant for adolescents);
the need for strict adherence to the recommendations of the doctor, dosage, frequency of administration.

Overdose

An overdose of antihistamines in children can lead to unpleasant consequences. First-generation drugs, the dose of which is long and significantly exceeded, can cause:

disturbances of consciousness;
feeling of anxiety, anxiety;
lack of coordination;
convulsive syndrome;
dry mouth;
redness of the face;
tachycardia;
urinary retention;
febrile phenomena;
to whom.

An overdose of second-generation drugs entails:

headache;
increase in drowsiness;
increase in heart rate over 100 beats / min.

The maximum tolerated dose of third-generation antihistamines has not been established, although there have been studies in which healthy volunteers took high doses of drugs for a long time. Among the effects they have developed are:

dry mouth;
dizziness;
weakness, drowsiness.

It is important to remember: if antihistamines do not help the child, in no case should you independently increase the dose. It is necessary to clarify the diagnosis and adjust the treatment by contacting the attending physician (for example, if diathesis or prickly heat are treated with antihistamines, there will be no effect, of course).

Thus, antihistamines are the first-line treatment for allergies in children. Reviews about their use are both positive and negative. Some parents talk about the exceptional effectiveness of some drugs, others about the absolute uselessness of the same drugs.

The role in this situation is played by the individual characteristics of the child's body, the type and severity of the disease, the duration of treatment, and many other factors. Antihistamines for children today is a huge branch of pharmacology, and it is possible to choose exactly the remedy that is suitable for a particular child in each specific situation.

Today we will talk about the new, latest generation of antihistamines, their list, how effective they are, pharmacological action, how to take, side effects and much more.

Groups of antihistamines

The prevalence of allergic diseases among the population is steadily increasing every year.

In order to stop the symptoms of allergies, improve well-being and completely eliminate the likelihood of severe and sometimes fatal complications, the use of antiallergic drugs is required.

Second generation antihistamines

There is no pronounced sedative effect and most of these drugs have a prolonged action, that is, they can be taken once a day.

The appointment of such drugs should be carried out with caution, as they have a cardiotoxic effect. That is, their intake is completely contraindicated for those who have a history of cardiovascular pathologies.

An example is a drug.

Pharmacological action of drugs

Antihistamines from the latter group are selective in their action - they act only on H1 - histamine receptors.

The anti-allergic effect on the body occurs due to several changes.

These medicines:

They inhibit the production of mediators (including cytokines and chemokines) that affect systemic allergic inflammation;
Reduce the total number and change the functioning of adhesion molecules;
Reduce chemotaxis. This term refers to the release of leukocytes from the vascular bed and their penetration into the damaged tissue;
Inhibit the activation of eosinophils;
Prevent the production of superoxide radical;
Reduce bronchial hypersensitivity.

All the changes that occur under the action of the latest generation of antihistamines lead to a decrease in the permeability of the walls of blood vessels. As a result, swelling, hyperemia, itching of the skin and mucous membranes disappear.

The absence of an effect on histamine receptors of types 2 and 3 determines the absence of pronounced side changes in the form of drowsiness and toxic effects on the heart muscle.

The latest anti-allergic drugs do not interact with choline receptors, and therefore patients are not bothered by dry mouth and blurred vision.

Due to the high anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect, antihistamines of the third group can be prescribed when necessary.

Possible side effects

Patients taking the latest generation of antihistamines rarely notice adverse reactions. But it cannot be said that they do not exist at all.

When treating with these drugs, the occurrence of:

headaches;
Increased fatigue;
Periodic dizziness;
Severe drowsiness or vice versa insomnia;
hallucinations;
tachycardia;
Dryness in the mouth;
Dyspeptic disorders in the form of nausea, colic and abdominal pain, vomiting;
Pain in different muscle groups;
Rash on the skin.

Very rarely, with prolonged treatment, hepatitis has developed. With a predisposition to allergies, the likelihood of body itching, anaphylactic reactions, including Quincke's edema, is increased.

List of drugs

The newest generation of antihistamines include:

fexofenadine;
Levocetirizine;
cetirizine;
Desloratadine;
Hifenadine;

It must be remembered that the funds listed are also available under other names, but their main active ingredient does not change.

Norastemizol and a number of other drugs, which are still better known abroad, are under development.

Indications for use

The effectiveness of the treatment of allergies is largely determined by the correct selection of the drug, which must be entrusted to the doctor.

Third generation antiallergic medicines are used to treat patients with:

Seasonal and year-round;
Conjunctivitis that occurs under the influence of allergens;
contact dermatitis;
Urticaria of acute and chronic course;

The latest generation drugs can be used in the course and after the elimination of acute symptoms of anaphylactic shock, drug allergy, Quincke's edema.

General contraindications to their appointment is considered only intolerance by the patient of the main or additional components of the drug.

Fexofenadine

The drug is available in two dosage forms. Tablets have a dosage of 30, 60, 120 and 180 mg.

The suspension contains 6 mg of the main anti-allergic substance in one ml.

Allergy symptoms begin to subside about an hour after oral ingestion.

The maximum effect begins to appear after 6 hours and then keeps at the same level during the day.

You should take the medicine, observing the following rules:

Patients over 12 years of age need a daily dose of the drug at a dose of 120 and 180 mg. The tablet is drunk once a day, preferably at the same time.
From 6 to 11 years, the daily dose is 60 mg, but it is recommended to divide it into two doses.
The tablet does not need to be chewed. Drink it with one glass of clean water.
The duration of therapy depends on the type of allergic reaction and its severity.

Fexofenadine was successfully taken by a group of patients for a month or more without the development of symptoms of its intolerance.

The drug is best to cope with allergic rhinitis, it is recommended to prescribe it for hay fever, rashes on the body and urticaria.

Fexofenadine is not prescribed if the child is under 6 years of age. Caution in the treatment of this drug should be shown to those who have a history of renal or hepatic pathology.

The components of the drug pass into breast milk, and therefore it cannot be used during lactation.

How Fexofenadine acts on the course of pregnancy has not been clarified, therefore this remedy is prescribed to expectant mothers only in exceptional cases.

It is distinguished by the most rapid development of anti-allergic effects on the body - some patients note a decrease in allergy symptoms within 15 minutes after ingestion.

In most people taking the drug, improvement in well-being occurs after 30-60 minutes.

The maximum concentration of the main active substance is determined within two days. The drug passes into breast milk.

Levocetirizine is prescribed for the treatment of various forms of allergic rhinitis, the drug helps with, urticaria and.

Accept it, guided by the following rules:

The tablet form is prescribed for children over 6 years of age and adults.
Per day, you need 5 mg of the drug, which are contained in one tablet. It is drunk regardless of when a meal is planned, but the drug should definitely be washed down with a glass of water.
The drug in drops from 6 years old is prescribed 20 drops per day. If the age of the child is less, then the dosage is selected depending on his weight.
The duration of the course of treatment depends on the type and severity of the allergic reaction. Patients with pollinosis Levocetirizine can be prescribed for up to 6 months. In chronic allergies, the drug is sometimes continued for a year. In the event that possible contact with the allergen is expected, the medicine can be drunk within a week.

Levocetirizine is not prescribed in pediatric practice for children under two years of age. Contraindications to its use are also considered pregnancy, severe renal failure, congenital pathologies of carbohydrate metabolism.

For patients with impaired renal function, the dose of the drug is selected after passing the tests. In cases of mild to moderate pathology, a dose of 5 mg can be drunk once every two or three days.

Analogues of Levocetirizine are considered -, Alerzin, Aleron Neo, L-cet, Glenset, Zilola.

cetirizine

Available in the form of tablets, drops, syrup. The drug is a metabolite of hydroxyzine.

Cetirizine relieves itching well, so its action is optimal in the treatment of urticaria and itchy dermatoses.

The agent shows high efficiency in eliminating the symptoms of acute and chronic rhinitis caused by the influence of allergens, in particular ragweed.

The medicine eliminates the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis - lacrimation, itching, redness of the sclera.

The anti-allergic effect occurs after two hours and lasts for at least one day.

The drug is prescribed depending on the age of the patient:

Adjust the dose of the drug is necessary for patients with impaired renal function.

Cetirizine treatment is contraindicated during breastfeeding, with congenital disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates, with individual hypersensitivity.

This medicine should be used with caution in those who have a history of epilepsy and convulsions.

During pregnancy, the drug is prescribed only in extreme cases.

The most famous analogues of Cetirizine include Rolinoz, Allertec, Amertil, Cetrinal. skin rashes and urticaria, hay fever.

The active substance of the drug retains its anti-allergic activity in the body throughout the day.

Tableting form is prohibited for use up to 12 years. Children from one year of age should receive the drug in the form of a syrup.

Hifenadine (trade name Phencarol)

Available in the form of tablets and as a solution for intramuscular injection.

Oral administration provides the onset of anti-allergic action in an hour, injection administration leads to a decrease in allergy symptoms in half an hour.

Hifenadine and its analogues are prescribed for:

Dermatoses accompanied by itching and skin irritation;
Chronic and acute urticaria;
Food and;
hay fever, allergies to ragweed;
Allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis;
Angioedema.

The daily dose of the drug for adults is up to 200 mg, it is divided into three doses.

Dosage for children is prescribed depending on their age and type of allergic reaction. Treatment should last from 10 to 20 days.

Hifenadine is contraindicated throughout pregnancy, children under three years of age, during the lactation period. Trade names of the drug Fenkarol-Olaine, Fenkarol.

An allergist should prescribe any antihistamine medication. A qualified doctor takes into account not only the severity of the allergic reaction, but also the age of the patient, the presence of others, including chronic diseases.

Self-treatment often causes the development of severe forms of allergies and this should always be remembered.

Allergy sufferers have been repeatedly prescribed new generation antihistamines, the list of which contains Cetrin, Erius, Desloratadine, Xyzal and many other new generation antiallergic drugs, which will be discussed in this article.

Understanding Allergies and Antihistamines

Due to adverse natural conditions, autoimmune diseases and a list of other factors, an allergy appears - an immune response to an irritant.

Clinical picture

WHAT DOCTORS SAY ABOUT EFFECTIVE ALLERGY TREATMENTS

Vice-President of the Association of Children's Allergists and Immunologists of Russia. Pediatrician, allergist-immunologist. Smolkin Yuri Solomonovich

Practical medical experience: more than 30 years

According to the latest WHO data, it is allergic reactions in the human body that lead to the occurrence of most deadly diseases. And it all starts with the fact that a person has an itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose, red spots on the skin, in some cases suffocation.

7 million people die each year due to allergies , and the scale of the lesion is such that the allergic enzyme is present in almost every person.

Unfortunately, in Russia and the CIS countries, pharmacy corporations sell expensive drugs that only relieve symptoms, thereby putting people on one drug or another. That is why in these countries there is such a high percentage of diseases and so many people suffer from "non-working" drugs.

There is a list of known allergens, which are food, plant pollen, pet hair and saliva, natural and synthetic drugs, microorganisms and bacteria.

To understand the new generation of antihistamines, you should find out how allergies manifest.

Due to antigens that adversely affect the human body, free histamine enters the bloodstream. The highly active substance comes into contact with H1 and H2 receptors, which provokes allergic symptoms. To stop an allergic reaction, it is necessary to use a list of drugs with antihistamine action, preferably a new generation.

Antiallergic drugs are called antihistamines, and these drugs help to cope with a list of allergy symptoms: various dermatoses, coughing, sneezing, itching, burning, clear nasal mucus, a feeling of nasal congestion, swelling and other manifestations.

Pharmaceutical companies have been producing antihistamines for a long time, but it is worth paying attention to the generations of drugs: a series of which is being produced as a new generation. Now there are IV generations of antihistamines.

For the first time, antihistamines were mentioned at the beginning of the last century. Over time, thanks to new technologies and improved knowledge of medical scientists, a list of new drugs with second-generation antihistamine properties has been created. With the development of scientific, medical and pharmaceutical fields of activity, medicines of a new III-IV generation appeared.

It is worth mentioning that drugs with antihistamine action III, IV, that is, new generations, differ only in the selling slogan - there is no particular difference in substances and properties between the drugs of the new generation (III-IV). But the difference in medicines I-II and new generations is significant - the drugs differ in composition, main pharmaceutical substances, pharmacological features and negative effects. The list of drugs with antihistamine action is constantly increasing due to new analogues and forms of release.

We will study antihistamine drugs of all generations, starting with the list of new generation drugs, ending with old antihistamines.

List of the best new generation antihistamines

Drugs with antihistamine properties of the new generation are called metabolic substances because the drugs are actively metabolized in the liver.

New anti-allergenic agents of III-IV generations serve as a modified form of the list of drugs of previous generations. New medicines do not act as a sedative and are not dangerous for people with heart and vascular diseases.

New medicines are prescribed for people of all ages to relieve allergy symptoms, including allergic dermatosis and dermatitis.

If an allergic person suffers from cardiovascular pathologies or an increased concentration of attention is required, anti-allergic tablets, drops, ointments of a new generation are prescribed.

Antihistamines of the new generation, used for medicinal purposes, successfully protect against allergies. But it should be noted that when the dose of new therapeutic agents is exceeded, reduced mental activity, the appearance of dryness in the mucous membranes, and rapid heartbeat are noticeable.

The list of antihistamine therapeutic agents of the new generation:

Allergodil;
Eden;
Amertil;
Norastemizol and others.

Allegra, Telfast, Feksadin

The list of new therapeutic agents, developed on the basis of a pharmaceutical substance - fexofenadine, effectively copes with pollinosis, urticaria.

New drugs block H1-H2 receptors, thereby reducing the production of histamine. There is no addiction to the latest generation antihistamines, they are effective for no more than 24 hours.

Tablets, which were previously called Telfast, and now are called Allegra, are not allowed for use by children under 12 years of age, pregnant and lactating women. Feksadin is an absolute analogue of Allegra.

Cetirizine, Zyrtec, Zodak, Cetrin

The list of new antihistamine medicines is produced on the basis of the active substance - cetirizine. Drugs whose effect after cancellation lasts up to 3 days can be taken for a long time to stop allergic attacks and prevent the development of allergies.

Medications based on cetirizine are produced in the form of tablets, drops, suspensions. Pediatricians practice the appointment of Zodak, Zirtek in drops for children from six months, and Tsetrin, Zodak syrup can be drunk for babies who have reached 12 months. Oral pills are allowed for children from 6 years of age. The doctor prescribes drugs and dosage strictly according to individual indications.

The list of all dosage forms based on cetirizine should not be taken by pregnant women and women during lactation, but if the use of drugs cannot be avoided, the baby is transferred to artificial feeding.

Xyzal, Levocetirizine, Suprastinex

The list of new drugs is available in tablets and drops and is used to get rid of seasonal allergies with symptoms of conjunctivitis and rhinoconjunctivitis, various skin rashes accompanied by itching.

New antihistamine drugs begin to act 40 minutes after ingestion, and it is advisable to take antihistamines with food.

Pregnant women should not drink a list of medicines, but it is allowed to use the drug for a nursing mother. 4th generation drugs in drops are prescribed to children from 2 years old, and tablets to 6-year-olds, the dosage is based on the weight and height of the child.

Desloratadine, Lordestin, Desal, Erius

The list of new drugs with the main active ingredient desloratadine has not only antihistamine properties, but also treats inflammation, successfully fights allergic symptoms during the flowering period of highly allergenic plants and nettle rash.

New medicines are sold in pharmacies in the form of tablets and syrup. In most cases, children who have reached the age of 2 are prescribed syrup, and preschoolers - tablets.

It is contraindicated for pregnant women to take a list of antihistamines based on desloratadine, except for a threatening condition - Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock.

Antihistamines of the second generation do not have sedation, that is, the list of negative effects is very small.

The drugs have a strong antihistamine property, therefore, for the relief of allergies, the patient only needs one tablet per day. As a result of taking pills and other forms of release of antihistamines of the second generation, it does not get sleepy, the reaction does not decrease, and the concentration of attention is not disturbed.

Antihistamine non-sedative medications help with a list of allergic pathologies: angioedema, nettle rash, inflammatory skin allergies. Often, doctors prescribe tablets or ointments for chickenpox to relieve unbearable itching.

There is no addiction to drugs, only it is necessary to clarify that second-generation antihistamines are undesirable for grandparents and patients suffering from arrhythmia. We must not forget that second-generation drugs, like other antihistamines, can cause side effects when the dose is exceeded, so drugs should not be abused.

List of antihistamines II generation:

Loratadine;
Levocabastin;
Histadyl;
Terfenadine;
Trexil;
Semprex and others.

Loratadine, Lorahexal, Claritin, Lomilan

The list of antihistamine drugs was created on the basis of the chemical substance - loratadine. Antihistamines selectively stop H1-histamine receptors, so that allergic attacks stop and there are fewer negative effects.

Possible negative effects of drugs that are rarely seen:

Anxiety, insomnia, depressive disorders;
increased urination;
Violation of defecation;
Feeling short of breath;
Weight set.

Antihistamine medicines are produced in the form of syrup and dragee. Suspensions Claritin, Lomilan are allowed to be dosed to children. The suspension is easier to dose than tablets. Drugs are prescribed for children from 2 years of age.

Pregnant women of the first trimester Loratadine is contraindicated, except in special cases, when the dosage is selected by a doctor and a specialist is supervised.

Kestin, Ebastine

The drugs selectively block histamine H1 receptors and begin to act within 60 minutes after ingestion, the effect persists for a day.

Kestin and Ebastine do not have a sedative effect, therefore, when taken, a person does not get sleepy, but side effects such as cardiac arrhythmia and a decrease in heart rate (Heart Rate) are possible.

The list of drugs contributes to toxic damage to the liver, therefore, drugs produced in tablets are contraindicated for pregnant women, and only pills are prescribed for children from the age of 12.

Rupafin, Rupatazin

The list of drugs that are rapidly absorbed into the blood effectively copes with the symptoms of urticaria, and taking with food enhances the medicinal effect.

Antihistamine tablets are indicated for children from 12 years of age, and pregnant women are not recommended to use drugs.

Antihistamine tablets, drops, syrups, solutions for intravenous and intramuscular injections of the first generation - an unimproved list of drugs that cause many side effects, primarily those that have a sedative effect: they act as a sedative, as a sleeping pill, suppress consciousness, reduce concentration. The side effect of each drug of the first generation is different.

Moreover, first-generation drugs do not last long - they are effective for 4-8 hours, are addictive, so doctors do not prescribe treatment for more than 7 days.

Preparations of the first generation are prescribed for the relief of skin rashes, with allergies to medicines.

In addition to the positive effect, there are negative consequences from antiallergic medicines:

Feeling of thirst, dry mucous membranes;
Increase in heart rate (heart rate);
Pressure drop;
Attacks of nausea, vomiting, a feeling of soreness in the stomach;
Increased appetite.

Despite the side effects, I generation drugs are prescribed to children of the first year of life, pregnant women, lactating women according to individual indications and with individual dosage, as they have been carefully studied and tested. But for people whose work involves a high concentration of attention, the use of antihistamines is not recommended.

List of medicines of the 1st generation:

Diphenhydramine;
Diazolin;
Tavegil and others.

The active ingredient of the first generation drug is chloropyramine. Suprastin can be bought at a pharmacy in the form of tablets and intramuscular, intravenous solutions.

Antihistamine medicine helps with hives, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, eczema, Quincke's edema, skin rash. Also, the drug is effective for chickenpox, bites of stinging insects.

Suprastin is prescribed even for infants from 1 month, but is undesirable for pregnant and lactating mothers.

The antihistamine drug is available in tablet and injectable forms, it is used in the same cases as Suprastin.

But unlike Suprastin, it is prescribed for children from 1 year old in the form of syrup, and tablets are recommended for older preschoolers. Pregnant and lactating women are also contraindicated. The first generation drug does not have a sedative effect.

Phencarol (Quifenadine)

The drug, thanks to a special enzyme, destroys histamine, so its effect is strong, while the drug does not have a sedative and sedative effect. It should be clarified that the antihistamine medication contributes to cardiac arrhythmias, so it is dangerous for people with heart disease to take it.

Phencarol is produced in the form of a powder for suspension and tablets. Suspension with orange flavor is prescribed for babies from 1 year old, tablets - from 6 years old.

Fenkarol is contraindicated for women in the first trimester of pregnancy, from 12 weeks - according to indications and strictly calculating the dosage based on body weight.

Fenistil (Dimetinden)

Very often you can hear reviews of young mothers about this drug, which is prescribed even for babies from 1 month of life (in drops). Basically, the drug is prescribed by pediatricians because of allergic reactions to drugs, allergic dermatosis, atopic dermatitis.

An antihistamine drug is sold in a pharmacy in the form of drops, gel, suspension and tablets. The medicine of the first generation is contraindicated in pregnant women of the first trimester and nursing mothers.

The well-known doctor Komarovsky strongly does not recommend giving antiallergic drugs to children at every opportunity.

Video

Every year the number of allergic reactions, including dermatitis, is steadily growing, which is associated with the deterioration of the environmental situation and the "unloading" of the immune system in the conditions of civilization.

Allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction of the body to a foreign chemical substance - an allergen. It can be food, pet hair, dust, drugs, bacteria, viruses, vaccines, and more.

In response to the entry of an allergen in the organs and cells of the immune system, an intensive production of a special substance, histamine, begins. This substance binds to H1 - histamine receptors and causes signs of allergy.

If you remove the provoking factor, the manifestations of allergies will pass over time, but the cells that store the memory of this substance will remain in the blood. At the next meeting with him, an allergic reaction may manifest itself with greater force.

How do antihistamines work?

These drugs bind to H1-histamine receptors and block them. Thus, histamine cannot bind to the receptors. Allergy phenomena subside: the rash turns pale, swelling and itching of the skin decrease, nasal breathing is facilitated and the phenomena of conjunctivitis decrease.

The first antihistamine drugs appeared in the 1930s. As science and medicine developed, the second and then the third generation of antihistamines were created. All three generations are used in medicine. The list of antihistamines is constantly updated. Analogues are produced, new forms of release appear.

Consider the most popular drugs, starting with the latest generation.

In fairness, the division into the first, second and third generations makes sense, because. substances differ in properties and side effects.

The division into the third and fourth generation is very conditional, and often carries nothing but a beautiful marketing slogan.

Sometimes these drugs are referred to both the third and fourth generations at the same time. We will not confuse you even more and call it all simpler:

Last generation - metabolites

The most modern medicines rstva. A distinctive feature of this generation is that the drugs are prodrugs. When ingested, they are metabolized - activated in the liver. Do drugs no sedative effect, also they do not affect the functioning of the heart.

Antihistamines of the new generation are successfully used to treat all types of allergies and allergic varieties of dermatitis in children, people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Also, these funds are prescribed to people whose profession is associated with increased attention (drivers, surgeons, pilots).

Allegra (Telfast)

The active substance is fexofenadine. The drug not only blocks histamine receptors, but also reduces its production. It is used for chronic urticaria and seasonal allergies. The anti-allergic effect lasts up to 24 hours after the end of the course of treatment. Not addictive.

Available only in the form of tablets. Previously, the tablets were called Telfast, now - Allegra. They are contraindicated in children under 12 years of age, pregnant and lactating women.

cetirizine

The effect after administration develops after 20 minutes and persists for 3 days after discontinuation of the drug. It is used to treat and prevent allergies. Cetirizine does not cause drowsiness and decreased attention. It may be used for a long time. The drug is available in the form of drops (trade name "Zirtek", "Zodak"), syrup ("Cetrin", "Zodak") and tablets.

In children's practice, it is used from 6 months in the form of drops, from 1 year in the form of syrup. From the age of 6, tablets are allowed. The dosage is determined by the doctor individually.

Pregnant women Cetirizine is strictly contraindicated. For the period of use, it is desirable to stop breastfeeding.

The medicine is prescribed for the treatment of year-round and seasonal allergies, urticaria and pruritus. The action occurs 40 minutes after administration. Available in the form of drops and tablets.

In children's practice, drops are used from the age of 2 and tablets from the age of 6. The dosage is determined by the doctor in accordance with the weight and age of the child.

The drug is contraindicated for pregnant women. Acceptance during breastfeeding is allowed.

Desloratadine

Synonyms: Lordestin, Desal, Erius.

The drug has an antihistamine and anti-inflammatory effect. Well eliminates the signs of seasonal allergies and chronic urticaria. When taken in therapeutic doses, dry mouth and headache may occur. Available in the form of syrup, tablets.

Children are prescribed from 2 years in the form of syrup. Tablets are allowed for children over 6 years of age.

Pregnant and lactating Desloratadine is contraindicated. Perhaps its use in life-threatening conditions: Quincke's edema, suffocation (bronchospasm).

Antihistamines of the 3rd generation effectively eliminate the manifestations of allergies. In therapeutic doses, they do not cause drowsiness and reduce attention. However, if the recommended dosages are exceeded, dizziness, headache, and an increase in heart rate may occur.

If you have used any of their preparations, do not forget to leave a review in the comments.

Second generation - non-sedating

The drugs of this group have a pronounced antihistamine effect, the duration of which is up to 24 hours. This allows you to take them 1 time per day. Medications do not cause drowsiness or impaired attention, which is why they are called non-sedating.

Non-sedative drugs are actively used to treat:

urticaria;
hay fever;
eczema;

These remedies are also used to relieve severe itching in chickenpox. There is no addiction to antiallergic drugs of the 2nd generation. They are quickly absorbed from the digestive tract. They can be taken at any time, even with meals.

Loratadine

The active substance is loratadine. The drug selectively affects H1 histamine receptors, which allows you to quickly eliminate allergies and reduce the number of side effects:

anxiety, sleep disturbances, depression;
frequent urination;
constipation;
asthma attacks are possible;
increase in body weight.

Produced in the form of tablets and syrup (trade names "Claritin", "Lomilan"). Syrup (suspension) is convenient to dose and give to young children. The action develops 1 hour after administration.

In children, Loratadine is used from the age of 2 years in the form of a suspension. The dosage is selected by the doctor depending on the body weight and age of the child.

Loratadine is prohibited for use in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. In extreme cases, it is prescribed under the strict supervision of a physician.

Synonym: Ebastine

This agent selectively blocks H1 histamine receptors. Does not cause drowsiness. The action occurs 1 hour after administration. The antihistamine effect persists for 48 hours.

In children, it is used from 12 years of age. Kestin has a toxic effect on the liver, causes rhythm disturbances, and reduces the heart rate. Pregnant women are contraindicated.

Synonym: Rupatadin

The medicine is used in the treatment of hives. After oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed. Simultaneous food intake enhances the effect of Rupafin. It is not used in children under 12 and pregnant women. Use during breastfeeding is possible only under strict medical supervision.

Antihistamines of the 2nd generation meet all modern requirements for medicines: high efficiency, safety, long-term effect, ease of use.

However, it should be remembered that exceeding the therapeutic dosage leads to the opposite effect: drowsiness appears and side effects increase.

First generation - sedatives

Sedative drugs are called because they cause a sedative, hypnotic, mind-depressing effect. Each representative of this group has a sedative effect expressed to varying degrees.

In addition, the first generation of drugs has a short-term anti-allergic effect - from 4 to 8 hours. They may become addictive.

However, the drugs are time-tested and often inexpensive. This explains their mass.

First-generation antihistamines are prescribed to treat allergic reactions, relieve skin itching in infectious rashes, to reduce the risk of post-vaccination complications.

Along with a good anti-allergic effect, they cause a number of side effects. To reduce their risk, treatment is prescribed for 7-10 days. Side effects:

dry mucous membranes, thirst;
increased heart rate;
drop in blood pressure;
nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort;
increased appetite.

First generation drugs are not prescribed to people whose activities are associated with increased attention: pilots, drivers, because. they can weaken attention and muscle tone.

Suprastin

Synonyms: Chloropyramine

It is available both in the form of tablets and in ampoules. The active ingredient is chloropyramine. One of the most commonly used antiallergic drugs. Suprastin has a pronounced antihistamine effect. It is prescribed for the treatment of seasonal and chronic rhinitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, eczema, Quincke's edema.

Suprastin relieves itching well, including after an insect bite. It is used in the complex therapy of rashes, accompanied by skin itching and scratching. Available in the form of tablets, solutions for injection.

Suprastin is approved for the treatment of infants, starting from one month. The dosage is selected individually depending on the age and body weight of the child. These funds are used in the complex therapy of chicken pox: to relieve skin itching and as a sedative. Suprastin is also included in the lytic mixture ("troychatka"), which is prescribed at a high and not knocked down temperature.

Suprastin is contraindicated for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Tavegil

Synonym: clemastine

It is used in the same cases as suprastin. The drug has a strong antihistamine effect lasting up to 12 hours. Tavegil does not lower blood pressure, the hypnotic effect is less pronounced than that of suprastin. The medicine is available in several forms: tablets and injection.

Application in children. Tavegil has been used since 1 year. The syrup is prescribed for children from 1 year old, tablets can be used from 6 years old. The dosage is determined individually depending on the age and body weight of the child. The dose is selected by the doctor.

Tavegil is prohibited for use during pregnancy.

Synonym: Quifenadine

Fenkarol blocks H-1 histamine receptors and starts an enzyme that utilizes histamine, so the effect of the drug is more stable and long lasting. Fenkarol practically does not cause a sedative and hypnotic effect. In addition, there are indications that this drug has an antiarrhythmic effect. Phencarol is available in the form of tablets and powder for suspension.

Quifenadine (Fenkarol) is used to treat all types of allergic reactions, especially seasonal allergies. This tool is included in the complex treatment of parkinsonism. In surgery, it is used as part of medical preparation for anesthesia (premedication). Fenkarol is used to prevent host-foreign reactions (when the body rejects foreign cells) during transfusions of blood components.

In pediatric practice, the drug is prescribed from 1 year. For children, the suspension is preferable, it has an orange flavor. If the child refuses to take the syrup, a tablet form may be prescribed. The dosage is determined by the doctor, taking into account the weight and age of the child.

Fencarol is contraindicated in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. In the 2nd and 3rd trimester, its use is possible under medical supervision.

Fenistil

Synonym: Dimetinden

The drug is used to treat all types of allergies, skin itching with chickenpox, rubella, prevention of allergic reactions. Fenistil causes drowsiness only at the beginning of treatment. After a few days, the sedative effect disappears. The drug has a number of other side effects: dizziness, muscle spasms, dryness of the oral mucosa.

Fenistil is available in the form of tablets, drops for children, gel and emulsion. Gel and emulsion are applied externally after insect bites, contact dermatitis, sunburn. There is also a cream, but this is a completely different drug based on a different substance and it is used for "cold on the lips".

In children's practice, Fenistil in the form of drops is used from 1 meat. Up to 12 years of age, drops are prescribed, over 12 years of age, capsules are allowed. The gel is used in children from birth. The dosage of drops and capsules is selected by the doctor.

Pregnant women are allowed to use the drug in the form of a gel and drops from 12 weeks of pregnancy. From the second trimester, Fenistil is prescribed only for life-threatening conditions: Quincke's edema and acute food allergies.

Diazolin

Synonym: Mebhydrolin

The drug has low antihistamine activity. Diazolin has a fairly large number of side effects. When it is taken, dizziness, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate, and frequent urination occur. But at the same time, Diazolin does not cause drowsiness. It is approved for long-term treatment in drivers and pilots.

Available in the form of tablets, powder for suspension and dragee. The duration of antiallergic action is up to 8 hours. It is taken 1-3 times a day.

In children, the drug is prescribed from 2 years of age. Up to 5 years, Diazolin in the form of a suspension is preferable; over 5 years, tablets are allowed. The dosage is selected by the doctor individually.

Diazolin is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Despite all the shortcomings, first-generation drugs are widely used in medical practice. They are well studied, approved for the treatment of young children. Medicines are available in different forms: injection solutions, suspensions, tablets, which makes it convenient to use them and select an individual dosage.

Antihistamines work well for allergic dermatitis, and (in most cases) atopic dermatitis too.

It should be remembered that drugs should be taken in a strictly defined dose, according to the instructions. Otherwise, undesirable effects may occur, even (!) an increase in an allergic reaction.

The choice of medicine and its dose should be performed by a doctor. Antiallergic treatment, especially for children and pregnant women, should be carried out under strict medical supervision.

10 comments

I have a severe allergy to ragweed (but the list of allergens is not limited to this): itchy eyes, runny nose, sneezing. I started taking levocitemeresin in addition to Avamys (nasal spray). But he does not help me well, because. A strong cough has already begun, especially at night. I didn't sleep at all for one night. Now I don't know what to drink :(

There are a lot of drugs, each one is better for something different. Try other drugs from the list, newer.

Well, it is best to consult a doctor, perhaps you will be prescribed an injectable form.

Hello! My daughter (16 years old) has frequent recurrences of allergic rhinitis. The last time the doctor prescribed a course of Desal (4 weeks) did not pass and 2 weeks later there was again nasal congestion, fever, and this time severe headaches. Thought it was low blood pressure. When they took the test, it turned out again-allergy. They started taking Desal again. Tell me, is it possible to use antihistamines so often, and what alternative and more effective treatment would you recommend?

If any one drug from at least the second generation does not help, then you need to try another active ingredient. For example, loratadine does not help my child at all. Doctors automatically prescribe it. :(They used cetrin, drank almost the entire package - everything was fine, as long as the weather was damp and cold. As soon as the sun came out and all the alder-birch trees began to bloom, cetrin does not help. Where the promised effect for three days after the course of treatment is unclear.
Passed 2 courses of ASIT - so far it has not helped, alas. And drugs for ASIT are very, very expensive.
Friends say that acupuncture helps. But it is also very expensive. We need to study the issue.

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All information is presented for educational purposes. Do not self-medicate, it is dangerous! An accurate diagnosis can only be made by a doctor.