Nowadays, the computer is perceived as ordinary Appliances, whose presence in every home no longer surprises anyone. And yet it was not always so. For sure most of readers will remember what a miracle until recently was their own computer, which cost like a car.
And it doesn’t matter that sometimes its power was only enough for the most primitive toys, but you could spend hours studying its “offal” and getting acquainted with the principles of operation of the equipment. As a result, in those years there were few PC owners who did not know at least the most elementary principles of caring for it.
Unfortunately, the current generation of users is often not so “savvy” in these matters, and therefore even basic problems cause them to panic. Do you know what kind of window sometimes appears at system startup? If you understand something in the English dialect, you probably noticed that you can press the "C" button to cancel some
This is the CHKDSK program. What is it and why is it needed?
Basic Information
You have to start from afar. If you have at least a basic understanding of the organization of data storage on hard drives, then you also know about the possibility of various kinds of errors. They appear on different reasons, but the result is the same - data corruption and the need to format the media.
Of course, things do not always come to such dire consequences, but anything happens. It is to prevent such cases that the CHKDSK utility is needed. What is this program? Simply put, this application is responsible for checking hard drive for the presence of logical and physical errors, as well as for their correction.
The program is included in all versions of Windows, and therefore there is no need to install it separately.
What is done with physically damaged sectors?
If you have read carefully, you will probably be surprised to find information about correcting even physical errors on the surface of hard drives. No, the program does not send nanobots there, but it can mark "failed" areas with a special marker.
As a result, the OS no longer writes any information to these cells. We remind you that the SCANDISK utility was responsible for performing this work in earlier versions of the OS from Microsoft.
In general, if you run the utility with the checkbox set to detect and fix physical errors, get ready to wait a long time. It is best to leave this operation overnight, without touching the computer during its execution.
We start the scan on Windows XP / 7
Let's take the simplest path first. Running the program in this way is absolutely no problem. To do this, go to "My Computer", right-click on the drive that needs to be checked, and select "Properties" from the context menu.
It will open in which you need the "Service" tab. There is an item "Check disk for errors". Click on the appropriate button, after which the utility we need is launched. Check the boxes you need, and then click on the "Start" button.
Possible problems
Attention! It's not uncommon for problems to arise. A feature of Windows is that when a disk used by some application cannot be checked. In this case, a dialog box will appear in which the user will be prompted to postpone the disk check until the next restart of the computer.
Remember how we talked about this at the very beginning of the article? The moment you start your computer, the CHKDSK text interface will appear. What is it, we have already found out. If the disk you have chosen is not a system disk, then the check will be performed from under the Windows OS itself.
Some nuances of Windows XP
In our country, to this day, it often happens that in the midst of a working day, electrical energy suddenly disappears in the network. Computers are turned off in an emergency order, the file system comes into a deplorable state ...
Naturally, at the next reboot, the disk check program should be launched, but with the old XP, everything does not always go smoothly with this. Even if CHKDSK (what it is, we have already learned) did not start automatically at system startup, it is better to start it by force.
The fact is that errors in the file system (and they almost always appear during an emergency shutdown) can manifest themselves suddenly and completely unexpectedly. This can be expressed in inadequate behavior of the OS, in crashes and incorrect operation of applications.
Run from command line
We have already described above simplest way, with which you can run such a useful utility. But we would recommend doing it in emulation mode. Why?
The fact is that from under the graphical shell the program can start with only two main parameters: fixing the logical or physical problems of the hard drive. And in command line mode, you can adjust almost dozens of parameters.
Of course, for novice users, all this is unnecessary, but over time, you will still come to the need to use advanced settings.
Enough talk, let's get down to business. How to run the command line? To do this, click on the "Start" button, find the "Run" item there. Click on it, after which a field for entering commands will appear in front of you. You need to insert something like this into it: chkdsk with: / f.
Detailed information on launch options
How will the CHKDSK program be launched in this case? The parameters in this case are set by the letter "F". It means that the utility will detect and fix only logical errors on the hard drive. If you put the /v parameter there (chkdsk with: /v), then the utility will first display all the directories that will be checked.
In the case when you are interested in finding and repairing bad sectors of the hard drive, put / r in the final part of the command. The value of this parameter is that the utility starts not only searching for such problems, but also tries to save the data that can still be read from the failed sections.
Important!
The last operation is possible only (!) when the disk is locked. Accordingly, in normal conditions from under Windows itself, this command cannot be executed. To correct this omission, compose the command as follows: chkdsk with: /x /r.
You can use this technique only (!) On disks with the NTFS file system. The /x option in this case blocks the hard drive, after which the program can continue to work. By the way, the same command fully uses the /f functionality, so if you need to correct the same logical errors, you should not re-register it.
It often happens that there is not enough time for technological operations. Is there any way to shorten the duration of the CHKDSK utility? The parameters allow it. It is enough to enter this into the command line: chkdsk with: / i. In this case, the check will be performed with a less thorough check of the index entries.
Attention! This option should also only be used with drives on the NTFS file system. So before you run the CHKDSK utility, we strongly advise you to double-check everything again.
It must be remembered that there are many commands and conditions for their use. To fully characterize them all, the volume of this article is clearly not enough. If you want to learn more about some parameters, then use the following command: chkdsk with: /?. In this case, quite detailed help will appear on the command line.
Important note
Reading this article, you have already come across some comments more than once. In a word, one more moralizing just won't hurt! The fact is that beginners often fail to use a single command, since the OS displays messages like: “Access denied”.
What happened? It's simple - your account does not have the necessary rights. Yes, the vast majority of domestic users constantly work under the "Administrator", but in the latest version of Windows (starting with Vista), there is a good "fool protection".
All actions that, even in the future, can harm the system, must be run with built-in administrator rights. To get at your disposal an "administrative" command line, you need to perform a few simple operations.
Before you run the CHKDSK program with extended privileges, you must click on the "Start" button, and write CMD in the "Search" field. A list of found files with that name will open in the right part of the window. Click on the first (as a rule, there will be no more) with the right mouse button, in the context menu that opens, select the "Run as administrator" item.
Everything! After that, you can check the disk with the keys that are necessary to perform the type of check you need.
If the problems are more serious...
All this is good, but how to run the CHKDSK program if Windows itself refuses to start at all? Alas, in this case you will not be able to do without the original boot disk from which you installed the OS.
Insert it into the drive, reboot into the BIOS, set it to start from the CD. After that, reboot again, wait for the first inscriptions to appear. In Windows XP, to exit to the console, you need to press the "R" key, and in Vista / 7/8 - you should select the item of the same name in the graphical menu.
When you go to the console, you will be asked to enter the Windows number for which you would like to use the CHKDSK utility. How to run required? To do this, enter the number under which it appears in the list, and then press Enter.
If your Account protected by a password, you will need to enter it. Everything. After that, you can use the CHKDSK command. How to run it with the parameters you need? Everything is simple. To do this, use the keys, which we already wrote about above.
Another important note
Everything would be fine, but 2003, XP and Vista owners should be on the lookout: Microsoft reports that the disk check utility on these systems contains a critical bug. In some cases, it appears, after which a message is displayed stating that "descriptors are not supported", or "CHKDSK is corrupted."
Until relatively recently, there was no solution to the problem, and therefore it was often necessary to completely reinstall the system. Currently, support advises using a small secedit utility, which, even after the end of XP support, is available on the official Microsoft website.
Unfortunately, even its use does not guarantee anything. In particular, there are often problems with starting services, and the program itself can crash without explanation. Sometimes it helps to run it from under the administrator (which we already wrote about above). Most often, the CHKDSK error will continue to “please” you until you reinstall Windows.
Watch out for installed programs!
We should not forget that not only in life, but also in your computer, everything is interconnected. On all thematic resources, users have been told many times that in no case should you install applications from dubious sources, but few people pay attention to these warnings.
If, after installing some utility, a disk check (CHKDSK) starts when Windows starts, this clearly indicates that something is wrong with this program. It is possible that her installer is crookedly written. There is also a possibility that it simply did not install too correctly.
In this case, we can recommend reinstalling the program, and to remove it, it is better to use specialized utilities (Revo Uninstaller Pro, for example), which can completely remove all traces of an unsuccessful installation.
How to remove disk check from startup?
It happens that on a completely stable system, on which nothing new has been installed for a long time, a rather annoying window of this utility begins to appear at each start. As we have said, there can be many reasons. It is possible that with the help of Windows CHKDSK gives you desperate signals HDD on the brink of a painful death.
Be that as it may, this program can be removed from startup. Attention! You do this solely at your own peril and risk!
First, click on the "Start" button, look for "Run" there, and then enter the Regedit command. The Registry Editor dialog opens, in which you need to find the key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager. Go to it, look for the BootExecute item, and then completely overwrite all its contents. Click on the "OK" button, exit and reboot. As a rule, extraneous windows no longer appear during loading.
Here is CHKDSK. You also already know how to start Windows 7 without it.
Windows crashes, computer emergency power off, experiments with software for managing disk space, the consequences of virus penetration - these and other problems can lead to the automatic launch of the regular Windows Chkdsk utility, designed to fix hard drive file system errors. Incorrectly completed work of the operating system with files leads to file system errors, and sometimes even to its damage. In emergency cases, the Chkdsk utility itself turns on before Windows starts, scans disk partitions and fixes errors. However, the fact that there are problems with the file system may not make itself felt during normal use of the computer and only be detected when trying to manage disk space. So, for example, when trying to reduce a disk partition using regular Windows tools, we can receive such a notification: “It is possible that the volume selected for compression is damaged. Use Chkdsk to troubleshoot, and then try shrinking the volume again."
In this case, the disk check does not start automatically. How to run Chkdsk manually in Windows 7, 8.1 and 10? How can I fix disk errors using Chkdsk if this particular problem caused the operating system to be unable to boot?
Inside Windows, the Chkdsk utility can be run in several ways.
1. Run Chkdsk using the Windows GUI
To run Chkdsk, in the system explorer on the C drive, right-click and open "Properties".
In the window that opens the properties of the disk partition, go to the "Service" tab, and in it click the "Check" button (or "Run a check" for Windows 7).
In versions of Windows 8.1 and 10, if everything is in order with the file system of the disk, in the window that appears next we will see a notification that verification is not required. But if you wish, you can start checking the disk with the Chkdsk utility by clicking "Check disk".
If the system suspects file system errors, this window will contain a button to start checking and repairing the disk.
For Chkdsk to work on drive C, you must restart your computer. You can do this immediately or postpone the start of the scan until the next reboot.
After restarting the computer, we will be able to observe the work of Chkdsk.
In Windows 7, running Chkdsk is a little different: in addition to the pre-installed automatic error correction option, you can add another possible option - checking and repairing bad sectors on your hard drive. When activating this option, it is worth considering that in this case, Chkdsk may take longer to complete.
As in the case of Windows 8.1 and 10, in version 7 the system drive C cannot be checked as part of a running operating system. To start the scan, you need to restart your computer. Click "Schedule disk check".
When checking a non-system disk partition, if it is used by some programs, the situation is simpler than with the system partition. In the window with a notification that the disk is currently in use, you just need to click the "Disable" button to, accordingly, disable this partition for the duration of the scan.
2. Run Chkdsk using the command line
To run Chkdsk using the command line, first, respectively, run the latter.
In the command line, enter the command by type:
In this command, instead of drive C, each time we substitute the letter of the desired partition on which verification is required. If Chkdsk is to check the system partition C, as with the graphical interface, a restart of the computer will be required. After a message appears in the command line about the impossibility of locking the specified drive, you need to enter "Y", then restart the computer.
In addition to the /f option, which is responsible for fixing disk errors, Chkdsk can be run with the /r option, which is designed to search for bad sectors and restore data. As a result of Chkdsk's work with this parameter, hard disk clusters with unreadable sectors will be listed as damaged (bad blocks) with the transfer of their functions to the new cluster. Therefore, it is recommended to run Chkdsk with the /r option only when the usual error correction - running the utility with the /f option - did not bring required results. On the example of the same drive C, the command will look like this:
3. Run Chkdsk on unbootable Windows
If Windows freezes at a particular boot stage, one of the possible causes of this problem are file system errors. In this case, you need to run Chkdsk by booting from the rescue media. As such, you can use the usual installation media with versions of Windows 7, 8.1 or 10. With it, we will run the Chkdsk utility inside the command line. At the very first stage of starting the system installation process, press the command line launch keys - Shift + F10.
In the command line that opens, before running the Chkdsk command, you need to clarify which letters define the disk partitions. This is easy to do with notepad. I run it with the command:
Click the File menu, then Open.
In the explorer that opens, remember the new disk designations. As a rule, in Windows 8.1 and 10, the C partition (as it is inside the running operating system) is listed as D, since the letter C is given to the first technical partition of the system. And all other sections are offset by one letter of the alphabet.
Having decided on the letters of the disk partitions, close notepad, then, returning to the command line, enter a command of this type:
As with Chkdsk inside Windows, you must first try to fix disk errors by running the utility with the /f option. And only if the problem is not solved, only then we run the command with the / r parameter, as indicated in the previous paragraph of the article.
For cases of Windows inability to boot, you can pre-burn an emergency Live-disk with a selection of various tools to restore the operating system. Among these, for example, AdminPE based on WinPE. Its image for recording to a disk or flash drive can be downloaded from the official website of the project Adminpe.Ru. Using the AdminPE, you can launch a command line and enter the Chkdsk startup commands discussed above. But in this Live disk, the Chkdsk utility has its own interface and is launched using a script. The utility launch shortcut is placed directly on the desktop.
In the drop-down list for checking the disk, select the desired disk partition. Next, activate the checkboxes for recovering bad sectors and forcing the partition (volume) to shut down. I'm running a check.
Among the AdminPE tools are a number of other utilities for working with hard drives, as well as the well-known Hard Disk Sentinel and Victoria programs.
Have a great day!
CHKDSK is a standard application for checking a hard disk for errors, detecting bad sectors on a hard disk, and fixing file system errors. The CHKDSK application (short for Check Disk - "Check Disk") is built into the operating Windows system.
The Chkdsk.exe program finds file system errors, bad sectors on the hard drive, and fixes the detected problems. If the disk file system error check finds problems, the CHKDSK check runs when the computer is turned on.
When using Chkdsk.exe in different versions Windows, there are some differences:
- V operating system The Windows XP chkdsk utility finds file system errors and fixes bad sectors on a disk.
- On Windows 10, Windows1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, at default settings, CHKDSK finds file system errors but does not fix them. To fix file system errors and check disk sectors, you must manually set certain parameters.
Problems in the Windows operating system affect its performance. File system errors occur in the following situations:
- Due to a power outage - if the computer is suddenly turned off, an unexpected system failure may occur (to prevent such situations, use UPS - uninterruptible power supplies).
- If the system is infected with malware.
- Due to computer hardware failure.
Bad sectors may appear on the surface of the hard drive. When checking a disk with chkdsk, bad bad sectors of the hard disk are marked as damaged, the system no longer reads or writes information from bad sectors of the disk. The system will try to recover data from bad sectors (clusters, directories), if possible.
Check disk chkdsk runs in two modes:
- in the graphical interface by means of the system;
- using the command line.
If the computer does not boot due to problems, you can check the hard drive using the Windows installation DVD. After booting from removable media, in the system recovery options, select the command line to start checking the disk for errors.
In this tutorial, I will show you how to use the CHKDSK application using the Windows 10 operating system as an example.
CHKDSK check for file system troubleshooting in GUI
The easiest option for checking the file system for errors is to run the CHKDSK program in the graphical interface using the system tools.
Do the following:
- Launch File Explorer.
- Right-click on the local drive you want to scan.
- In the "Properties: Local Disk (X:)" window, go to the "Service" tab.
- In the "Check for errors" section, click on the "Check" button.
- In the “Error Checking (Local Disk (X:))” window that opens, select “Check Disk”, despite the fact that the operating system says that no errors were found during the disk check.
In Windows 7, additional verification options are available; to run them, you must check the boxes in front of the items:
- Automatically fix system errors.
- Scan and repair bad sectors.
- The scanning process starts and will take some time. The scan time depends on the size of the local disk and on the amount of data on the disk.
During file system error checking, the status is scanned:
- The basic structure of the file system is checked.
- Filename associations are checked.
- The security descriptors are checked.
- The USN log is checked.
- After the verification process is completed, information about its result will open. In this case, the disk was successfully checked, no errors were found. If errors are found, you will be prompted to fix them.
For details, click on the "Show Details" link.
In the Event Viewer snap-in window, click Details.
In the "Event Properties" window, in the "General" and "Details" tabs, detailed information about the result of the disk check is available.
The resulting information about checking the disk for file system errors can be copied into Notepad or another text editor for further study.
How to Run CHKDSK (Check Disk) on Command Prompt
The chkdsk command to check the hard drive with the given parameters is executed from the command line:
- Run command prompt as administrator. Read How to Find the Command Prompt in Windows
- To check the system partition (system disk) in the command line interpreter window, enter the command:
- Press the "Enter" key.
- A message will appear in the command prompt window stating that the CHKDSK command cannot be executed because the specified volume is in use by a system process. To start checking the system disk after rebooting the system, press the "Y" key, and then press the "Enter" key.
- During system reboot will be tested and recovery of the system disk.
An example command template looks like this: ["chkdsk" (application name)], space, [drive letter followed by a colon ("c:", "d:", "f:", etc.), path, or filename], space, [command options].
Command parameters have the following meanings:
- /F - checking the file system and automatically fixing the errors found.
- / R - searching for bad sectors on the disk, restoring the contents (the command requires the mandatory key / F, example: "chkdsk C: / F / R").
- /V - display full paths of files, display file names on the disk, in the NTFS file system - display messages about cleaning.
- /X - disconnect disk before checking, handles this disk will not be checked (the mandatory key /F must be set, command example: "chkdsk C: /F /X").
- /I - performs a less strict check of the index entries, CHKDSK performs a faster but less thorough check.
- /C - Skip checking cycles inside the folder structure.
- /L: size - change the size of the log to the value specified in kilobytes.
- /B - reset the scan results, re-scan the previously found bad sectors of the hard disk (the /R key is required, command example: "chkdsk C: /F /R /B").
In most cases, to check the file system and eliminate bad sectors on the hard drive, it is enough to use the "F" and "R" flags.
How to Disable Check Disk in CHKDSK on Windows Boot
In some cases, disk check starts when you turn on the computer, before loading the Windows operating system. In most cases, you need to wait until the end of the check, a restart will not follow.
A constant check of the disk every time the system starts, signals the presence of problems and the need to fix them. Perhaps you should consider replacing the hard drive. There are programs, for example, that constantly monitor the status of computer disks.
To disable Chkdsk from starting when Windows boot You can use 2 methods: change the values in the registry of the operating system, or use the command line.
Disable check disk on the command line:
- Run command prompt as administrator.
- In the command line interpreter window, enter the command ("C:" is the name of the drive on which you want to disable the launch of the disk check at system boot), and then press the "Enter" key:
- If you need to disable checking on multiple drives, add the corresponding drive letters to the command separated by spaces, for example, "chkntfs /x c: d:".
- Using the "chkntfs / d" command, you can return the original settings.
You can turn off automatic disk check when the operating system boots in the following way:
- Launch the Registry Editor (type "regedit" in the search field, run the command).
- Follow the path:
- Click on the "Session Manager" option.
- Find the parameter "BootExecute", click on it with the left mouse button.
- The Edit MultiString window displays the default value.
- To disable the disk check during Windows startup, add a parameter before the asterisk:
- To disable scanning on multiple partitions, add drive letters separated by a space. Example for drives "C:" and "D:":
Article Conclusions
The CHKDSK system application, built into the Windows operating system, is used to check the file system for errors and to detect bad sectors on the computer's hard drive. Using the utility, you can fix system errors and eliminate negative impact(disable writing and reading) on the system due to the presence of bad sectors of the hard disk.
Scenario: You have system errors and need to be fixed.
The Microsoft CHKDSK (“Check Disk”) hard drive error checking and repair utility was introduced over 30 years ago, but is still in use today. Even users latest versions Microsoft operating systems can use this command to check their hard drives for errors and fix them if necessary. Below is the instruction to run CHKDSK in Windows 10.
If you're still getting errors after using the CHKDSK utility, try .
First select “Search Windows” and search for Command Prompt by typing “cmd”. Right-click on the shortcut and select "Run as administrator" from the context menu.
After logging in as an administrator, you will find yourself at the Windows Command Prompt, familiar to users of operating systems prior to Windows NT. Enter the command "chkdsk", press the spacebar and then the letter of the drive you wish to check or repair. In our case, this is the external drive “L”.
Running the CHKDSK command with no arguments will only show the status of the disk, and will not fix any errors present on the partition. To ask CHKDSK to fix disk errors, you need to specify options. After entering the drive letter, enter the following options, each separated by a space: “/f /r /x”.
The "/f" option tells CHKDSK to fix any errors it finds; "/r" tells the program to detect bad sectors on the disk and recover readable information; "/x" causes the disk to be unmounted before the process starts. Additional options are available for more specialized jobs, and are detailed on the Microsoft website.
As a result, the complete command that needs to be entered into the Command Line looks like this:
chkdsk [Drive:] [options]
In our case:
chkdsk L: /f /r /x
It is worth noting that CHKDSK must lock the drive, so it will not be possible to check the system boot disk if the computer is running. In our case, the target drive is external, so the process will start immediately after entering the command. If the target disk is bootable, the system will ask you if you want to run the command before the next boot. Type “yes”, restart your computer, and the command will run before the operating system loads, giving you full access to the disk.
The CHKDSK command may take a long time to complete, especially on large disks. When finished, the program will summarize the results, such as the total amount of disk space, byte allocation, and most importantly, information about the errors found and fixed.
The CHKDSK command is available in all versions of Windows, so both Windows 7 and Windows XP users can follow the steps above to initiate a hard drive check. In case of using old Windows versions, you can do the following:
- Click "Start - Run..."
- Enter cmd
- Type chkdsk [Drive:] [options]
CHKDSK steps
The 5 main stages are described below:
Stage 1. Checking the basic structure of the file system ...
At the first stage, files with entries in the MFT (master file table) are compared and checked.
Stage 2. Checking filename associations…
At this stage directories and structure are checked. They are checked against the file size and timestamp information.
Step 3: Check Security Descriptors…
In the last step of the check (3), files and folders are checked for security descriptors, including information about the owner of NTFS rights.
The fourth and fifth steps are only executed if the /r argument is present!
Stage 4. Searching for bad clusters in user file data…
Cluster sectors, including data, are checked for usability.
Stage 5. Search for damaged and free clusters ...
At the fifth stage, cluster sectors are checked for missing data.
If it is not possible to solve hard disk problems using “CHKDSK”, it is recommended to use the respective manufacturers.
Also on Windows, you can access the CHKDSK GUI
To perform verification using the GUI, do the following:
Right click on the drive you want to check. Select Properties - Tools - Check.
This is the GUI "CHKDSK". The two options correspond to the "/f" and "/r" options.
In operating systems of the Microsoft DOS and Windows line chkdsk utility used to fix errors that have occurred on the hard drive. Its name speaks for itself - the abbreviation was obtained by reducing the two words "check disk" (disk check). The program can fix errors in the file system, and starting with Windows NT, it can also find damaged hard drive sectors. If any are found, they will be marked as damaged in a special way, and their further use will be terminated. This can help if you often experience blue screen of death.
Read more here - the blue screen of death what to do.
Console commands
If you run the utility chkdsk default, the standard error checking of all logical volumes of the hard disk will be performed. As a result, you will receive a report on the errors found or their absence, without any further action. For more fine-tuning, console commands are used. — Volume. In the event that it is necessary to check one specific volume, the designation should be indicated Latin letter. - /F. When this parameter is set, the found errors will be corrected if possible. — /R. Program chkdsk will look for bad sectors, try to fix them, or mark them as inaccessible. This option only works in conjunction with /F. These are the three main console commands. They are quite enough to diagnose and fix errors on the hard drive. Other parameters are used much less often.
Running CHKDSK
To begin with, it should be noted that if the PC is not turned off correctly, the process of checking the disk for errors will be automatically initialized at the next boot. Let's look at manually running the program chkdsk. Method 1. You should use the launch console Windows programs 7 - to launch it, press Win+R. Dial a service team chkdsk with all the necessary parameters, and to launch it, click OK. The same can be done in the console, after launching it by typing in the program launch window cmd.exe. Method 2. Now we will use the properties of the local volume. Open "My Computer", right-click on the one we want to check. Select "Properties" and go to the "Service" tab.
Now we should select the item "Perform verification".
We mark the necessary parameters, and click "Start". The disk check will begin. If the check is not possible while the operating system is running, the utility chkdsk prompt you to schedule the scan to start the next time you turn on your computer. In any case, you need to know how to run the chkdsk utility. It will come in handy for a variety of tasks.
