What is what example sentences. Simple and complex sentences. Unions

Are you familiar with the scientific name that begins with the word complex...

Words that are formed by combining two roots are called complex.

For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), vacuum cleaner(roots dust- and sos-, letter e is a connecting vowel).

Sentences can also be complex. They, like words, combine several parts.

Lesson topic: “Simple and complex sentences. Unions."

Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?

1) The bell rang.

2) The guys entered the class.

3) The first lesson has begun.

4) The bell rang, the guys entered the classroom, and the first lesson began.

Let's find grammar basics.

A sentence that has one grammatical basis is a simple sentence.

1, 2 and 3 sentences simple, since in each of them one basis at a time.

4 sentence complex, consists of three simple sentences. Each part of a complex sentence has its own main members, its own basis.

A sentence in which there are two or more grammatical stems is difficult sentence. Complex sentences are made up of several simple sentences. There are as many simple sentences as there are parts in a complex sentence.

The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple parts joined together.

Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, transform different thoughts into one, more complete one. In oral speech, at the boundary of parts of a complex sentence, there is no intonation at the end of each thought.

Remember: V writing Commas are most often placed between parts of a complex sentence.

Let's determine whether the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (stems) of the sentences and count how many stems are in each.

1) Bird voices can already be heard at the forest edge.

2) The tits sing, the woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.

3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed patches will be revealed in the fields, streams will gurgle, and rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)

1) Bird voices can already be heard at the forest edge.

2) The tits sing, the woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.

Who? tits, what are they doing? chanting is the first basis.

Who? woodpecker, what is he doing? taps - the second base.

This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.

3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, the fields will be exposedthawed patches , streams will gurgle, rooks will come.

What? what will the sun do? will warm up - the first base.

The roads will turn black - the second basis.

thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.

Streams will gurgle - the fourth basis.

Rooks will come - the fifth basis.

This is a complex sentence consisting of five parts

Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?

1) Winter approaching , the cold sky often frowns.

Parts of 1 complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.

2) The sun was warm during the day , A At night frosts reached five degrees.

3) Wind quieted down , And the weather has improved.

4) Sun it was just rising , But its rays were already illuminating the treetops.

Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The conjunction is preceded by a comma.

Each of the unions does its job. A conjunction connects words, and conjunctions also help to contrast something.

When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are connected by conjunctions (and, a, but), a comma is placed before the conjunction.

The offerings of our language are very diverse. Sometimes one subject can have several predicates, or one predicate can have several subjects. Such members of a sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous term.

What conclusion can be drawn from comparing these schemes?

The first line contains diagrams of complex sentences, and the second line contains diagrams of simple sentences with homogeneous predicates(they are shown in a circle).

In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same conjunctions are used: and, a, but.

Remember!

1. Before unions ah, but there is always a comma.

2. Union And requires special attention: connects homogeneous members- the comma is most often not used; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.

Let's practice. Let's fill in the missing commas.

1) At night the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.

2) The people were sleeping and the dog jealously guarded them. (According to L. Andreev)

3) The pelican wandered around us, hissing and screaming, but it wouldn’t let us into our hands. (According to K. Paustovsky)

4) Spring is shining in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow like winter. (M. Prishvin)

1) At night the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.

The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union And connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not used.

2) People slept, and the dog jealously guarded them.

The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union And connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the conjunction.

3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, screamed, but did not give in to our hands.

The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, screamed, and did not give in. Before the union But there is always a comma. We place commas between homogeneous predicates.

4) Spring shines in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter.

The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - spring is shining, the forest is filled up. Before the union But there is always a comma.

Consider the schemes and decide which schemes hide complex sentences, and which ones hide simple ones with homogeneous members; Which ones need punctuation?

The first three schemes reflect the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous main members. They are circled. In scheme 1, a comma is not needed, since homogeneous subjects connects the union And. Schemes 2 and 3 must contain commas. 4 diagram corresponds to a complex sentence. It must also contain a comma between parts of a complex sentence.

Sentences containing words that, in order, therefore, because, - most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.

Let's give examples.

We saw What The she-wolf climbed into the hole with the cubs.

What a comma is added.

All night winter knitted lace patterns, to the trees have dressed up. (K. Paustovsky)

This is a complex sentence before the word to a comma is added.

Birds know how to communicate everything with their voice , That's why They sing.

This is a complex sentence before the word That's why a comma is added.

I lovefairy tales, because in them, good always triumphs over evil.

This is a complex sentence before the word because a comma is added.

1. One afternoon, Winnie the Pooh was walking through the forest and muttering a new song to himself.

2. Winnie - Pooh got up early, in the morning he diligently did gymnastics.

3. Vinny quietly reached the sandy slope.

(B. Zakhoder)

3.

Sentence 1 corresponds to scheme 3, since it is a simple sentence with one subject (Winnie the Pooh) and two predicates (walked and grumbled).

Sentence 2 corresponds to Scheme 1, since this complex sentence has two bases (Winnie the Pooh got up, he was studying). A comma separates parts of a sentence.

Sentence 3 corresponds to scheme 2, since it is a simple sentence with one base (Vinny got there).

In the lesson you learned that a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical stems is complex offer. Parts of complex sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.

1. M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
2. M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
3. T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
4. T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
5. L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
6. G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008

1. School-collection.edu.ru ().
2. Festival of Pedagogical Ideas" Public lesson" ().
3. Zankov.ru ().

• Find the main members in the sentences. Which sentence of the text is complex - 1st or 2nd? What is the name of the remaining sentence?

A bird sat on the top of an alder tree and opened its beak. The feathers on the swollen throat fluttered, but I did not hear the song.

(According to V. Bianchi)

• Fill in the two missing commas in the sentences.

Winter was hiding in the dense forest. She looked out of her hiding place and saw millions of little suns hiding in the grass. Winter is angry! She waved her sleeve and dusted the cheerful lights with snow. Dandelions now flaunt in a yellow dress and then in a white fur coat. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Find a sentence with a conjunction And. What does it connect - homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence? Underline the words needed to answer.

• Write down the conjunctions and, a, but. Underline the basics, mark homogeneous terms and put commas where necessary.

The ball climbed into the water, Uncle Fyodor soaped it, combed its fur. The cat walked along the shore and was sad about different oceans. (According to E. Uspensky)

The cat stole fish, meat, sour cream, bread. One day he opened a tin can of worms. He didn’t eat them - the chickens came running to the can of worms - they pecked at our stock. (According to K. Paustovsky)

Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.

The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).

Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.

Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are linked to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning

SSP type	Unions	Examples
1. connecting unions(connective relations).	AND; Yes(in meaning And); no no; yes and; Same; Also; not only but.	They opened the door and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). Her face is pale, her slightly parted lips have also turned pale.(Turgenev). Not only was there no fish, but the rod didn’t even have a fishing line(Sadovsky). He didn’t like jokes, and even her in front of him left alone(Turgenev).
2. Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions(adverse relationships).	A; But; Yes(in meaning But); however(in meaning But); but; but; and then; not that; or else; particle(in the meaning of the union A); particle only(in the meaning of the union But).	Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). Beliefs are instilled by theory, behavior is shaped by example.(Herzen). I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). It rained in the morning, but now the clear sky was shining above us(Paustovsky). You today gotta talk with his father, otherwise he will worry about your departure(Pisemsky). The boats immediately disappear into the darkness, only splashes of oars and the voices of fishermen can be heard for a long time(Dubov).
3. Compound sentences with dividing unions(separation relations).	Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or...	Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). Either he was jealous of Natalya, or he regretted her(Turgenev). Either the silence and loneliness had an effect on him, or he just suddenly looked with different eyes at the environment that had become familiar(Simonov).

Note!

1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when analyzing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).

Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.

2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).

In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).

The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).

My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).

Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.

3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is referred to in school textbooks as connecting unions. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid making mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.

Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.

4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in value to complex sentences.

Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.

However, during analysis, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of coordinating conjunction (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive).

Notes In some textbooks and manuals for compound sentences classify complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable conditions winter(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or separate them into an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.

The article explains in detail what simple and complex sentences are. You will also find out how they differ from each other

A sentence is a driven unit that performs a communicative function. This is how people speak in order to convey this or that information, motivate them to action, or ask a question. All words in sentences are connected to each other. The basis in sentences is the subject, the predicate; it is these members of the sentence that represent the core. It is by the number of these structural nuclei that one judges whether the sentence is simple or complex.

Simple and complex sentence: rule, types, schemes

Simple- this is a sentence in which there is a subject, a predicate, or there is one main member.

A nucleus that contains a subject and a predicate is considered two-part. Example:

• They were having fun.
• She was smart.
• There is a cloud in the sky - dark, voluminous.

A simple sentence with a main member is considered one-piece.

These proposals are divided into groups:

• Vaguely personal. Example: Us called to the manager.
• Generalized-personal. Example: We won’t wait for you forever!
• Impersonal. Example: It was getting dark outside.
• Definitely personal. Example: I stand and sing.
• Infinitives. Example: Sit! You should already go.
• Nominal. Example: Day. Building. Theater.
• Incomplete. Example: You will wear this red one.

Complex sentences- include several simple ones. They are divided into the following subgroups:

• Compound - they may contain several simple sentences. Most often they are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions: yes, but, and, however, or, but, either, nor, not that, etc. Example: The rain began to drizzle and the sun appeared.
• Complex sentences are those sentences in which one part is not independent in the semantic image and grammatical sense. They are connected to each other using conjunctive, subordinating words (when, so that, if, although, while, which). Example: Katerina did not answer because she was lost in thought.
• Non-union sentences are those sentences that contain several simple ones. They have independent meaning and are completely independent of each other. Example: The sun was shining, the cherry trees were blooming, the birds were singing.

Sentences: simple, complex. Differences

What is the difference between a simple sentence and a complex one: comparison

As already mentioned, a simple sentence has one main core, while a complex sentence has two or more main elements.

Simple example:

• From warm country, having covered several thousand kilometers, noisy rooks flew to their nests, which had been empty all winter.

IMPORTANT: Simple sentences are uncomplicated, complicated, common, non-common, one-part, two-part. This has already been mentioned above.

Unlike simple ones, complex sentences have two or more grammatical stems. As a rule, such sentences are union, non-union, complex, complex, compound, mixed.

• non-union: The sun came out, the ringing birds began to sing
• complex: I can't figure out what to do with you
• compound: The sky was overcast and the wind was blowing from the east
• mixed: The wind bent the top of the nut, and where it grew, the shadows moved as if alive.

In both simple and complex ones, introductory words, homogeneous members, isolated, indivisible words can be used. The only difference between the sentences is the use of multiple stems in complex sentences.

It is only by this difference that one determines what kind of proposal it is.

IMPORTANT: Do not confuse a simple sentence with a complex one if it is two-part.

• two-part, simple: Mobile rings tirelessly
• one-part, simple: I am writing and thinking about something else

These sentences are sometimes included in complex sentences.

How many simple sentences can there be in a complex one?

As such, there is no rule about the number of grammatical stems in a complex sentence. However, most often it includes three to four grammatical stems. Otherwise it will be overloaded.

Using conjunctions in simple and complex sentences: rule

Conjunctions are the most common words in sentences. And not everyone knows how to use them correctly, or rather put punctuation marks. There are rules for this, which we will consider further.

Punctuation marks, dash, colon, comma in a simple and complex sentence: how to put it correctly?

It is difficult for beginners to determine which sign to put a comma, colon, or dash before a conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions such as -yes-, -but-, -a-, -and- are preceded by a comma.

In simple sentences, a dash can be placed between the subject and predicate.

A colon is used when listing. Below, see the diagram of the use of the conjunction -and- in different sentences.

Examples of constructing a complex sentence from 2 and 3 simple sentences

From the usual two or three simple sentences you can construct one complex one.

• Winter is coming soon, the days have become short.
• Yesterday the sun shone during the day, and as night fell the temperature dropped to three degrees.
• The rain passed and a rainbow appeared.
• The bright sun was just rising from the horizon, but the rays were already touching the tops of the trees.

When spelling, simple sentences in complex ones are separated by commas, and conjunctions connect them.

Sentence with direct speech, participial phrase: simple or complex?

Sentences with direct speech are often complex sentences where the words of the author and direct speech are used.

• The girl said sadly: “I’m leaving tomorrow.”
• “I’m going to the store,” she repeated again.
• “Tomorrow,” she said, “I’ll go home.”

Participial phrases are used in simple sentences; they denote an additional action.

• When assessing a painting, look at the bright colors in the foreground.
• It's good to relax on the beach in the summer, look at the blue sky, thinking about pleasant things.
• The cat, seeing the baby, ran away.
• The girl, dreaming of marriage, looked out the window.

Participial phrases

After studying the material, you will easily determine where the sentence is simple and where it is complex. How to correctly use punctuation marks in them. And in which sentences they use direct speech, and in which they use adverbial phrases.

Video: Simple, complex sentences

§1. Difficult sentence. General concepts

Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.

Complex are sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonation.
What distinguishes a complex sentence from a simple sentence is that a simple sentence has one grammatical basis, while a complex sentence has more than one. A complex sentence thus consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, the parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, using syntactic connections. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonation completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.

Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the statement. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.

Unlike a simple sentence, a complex sentence requires determining how many parts it consists of and by what connection its parts are connected.

§2. Types of syntactic connections between parts of a complex sentence

The syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence can be:

• union
• non-union

Allied communication- this is the view syntactic connection, expressed using conjunctions.

The allied connection can be:

• creative writing
• subordinating

Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. The coordinating syntactic connection is expressed using special means: coordinating conjunctions.

The storm passed and the sun came out.

Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. Parts of a complex sentence with subordinating connection are different: one is the main clause, the other is a subordinate clause. Subordinating syntactic connection is expressed using special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.

(We didn't go for a walk- the main sentence, and because a thunderstorm started- subordinate clause.)

Unionless syntactic connection- this is a connection in meaning. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express non-union syntactic connections. Example:

The coach got sick, the lesson was postponed to next week.

The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- this is the most important classification feature of complex sentences.

§3. Classification of complex sentences

Classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic connection between its parts. Complex sentences are divided:

into 1) union and 2) non-union, and union, in turn, into 1) complex and 2) complex.

Consequently, there are three types of complex sentences:

• compound
• complex
• non-union

Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. How many grammatical bases are there in a complex sentence?

   • two or more

2. How are the parts connected to each other in a complex sentence?

   • within the meaning of

3. Is a part of a complex sentence complete?

   • yes, each part is a separate independent sentence

4. Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the statement?

5. Can complex sentences be exclamatory?

6. Is it correct to believe that the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence is only conjunctive?

7. What can be a conjunction between the parts of a complex sentence?

   • main
   • subordinate clause

8. Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?

9. What type of conjunctive syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship between the parts of a complex sentence?

   • an equal relationship characterizes a subordinate relationship

10. What type of conjunctive syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship between the parts of a complex sentence?

    • unequal treatment characterizes the coordinating relationship

Right answers:

1. two or more
2. in meaning and syntactically (using syntactic connections)
3. no, only all parts together are an independent offer
4. coordinating and subordinating
5. equal treatment characterizes the coordinating connection
6. unequal relationship characterizes a subordinate relationship

There are many difficult topics in the Russian language, but complex sentences occupy a special place among them. You need to be able to distinguish between their types in order to then correctly place punctuation marks. An 11th grade student needs to master the topic well in order to pass the exam with a high score.

Types of complex sentences: characteristic features and examples

First you need to study the table with examples “Types of complex sentences”:

Type of complex sentence	Characteristics	Example
Bessoyuznoe	Simple sentences within a complex sentence are connected intonationally	It got dark, the street lights came on, they illuminated the fresh snow.
Complex	Simple sentences within a complex sentence are connected using subordinating conjunctions	When it got dark, the lanterns lit up on the streets, illuminating the fresh snow.
Compound	Simple sentences within a complex sentence are connected using coordinating conjunctions	It got dark, but the street lights were already lit, and they illuminated the fresh snow.
WITH different types communications	Simple sentences within a complex sentence are connected both with the help of conjunctions of different types and with intonation	It got dark: the street lights were lit, illuminating the fresh snow.

It is clear from the table that a complex sentence has more than one stem, and the nature of the relationship between them can be very different. They are divided into two large groups- with and without conjunctions, and conjunction sentences, in turn, are divided into complex and complex depending on the nature of the connection and the conjunctions used. And since everything is not so simple in the Russian language, there is another group - complex sentences in which simple ones are connected with each other by different types of connections.

A complex sentence, regardless of the type of connection, can consist of not only two simple ones, but also more. To correctly determine the type of such a sentence, you need to find the grammatical foundations and determine the boundaries of simple sentences, and then find out the nature of the connection between them.

The nature of the connection in different sentences

In non-union and complex sentences, the parts are equal to each other, but in a complex sentence there is a main part and a subordinate clause (or subordinate clauses). These are their main differences.

By analogy with a phrase, you can ask a question from the main part to the subordinate clause. Moreover, the main part does not always appear at the beginning of the sentence, and the subordinate part follows it; it often happens the other way around. In addition, several subordinate clauses can be attached to one main part - they can answer the same questions or different ones.

Subordinate clauses are divided into several types, depending on their meaning. So, they are explanatory, attributive, adverbial and adjunctive.

Punctuation in complex sentences

Within a sentence with a non-union connection, parts can be connected not only by commas, but also by a dash and colon, and less often by a semicolon. In complex and complex sentences, the main punctuation mark is the comma.

What have we learned?

Depending on the nature of the connection between the parts of a complex sentence (there can be two or more), they are divided into non-union and allied, and the latter, in turn, are divided into sentences with coordinating and subordinating connections. There is also a separate type of complex sentences - with different types of connection, where they are combined in different variations. Complex sentences in Russian have a main part, to which one or more subordinate clauses are added. Depending on what kind of connection it is, there are several types of subordinate clauses.