Ophthalmological examination. What checks an ophthalmologist during a medical examination What surveys are modern retina

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What happens at the reception from an ophthalmologist?

During the patient survey ophthalmologist assesses the state of various structures eyeball Both the eyelids, and also checks visual sharpness and other parameters that give it information about the functioning of the visual analyzer.

Where does an ophthalmologist take?

Visit an ophthalmologist ( okulist ) It is possible in the clinic ( in the office of ophthalmologist) Either in the hospital, where the doctor adopts in the specialized department of ophthalmology. And in that and in another case, the doctor will be able to conduct a full-fledged examination of the human visual apparatus and to make a diagnosis. At the same time, in a hospital, there may be more modern equipment, which allows in doubtful cases to carry out a more complete diagnosis. Moreover, if, when examining a patient in the hospital, the doctor will identify a disease or damage requiring urgent surgical intervention ( for example, with retinal detachment), It may hospitalize the patient and for the maximum short period of time to perform the necessary operation, thereby reducing the risk of developing complications and loss of vision.

Examination at Okulist

As mentioned earlier, when examining a patient, an ophthalmologist examines the state and functioning of various structures of the visual analyzer. If, during a standard examination, the doctor will call any deviations from the norm, it can carry out additional research.

Examination at the oculist includes:

• Check of visual acuity. Allows you to estimate the ability of the eye clearly see two different points located at a certain distance from each other. The primary violation of visual acuity can be marked at myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and other pathologies.
• Study of refractive eye structures. Allows you to determine the functional state of the refractive system of the eye, that is, the ability of the cornea and the lens focus the image right on the retina.
• Study of field fields. Allows you to explore peripheral vision, which can be disturbed with glaucoma and other pathologies.
• Study of the eye dna. Allows you to study the vessels of the eye bottom and the retina of the eye, the defeat of which can cause a decrease in visual acuity, the narrowing of fields of vision and other defects of the visual analyzer.
• Measurement of intraocular pressure. It is the main study in the diagnosis of glaucoma.
• Validation check. Allows you to determine if a person can distinguish different colors Friend from each other. This function of the visual analyzer can be violated in some dalton-suffering persons.

Okulist table for checking visual acuity

The first thing that checks the ophthalmologist during the examination of the patient is the visual sharpness. As mentioned earlier, this term denotes the ability of the human eye to distinguish two points located at a certain distance from each other. To study, the doctor uses special tables on which rows with letters or figures are printed ( for examination of deaf and dumb, children and so on) Different sizes.

The essence of the study is as follows. The patient sits on a chair located at a distance of 5 meters from the table attached on the wall and a well-lit table. The doctor gives the patient a special damper and asks to cover one eye, but not to close it completely ( that is, not to wash the eyelids). The second eye the patient should look at the table. Next, the doctor begins to indicate letters in various rows of the table ( first to larger, then smaller), And the patient must call them. Satisfactory is the result in which the patient with ease ( do not squinting) Will be able to read letters out of 10 ( from above) A number of table. IN this case It is about one hundred percent sight that an ophthalmologist is written in the map of the examined. Next, he asks to cover the flap of another eye and repeats the procedure in the same way.

When examining young children ( which still do not know how to read) Tables are used with images of animals, plants and other items. At the same time, for the examination of the deaf-and-dumb patients on the tables instead of letters, circles with clippings with one of the sides are depicted ( on the right, on the left, at the top or bottom). During the study, the patient should indicate a doctor, which side is cutting.

Okulist Device for eye examination

The eye bed is called the rear inner surface of the eyeball. The procedure for inspection of the eye dame is called ophthalmoscopy, and the device used for its execution is an ophthalmoscope.

The essence of the procedure is as follows. The bright light in the room is turned off, and the patient sits on the chair opposite the doctor. The doctor brings an ophthalmoscope to the eye ( device consisting of a light source and a magnifying lens) And directs light through the pupil into the eye studied. The rays of light fall on the eye bottom and reflected from him, as a result of which the doctor through a magnifying glass can observe various structures of this area - the retina, the vessels of the eye-eye bottom, the disk of the optic nerve ( place in the field of the eye dna, in which the nerve fibers of photosensitive cells leave the eyeball and are sent to the brain).

Study of the eyeboard helps in diagnosis:

• Glaucoma. Characteristic of this pathology is the so-called drying nerve disk excavation, which is "extruded" outward increased pressure inside the eyeball.
• Night angiopathy. During ophthalmoscopy, the doctor reveals modified, irregular shapes and sizes blood vessels on the eye day.
• Retinal detachment. In normal conditions, the retina is attached to the wall of the eyeball is very weak, maintaining mainly intraocular pressure. With different pathological conditions (in case injuries, injuries) The retina can be off the wall of the eye, which can lead to a deterioration or complete loss of vision. During ophthalmoscopy, the doctor can determine the localization and severity of detachment, which will allow planting further therapeutic tactics.

What does the oculist burst into the eyes to expand the pupil?

As mentioned earlier, during ophthalmoscopy, the doctor directs a beam of light into the patient's eye through the pupil, and then examines the eye bottom with the help of magnifying glass. However, under normal conditions, the entry of light on the retina causes a reflex narrowing of the pupil. This physiological response is designed to protect photosensitive nerve cells From damage too bright light. However, during the survey, this reaction may prevent the doctor to explore the retina departments located on the side areas of the eyeball. It is to eliminate this effect an ophthalmologist before the study bursts the patient in the eye of the drops that expand the pupil and fix it in this position at a certain time, allowing you to carry out a full-fledged eye examination.

It is worth noting that it is impossible to use these drugs in the presence of glaucoma, since the expansion of the pupil can lead to blockage of the paths of outflow of intraocular fluid and provoke an increase in intraocular pressure. The doctor must also inform the patient that for a certain time after the procedure, the patient may experience pain or burning in the eyes while in bright light, and will not be able to read books, work at the computer. The fact is that the drugs used to expand the drugs are also temporarily paralyzed by the ciliary muscle, responsible for changing the form of a lens when viewed by closely arranged items. As a result, the lens is maximally compacted and fixed in this position, that is, a person will not be able to focus the vision on the closely located subject, until the drug is over.

Ophthalmologist tools for measuring ВГД

ВГД ( intraocular pressure) It is a relatively constant value and normally ranges from 9 to 20 millimeters of a mercury pillar. Pronounced increase in vg for example, when glaucoma) It may lead to irreversible changes in the retina. That is why the measurement of this indicator is one of the important diagnostic measures in ophthalmology.

To measure the WGD, the ophthalmologist uses a special tonometer - a cylindrical weight loader having a lot of 10 grams. The essence of the study is as follows. After instilcing in the eyes of the patient of the local anesthetic solution ( the drug that will temporarily "turn off" the sensitivity of the eyes, as a result of which they will not respond to the touch of foreign objects to the cornea) The patient falls on the couch face upwards, guiding the gaze strictly vertically and fixing it on some point. Further, the doctor says to the patient does not blink, after which the surface of the cylinder establishes him on the cornea ( tonometer), which was previously covered with special paint. When contact with wet ( moisturized) The surface of the cornea part of the paint with a tonometer is washed off. After a few seconds, the doctor removes the cylinder from the patient's eye and presses its surface to special paper on which a characteristic mark in the form of a circle remains. At the end of the study, the doctor measures the diameter of the circle-imprint diameter, on the basis of which it sets exact intraocular pressure.

Color checking ( pictures of oculist for drivers)

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the patient is able to distinguish colors from each other. This function of the visual analyzer is especially important for drivers who are constantly needed to navigate in the colors of the traffic light on the road. For example, if a person cannot distinguish red from green, it may be forbidden to control the vehicle.

To check the color, the ophthalmologist uses special tables. Each of them depicts numerous circles of various sizes, colors ( mostly green and red) And shades, but similar in brightness. With the help of these circles in the picture "Masking" a specific image ( figure or letter), Moreover, a person with normal vision can easily see it. At the same time, for a person who does not distinguish between colors, recognize and call the "encrypted" letter will be an unbearable task.

How else does an ophthalmologist check vision?

In addition to the standard procedures described above in the ophthalmologist arsenal, there are other studies that allow you to more accurately assess the condition and functions of various eye structures.

If necessary, an ophthalmologist may assign:

• Biomicroscopy eye. The essence of this study is that with the help of a special slit lamp in the patient's eye, a narrow strip of light is sent, translucent cornea, lens and other transparent structures of the eyeball. This method allows you to identify various deformations and damage to the studied structures with high accuracy.
• Research the sensitivity of the cornea. To evaluate this parameter, ophthalmologists usually use fine hairs or several threads from the bandage, which they touch the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe examined eye ( first in the center and then around the edges). This allows you to identify a decrease in the sensitivity of the body, which may be observed with various pathological processes.
• Study of binocular vision. Binocular vision is the ability of a person to clearly see a certain image with two eyes at the same time, ignoring the fact that each eye looks at the subject with a few other angle. To test the binocular view, ophthalmologists use several methods, the most simple of which is the so-called Sokolov experience. To carry out this experience, take a sheet of paper, roll it into the tube and bring to one eye ( both eyes during the whole research should remain open). Next on the side of the paper tube you need to position the revealed palm ( her rib should come into contact with the tube). If the patient has a normal binocular vision, at the time of bringing his hands to paper, the effect of the so-called "hole in the palm" will occur, through which it will be seen what is visible through the paper tube.

What tests may appoint an oculist?

Laboratory diagnostics is not the main diagnostic method in ophthalmology. However, when preparing for operational intervention on the eyes, as well as when identifying some infectious pathologies, a doctor may assign certain research to the patient.

Ophthalmologist can designate:

• General blood analysis - To determine the cellular composition of the blood and identify signs of infection in the body.
• Microscopic research - To identify microorganisms that caused infectious-inflammatory lesions of the eye, eyelids or other tissues.
• Microbiological research - To identify and identify the causative agent of the eye infection, as well as to determine the sensitivity of the infectious agent to various antibiotics.
• Blood biochemical study - to determine the level of glucose ( sahara) In the blood, with suspected diabetic retinal angiopathy.

Selection of glasses and lenses from an ophthalmologist

The main and most accessible methods for correcting diseases of the refractive eye system is the use of glasses or contact lenses ( which are installed directly on the outer surface of the cornea). The advantages of spectacle correction include simplicity to use and low cost, while contact lenses provide more accurate vision correction, as well as not so noticeable for others, which is important from a cosmetic point of view.

With the help of glasses or contact lenses, you can correlate:

• Myopia ( myopia). As mentioned earlier, with this pathology, light rays passing through the cornea and lens are refracted too much, resulting in focusing before the retina. To correct this disease, the doctor picks up a scattering lens that "shifts" the focal length of several forces, that is, right on the retina, as a result of which a person begins to clearly see far-sized objects.
• Hypermetropia ( farcastic). With this pathology, light rays focus on the retina. For the defect correction, the ophthalmologist picks up a collecting lens that shifts the focal length of the kepent, thereby eliminating the existing defect.
• Astigmatism. Under this pathology, the surface of the cornea or lens has an uneven shape, as a result of which light rays passing through them fall on various sections before the retina and behind it. For correction of defect, special lenses are made that correct the existing irregularities of the refractive eye structures and focusing the rays directly on the retina.

The procedure for the selection of lenses for all listed pathologies is similar. The patient sits in front of the table with letters, after which the doctor conducts a standard procedure for determining visual acuity. Further, the doctor puts on a patient to the eyes of a special frame, which places refracting or scattering lenses of various power. The selection of lenses is carried out until the patient can easily read 10 row in the table. Next, the doctor discharges the direction on the glasses, which indicates the refractive force of the lenses necessary for vision correction ( for each eye separately).

Does the ophthalmologist assign glasses for a computer?

With long-term work, the computer significantly increases the load on the eyes, which is due not only to the overvoltage of the accommodation apparatus, but also the receipt of radiation from the monitor to the retina. To eliminate the impact of this negative effect, the ophthalmologist can recommend to patients whose activity is related to the work at the computer, use special safety glasses. The lenses of such glasses do not have any refractive force, but they are covered with a special protective film. This allows you to eliminate the negative effect of glare ( bright outlets) From the monitor, and also reduces the amount of light radiation falling into the eye without affecting the image quality. As a result, the load on the organ of view is significantly reduced, which allows preventing ( or slow down) The development of such symptoms as visual overwork, tear, eye redness and so on.

Medical examination and certificate of oculist

Consultation of the eyepiece is a mandatory component of the medical examination, which must be held by workers of many professions ( drivers, pilots, doctors, police officers, teachers and so on). During a planned medical examination ( which is usually running 1 time per year) The ophthalmologist assesses the patient's visual acuity, as well as ( if necessary) conducts other studies - measures fields of view and intraocular pressure ( when suspicion of glaucoma), examines the eye bottom ( in the presence of a diabetes or high blood pressure in a patient) etc.

It is also worth noting that the certificate from the ophthalmologist may be needed under some other circumstances ( for example, to obtain a permit for carrying firearms, to obtain driver's license etc). In this case, the survey does not differ from the ophthalmologist from this in the usual medical examination ( the doctor evaluates visual acuity, field of view and other parameters). If in the survey process, the specialist will not reveal any abnormalities from the patient, it will give an appropriate conclusion ( certificate). If the patient has revealed a decrease in visual acuity, the narrowing of fields of view or any other deviation, the doctor may appoint him appropriate treatment, but in conclusion it will indicate that this person is not recommended to engage in activities requiring one hundred percent.

Ophthalmologist pay or free?

All insured ( having a policy of compulsory health insurance) Residents of Russia have the right to free advice of an ophthalmologist, as well as free diagnostic and medical events. To obtain listed services, they need to contact the family doctor and set out the essence of their vision problems, after which the doctor ( if necessary) Let's give direction to an ophthalmologist.

It is worth noting that free services of an ophthalmologist on the policy of the OMS ( mandatory Medical Insurance) are only in state medical institutions ( polyclinics and hospitals). All consultations of the ophthalmologist and survey of the visual analyzer performed in private medical centers are paid.

When is the dispensary accounting of the ophthalmologist?

Dispensary accounting is a special form of observation of the patient, in which the doctor conducts a full-fledged diagnosis and prescribes the treatment of a chronic disease of the visual analyzer available in a patient, and then regularly ( after certain intervals) examines it. During such an inspection, the doctor assesses the state of view and controls the effectiveness of the treatment carried out, and, if necessary, contributes to certain changes in the medical scheme. Also an important task of dispensary accounting patients with chronic eye diseases is the timely identification and elimination of possible complications.

The reason for the dispensary accounting of the ophthalmologist can be:

• Cataract - clouding a lens, which recommended to visit an ophthalmologist 2 times a year.
• Glaucoma - an increase in intraocular pressure, in which to visit the doctor needs not less than 4 times a year.
• Single and other retina lesions - Consultation of the ophthalmologist is required at least 2 times a year ( when complications appear, an unscheduled consultation is shown).
• Defeating the refractive system of the eye ( myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism) - Examination at the oculist 2 times a year ( provided that before this was a full-fledged diagnostics and chosen corrective glasses or contact lenses).
• Eye injury - recommended regular ( weekly or monthly) Surveys from an ophthalmologist to complete recovery.
• Night angiopathy - attend a doctor at least 1 - 2 times a year ( depending on the cause of the disease and the severity of the damage to the retinal vessels).

When can an ophthalmologist put to the hospital?

The reason for hospitalizing ophthalmic patients is most often prepared for the implementation of various surgical interventions on the structures of the eyeball ( on the cornea, iris, lens, retina and so on). It is worth noting that today most of the operations are performed using modern technologiesThe result of which are small-acting and do not require a long stay of the patient in the hospital.

The reason for hospitalization at the same time may be a serious course of a disease in a patient ( for example, retinal detachment in several places) or the development of complications of the underlying disease ( for example, hemorrhage into the retina, penetrating the eye of the eyeball with damage to the adjacent fabrics and so on). In this case, the patient is placed in the hospital, where it will be under constant observation of doctors during the entire treatment period. The operation is performed all the studies necessary for the exact formulation of the diagnosis and the definition of the operation plan. After surgical treatment, the patient also remains under the supervision of doctors for several days, which makes it possible to identify and eliminate possible complications (for example, bleeding).

After extracting from the hospital, the doctor issues a patient with recommendations on further treatment and rehabilitation, and also assigns the dates of control advice, which will control the process of recovery and identify possible late complications.

How to get a hospital leaf from an ophthalmologist?

The hospital sheet is a document confirming that during a certain time the patient could not fulfill its job responsibilities due to health problems. To get a hospital leaf from an ophthalmologist, first of all, you need to make an appointment and take a full-fledged examination. If the doctor establishes that the patient cannot engage in his professional activities because of his illness ( for example, a programmer after performing an operation on the eyes is prohibited to be at a computer for a long time), He will give him the relevant document. In the hospital list, the reason for temporary disability will be indicated ( that is the diagnosis of the patient), as well as a period of time ( with dates) during which he is exempt from the work performed on medical testimony.

Is it possible to call an ophthalmologist to the house?

Today in many paid clinics, such a service is practiced as a challenge of an ophthalmologist. This may be needed in cases where the patient for one reason or another can not visit the doctor in the clinic ( for example, in the case of older people with limited mobility). In this case, the doctor can visit the patient at home, conducting advice and some reviews. However, it should be noted that a full-fledged examination of the visual analyzer requires the availability of special equipment that is only available in the ophthalmologist's office, so in doubtful cases the doctor may insist on re-consulting in the clinic.

At home, ophthalmologist can perform:

• outdoor eye examination;
• evaluation of visual acuity;
• study of vision fields ( approximately);
• study of the Eye DNA;
• measurement of intraocular pressure.

When an ophthalmologist sends to a consultation to other specialists ( oncologist, endocrinologist, lore, allergist, neuropathologist, cardiologist)?

During the examination of the visual analyzer, an ophthalmologist may establish that the problems of the patient with vision are due to a disease of any other organ or other system of the body. In this case, he can send a patient to a consultation to the appropriate specialist for clarifying the diagnosis and appointment of the treatment of the underlying disease that caused problems with vision.

The ophthalmologist can send a patient for advice:

• To Oncologist. - with suspected tumor diseases of the eye or adjacent fabrics.
• To endocrinologist - When identifying the diabetic retinal angiopathy.
• To Laura ( otorinolaryngologist) - When identifying the diseases of the nose or the incomplete sinuses that could be complicated by the eye damage.
• To an allergist - in the case of allergic conjunctivitis ( eye mucosa lesions).
• To a neuropathologist - if suspected the defeat of the optic nerve, the brain ( spectator) etc.
• To cardiologist - with retinal angiopathy due to hypertensive disease ( persistent increase arterial pressure ).

What treatment can appoint an ophthalmologist?

After the diagnosis is made, the doctor prescribes various methods of correction and treatment of having a disease. These methods include both conservative and surgical measures.

Vitamins for eyes

Vitamins are special substances that enter the body with food products and regulate the activities of almost all organs and tissues, including the organ of vision. Ophthalmologist can prescribe vitamins in chronic eye diseases, as it helps to improve metabolism in affected tissues and increases their stability to damaging factors.

Ophthalmologist can designate:

• Vitamin A - To improve the status of the retina.
• Vitamin B1. - improves metabolism in nervous tissue, including in the retina of the eye and in the nerve fibers of the optic nerve.
• Vitamin B2. - Improves metabolism at the cellular level.
• Vitamin E. - prevents tissue damage under various inflammatory processes.
• Lutein and Zeaxantine - Prevent damage to the retina when exposed to light rays.

Eye drops

Eye drops are the most effective method Appointments of drugs for diseases of the eyes. When presing the medication in the eye, it immediately reaches the place of its action, and is also practically not absorbed into systemic bloodstream, that is, it does not cause systemic adverse reactions.

FROM therapeutic goal Ophthalmologist can designate:

• Antibacterial drops - for the treatment of barley, halazion, bacterial conjunctivitis and other infectious eye diseases.
• Antiviral drops - For the treatment of viral conjunctivitis and other similar diseases.
• Anti-inflammatory drops - to eliminate the inflammatory process with infectious-inflammatory eye diseases.
• Antiallergic drops - with allergic conjunctivitis.

Operations on the eyes

In certain diseases, a full-fledged surgical intervention is carried out, which allows to eliminate the defects of the visual analyzer.

Operational treatment in ophthalmology may be required:

• for diseases of the cornea;
• for crust transplant;
• for treatment

• Visometry

  The procedure for determining visual acuity using special tables with different magnitude symbols that the patient considers from a certain distance. This is the easiest and most affordable study - and the oculists in the minimally equipped salons of optics or polyclinics are usually limited to them.
  The lack of visometry is in its subjectivity: the patient said to faith. It is not suitable for testing vision in children or people, knowledgeable table To verify vision by heart, as well as in a variety of other cases, therefore, in such modern high-tech clinics, as an "excimer", along with a visometrium, which has long become the classics of ophthalmology, are also applied, more and more objective research methods.

• Refractometry

  The study of the so-called classic refraction, that is, the abilities optical system The eyes refract the light rays and focus them strictly on the retina. This procedure is carried out using a special device - the autorecoretometer. According to the results of this study, the doctor defines the type of refraction and the degree of violation of vision, measuring the refractive force of the eye in diopters. The diagnosis of "Emmetropia" means that the refraction is normal, vision is in order; "Hyperamerium" ("Falnodynicity") - that there are violations of vision at close range, and "Myopia" ("Myopia") - on the contrary, on the removal.

• Tonometry

  The diagnostic procedure necessary to assess the risk of glaucoma development consisting in measuring intraocular pressure. Previously, such a study was carried out using the installation on the surface of the cornea of \u200b\u200bspecial Garek, this method in conventional polyclinics also use today. In the Clinic "Excimer" this procedure is carried out on modern equipment, contactless.
  The contactless tonometry is performed using a pneumatic tonometer, which gives the directional air flow, and that acting on the horny shell of the eye at a certain speed leads to a certain deformation of the eyeball, fixing special tonometer sensors. This is a quick and painless way that has proven itself when measurements of intraocular pressure even in children.

• Perimetry

  Study of the field of view, one of the diagnostic methods of glaucoma, partial atrophy of the optic nerve and other eye diseases. By the nature of changes in the field of view, the doctor can determine the localization of the pathological process, - such changes are different with the lesions of the retina, the optic nerve, the visual centers of the brain, etc.
  Conduct this diagnostic procedure using the device called perimeter. The perimeter of the ferster can be applied, which is a desktop metal arc with a special graduation, or an automatic computer perimeter, the procedure on which is performed alternately flashing in different parts Screen points. For each eye, the study of the field of view is carried out separately.

• Optical Cherert Tomography (Oct, Oct)

  Optical coherent tomography (Oct) - the most modern method of studying the various structures of the visual system today. With the help of OCT, two- and three-dimensional retina images and a discovery nerve disk can be made, such a study allows you to get an optical section of the layers of the eye, so that there are advanced possibilities for the diagnosis of dangerous neoplasms of the vascular shell, macular gaps and swelling, peripheral retinal dystrophy, glaucoma, various inflammatory diseases of the eye, etc.
  This procedure does not require special training, but in the medical expansion of pupil, the informativeness of such a study increases.

• Optical coherent tomography-angiography (octag angiography, oct)

  Optical coherent tomography-angiography (octag angiography) is a modern non-invasive method for studying the vascular bottoms without the introduction of a contrast agent. This procedure allows you to identify the risk of hemorrhages and other problems that can lead to impairment of vision, OCT angiography is successfully used in the diagnosis of such dangerous diseases Eye, like age macular degeneration (maculodystrophia), diabetic retinopathy, tombosis of central veins of retina, etc.
  This study There is no contraindications, it is carried out by children, elderly people and patients with allergic reactions. It takes the procedure a few minutes and due to its harmlessness can be carried out with any frequency, which allows quality monitoring of the state of the blood system of the eye.

• Fluorescent angiography (phage)

  Fluorescent angiography (phage) is a study of various sections of the eye with a contrast agent, which is used to visualize blood vessels. After intravenous injection of the coloring drug, the doctor tracks the distribution of contrast through video or photography.
  This study allows you to obtain information on the integrity and passability of veins, arteries and capillaries of the eye, the FAG makes it possible to diagnose various eye pathology at the initial stage.

• Aberrometry

  During the Aberromeometry procedure, the eye scanning is performed with the study of all features and distortions available in the visual system. The unique features of the diagnostic equipment existing in the arsenal of the specialists of the Eksimer clinic allow you to fix the aberrations not only the cornea, but also lens, and the vitreous body, as well as the condition of the tear film, the chambers of the visual apparatus, etc.
  Based on the data obtained during an aberrometric analysis, the shape of the cornea can be modeled, fully compensating for the detected distortions - taking into account this information procedure laser correction Vision is performed unprecedented accurately with the highest possible results. If necessary, such an analysis can be carried out as part of a comprehensive examination of the visual system.

• Electricaloretinography (ERG)

  Electricaloretinography is a neurophysiological study, which allows not easy to diagnose the diseases of the retina and optic nerve, but also to predict possible changes in the visual system with high accuracy. This unique procedure gives invaluable information to carry out both treatment and timely, targeted and effective prophylaxis Dangerous pathologies of organs of vision.
  For such a study in the eyes and head of the patient, special electrodes are placed fixing bioelectric impulses appearing in response to the action of the light stimulus. ERG can be performed both in a darkened room and in the light, carry out this procedure under local drip anesthesia, which does not have a negative effect on the body of patients of any age.

• Coloring color examination

  Coloring violation in some cases is one of the symptoms of the development of any dangerous pathology of the visual system (for example, glaucoma, retinal detachments, pigment dystrophy, etc.). The underestimation of negative changes in color vision leads to late diagnosis, which can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment of eye diseases.
  For analysis of features and anomalies of color perception, multicolor pigment tables and various computer tests are used. This diagnostic procedure is required for people whose professional activity is associated with serious auditoriums - pilots, road drivers, railway workers, etc. The study of the ability of color vision in these cases is necessary to obtain admission to work.

• Gonoscopy

  During the gonoscopy, the anterior chamber of the eyeball is being studied, it is done for accurate diagnosis of glaucoma and other eye diseases - for example, with changes in intraocular pressure, accompanying tumor processes affecting organs of vision. Such a study is carried out and when anomalies are found in the structure of the visual apparatus, when a foreign body is hit to the front chamber of the eye and in other cases.
  The procedure is carried out using special goniolins (they are also called gonoscopes) in combination with a slit lamp.

• Biomicroscopy.

  The procedure for studying various sections of the eye using a special ophthalmological microscope - a slit lamp. In the course of biomicroscopy, conjunctivation, cornea, iris, vitreous body, crystal, examined in detail central departments Eye bottom.
  Such a procedure allows you to diagnose various pathologies, inspect the injured areas of the eyeball, determine the location of the smallest foreign bodies in conjunctiva, cornea, anterior eye chamber and lens. Conduct biomicroscopy in a dark room, it is done in order to create a maximum contrast between darkened and illuminated areas of the eye.

• Ophthalmoscopy.

  Ophthalmoscopy is an eyebound examination with special optical instruments. This procedure makes it possible to assess the status of the retina and disk of the optic nerve, to explore the blood vessels of the eye.
  Ophthalmoscopy allows you to determine the localization and scales of various pathological processesBased on the eye - for example, to explore the fattened areas or the place of retinal breaks, evaluate the amount of affected areas. Ophthalmoscopy is carried out both in narrow and with an extended pupil.

• Pupilometry

  The diagnostic procedure, during which measurements of the pupil value are carried out when illuminating various intensity. Photographing the pupil is performed using special equipment equipped with an infrared chamber. Pupilometry allows you to find out the state of the muscles of the iris, is used in diagnosing various diseases eye.
  When evaluating the results of this diagnostic procedure, changes in the diameter of pupils are taken into account depending not only on the lighting, but also on the direction of the view, age, the general condition of the patient.

• Lensmetry (Linzmetry)

  The optical analysis method of points used by the patient for vision correction. Such a study is carried out using a special device of a lensmeter (diopthoter), which gives you the opportunity to explore speed \u200b\u200blenses Any type, including bifocal and progressive.
  During the procedure, the optical force of the lens is measured, the position of the main meridians of its astigmatic glass is detected, the optical center is determined and fixed. These measurements make it possible to carry out the most personalized, accurate selection of glasses.

• PAHIMETRIY

  Measuring the thickness of the cornea. This diagnostic procedure is required during the survey before refractive operations, it is necessary after surgical treatment. Also, patchhethermetry is part of the examination in case of diseases such as glaucoma, the edema of the cornea, dystrophic processes in the tissues of the eye, keratoconus, etc.
  This diagnostic procedure can be carried out in two ways - using a slit lamp (additional equipment is additionally installed on it) or by means of an ultrasound, the results of which are more accurate.

• Keratometry

  The method of analyzing the optical force of the cornea, which consists in the study of the radius of the curvature of its surface. This procedure is a mandatory part of an integrated diagnostic examination with diseases such as keratoconus and keratoglobus, glaucoma, astigmatism, etc. Also, the keratometry is also performed to measure the curvature of the front of the horny shell during the selection of contact correction and to assess the overall condition of the eye in preparation for surgical interventions.
  The study can be carried out manually, with the help of an ophthalmic ruler, however, in modern ophthalmic clinics, special keratometer devices are used, scanning the cornea device literally per seconds.

• Biometrics

  The study of the parameters of the eyeball, the depth of the front chamber of the eye, the size of the vitreous body and cornea, the thickness of the lens, etc. This procedure is carried out when preparing a patient to laser vision correction, it is mandatory upon examination for myopia, cataracts, glaucoma and other eye diseases.
  In terms of informative, biometry is superior to many other studies. This study is performed by contact ultrasonic or more progressive contactless optical method.

The "First Eye Clinic" offers residents of Moscow and the area of \u200b\u200bcomprehensive computer inspection at a bargain price on professional equipment. Individual approach and favorable conditions for each patient.

An annual examination of an ophthalmologist is recommended to adults and children.

Timely detection of deviations and disorders in the visual system allows you to quickly and effectively eliminate the problem.

Computer diagnostics of view: description, indications

Computer vision check - main tool To detect even minor changes in the structure of the eye.

The survey allows not only to diagnose, but also to develop an optimal treatment plan.

Diagnostics with modern equipment is distinguished by accuracy and versatility.


What includes vision diagnostics:

Determination of visual acuteness

Pneummometry / Measuring intraocular pressure on Maclakov

Biomicroscopy.

Definition of subjective refraction

Study of binocular functions

PAHIMETRIY

Echobiometry (A-method)

Perimetry (Screening)

Computer topographic analysis of the cornea

Definition of the dominant eye

Examination of the Eye DNA in the conditions of mydriasis

Studying the eye dna, retina and cornea, lens, vitreous and ciliary bodies.

Examination from an ophthalmologist in the "First Eye Clinic"

Vision checking in the "First Eye Clinic" in Moscow is carried out in an outpatient basis at an affordable price. Special preparation for procedures is not required. The benefits of regular inspection include the possibility of timely and with the lowest costs to eliminate the problems available.

In the "first eye clinic" in Moscow, the vision includes all modern research methods. Based on the obtained data, the ophthalmologist makes a diagnosis and offers optimal correction procedures.

The clinic has advanced equipment and the staff of the experienced physicians of the international class. Cooperating with us, the patient gets:

guarantee of the quality of treatment and correction;

the ability to save at the expense of low prices, discounts, shares and special offers for social programs.

A convenient work schedule and location allow you to visit the clinic at any convenient time from 9:00 to 20:00 daily.

Diagnosis of vision - This is an important stage in the prevention of eye diseases and preserving good vision for many years! The timely identification of ophthalmological pathology is the key to the successful treatment of many eye diseases. As our practice shows, the emergence of eye diseases is possible at any age, so everyone needs to be at least once a year to undergo high-quality ophthalmic surveillance.

Why is the complete diagnosis of vision?

The diagnosis of vision is necessary not only to identify primary ophthalmic pathology, but also to solve the issue of the possibility and feasibility of conducting a particular operation, the choice of the patient's treatment tactics, as well as the accurate diagnosis of the state of the organ of vision in a dynamic aspect. In our clinic, complete ophthalmological examination is carried out using the most modern diagnostic equipment.

What studies include a full diagnostic examination of the visual system and what do they represent?

Any ophthalmologic examination begins, first of all, with conversations, identify complaints in the patient and collection of anamnesis. And only after that pass to the hardware methods of the study of the organ of vision. The hardware diagnostic examination includes the determination of the acuteness of the examination of the patient's refraction, the measurement of intraocular pressure, conducting an inspection of the eye under a microscope (biomicroscopy), patchhethermetry (measuring the thickness of the cornea), echobiometry (definition of the length of the eye), ultrasound examination of the eye (B-scan), computer keratotopography and a thorough (eyeboard) with a wide pupil, determining the level of tear products, assessment of the patient's field of view. When identifying ophthalmic pathology, the volume of surveys is expanding to a specific study of clinical manifestations in a particular patient. Our clinic is equipped with modern, highly professional ophthalmologic equipment such as Alcon, Bausch & Lomb, Nidek, Zeiss, Rodenstock, Oculus, allowing to conduct research any level of complexity.

In our clinic, special tables with pictures, letters or other signs are used to determine the acuteness and refraction of the patient. With the help of the automatic Nidek RT-2100 Foropter (Japan), the doctor, alternately changing the dioptric windows, selects the most optimal lenses that ensure the best vision for the patient. In our clinic, we use halogen projectors of NIDEK SCP - 670 signs with 26 test tables and analyze the result obtained in a narrow and wide pupil. Computer Research Refraction is carried out on the autorecratometer Nidek Ark-710A (Japan), which allows you to accurately determine the refraction of the eye and the biometric parameters of the cornea.

The intraocular pressure is measured using the NIDEK NT-2000 contactless tonometer. If necessary, the measurement of intraocular pressure is carried out by contact method - Maclakova tonometers or goldman.

To study the state of the front segment of the eye (eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, cornea, a rainbow shell, a crystal, etc.), a slit lamp Nidek SL-1800 is used (biomicroscope). On him, the doctor assesses the state of the cornea, as well as deeper structures such as a lens and a vitreous body.

All patients passing a complete ophthalmological examination are mandatory to inspence the eyeboard, including the sections of its extreme periphery, in the conditions of maximum expansion of the pupil. This allows you to identify dystrophic changes in the retina, diagnose its breaks and subclinical detachments - pathology, which is not clinically determined by the patient, but requires compulsory treatment. For the expansion of pupils (mydriasis), rapid and short-acting preparations are used (Miderum, Midryacil, Cyclomed). When identifying changes on the retina, we prescribe a prophylactic laser coagulation using a special laser. Our clinic uses the best and modern models: Yag-laser, diode laser Nidek DC-3000.

One of the important methods of diagnosing a patient's vision to any refractive operation for the correction of view is a computer topography of the cornea, aimed at studying the surface of the cornea and its patchhethermetry - thickness measurement.

One of the anatomical manifestations of refraction anomalies (myopia,) is the change in the length of the eye. This is one of the most important indicators, Which in our clinic is determined by the contactless method on the device of the IOL master of the company "Zeiss" (Germany). This is a combined biometric device, the results of the studies of which are important for calculating the IOL at Cataract. With this device, the length of the eye axis, the radius of the cornea curvature and the depth of the front chamber of the eye is measured during one session. All measurements are carried out on a non-contact method, which is distinguished by emergency comfort for the patient. Based on the measuring values, the built-in computer may offer optimal intraocular lenses. The basis for this is the existing international calculation formulas.

Ultrasound examination is an important addition to generally accepted clinical methods of ophthalmic diagnostics, it is widely known and informative. tool method. This study makes it possible to obtain information about the topography and structure of normal and pathological changes in the tissues of the eye and the eye. Using the A-method (one-dimensional image system), the thickness of the cornea is measured, the depth of the anterior chamber, the crustal thickness and the inner shells of the eye, as well as the length of the eye. The method (two-dimensional image system) allows you to estimate the state of the vitreous body, diagnose and evaluate the height and prevalence of the choroid and retinal detachment, to identify and determine the magnitude and localization of the eye and retrobulbar neoplasms, as well as detect in the eye and determine the location of the foreign body.

Another of the necessary methods for diagnosing vision is the study of field fields. The purpose of determining the field of view (perimetry) is:

• diagnosis of eye diseases, in particular glaucoma
• dynamic observation for the prevention of eye disease development.

Also using the hardware technique it is possible to measure the contrast and threshold sensitivity of the retina. These studies provide the possibility of early diagnosis and treatment of a number of eye diseases.

In addition, other parametric and functional patient functional data are also being investigated, for example, determining the level of tear products. The most diagnostically sensitive functional studies are applied - the broader test, the sample rate.

Another one modern method Studying the inner shell of the eye is the optical scanning tomography of the retina. This unique technique allows you to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe retinal structure throughout its depth, and even measure the thickness of its individual layers. With its help, it became possible to identify the earliest and small changes in the structure of the retina and the optic nerve, not affordable by the resolution abilities of the human eye. The principle of operation of the optical tomograph is based on the phenomenon of light interference, which means that the patient is not exposed to the study of any harmful radiation. The study takes a few minutes, does not cause visual fatigue and does not require direct contact of the instrument sensor with the eye. Similar instruments for diagnosing vision are available only in large clinics of Russia, Western Europe and USA. The study provides valuable diagnostic information about the structure of the retina during maculodystrophs, diabetic macular edema and allows you to accurately formulate a diagnosis in complex cases, as well as get a unique opportunity to observe the treason dynamics based on the subjective impression of the doctor, but on well-defined digital quantities of retinal thickness. When glauing, the study gives comprehensive information on the state of the optic nerve and the thickness of the nerve fiber layer around it. High-precision measurement of the last parameter guarantees the identification of the most early signs This formidable disease, even before the patient noted the first symptoms. Considering the simplicity of execution and lack unpleasant sensations When performing a survey, we recommend repeating control examinations on the scanner when glaucoma every 2-3 months, with diseases of the central retinal zone - every 5-6 months. The re-examination allows you to determine the activity of pathology, clarify the correctness of the selected treatment, as well as correctly inform the patient about the disease forecast, which is especially important for patients suffering from macular holes, since the probability of development on a healthy eye of a similar process can be predicted after the study on tomograph. Early, "Preclinical" diagnosis of changes in the eye bottom with diabetes mellitus, as well as forces of this amazing apparatus.

What happens after the completion of hardware research?

After completion of hardware research (diagnosis of vision), the doctor thoroughly analyzes and interprets all the information on the state of the patient's vision body and on the basis of the data obtained is diagnosed on the basis of which the patient's treatment plan is drawn up. All results of research and treatment plan are explained in detail by the patient.

What is the cost of a diagnostic survey?

The cost of a diagnostic survey (diagnosis of vision) depends on its volume. For the convenience of patients, we have formed complexes, in accordance with common eye diseases, such as cataract, glaucoma, myopia, hyperopia, the pathology of the eye don.

More information about the value of this service you can see in the section

Regular and thorough examination of view - best Prevention eye diseases. Vision testing in patients under the age of 40 in the absence of complaints and hereditary risk factors should be carried out every 3-5 years. The diagnosis of vision in patients of 40-60-year-olds is held once a year. After 60 years, ophthalmologists advise the examination of the view 2 times a year.

However, if you have such aggravating factors as hereditary predisposition, previously inflammatory eye diseases or eye injuryconcomitant common diseases ( diabetes, rheumatism and others), vision diagnostics should be carried out more often.

Careful diagnosis of view includes a number of instrumental and hardware examination methods. And if you have never been testing vision, then it is time. The latter generation diagnostic equipment allows you to measure most of the necessary eye parameters completely painlessly, without touching the surface of the eye. This significantly reduces the risk of any inflammation of the eye and reduces the time of the examination procedure itself.

So, ten reasons to appeal to the doctor - an ophthalmologist:

1. A wide range of ophthalmic services provided.
2. Use the most modern scientific developments, professional modern equipment, high-quality consumables.
3. Vision check full comprehensive examination vision and diagnosis on the day of circulation.
4. Individual approach to patient survey.
5. United computer system For processing and storing patient information.
6. Accurate calculations of the parameters of operations at myopia, cataract and other diseases of the organ of vision.
7. Diagnostics of vision, primary consultation, operation and treatment to complete recovery from one specialist.
8. Consultations with the involvement of adjacent specialists (neuropathologist, cardiologist, endocrinologist, nephrologist) according to indications.
9. Preparation for surgery and postoperative rehabilitation.

Thanks to our perfect methods of examination and treatment, we manage to preserve the vision and joy of life to most patients.

Impairment of vision can be caused by many reasons. Diagnostics of vision on modern equipment allows you to identify these reasons, put the correct diagnosis, resolve the question of the possibility and feasibility of conducting a particular operation, to determine the tactics conservative treatment patient. Below we will try to give a brief description of the main and most informative methods Surveys of an ophthalmic patient performed in our eye clinic.

Visometry

Computer diagnostics of refractive - determination of the optical force (refraction) of the eye. Vision vision is carried out on the autorecoretometer, which allows you to objectively and accurately determine the degree of refraction of the eye (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism), measure the radius of curvature and the refractive force of the cornea, the diameter of the pupils (which is necessary to determine the laser exposure zone during excimer-laser correction). The survey data obtained on the authored meter is necessary to calculate the artificial lens of the eye (IOL) when the cataract removal, refractive operations at myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, the selection of contact lenses and glasses.

Measuring intraocular pressure has great importance In the diagnosis of glaucoma, as well as a number of eye diseases, accompanied by an increase or decrease in intraocular pressure. In clinical practice, the tonometry is carried out by applation (non-contact) and impression (contact) methods. With contactless toneometry, the pneumotonometer with the help of a directional jet of air, without touching the surface of the eye, quickly and safely performs the measurement of intraocular pressure. This technology makes the measurement process more comfortable for the patient. The speed of the procedure is only 3 ms. If necessary, the measurement of intraocular pressure is carried out by the Maclakova contact tonometer or the Goldman Tonometer, which is to instill analgesic droplets and measure the degree of corneal of the cornea under the pressure of the girlets (plunger), lowered to the surface of the eye.

Eye biomicroscopy - Method of visual study of optical media and eye tissues with a slit lamp based on the creation of a sharp contrast between lit and unleavened areas, which allows you to study the condition in detail and reveal the diseases of the auxiliary apparatus of the organ of vision (century, tear bodies, conjunctivations), corneal pathology , clouding in a lens under great magnification. The use of special lenses makes it possible to perform a gonoscopy (study of the drainage system of the eye) when glaucoma. The biomicroscopy of the eye allows you to study the state of the vitreous body during hemorrhages and clouds in it, evaluate the nature, scale and prospects of the subsequent treatment of such a pathology of the mesh shell, as vascular damage to the retina, hereditary diseases of the retina, retinal detachment (retina resistance), retinopathy dystrophy, retinopathy.

Ophthalmoscopy is a method for studying the vascular shell, retina, optic nerve in the rays of light, which is reflected from the eye bottom of the patient. In the clinic, ophthalmoscopy is performed using a direct ophthalmoscope, a naked binocular ophthalmoscope or using a slit lamp and aspherical lenses or a goldman contact lens. Ophthalmoscopy is carried out in conditions of the maximum widespread pupil, which allows you to qualitatively inspect not only the central departments of the eyeboard, but also difficult to inspect the peripheral retinal departments, reveal the peripheral retinal dystrophy, the retinal bundle (retinosisis), subclinical forms of retinal detachment (retinal detachment), then There is a pathology on the eye day, which is not clinically manifested, but requires compulsory treatment. For the expansion of pupil, short-acting meadriats are used.

This is the so-called "standard primary diagnostic complex". If necessary, and in coordination with the patient, the diagnosis of vision can be expanded with additional studies.

Tonography

Tonography - the method of studying the hydrodynamics of the eye, which consists in graphical registration of the results of repeated measurement of intraocular pressure on the background of the long-term compression of the eyeball with a tonometer. Tonography allows measuring the oscillations of intraocular pressure, the speed of products and the outflow of intraocular fluid for a specified period of time. This study is especially important for verifying the diagnosis in suspected glaucoma and as control of the effectiveness of the treatment of those patients whose glaucoma has been revealed earlier.

Perimetry

Perimetry is designed to diagnose the state of the field of view - space that sees a person's eye with fixed fixation. Often, a person does not notice the appearance of defects (deposits) in the field of view due to the ability to look at the world with two eyes. Modern models of perimeters have a wide range of threshold research and highly specialized tests, which makes it possible to identify initial stages Such eye pathology, like glaucoma, retinal dystrophy, retinal vascular pathology (occlusion and thrombosis of retinal vessels), retinopathy, retinal detachment. Significantly expand diagnostic capabilities at inflammatory and vascular pathology Spectator nerve, atrophy of the optic nerve, neurophthalmological pathology. Perimetry with short screening methods of testing is quite reliable to identify even minimal impact impacts at high time.

Ultrasonic examination of the eye and eye socket

Ultrasonic examination of the eye and eye socket is highly informative, safe, non-invasive instrumental research method, allowing you to get a two-dimensional image of a glazing body, the rear cut of the eye and orbit. A / B scanning gives an image with a high resolution and allows measurement of the sizes of intraocular structures with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Ultrasonic eye study is carried out according to the following basic testimony:

• Measuring the thickness of the cornea, the depth of the front chamber of the eye, the thickness of the lens, the magnitude of the vitreous body, the front-rear size of the eyeball. This information is necessary when carrying out a variety of operations, including when the cataract is removed.
• Detection and determination of the size and topography of neoplasms of the ciliary body, vascular shell and retina, retrobulbar tumors. Quantitative assessment Their changes in the dynamics. Differentiation clinical shapes Exophthalma.
• Identification, assessment of the height and prevalence of retinal detachment, delaying of the ciliary (ciliary) body and the vascular shell and their relationship with the vitreous body. Differentiation of the primary retinal detachment from the secondary, due to the growth of the tumor.
• Identification of destruction, exudate, clouds, boring branches, mooring in a vitreous body. Determination of their localization, density and mobility, relationship with the mesh shell of the organ of vision.
• The identification of foreign bodies in the injury of the organ of vision, including clinically invisible and x-ray-genes. Determining their location in the eye and relationship with intraocular structures.
• Calculation of the refractive force required for implantation of an artificial lens of the eye (IOL).

Recently, a new method of acoustic visualization of the intraocular structures of the front segment of the eye is being introduced into the clinical practice - ultrasonic biomicroscopy. This method allows you to explore the front segment of the eye on the microstructural level. Ultrasonic biomicroscopy is a scanning ultrasonic immersion diagnostic procedure with a linear scanning, which provides quantitative and qualitative information about the structure of the front segment of the eye (cornea, iris, an angle of anterior chamber, a lean) in order to diagnose glaucoma, neoplasms of the front department, the effects of eye injuries.

Fluorescent angiography with computer registration

Today, no clinic of the world do without this informative diagnostic study. Fluorescent angiography, based on the contrasting of retinal vessels with a special dye - the only method of accurate and efficient diagnosis of retinal diseases, optic nerve and vascular shell of the eye. It reveals the structure of the vascular channel of the retina, gives a clear idea of \u200b\u200bhemodynamics, the state of permeability of vascular walls, the pigment epithelium and membrane of Bruch, allows to differentiate inflammatory changes with vascular, dystrophic and tumor processes.

Fluorescent angiography is performed on a retinal chamber with both a diagnostic target and to determine the testimony, tactics and timing of laser treatment, as well as to assess the results of the treatment. This study allows you to identify the ischemic zones and newly formed vessels, which is important to identify with such diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, tombosis of the central veins of the retina and its branches, occlusion of the central artery of the retina and its branches, vasculite, anterior ischemic neuropathy, the pathology of the central retinal zone (swelling, Cysts, gaps), recurrent hemophthalms and a number of other diseases.

Electricaloretinography (ERG) is a method for registering changes in the bioelectric potential of the retina, graphically expressing the electrical activity of the cellular elements of the mesh shell in response to light irritation. Electrologyoretianography allows you to judge the functional state of the photopic and scotopic systems of the organ of vision, regardless of the transparency of the optical media. The study of the thresholds of electrical sensitivity and the electrical lability of the visual analyzer allows us to estimate the functional state of the inner layers of the retina and axial beam of the visual nerve.

Electroretinography is carried out:

• if it is impossible to visually estimate the status of the retina,
• in the presence of an inflammatory process in the eye,
• with suspected sympathetic ophthalmia,
• for early diagnosis of pigment retinitis,
• for the diagnosis of maculodistrophy,
• for acute violations blood circulation in the retina,
• for early diagnosis of metal
• when poisoning with neurotropic poisons.

Keratotopography

Optical coherent tomography (Oct)

Optical coherent tomography (Oct) is a non-invasive method of visualization of biological structures, which allows to obtain in vivo ("input") a two-dimensional image of transverse optical sections of biological tissues with a resolution approaching to a cellular level (10-15 microns). The technological basis of this method is to measure the optical reflectivity (reflectivity) of biological structures. The device is based on a new diagnostic technology that allows you to obtain a two-dimensional image of a cable of eyeballs of the eyeball and a high-resolution oxide nerve, measure the thickness of their longitudinal section by analyzing the light signal reflected from the boundaries of the biological layers. The instrument makes it possible with the minimum load on the patient's eye to conduct an examination of the visuality even with the above-mentioned environments.

What after the diagnosis of vision?

So, the vision check is completed. What's next? After a thorough and complete examination, our specialist will spend a conversation with you and on the basis of all the obtained diagnostic data will appoint a corresponding conservative or