The Nobel Prize is the most prestigious scientific award in the world. Scientists from different fields dream of obtaining it. Every educated person should know about the latest achievements of mankind, marked by this award. How did it appear and in what areas of science can it be obtained?
What it is?
The annual award is named after the Swedish engineer, industrialist and inventor. Alfred Bernhard Nobel was its founder. In addition, he owns a fund from which money is allocated for the implementation. The history of the Nobel Prize begins in the twentieth century. Since 1901, a special commission has determined the winners in categories such as physics, medicine and physiology, chemistry, literature and peace protection. In 1969, a new science was added to the list. Since then, the commission has also recognized the best specialist in the field of economics. It is possible that new categories will appear in the future, but at the moment there is no discussion of such an event.
How did the award come about?
The history of the Nobel Prize is very interesting. It is connected with a very dark incident in the life of its founder. As you know, Alfred Nobel was When his brother Ludwig died in 1889, a journalist from one of the newspapers confused and indicated Alfred in his obituary. The text called him a merchant of death. Alfred Nobel was horrified by the prospect of remaining in the memory of mankind in such a capacity. He began to think about what he could leave behind, and composed a special will. With his help, he hoped to rectify the dynamite situation.
Alfred Nobel's will
The significant text was invented and signed in 1895 in Paris. According to the will, the executors must exchange all property remaining after it for securities on the basis of which a fund will be created. Interest from the resulting capital will go towards bonuses for scientists who have brought the greatest benefit to humanity. They must be divided into five parts: one for the one who discovered or invented something new in the field of physics, another for the most talented chemist, the third for the best doctor, the fourth for the creator of the main literary work of the year dedicated to human ideals, and the fifth for for someone who can help establish peace on the planet, fighting for the reduction of armies, the abolition of slavery and the friendship of peoples. According to the will, Nobel Prize laureates in the first two categories are determined by the Swedish Sciences. For medicine, the choice is made by the Royal Karolinska Institute, the literary one is chosen by the Swedish Academy, and the latter is chosen by a committee of five people. They are elected by the Norwegian Storting.
Award sizes
Since the bonus is determined as a percentage of the capital invested by Nobil, its size varies. Initially, it was provided in crowns, the first amount was 150 thousand. Now the size of the Nobel Prize has increased significantly and is awarded in US dollars. In recent years it has been about a million. As soon as the money in the fund runs out, the bonus will disappear. The Nobel prize initially amounted to almost 32 million Swedish kronor, so, taking into account successful investments, it has only increased over the years. However, recently interest has not made it possible to achieve a positive budget - the costs of the prize, the ceremony and the maintenance of the administration are too high. Several years ago, it was decided to reduce the size of the Nobel Prize in order to ensure the stability of the fund in the future. The administration is doing everything possible to maintain it as long as possible.
Family scandal
If history had gone differently, this prize might never have been born. The Nobel prize turned out to be so large that relatives could not come to terms with its loss. After the death of the inventor, one of the other began legal proceedings in which attempts were made to challenge the will. Nobel owned a mansion in Nice and a house in Paris, laboratories in Russia, Finland, Italy, Germany and England, many workshops and factories. All the heirs wanted to divide it among themselves. However, the Storting decided to recognize the will. The deceased's attorneys sold his property, and the timing and amount of the Nobel Prize were approved. The relatives received the sum of two million.
Foundation establishment
The Nobel Prize, whose history began with a scandal, was first awarded only when the Royal Council met on June 29, 1900, at which all the details were considered and the official fund was approved. Part of the money was used to purchase the building in which it is located. The first award ceremony was held in December 1901. The size of the Nobel Prize of one hundred and fifty thousand was the first and most modest. In 1968, the Swedish Bank proposed to nominate specialists in the field of economics. for this area are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was first awarded in 1969.
Rules for the ceremony
The will indicated only the size of the Nobel Prize and the sciences for which scientists should be recognized for their achievements. The rules of conduct and selection had to be drawn up by the fund administration. They were developed at the beginning of the twentieth century and have remained virtually unchanged since then. According to the rules, the prize can be awarded to several people, but there cannot be more than three. If the nominee died at the time of the December ceremony but was alive when nominations were announced in October, he will receive the amount posthumously. The Nobel Foundation does not award prizes, entrusting this to special committees for each area. Their members can seek help from scientists from different scientific fields. The prize in the field of literature is given by the best specialists in linguistics. The laureate in the peace category is chosen with the consultation of scientists in the field of philosophy, law, political science, history, and is invited for discussion. Sometimes a specialist can personally propose a candidate. This right belongs to the laureates of previous years and members of the Swedish Academies of Sciences. All nominations are approved by February 1 of the year in which the award will be held. Until September, each proposal is evaluated and discussed. Thousands of specialists may be involved in the process. When preparations are complete, the committees send approved nominations to the official Nobel Prize scientists, who will make the final decision. In the field of physics, chemistry and economic sciences, the main ones are groups of representatives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, each of which has twenty-five people. Fifty participants from the Karolinska Institutet practice medicine. Literature - eighteen scientists from the Swedish Academy. The Peace Prize is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In October, the last statement is made, which is announced at a press conference in Stockholm to the whole world, accompanied by comments on the reasons for each decision. By December 10, the laureates and their families are invited to a ceremony.
The Nobel Prize ceremony was held at the Stockholm Philharmonic. Awarded to outstanding physicists (Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish and Kip Thorne - for experimental confirmation of Albert Einstein's theory of gravitational waves), writers (Kazuo Ishiguro - for "novels of great emotional power"), economists (Richard Thaler - for research in the field of behavioral economics) , doctors (Michael Young, Michael Rosbash and Jeffrey Hall - for research into the molecular mechanisms of control of circadian rhythms) and chemists (Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson and Jacques Duboshi - for “the development of high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy methods for determining the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules in solution”).
A little further north, in Oslo, the 128th prize was awarded to people who have made the greatest contribution to strengthening peace. This year they were participants in the International Campaign to Ban Nuclear Weapons.
This is not the first time that an organization rather than a person has become a laureate. Previously, it was received, for example, by the European Union, the Red Cross and UNICEF. Famous people were also awarded: presidents, religious leaders and freedom fighters. “MIR 24” figured out how the Nobel Peace Prize was born, what it is given for, and why the “anti-nuclear laureate” overtook all competitors.
The Nobel Prize began to be awarded in 1901 according to the will of its founder Alfred Nobel. Initially, there were only five nominations: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and promoting world peace. Philanthropist Nobel remained a romantic and idealist all his life, so he simply could not help but direct part of his money to those who are trying to create an ideal world without wars, violence and exploitation.
It was this award that Nobel isolated: he ordered it to be presented on Norwegian soil, and not on Swedish soil, like the other four awards. Despite the fact that the Swedish-Norwegian union was still in force at that time, the millionaire probably moved the “world” committee to Oslo for a reason.
A special reward is also distinguished by special rules. For example, only a strictly defined circle of people can nominate a candidate for the award. These are mainly politicians, university rectors, judges and members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The selection of the laureate is also scrupulous; the commission is appointed by the Norwegian Parliament - the Peace Prize has literally become a matter of national importance.
But the circle of people who can qualify for the award is, on the contrary, wider. This is the only award that can be given to organizations. Thus, in 1917, “for activities to improve the lives of prisoners of war,” the International Committee of the Red Cross received the award, and in 1997, the International Movement to Ban Anti-Personnel Mines.
Over the years, the prize has been awarded for various merits. In 1919, the founder of the League of Nations and US President Woodrow Wilson received the Nobel Prize, and 55 years later, in 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. received the Nobel Prize for his work in favor of equal rights for people of different skin colors. The laureates were Henry Kissinger, Andrei Sakharov, Mother Teresa, the Dalai Lama and Nelson Mandela.
There were also controversial awards. Thus, in 2009, during his first year as president, Barack Obama, according to the Nobel committee, earned enough money for this award. The decision was criticized in a number of countries, and is especially often remembered in connection with the further policy of the American leader in the Middle East, including military missions in Iraq, Libya and Syria.
This year's Nobel Prize caused much less controversy. The Peace Prize was awarded to an organization whose name speaks for itself: the International Campaign to Ban Nuclear Weapons. Created in 2017, the public organization is designed to promote the approval and implementation of the Nuclear Weapons Prohibition Treaty in most countries of the world. The ICPT has helped launch national nonproliferation campaigns in dozens of countries around the world.
At the same time, the founders of the organization are trying to emphasize the humanitarian threat that the use of nuclear weapons may entail. They are trying to draw attention to the fact that such weapons have incredible destructive power, have a catastrophic effect on the environment and human health, and radioactive contamination of the area on which the bomb was dropped will persist for many years.
In promoting his values, he uses modern means, including social networks, YouTube videos and other technologies to convey information to both ordinary citizens and politicians.
In 2017, the monetary award for the peace prize amounted to $1.07 million. The organization will certainly spend this money on further propaganda of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and on informing humanity about the threat posed by the development of this type of weapon.
Many nuclear powers were dissatisfied with this. Thus, the ambassadors of Great Britain, the USA and France did not come to the award ceremony. They openly stated that they fear a possible complete ban on the use of nuclear weapons. There were also no diplomats from India, China, Pakistan and North Korea. Russia also joined the states that refused to attend the ceremony. The country's ambassador to Norway, Teimuraz Ramishvili, sent a senior adviser in his place.
Despite the fact that a complete ban on nuclear weapons is a rather controversial topic, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has already made its choice. The ICPT, whatever the results of its work, will go down in history as an award-winning peacekeeping organization.
The 2018 Nobel Peace Prize winners were Congolese doctor Denis Mukwege and Iraqi human rights activist Nadia Murad. The Nobel Committee awarded them the award for their efforts in combating wartime sexual violence.
Previously they were awarded the Sakharov Prize. Denis Mukwege received this award in 2014, and Nadia Murad in 2016.
Denis Mukwege is a gynecologist from the Congo who has dedicated much of his life to protecting victims of sexual violence. Mukwege and his staff treated thousands of patients affected by such attacks in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Nobel laureate has repeatedly condemned impunity for mass rape and criticized the Congolese government and other countries for not doing enough to stop sexual violence against women during armed conflicts. Denis Mukwege's core principle is that "justice is everyone's business."
Denis Mukwege
The physician Denis Mukwege, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, has spent large parts of his adult life helping the victims of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Dr. Mukwege and his staff have treated thousands of patients who have fallen victim to such assaults. pic.twitter.com/9CrNWfj7zu
Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist Nadya Murad is one of about 3,000 girls and women who have been victims of rape and other abuses by the Islamic State terrorist group. Terrorists use sexual violence as a weapon against Yazidis and other religious minorities. After escaping from the Islamic State, Nadia Murad decided to speak openly about the suffering she experienced. The woman showed extraordinary courage in speaking out on behalf of other victims. In 2016, at just 23 years old, she was named the first UN Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of Trafficked People.
Who are the Yazidis? This is one of the nationalities. Yazidis mainly live in northern Iraq, as well as in several countries in the Middle East and the Caucasus. They profess Yazidism and speak the Kurmanji dialect of the Kurdish language. In Iraq they had long been persecuted - firstly because they were Kurds, and secondly because they were non-Muslim Kurds, that is, a minority within a minority. In particular, the city of Sinjar suffered the most from the attacks. Terrorists entered the city in August 2014. 90% of Yazidis left their homes and went to other countries. Thousands of women were captured by the ID. After Kurdish forces liberated Sinjar in 2015, mass graves of Yazidis were found there. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has recognized the persecution of the Yazidis as genocide.
Nadya Murad
Nadia Murad, awarded the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize, is the witness who tells of the abuses perpetrated against herself and others. She has shown uncommon courage in counting her own sufferings and speaking up on behalf of other victims. #NobelPrize pic.twitter.com/NeF70ig09J
The Nobel Prize (@NobelPrize) October 5, 2018
The 2018 list of nominees included 331 candidates: 216 individuals and 115 organizations. This is the second largest number of candidates after 2016.
Important: On September 18, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine nominated him for the Nobel Peace Prize. An illegally convicted Ukrainian went on hunger strike in a Russian prison for almost 145 days. However, according to the rules, a Ukrainian director can only be included in the list of nominees in 2019. After all, nominations must be submitted before February 1 of the year of award.
Let us remind you that Nobel Week began in the capital of Sweden, Stockholm, on October 1. The award winners were:
- in medicine and physiology– James P. Alison and Tasuku Khondji for discovery;
- – Arthur Ashkin, Gerard Mourou and Donna Strickland for “breakthrough achievements in the field of laser physics.”
- in chemistry– Francis Arnold, George Smith and Gregory Winter for development.
On October 8, the winner of the Prize in Economics in Memory of Alfred Nobel will be named in Stockholm. will not be handed over. The award ceremony will traditionally take place on December 10, the day of Alfred Nobel’s death.
What's happened ? This is a prestigious international award given annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or contributions to culture or society. The prize was established by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite. He bequeathed his fortune (SEK 31.5 million) to finance the award. The annual income from his legacy is divided into 5 equal parts among the laureates. The Nobel Prize has been awarded for more than 100 years, since 1901.
Over the past two weeks, the Nobel Committee has named scientists whose achievements will be recognized. We tried to figure out who received awards this year and for what.
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Every year at the beginning of October, special attention is focused on what is happening in the Swedish capital - Stockholm. During this period, the winners of the most prestigious scientific award, the Nobel Prize, are determined here. Over the past two weeks, the Nobel Committee has named scientists whose achievements will be recognized. We tried to figure out who received awards this year and for what.
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This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Japanese scientist Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discovery of the mechanisms of autophagy. Autophagy is a process in the cell that allows you to get rid of unnecessary or non-functional components. The term "autophagy" is translated from Greek as "eating oneself." The concept itself dates back to the 60s, but Osumi's experiments in the 90s were a breakthrough. The Nobel Committee calls them research that changed the paradigm of perception.
The scientist conducted his experiments on yeast cells, but proved that similar processes occur in the human body. As noted by the Nobel Committee, these experiments allowed us to take a new look at how “recycling” occurs at the cellular level. “These discoveries have opened the way to understanding the fundamental importance of autophagy in many physiological processes, for example, adaptation to starvation or response to infections,” the Nobel Committee notes on its website.
At the same time, scientists now know that impaired autophagy is associated with serious diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes or cancer. At the moment, medicines for various diseases are being actively developed, which will be built on knowledge about this process.
Osumi was born in 1945 in Tokyo. After several years of work in the United States, he returned to Japan and founded a research group. Since 2009, he has been working as a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
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Three American scientists received the physics prize this year. The award was shared by physicists David Tuless, Duncan Haldan and Michael Kosterlitz. In their research, scientists applied a complex mathematical method - topology - to the study of rare aggregate states of matter, such as superconductivity, superfluidity, etc. “This year’s laureates opened the doors to unknown worlds where matter can acquire atypical states,” notes the website awards.
Scientists hope that this research will open up new possibilities in materials science and electronics, for example in the creation of new types of electrical equipment or superconductors, as well as in future quantum computers.
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the Frenchman Jean-Pierre Savage, the American Fraser Stoddart and the Dutchman Bernard Feringa for creating “the world’s smallest machines.” And not just small ones, but truly miniature ones. Their invention is molecular machines. “Miniature elevator, artificial muscles, mini-motor. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to Jean-Pierre Savage, Sir Fraser Stoddart and Bernard Feringa for the design and production of molecular machines,” says the Nobel Committee website.
The essence of these scientists' discovery is to create molecules that can move in a controlled manner and perform certain tasks when they receive energy. Savage took the first step in this process by linking two ring-shaped molecules into a network called catenanes, held together by a mechanical bond. “To be able to perform a task, a machine must consist of parts that can move relative to each other. The two interlocking rings fulfilled exactly this requirement,” notes the Nobel Prize website.
The second step was carried out by Stoddart, and the third step was taken by Feringa, creating the first molecular motor. “Molecular machines will most likely be used to create new materials, sensors and energy storage systems,” the prize’s website notes.
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This year, 376 nominees were in the running for the Nobel Peace Prize. As a result, the committee decided to honor Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos. “The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos for his determined efforts to end more than 50 years of civil war, which has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and forced some six million people to flee their homes,” they noted. committee.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee believes that although the peace agreement with the FARC group, which emerged as a result of negotiations initiated by Santos, was rejected by the majority of Colombians in a referendum, the attempts of the Colombian leader “bring closer the possibility of a peaceful end to the bloody conflict” and correspond to the spirit and will of Alfred Nobel.
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The Swedish Bank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the so-called Nobel Prize in Economics, which was introduced in 1969, awarded two American scientists, Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström, for their development of contract theory. Contracts play an extremely important role in economic relations and are its connecting link, the committee noted. The work of Hart and Holmström provided a significant foundation for analyzing the contract drafting process to make it as effective as possible.
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The award of the Nobel Prize in Literature was perhaps one of the biggest surprises of this year's prize, surprising both the public and the bookmakers. This year's award winner was American singer and rock legend Bob Dylan. The Nobel Committee noted Dylan's poetic merits, awarding him the prize for "creating new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition."
Dylan, born in 1941 in New York, became famous in the 60s for his “protest” work and participation in the civil rights movement. The singer’s discography includes more than 35 studio albums, including such famous ones as The Times They Are a-Changin’, The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan.
On December 10, 1933, King Gustav V of Sweden awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to the writer Ivan Bunin, who became the first Russian writer to receive this high award. In total, the prize, established by the inventor of dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel in 1833, was received by 21 people from Russia and the USSR, five of them in the field of literature. True, historically it turned out that for Russian poets and writers the Nobel Prize was fraught with big problems.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin distributed the Nobel Prize to friends
In December 1933, the Parisian press wrote: “ Without a doubt, I.A. Bunin - in recent years - the most powerful figure in Russian fiction and poetry», « the king of literature confidently and equally shook hands with the crowned monarch" The Russian emigration applauded. In Russia, the news that a Russian emigrant received the Nobel Prize was treated very caustically. After all, Bunin reacted negatively to the events of 1917 and emigrated to France. Ivan Alekseevich himself experienced emigration very hard, was actively interested in the fate of his abandoned homeland, and during the Second World War he categorically refused all contacts with the Nazis, moving to the Alpes-Maritimes in 1939, returning from there to Paris only in 1945.
It is known that Nobel laureates have the right to decide for themselves how to spend the money they receive. Some people invest in the development of science, some in charity, some in their own business. Bunin, a creative person and devoid of “practical ingenuity,” disposed of his bonus, which amounted to 170,331 crowns, completely irrationally. Poet and literary critic Zinaida Shakhovskaya recalled: “ Returning to France, Ivan Alekseevich... in addition to money, began to organize feasts, distribute “benefits” to emigrants, and donate funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invested the remaining amount in some “win-win business” and was left with nothing».
Ivan Bunin is the first emigrant writer to be published in Russia. True, the first publications of his stories appeared in the 1950s, after the writer’s death. Some of his works, stories and poems, were published in his homeland only in the 1990s.
Dear God, why are you
Gave us passions, thoughts and worries,
Do I thirst for business, fame and pleasure?
Joyful are cripples, idiots,
The leper is the most joyful of all.
(I. Bunin. September, 1917)
Boris Pasternak refused the Nobel Prize
Boris Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel” every year from 1946 to 1950. In 1958, his candidacy was again proposed by last year's Nobel laureate Albert Camus, and on October 23, Pasternak became the second Russian writer to receive this prize.The writing community in the poet’s homeland took this news extremely negatively and on October 27, Pasternak was unanimously expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR, at the same time filing a petition to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. In the USSR, Pasternak's receipt of the prize was associated only with his novel Doctor Zhivago. The literary newspaper wrote: “Pasternak received “thirty pieces of silver,” for which the Nobel Prize was used. He was awarded for agreeing to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda... An inglorious end awaits the resurrected Judas, Doctor Zhivago, and his author, whose lot will be popular contempt.”.
The mass campaign launched against Pasternak forced him to refuse the Nobel Prize. The poet sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy in which he wrote: “ Due to the importance that the award given to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Please don't take my voluntary refusal as an insult.».
It is worth noting that in the USSR, until 1989, even in the school literature curriculum there was no mention of Pasternak’s work. The first to decide to introduce the Soviet people to Pasternak’s creative work was director Eldar Ryazanov. In his comedy “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!” (1976) he included the poem “There will be no one in the house”, transforming it into an urban romance, which was performed by the bard Sergei Nikitin. Later, Ryazanov included in his film “Office Romance” an excerpt from another poem by Pasternak - “Loving others is a heavy cross...” (1931). True, it sounded in a farcical context. But it is worth noting that at that time the very mention of Pasternak’s poems was a very bold step.
It's easy to wake up and see clearly,
Shake out the verbal trash from the heart
And live without getting clogged in the future,
All this is not a big trick.
(B. Pasternak, 1931)
Mikhail Sholokhov, receiving the Nobel Prize, did not bow to the monarch
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965 for his novel “Quiet Don” and went down in history as the only Soviet writer to receive this prize with the consent of the Soviet leadership. The laureate's diploma states "in recognition of the artistic strength and honesty that he showed in his Don epic about the historical phases of the life of the Russian people."
Gustav Adolf VI, who presented the prize to the Soviet writer, called him “one of the most outstanding writers of our time.” Sholokhov did not bow to the king, as prescribed by the rules of etiquette. Some sources claim that he did this intentionally with the words: “We Cossacks do not bow to anyone. In front of the people, please, but I won’t do it in front of the king...”
Alexander Solzhenitsyn was deprived of Soviet citizenship because of the Nobel Prize
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, commander of a sound reconnaissance battery, who rose to the rank of captain during the war years and was awarded two military orders, was arrested by front-line counterintelligence in 1945 for anti-Soviet activity. Sentence: 8 years in camps and lifelong exile. He went through a camp in New Jerusalem near Moscow, the Marfinsky “sharashka” and the Special Ekibastuz camp in Kazakhstan. In 1956, Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated, and since 1964, Alexander Solzhenitsyn devoted himself to literature. At the same time, he worked on 4 major works at once: “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Cancer Ward”, “The Red Wheel” and “In the First Circle”. In the USSR in 1964 the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” was published, and in 1966 the story “Zakhar-Kalita”.
On October 8, 1970, “for the moral strength drawn from the tradition of great Russian literature,” Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize. This became the reason for persecution of Solzhenitsyn in the USSR. In 1971, all the writer’s manuscripts were confiscated, and in the next 2 years, all his publications were destroyed. In 1974, a Decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which deprived Alexander Solzhenitsyn of Soviet citizenship and deported him from the USSR for systematically committing actions incompatible with belonging to USSR citizenship and causing damage to the USSR.
The writer’s citizenship was returned only in 1990, and in 1994 he and his family returned to Russia and actively became involved in public life.
Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky was convicted of parasitism in Russia
Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky began writing poetry at the age of 16. Anna Akhmatova predicted a hard life and a glorious creative destiny for him. In 1964, a criminal case was opened against the poet in Leningrad on charges of parasitism. He was arrested and sent into exile in the Arkhangelsk region, where he spent a year.
In 1972, Brodsky turned to Secretary General Brezhnev with a request to work in his homeland as a translator, but his request remained unanswered, and he was forced to emigrate. Brodsky first lives in Vienna, London, and then moves to the United States, where he becomes a professor at New York, Michigan and other universities in the country.
On December 10, 1987, Joseph Brosky was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for his comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry.” It is worth saying that Brodsky, after Vladimir Nabokov, is the second Russian writer who writes in English as his native language.
The sea was not visible. In the whitish darkness,
swaddled on all sides, absurd
it was thought that the ship was heading towards land -
if it was a ship at all,
and not a clot of fog, as if poured
who whitened it in milk?
(B. Brodsky, 1972)
Interesting fact
At various times, such famous figures as Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Franklin Roosevelt, Nicholas Roerich and Leo Tolstoy were nominated for the Nobel Prize, but never received it.
Literature lovers will definitely be interested in this book, which is written with disappearing ink.
