(Greek), in the Cathedral of Crimean Saints

Martin the Confessor was a native of Tudera (now Todi, Umbria, Italy). He received a good education and entered the clergy of the Roman Church. After the death of Pope Theodore I (642-649), Prester Martin was elected to the Roman Pontifical See.

At that time, the peace of the Church was disturbed by the Monothelite heresy, which became widespread.

Endless disputes between Monothelites and Orthodox Christians occurred in all segments of the population. Emperor Constans (641-668) and Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople (641-654) were also adherents of the Monothelite heresy. Emperor Constance issued a heretical "Model of Faith" (Typos), binding on the entire population. It prohibited any further disputes.

This heretical "Model of Faith" was received in Rome in the year. Saint Pope Martin, a strong champion of Orthodoxy, convened a Local Council in Rome, which condemned the Monothelite heresy.

The angry emperor, trying to prevent the Council, ordered the military commander Olympius to bring Saint Martin to trial. But Olympius, having arrived in Rome, was afraid of the clergy and people who had gathered at the Council, and sent a warrior to secretly kill the pope. When the killer approached Saint Martin, he suddenly became blind. “And so, convinced that the hand of God was protecting Martin, the most holy pope, Exarch Olympius considered it necessary to come into agreement with the pontiff and tell the most holy man everything that he was ordered.” Olympius refused to fulfill the mission entrusted to him and rebelled against the emperor, taking control of the emperor for several years (649-652). Italy. The military expansion of the Arabs and the direct threat to Constantinople for some time did not allow them to suppress this rebellion, as well as take decisive action against the pope, who, from the point of view of the imperial administration, remained only a “former apocrisiary.”

“Tell me, unfortunate one, what evil have you intended against the emperor?” - the chairman began the interrogation. Dad was silent. A line of witnesses was put forward. These were Olympius's subordinates and his soldiers. Saving their bellies, they had to earn forgiveness for their participation in the Olympius case by bearing false witness against the pope. And they lied when prompted. The pope, hearing all these abominations, asked the judges not to swear in these witnesses, so as not to aggravate their crimes with perjury.

When they asked Pope Martin what he would say to this, he began his speech: “When the Typos was published and sent to Rome...” At this, Prefect Troilus interrupted him: “You should not talk about faith, but only about rebellion and your participation in it. You knew that Olympius was forging chains on the emperor, and you did not stop him. On the contrary, you were in cahoots with him.”

The Pope was carried out on his stretcher into the atrium, i.e. into the courtyard of the court chamber, where an incited crowd had already gathered; from here he was put on a special platform, specially designed for showing criminals to the crowd. On the contrary, from the balcony of his palace the emperor could see this picture. From him, Prosecutor General Vukoleon returned with a death sentence. Members of the synclite - judges - gathered around the condemned martyr. The official addressed the pope: “You fought with the emperor, what do you hope for now? You have retreated from God, and God has retreated from you.” And he ordered that his patriarchal omophorion (ψαχνιον) and his black and white boots, the signs of his rank, be torn off from the pope. Handing them over to the mayor (prefect), he said: “Take them and cut them into pieces.” Then they tore off the pope’s outer priestly robe, and tore his lower tunic in many places, thus half-exposing the pope’s body. The official invited the crowd to anathematize the criminal. Only a few responded. The people were dejected and sighed with sympathy for the sufferer. Only the rabble reviled the “criminal.” With a chain around his neck and the presentation of a sword, the pope was taken through the city to the guardhouse (praetorium) and thrown into a cell with criminals. An hour later they took him to a cold solitary confinement cell (in Diomede prison) with such cruelty that they wounded his legs and covered the prison stairs with blood. Martin was half dead. One cleric of the pope, however, was allowed to remain with him for services, but under the supervision of a special guard appointed to guard those on death row. The prison guards, mother and daughter, when the authorities left, were able to slip a blanket through the sufferer so that he would not freeze. Late in the evening, a messenger from the mayor Gregory appeared with food - to express the hope that “God willing, dad will not die like this,” and ordered the shackles to be removed from his neck. Dad didn't say anything, just took a deep breath. He sincerely wanted nothing more than the martyrdom of his ordeal.

Meanwhile, the emperor came to the dying Patriarch Paul of Constantinople and told him about the trial of Saint Martin. He turned away from the emperor and said: “Woe is me! Another new act to my condemnation,” and asked to stop the torment of Saint Martin. The emperor again sent a notary and other persons to the saint in prison for additional interrogation. The saint answered them: “Even if they crush me, I will not be in communion with the Church of Constantinople while it remains in evil faith.” The torturers were amazed by the courage of the confessor and replaced the death penalty with exile to the remote Tauride Chersonese.

After three months in prison, in March of the year, the saint was secretly loaded onto a ship and taken into exile in the Crimean Chersonesos. From here he wrote several letters reflecting his suffering in this “bearish” corner of the Byzantine state, among the barbarian population and in deprivation, without the necessary food. Here, at the crossroads of the grain road from Scythia to Greece, the pope was not given bread. He complained in a letter:

“Bread is known here only by name... I was and am surprised at the indifference of my friends and relatives. They forgot about my misfortune. It seems they don’t even want to know whether I still exist in the world or not. Although the Roman Church has no money, but by the grace of God it is rich in bread, wine and everything necessary for life. Obviously, fear has fallen on people, so that they are shunned even from fulfilling the commandments of God, fear where there should be no fear."

Dad was really sad that the outburst of love for him, which he witnessed during his first arrest, completely disappeared. St. Martin was also upset that the Roman clergy betrayed him in principle and canonically. When he was still on the island of Naxos, they had already appointed a new pope, Eugenius, on August 10, 654, and elected him even earlier, taking into account that this date was already the date of imperial approval. At the time of Eugene's election, Pope Martin had not yet been formally tried and convicted. The clergy fainted in the face of police pressure.

Prayers

Troparion, tone 4

You have spread the true commandments of the mouth, / you have enlightened everyone with the Divine teachings, / you have cast down evil faith, O God-Wise Martin, / most honorable saint, / remember us, saint of Christ v,/ make your intercessions to Him,// may you establish our life in peace.

Literature

Grizar H., Una vittima del despotismo bizantino. Papa S. Martino (649-654/655) // Civilta cattolica. Roma, 1970. T. LVIII. P. 272-275, 656-666;
Brandes W., "Juristische" Krisenbewältung im 7. Jahrhundert? Die Prozesse gegen Papst Martin I. und Maximos Homologetes // Forschungen zur Byzantinischen Rechtschichte. Fontes Minores. 1998. Bd. 10. S. 141-212;
Borodin O.R. Pope Martin I and his letters from Crimea // Black Sea region in the Middle Ages. M., 1991. S. 173-190:

http://www.st-martin.ru/about/holy/zhitiya-svyatyh/rimskij-p...ma/ (electronic version on the website of the parish of the Church of St. Martin the Confessor in Alekseevskaya Novaya Sloboda)

Borodin O.R. The church-political struggle in Byzantium and the “case” of Pope Martin // Byzantine Vremennik, [Part 1]: 1991, T. 52 (77), pp. 47-56, [Part 2]: 1992, Vol. 53 (78), pp. 80-88:

Used materials

Kartashev A.V., "Pope Martin I and the Lateran Council of 649." // Ecumenical Councils / Emperor Justinian I the Great (527-565) and the V Ecumenical Council:
"Saint Martin the Confessor, Pope of Rome", calendar page on the portal Pravoslavie.Ru:
Borodin O.R. Church-political struggle in Byzantium and the “case” of Pope Martin // Byzantine Temporary, [Part 1]: 1991, v. 52 (77), p. 47-56

Saint Martin the Confessor, Pope of Rome, was a native of the Tuscan region of Italy. He received a good education and entered the clergy of the Roman Church. After the death of Pope Theodore I (642-649), Prester Martin was elected to the throne.

At that time, the peace of the Church was disturbed by the Monothelite heresy, which became widespread.

Endless disputes between Monothelites and Orthodox Christians occurred in all segments of the population. Emperor Constance (641-668) and Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople (641-654) were also adherents of the Monothelite heresy. Emperor Constance issued a heretical "Model of Faith" (Typos), binding on the entire population. It prohibited any further disputes.

This heretical "Model of Faith" was received in Rome in 649. Saint Pope Martin, a strong champion of Orthodoxy, convened a Local Council in Rome, which condemned the Monothelite heresy. Saint Martin at the same time sent a message to Patriarch Paul of Constantinople exhorting him to return to the Orthodox confession. The angry emperor ordered the military commander Olympius to bring Saint Martin to trial. But Olympius, having arrived in Rome, was afraid of the clergy and people who had gathered at the Council, and sent a warrior to secretly kill the holy Pope. When the killer approached Saint Martin, he suddenly became blind. Frightened, Olympius hastily left for Sicily and was soon killed in battle. In 654, the emperor sent another military leader, Theodore, to Rome for the same purpose, who brought grave charges against Saint Martin for secret communication with the enemies of the empire - the Saracens, blasphemy of the Most Holy Theotokos, and uncanonical accession to the papal throne. Despite the evidence presented by the Roman clergy and laity of the complete innocence of the holy Pope, the military commander Theodore and a detachment of soldiers captured Saint Martin at night and sent him to one of the Cyclades islands (Naxos) in the Aegean Sea. For a whole year Saint Martin languished on this almost deserted island, suffering hardships and insults from the guards. Then the exhausted confessor was sent to Constantinople for trial.

The sick old man was brought in on a stretcher, but the judges rudely ordered him to rise and answer while standing. While the interrogation was going on, the soldiers supported the saint, who was weakened by illness. False witnesses spoke at the trial, slandering the saint for his treasonous connections with the Saracens. The biased judges did not even listen to the saint’s excuses. In deep sorrow, he said: “The Lord knows what a great benefit you will show me if you put me to death soon.”

After such a trial, the saint, in torn clothes, was exposed to the mockery of the crowd, who were forced to shout: “Anathema to Pope Martin!” But those who knew that the holy Pope was suffering innocently left in tears. Finally, the sacellarius sent by the emperor approached the military leader and announced the verdict - to deprive the Pope of his dignity and put him to death. The half-naked saint was chained and dragged into prison, where he was locked up with robbers. They were more merciful to the saint than the heretics.

Meanwhile, the emperor came to the dying Patriarch of Constantinople Paul and told him about the trial of Saint Martin. He turned away from the emperor and said: “Woe is me! Another new act to my condemnation,” and asked to stop the torment of Saint Martin. The emperor again sent a notary and other persons to the saint in prison for additional interrogation. The saint answered them: “Even if they crush me, I will not be in communion with the Church of Constantinople while it remains in evil faith.” The torturers were amazed by the courage of the confessor and replaced the death penalty with exile to the remote Tauride Chersonese.

There the saint died, exhausted by illness, poverty, hunger and deprivation († September 16, 655). He was buried outside the city in the Blachernae Church in the name of the Most Holy Theotokos.

The heresy of the Monothelites was condemned at the VI Ecumenical Council in 680. The relics of the holy confessor Pope Martin were transferred to Constantinople, and then to Rome.

Iconographic original

Magnificent, one of the most beautiful in the capital, the temple, consecrated in the name of St. Martin the Confessor near Taganka. Its dedication, which is so rare for Moscow, is explained by the fact that it was founded in honor of the day of the coronation of Grand Duke Vasily III, the father of the future first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible. His accession to the throne took place on the feast of St. Martin, April 14 (27), 1503.

http://zoopunks.livejournal.com/132900.html

In honor of this temple, the lane nearby is named Martynovsky

The entire life of the saint was the embodiment of martyrdom - he went through terrible and long suffering for the true faith, remaining faithful to the teachings of the Christian Church. Saint Martin the Confessor suffered in 647 from Emperor Constance II under the Byzantine heretical patriarch Paul of Samosad for the Truth and purity of Orthodoxy against the Monophilite heresy

In 648, supporters of the monothelitism heresy, Emperor Constans II and Patriarch Paul of Constantinople, issued a decree, the so-called Typos (tupoV peri pistewV),in which it was prescribed “neither to blame nor condemn anyone for the teaching in the past of one will and one energy, nor for the doctrine of two wills and two energies.” For disobedience, ecclesiastical and civil punishments were imposed: deprivation of positions, property, as well as corporal punishment and exile.

Pope Theodore died without knowing about Typos. Martin, who was an apocrisiary in Constantinople, was elected in his place.

In 649, he became Bishop of Rome, while the reigning Emperor Constas was an adherent of the Monothelite heresy. The emperor ordered the new bishop to accept monothelitism, but received from him not only a firm refusal, but also a curse: in 653 St. Martin assembled a local council of Western bishops, at which the Monothelite teaching was cursed.

The man is outstanding both for his appearance and his knowledge on a controversial issue. During this time, after Pope John IV, the Roman clergy tried to avoid submitting popes to the approval of heretical emperors. Apparently, the newly elected Martin was not introduced either. Subsequently, the Greeks accused him of being irregulariter et sine lege episcopatum subrapuisse.

Meyendorff John, Rev.: Resistance to monothelitism was concentrated in one person, a simple monk, Saint Maximus the Confessor. Subjected to humiliation, insult and beating by a mocking crowd, the holy elder was exiled to our Crimean Tauride Chersonese, where he died of poverty, hunger, cold and painful old age in 655. He was buried in the Chersonese Church of the Mother of God of Blachernae (in Sevastopol). Miraculous healings took place at his tomb. His venerable relics were raised by St. Cyril and Methodius, Slavic teachers, at the same time with the relics of St. Clement, Pope of Rome. The holy bodies of Saints Martin and Clement were transferred first to Constantinople and then to Rome, where they found rest in the Church of Saint Martin of Tours. , and the head of each and the right hand remained in Chersonesus.

CONFESSORS are the category of saints to which the Orthodox Church classifies Christians who suffered persecution (including during iconoclasm) for their faith, but, unlike martyrs, survived.

Troparion of St. Martin the Confessor, Pope of Rome

You have spread the true commandments by mouth,
Thou hast cast down evil, O God-Wise Martin,
Most honorably to the saint, remember us,
servant of Christ, through your petitions to Him,
may you make our life in peace.

The restoration of the Church of St. Martin the Confessor is underway in Moscow. The church, which resembles a smaller copy of London's St. Paul's Cathedral, was built in the 17th century according to the design of Russian architect Rodion Kazakov.

As Moscow legend says, the new church of St. Martin the Confessor was built on the model of the Cathedral of St. Paul the Apostle in London, built by the brilliant architect Christopher Wren.

St Paul's Church in London completed in 1708

The first wooden church of St. Martin the Confessor in Moscow was founded in the palace craft settlement on Taganka. It is believed that it appeared here already in 1492 as a local parish church, and under Vasily III it was rebuilt in stone and consecrated.

In 1791, the richest Moscow tea merchant, later the mayor of Moscow, Vasily Yakovlevich Zhigarev ordered a design for the new Church of Martin the Confessor from the architect Rodion Kazakov. R. R. Kazakov was a major, but undeservedly forgotten architect, standing on a par with V. I. Bazhenov and M. F. Kazakov. Having started his creative career as an architectural student of the Kremlin Construction Expedition, he acquired excellent theoretical knowledge and practical skills from two great Moscow architects Bazhenov and Kazakov. Worthyly continuing their activities, Rodion Kazakov, after the retirement of M. F. Kazakov, headed the Moscow architectural school, which raised many masters of classicism.
With the blessing of Metropolitan Platon (Levshin) of Moscow, in 1792 they began construction of the Church of St. Martin the Confessor. In 1798 the temple was built

In 1800-1801, the church was painted in the Italian style by the painter Antonio Claudi; these paintings have survived to this day. (who previously painted the first house church of St. Martyr Tatiana in the Main Building of Moscow University on Mokhovaya and the unpreserved frescoes of the Small Cathedral of the Donskoy Monastery)) He also painted large oval icons for the main iconostasis. The church's Italian-style wall paintings were unconventional. Thus, on the sails under the drum, scenes unusual for an Orthodox church were painted: the Prophet Moses, the Apostle Peter, surrounded by many figures.

The consecration of the temple took place in 1806:

chapel - in the name of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God
chapel - St. Martin the Confessor.

In 1812, during the occupation of Moscow by the French, the Church of St. Martin the Confessor was damaged by fire. For 9 years, from 1813 to 1821, the iron coverings and cladding of the building were put in order. During one of the post-fire repairs, the previously open passage between the temple and the bell tower was laid.

In 1990, the temple was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church.

On April 19, 1991, the first throne of the returned temple was consecrated - the throne in honor of St. Seraphim of Sarov. By decree of His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II, Archpriest Sergei Rodionovich Suzdaltsev was appointed rector of the newly opened church. Through the efforts of Fr. Sergius the bell tower was transferred to the temple and services resumed.
On September 1, 1991, on the day of the celebration of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, the miraculous image of the Georgian Mother of God, which was located before the revolution in the Church of the Intercession on Vorontsovo Field, and then in the Church of Peter and Paul at the Yauza Gate, was transferred to the church in a religious procession. The miraculous icon, whose memory is celebrated on September 4, has a special grace to help women suffering from infertility. The location of the actual temple icon of the Georgian Mother of God, lost after the revolution, is still unknown.
In 1992, Archpriest Alexander Abramov was appointed rector of the temple. By 1996, the temple was completely freed from the funds of the book chamber. Six floors of reinforced concrete floors and partitions created inside the temple under the Bolsheviks were dismantled, the heating system, roofing, floors, and window frames of the temple were completely replaced. The wall paintings were recreated, the iconostasis of the central altar was returned to the temple, transported from the Donskoy Monastery, where he was in temporary storage. The priest Sergiy Tocheny, the priest Mikhail Fedin, the priest Andrei Bondarenko, and the deacon Dionisy Pryakhin took an active part in the restoration of the temple.
On May 28, 1998, His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II performed the Great Consecration of the temple. As a prayerful memory, His Holiness Patriarch Alexy gave to the rector and parish of the temple Theodore Icon of the Mother of God with its dedicatory inscription.
In 1999, in the left altar, the Dean of the churches of the Central District of Moscow, the Head of the Office of the Moscow Patriarchate, Archpriest Vladimir Divakov, consecrated a chapel in honor of the Monk Alexander, the monk of the First Monastery of the “Unsleeping Ones”.

Alexander of Constantinople, Venerable Alexander, head of the monastery of the Nusypious. He lived sometime in the 5th century. His life feat is special! And directly related to the psalms. The fact is that he spread the rite of the Undying Psalter, which is now so especially loved by monasteries, and became famous as a great miracle worker.
As we read in the Cheti-Minea:
“He, according to the number of hours of the day and night, divided the brethren into twenty-four turns, so that everyone, knowing the hour of his turn, would appear at the place of singing by this time. David’s psalms were assigned for singing; they were supposed to be sung in verses, in two faces, without haste, except at the time at which ordinary church services were performed. During the performance of these services, the newly established rite of psalmody was interrupted. Thus, in the church of the monastery, both day and night, they incessantly praised God, from which this monastery itself began to be called the monastery of the sleepless." ..

The Monk Alexander, the founder of the monastery of the Unsleeping Ones, was born in Asia and received his education in Constantinople. He was in military service for some time, but he was attracted by a different calling: he left the world and took monastic vows in one of the desert Syrian monasteries near Antioch under the leadership of Abbot Elijah. He spent four years in strict obedience and monastic exploits, after which he received the blessing of the abbot to live in the desert. When leaving for the desert, the monk took nothing with him from the monastery except the Gospel. The monk labored in the desert for seven years. Then the Lord called him to preach to the pagans. The saint converted the local mayor Ravul to Christ, who was subsequently awarded the rank of hierarch and ruled the episcopal see in the city of Edessa for 30 years. At the same time as Ravul, all local residents received Baptism, and before the sacrament they burned their idols in the square. Having confirmed the converts in the faith, the Monk Alexander again went into the desert, where he accidentally fell into a cave of robbers. Not afraid of the death that threatened him, he preached the Gospel to them and convinced them to repent. Indeed, all the robbers sincerely repented, accepted holy Baptism, and turned their den into a monastery, where they remained in repentance and prayer. The Monk Alexander appointed them an abbot, gave them a charter, and he himself withdrew even further into the desert. For several years he lived completely alone. But even there, lovers of silence began to flock to the monk. A monastery arose with up to 400 monks. Wanting to establish continuous praise to the Lord in this monastery, the monk prayed for three years that the Creator would reveal His will to him and, having received a revelation, introduced the following order in the monastery: all the monks were divided into 24 prayer guards. Taking turns every hour, day and night, they sang the psalms of David in two voices, interrupting only for the duration of the Divine Service. The monastery received the name “unsleeping” because the ascetics sang songs to God around the clock.

The Monk Alexander ruled the monastery on the Euphrates for twenty years. Then, leaving one of his disciples, the experienced elder Trophimus, as abbot, he set off with selected brethren to the cities bordering Persia, preaching the Gospel among the pagans. After this missionary journey, the Monk Alexander and his monks lived for some time in Antioch. There he built a church, a hospital and a hospice for the residents of the city with funds that abundantly came to his disposal from the merciful Antiochians. However, due to the machinations of evil envious people, the Monk Alexander was forced to retire to Constantinople. Here he founded a new monastery, in which he also introduced the rule of the “unsleepless”. In Constantinople, the Monk Alexander and his monks suffered from Nestorian heretics, suffering beatings and imprisonment. After the storm of heretical unrest had passed, the Monk Alexander spent the end of his life in the Constantinople monastery he founded. He died at a ripe old age around 430, after 50 years of continuous monastic exploits.

The following year, a baptismal church was created in the crypt of the temple, consecrated in honor of St. Michael of Klopsky with a baptismal font for adults

Website http://www.s-martin.ru/

There are 5 chapels in the Temple

The main altar was consecrated in the name of the Ascension of the Lord
chapel in the name of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God
chapel of St. Martin the Confessor.
Rev. Alexandra monk
Rev. Mikhail Klopsky

Just like the appearance of the temple, its interior also makes a strong impression - powerful, rich, classic, with an abundance of gilding and decorations. And the temple appears to the person who visits it as a single whole

Shrines

Georgian icon of the Mother of God

During the reign of the blessed Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1622, the Persian Shah Abbas conquered Georgia. Then many Georgian shrines and icons were taken and taken to Persia, not for the sake of veneration, but for the purpose of selling them to Russian merchants. In 1625, this icon was bought with great joy from a Persian by the pious clerk of the Yaroslavl merchant Georgy Lytkin. At the same time, George himself had a revelation from God in a dream about a precious icon acquired by his steward Stefan in Persia and the command to send it to the Krasnogorsk Monastery of the Dvina region (Kholmogory). The merchant took the icon to the indicated monastery and here it became famous for many miracles. With the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Philaret, they began to carry the icon with processions around the cities and monasteries of Russia. Then lists of this miraculous icon appeared everywhere. One of the oldest is considered to be the list kept in the Raifa monastery of the Kazan diocese. Lists were also made in Moscow. One of them is located in the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Nikitniki, the other was in the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God on Vorontsovo Field, which was destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century, and the image was transferred to the Church of St. Apostles Peter and Paul on the Yauza. In 1991, with the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Rus', the icon was transferred in a solemn religious procession to the Church of St. Martin the Confessor, where it remains today

Icon of the Mother of God “The Queen of All” and a reliquary in the northern part of the temple and a reliquary in the northern part of the temple
The reliquary contains: A particle of the Life-giving Cross of God; Particles of relics: St. Martin the Confessor (in the center of the reliquary); St. Tikhon; Blessed Matrona; Venerables: Nicodemus, Damian, Longinus, Anatoly, Seraphim, Gregory of the Kiev-Pechersk ascetics.
Icon of “All Saints” and reliquary in the southern part of the temple.
The reliquary contains particles of the relics of: Metropolitans of Moscow Saints Philip, Innocent, Philaret; Holy Righteous Elder Alexy Mechev; Saint Equal to the Apostles Nina, enlightener of Georgia; Holy Infants Killed by Herod; Venerable Savva of Storozhevsky.

a particle of the relics of Matrona of Moscow and the shirt (srachitsa) in which she was buried.

When St. Martin took the Chair of St. Peter after Pope Theodore (649), the position of the Church, especially in the East, was deplorable. As a result of the Orthodox teaching of the Catholic Church about two natures and one person in Jesus Christ, determined at the Council of Chalcedon, a deep division occurred in the East. Since the Hellenism of the peoples that were part of the Byzantine Empire was purely external, then each ethnic group and
hurried in order to get rid of the political hegemony of Byzantium, to ensure independence for itself at least in the field of the church. The success of Nestorianism in Mesopotamia created the Chaldean Church, which penetrated into Persia all the way to India. The spread of Monophysitism gave birth to the Coptic Church in Egypt, the Abyssinian Church in Ethiopia, the Jacobite Church in Syria, and the Armenian Church in Central Asia. The Maronite Church in Lebanon owes its existence to Monothelitism.
Due to these conditions, monothelitism seemed to the emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople as a means of keeping the Monophysites escaping from their power under the laws of the Empire and under their jurisdiction. While preserving both natures in Christ, they simultaneously resorted to a clever deal, conceding to them that the devil acted in these two natures, thereby destroying the integrity of one of the natures. It was this heresy that St. Martin had to fight. Its main distributors were, one after another, the three patriarchs of Constantinople, Paul, Sergius and Pyrrhus, the Alexandrian patriarch Cyrus, Theodore Bishop of Parano and the emperors Heraclius (610-641) and Constance (641-668).
Monothelitism first appeared in a decree of Emperor Heraclius, promulgated in 638 under the name Ecthesis (Exposition) and secretly compiled by Patriarch Sergius of Constantinople. This decree is a theological treatise from beginning to end. He prohibits preaching about two natures in Christ, but allows recognizing only one will in Him.
While Sergius, and after him Pyrrhus and Paul, tried to spread this decree, the popes not only refused to sign it, but even pronounced an anathema on it; in the same way, 10 years later, Patriarch Paul pretended that he was giving in, and meanwhile he issued a decree promulgated by Emperor Constance in 648 called Typos (model), in which any dispute about a single nature or a single will was prohibited, as well as about two natures and two wills. The truth was drowned out by silence.
Then Martin appeared.
The Lateran Council issued 20 canons against monothelitism in Latin and Greek; they were subsequently adopted by the Sixth Ecumenical Council and were considered the best and clearest presentation of the Orthodox teaching of the Catholic Church

In 669, already in their monograph on Monothelyism, the hagiographers Theodosius and Theodore, the hieromonks of Gangra, called St. Martin with glorious titles: “the supreme and apostolic pope, the chairman of the entire church hierarchy governing under heaven, the supreme and universal pope, the apostolic pope and coryphaeus.” Later, but it is not known exactly in what year, his remains were transported to Rome and placed in the church of St. Martin of Tours or the Merciful. Our Church celebrates his memory on April 14 and magnifies him with the magnification with which the holy Popes are honored: “What are we preaching to you now, Martin?.. The Supreme Commander of the sacred commandments of the Divine is not false... (Stichera). In the canon of the famous hymnist Joseph (+ 883) it reads: “Having decorated Peter’s divine throne and on that stone the Church was unshakably observed, Martin, you were glorified with him (canto 7).
Let us cite from the same song 7 a passage often heard in the modern Slavic text, which is in the original Greek: “We recognize you as the founder of bishops, as the pillar of the Orthodox faith and as a mentor in spiritual teaching

Saint Martin Is-po-ved-nik, Pope of Rome, was a native of the Tuscan region in Italy. He received a good education and entered the clergy of the Roman Church. After the death of Pope Fe-o-do-ra I (642-649), Presbyter Martin was elected to the throne.

At that time, the world of the Church was in disarray with the heresy of mo-no-fe-li-tov, which received a wide-spread of space.

Endless disputes between the mo-no-fe-li-tov and the right-to-glory pro-is-ho-di-li in all layers of the village . Emperor Konstans (641-668) and Kon-stan-ti-no-Polish Pat-ri-arch Pa-vel II (641-654) were also pri-ver -zhen-tsa-mi here-si mo-no-fe-li-tov. Im-per-ra-tor Konstans gave the here-ti-che-sky “Ob-ra-zets of faith” (Ti-pos), obligatory for everything -le-nia. It prohibited all further disputes.

This heretical "Observation of faith" was received in Rome in 649. Holy Father Martin, a firm champion of the right-of-glory, convened a Local Council in Rome, which condemned mo-no-fe-lit-skuyu heresy. Saint Martin once sent Kon-stan-ti-no-pol-skomu pat-ri-ar-hu Pavel with an admonition -I will not return to the Right-glory of the world. Once-wrathful im-pe-ra-tor at the-e-chal-ni-ku Olympia to-sta-vit the saint Mar-ti-na to court. But Olympius, having arrived in Rome, went to the Council of the Cathedral, and -sent vo-i-na to secretly kill the holy pa-pu. When the killer approached Saint Marti, he suddenly became blind. The famous Olympius hurriedly left for Sicily and was soon killed in battle.

In 654, im-pe-ra-tor sent to Rome with the same goal another vo-e-na-chal-ni-ka, Fe-o-do-ra, who -the one presented to Saint Mar-ti-nu serious accusations in secret communication with the enemies of the empire - sa-ra-tsi-na-mi, hu-le-nii of the Most Holy Bo-go-ro-di-tsy and a certain-but-not-any entry into the papal pres- table. Despite the pre-revealing of complete innocence of holiness presented by the Roman spirit and the world. go-pa-py, vo-e-na-chal-nick Fe-o-dor but-whose with a number of vo-and-new seized Saint Mar-ti-na and from - took him to one of the Cyclades islands (Nak-sos) in the Aegean Sea. For a whole year, Saint Martin was dear on this almost deserted island, enduring hardships and insults from the country. live Therefore, because of-mu-chen-no-go is-by-led-n-to-right-vi-li to trial in Kon-stan-ti-no-pol.

The painful old man was carried on his legs, but the judges rudely ordered him to get up and stand up. While the question was going on, you were holding the donkey under the saint's pain. At the trial, you-stu-pi-false-swi-de-te-li, okle-ve-tav-shie-go-go in-me-not connections with sa-ra -tsi-na-mi. The passionate judges didn’t even listen to the saint’s justifications. In deep sorrow, he said: “Gossip, what a great benefit you have shown me.” , if death is coming soon."

After the trial, the saint in torn clothes, you stood in front of the crowd, who then I start shouting: “Ana-fe-ma pa-pe Mar-ti-nu!” But those who knew that the holy father was suffering innocently, with tears in his ears. Finally, sa-kel-la-riy, sent by him-per-ra-to-rum, went to the vo-e-na-chal-ni-ku and ogla-sil pri-go-thief - li-shit pa-pu sa-na and give the death penalty. On-lu-on-go-go-ti-te-la for-to-va-li in the chain and in-lo-loc-li in that-ni-tsu, where for-the-key with a bang. They would be more kind-hearted towards the saint than heretics.

Meanwhile, the im-per-ra-tor came to the deceased Kon-stan-ti-no-pol-pat-ri-ar-kh Pav-lu and said told him about the trial of Saint Martin. He turned away from him and said: “Woe to me! Another new deed to my condemnation.” , - and asked to stop the torment of Saint Mar-ti-na. Im-pe-ra-tor again sent to the saint in the dark no-t-riya and other persons for additional information -sa. The saint answered them: “If they beat me, I won’t be in communication with Kon-stan-ti-no-pol- Church-view, while she remains in evil-belief.” How-would-you-be-have-been-the-same-is-the-same-for-the-w-and-for-the-death-penalty of exile-to-da -len-ny Her-so-carrying Ta-vri-che-sky.

There the saint died, due to pain, need, hunger and li-she-ni-i-mi († 16 Sep- Tyab-rya 655). He was buried outside the city in the Blachernae Church in the name of the Most Holy God.

The heresy of mo-no-fe-li-tov was condemned at the VI All-Len So-bo-re in 680. The relics of the holy is-by-ve-no pa-py Mar-ti-na were transferred to Kon-stan-ti-no-pol, and -that in

See also: "" in the text of St. Di-mit-ria of Ro-stov.

Biography

Saint Martin was born at the beginning of the 4th century. in Pannonia. From early youth, almost from childhood, he dreamed of monasticism, having before him a heroic example to follow in the person of St. Anthony the Great. However, Martin grew up in a non-Christian family, and his father insisted on his military career. It was then that the saint came to Gaul, where he served as an officer. While still a military leader, one winter he tore his cloak and gave half of it to a completely naked man. Pious tradition identifies this beggar with Christ.

When the opportunity presented itself to leave the army, Martin retired to the Liguge desert, near Poitiers, where a small monastery soon arose around him, which, according to the author of the life, became a hotbed of monastic work in Gaul. It is important to note that Martin spread the traditions of Eastern, Egyptian monasticism in the West, following St. Anthony in everything.

Soon, by deception (in order to pray for a sick woman), the saint was summoned to the city of Tours and proclaimed bishop. He himself had previously avoided ordination even as a deacon, preferring the more modest position of exorcist - reader of special prayers over the possessed. Martin was characterized by rare kindness and thoughtfulness. Combined with the courageous and majestic appearance of a former military man, this especially endeared him to people. Martin constantly cared for the sick, the poor, and the hungry, receiving the nickname “Merciful” for this. At the same time, the saint did not give up his dream of monasticism.

Having taken the priestly see in Tours, Martin almost simultaneously founded a monastery in Marmoutier, where the usual rules for Eastern monasticism were established: community of property, unconditional obedience, striving for silence, eating food once a day, rough and simple clothing. In his monastery, where he himself often retired to prayer, Saint Martin paid special attention to the feat of prayer and the study of the Holy Scriptures. Many bishops emerged from Marmoutier who worked hard to spread Christian education among the pagan Celts. About the scope of the activities of St. Martina says that about 2 thousand monks gathered for his funeral in 397 (while in Marmoutier itself the number of brethren did not exceed 80 people).

Church in Kanda, where St. Martin Saint Martin rested in the Lord during prayer in Candes, in a temple located at the confluence of the rivers Vienne and Loire. Local residents wanted to bury him, but the residents of Tours stole the body, exposing it to the window of the temple, and went home with it upstream in boats. According to local legend, despite the autumn season, flowers bloomed and birds sang along their route.

Eastern traditions were organic for the then Gaul: after all, it received Christian enlightenment from Irenaeus of Lyons, who was a student of Polycarp of Smyrna, who, in turn, was directly connected with the Apostle John the Theologian, the head of the Church of Asia Minor.

No saint enjoyed such posthumous fame in the Christian West as Martin of Tours. None of the ancient martyrs can compare with him in this regard. His veneration is evidenced by thousands of temples and settlements bearing his name. For medieval France (and for Germany) he was a national saint. His basilica at Type was the greatest religious center of Merovingian and Carolingian France, his mantle (sarra) the state shrine of the Frankish kings. Even more significant is that his life, compiled by his contemporary, Sulpicius Severus, served as a model for all hagiographic literature in the West. The first life of a Western ascetic - it inspired many generations of Christians to ascetic deeds. It was for them, after the Gospel, and perhaps even before the Gospel, the first spiritual food, the most important school of asceticism. In almost every saint of the Merovingian era, which Mabillon calls the “golden age of hagiography,” we recognize the family traits of the children of the Tours father. Before this influence for a number of centuries - at least until the “Carolingian Renaissance” - both the semi-eastern school of John Cassian and the related traditions of Lerin and Benedict of Nursia paled. All three of the latest ascetic schools are built on the principles of spiritual “judgment,” moderating the extremes of asceticism in the name of an active, fraternal community. School of St. Martina differs sharply from them in the heroic severity of asceticism, which places above all else the ideal of solitary achievement. The ascetic idea in the age of Gregory of Tours (VI century) was expressed with the greatest force and the greatest one-sidedness. And the search for the origins of this idea invariably takes us back to the ascetic of Tours of the 4th century.

The monastery in Liguzh exists to this day.

Patronage

Saint Martin of Tours is considered one of the five Catholic patrons of France:

Saint Remigius of Reims
Saint Martin of Tours

In pop culture

The image of Saint Martin is of great importance in Paul Verhoeven's film Flesh and Blood, which takes place in the Middle Ages.