A well-known expression: “Lard, compote, honey and nails.” It clearly conveys the true meaning spatially time continuum. Let's conduct an experiment: mix lard, add nails and a little compote. We received a very wonderful lard-clove continuum. This is the same charlatan continuum as the notorious spatially time continuum. It's not convenient to drive into the wall - the fat gets in the way. Eating it is also inconvenient because the nails prevent us from eating it. It’s awkward to even send it down the drain. It can clog.
But you can lie about its properties without worry. For example:
IN as a result of sliding nails in the lard, space is distorted and energy is released. Any continuum is primarily a tool of scientific fraud.
First, tales about how a straight line consists of “nothings”, then tales about the fact that the flat is three-dimensional, then tales about the fact that space is curved. In its modern form, this is no longer the science of physics, but fantastic science botany.
Newton's Law of Gravity is equally true in a Universe consisting of two bodies and in a Universe filled with bodies. Wherein external influence supposedly balanced. If we let's ask modern theorists: - is it really balanced?, and who actually checked it?, then it turns out that no one made verification calculations.
And about the fact that external influence Grandma told them in a balanced way. And this is the level of modern fundamental Sciences.
But if you do the calculation, it turns out that the impact is unbalanced and external bodies do have an influence on gravity.
And since theorists did not bother to take this influence into account, all other academic constructions on gravity are untenable.
An apple can fall to Earth in one of two scenarios. The first scenario is when all celestial bodies are attracted and as a result the apple actually falls. And the second scenario - all celestial bodies are from each other friend pushes away V the result is all the same gravitational forces that push the apple to the Earth. The result is the same. There is only one formula. Formula Match complete. There are no differences whatsoever. Moreover, looking at the sky, we cannot even confidently say how things really are and what version of gravity is we really ensured the fall of the apple. We cannot say until we begin to carry out calculations and conduct experiments. And experiments and calculations show that the fall of an apple is possible only according to the complex repulsion version. Under direct gravity, as prescribed in all textbooks, the apple will not fall to the ground. In direct gravity, an apple can only fly into distant space. What does this mean? Once again, most textbooks contain real lies. Several generations of students have been brought up on this lie.
How can this even happen? And this has already happened. At first, according to theorists, the Earth was flat. And in those days we would not even be able to explain what a globe is. In response, we would hear: that the earth cannot be spherical, all the water would drain from it, and we ourselves would fall.
Then the Earth, in the minds of theorists, stood at the center of the world. The orbits of the planets had the shape of curved loops. And no one wanted to imagine the world as real. We could hear what are you talking about! Science has reached unprecedented levels heights The wheel has already been invented. We make sand chronometers.
If we now in the 21st century ask: Gentlemen theorists Are you okay with the theory? They will also answer us a lot of interesting things. But in reality, everything is not so wonderful? The scheme works very simply. When a decent theoretical base is available, we have the implementation of the theory in practice, that is, we we have practical devices that work for humans. An example of an electrical engineer. There's a decent theory. As a result, we have both power plants and electric motors, and lighting devices. Literally everything we have, from an iron to a TV, is consequence of qualitative theories. Now let's see what we are we have in relation to to gravity. Do we have anti-gravity engine? We do not have . in fact we are still mastering space through ancient Chinese jet thrust. We have it modernized brought almost to perfection, but we are still sending it to the furnace high-tech- practically firewood. We are used to this, but the reality is that in the 21st century we cannot simply put a body into orbit without burning anything. Let's look further: Do we have anything that works on basic gravitational energy? Is that anything? But it is free and permeates the entire Universe. For example, do we have gravitational power plants? We do not have. Why don't we? because there is no high-quality theoretical basis in circulation in this area. That's why we have a lot of theorists who are supposedly specialists in gravity.
If we arrange all the minuses correctly, then we find previously unaccounted for gravitational factor - real physical a phenomenon that provides both tides, sublimation of the comet’s tail, and everything else. But instead of taking into account the real processes that actually exist in nature, modern theorists are poking around at absurd, non-existent distortions in nature
During the entire development of human civilization, no one has managed to build a single planetary system based on proven gravitational forces. Can the moon stay in the sky pure attraction?. And in general, is it possible for attraction to have at least some planetary movement. The calculation shows that no. No planetary balance on pure attraction impossible. This is mathematically impossible. No moon could hold on to gravity.
Equilibrium is impossible neither mathematically nor experimentally. But for some reason this cannot be written about in textbooks.
If we put aside all the fantasies of lost scientists, if we follow only reliable scientific facts, then the space that it is is endless. It is infinite in all directions. All space on macro level evenly filled with galaxies. There are no ends to space. There is no end to the Universe. The universe did not originate in as a result of what or large explosions. No space does not bend. It is not distorted either there or here or anywhere else. The universe was always and everywhere. This is a strict mathematically proven fact.
To check by experiment it turns out:
There is no direct gravity. There is no dark matter, no dark energy.
There is no Big Bang and there could have been one. Spatial the concept of general relativity is untenable. Vector algebra with one eye. There has never been a quantum theory of gravity. There is no theory of time. There is no unified field theory. Well, what riches do modern academics have? fundamental physicists?
Science from Hans -Christian Andersen.
Suppose you are a simple baker and bake bread in the 11th century.
You don’t care what the pros and cons and what strengths where they are directed. But if scientists put these pros and cons correctly, then someday the moment will come when you won’t be putting wood into the firebox and bread will be baked using electricity.
This is what happened with the electro-theory, the pros and cons were placed correctly and we have what we have. In gravity, scientists could not determine the pros and cons. As a result, there are no anti-gravity agents or other devices .
Due to the fact that the minuses are placed in the wrong way, everything gravitational seems fantastic, just as electricity seemed unattainable to the 11th century baker.
If you are a modern baker and you send your son to a physics university, then they will break his brain. He will stop understanding:
That strength is always positive. He will stop understanding many more important things.
And all because, due to one unfortunate flaw, half of physics had to be disfigured. And the modern scientist does not understand completely simple things:
that the forces of attraction from within cannot make even tights fly apart...
So what: if the Universe would fly apart like a big bang, then no orbits would be able to form..
So what: if the forces do not return the body to orbit, then there will be no orbitality. That is, your son will come from a modern university with a broken brain and will tell nonsense: the same as in the 11th century, by analogy that the Earth is flat and stands in the center of the world.
Today, some “well-trained” students actually believe that if you look into the distance with the help of very powerful devices, you can see the back of your head because space is truly curved.
On the question of achievability of practical embodiment of UFO technologies. New types of energy.
The RQM Raum-Quanten-Motoren Corporation, Schmiedgasse 48, CH-8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland, fax 41-55-237210, offers for sale free energy installations of various capacities: RQM 25 kW and RQM 200 kW. The operating principle is based on invention Oliver Crane(Oliver Crane) and his theories.
Hans Kohler demonstrated several of his devices in 1925 - 1945. Built in Germany, the system produced 60 Kilowatts of power. The description of one of the schemes includes six permanent magnets located in a hexagon-shaped plane. Each magnet has coils wound on it that generate power output.
The effect of unipolar induction, known since the time of Faraday, makes it possible to create an electromotive force when a metal rotor rotates in a transverse magnetic field.
One of the well-known practical developments is Bruce de Palma system. In 1991, he published the results of tests, from which it follows that with unipolar induction, braking of the rotor due to the reverse electromotive force is manifested to a lesser extent than
in traditional generators. Therefore, the power output from the system exceeds the power required to rotate the rotor. Indeed, when the electrons of a metal move in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of rotation, a Lorentz force is created, directed radially. The electromotive force in a unipolar generator is removed between the center and the edge of the rotor. It can be assumed that design features, for example, a rotor composed of many radial current-carrying elements, will reduce the tangential component of the current and the braking force to almost zero.
In 1994, the leading Japanese electrical engineering laboratory MITI published a progress report on the development of a 40 kW electric generator using superconducting coils as electromagnets for a unipolar induction circuit. Japan's interest in alternative energy can be explained by Japan's position in the fuel and raw materials market. Demand creates supply. It is easy to imagine the prospects for the local implementation of free energy systems if some product manufacturers are able to exclude the cost of electricity and fuel from the cost of the product. Other countries, relying on their rich natural raw material resources, will find themselves in a difficult position precisely because their industry and transport are focused on processing and fuel consumption, which increases production costs.
One of the modern devices invented Wingate Lambertson, USA. In his device, electrons receive additional energy by passing through many layers of a metal-ceramic composite. Units have been developed that generate 1600 Watts of power, which can be combined in parallel. Address of the author of the invention Dr. Wingate Lambertson, 216 83rd Street, Holmes Beach, Florida 34217, USA.
In 1980 - 1990 Alexander Chernetsky, Yuri Galkin and other researchers published the results of experiments to create a so-called “self-generating discharge”. A simple electric arc connected in series in the secondary circuit of an electromagnetic transformer leads to an increase in power in the load and a decrease in power consumption in the primary circuit of the transformer.
The author of this article conducted simple experiments on the use of an arc in a load circuit, which confirmed the possibility of creating a “negative resistance” mode in the circuit. When selecting arc parameters, the consumption current decreases to zero and then changes direction, that is, the system begins to generate power rather than consume it. During one of Chernetsky’s similar experiments (1971, Moscow Aviation Institute), the transformer substation failed as a result of a strong “reverse current” pulse, which exceeded the power consumed by the experimental installation by more than 10 times.
Today, the theory and practice of self-generating electric discharge are developed well enough to build free power generation systems of any scale. The reason for the delay in the development of these studies is that the work goes beyond physics. In his book “On the physical nature of bioenergetic phenomena and their modeling”, Moscow, ed. All-Union Correspondence Polytechnic Institute, 1989, Chernetsky describes “psychokinesis”, “the impact of the information-energy field on living and non-living structures”, “extrasensory perceptions: psychometry, telepathy, clairvoyance”.
Next, he gives a diagram of the experiment of a self-generating discharge and calls it a “model of bioenergetic structure”! Chernetsky considered the structure of fields of biological objects and bioenergetic processes in organisms from the point of view of the concept of waves with a longitudinal component. Given the negative nature of the resistance of the medium, such waves are self-sustaining and are quite logically considered as one of the forms of life - field. The work of the experimenters of Chernesky's group with the installation of a self-generating discharge showed that they were exposed to biologically active radiation that cannot be shielded by conventional methods. The radiation parameters could be selected in such a way that they accelerated the development of plants and biomass in Chernetsky’s experiments, or suppressed it. So, we are talking not only about a fuel-free energy source, but about an artificial system for generating a biological form of energy. In a similar way, all living organisms provide their
vital activity, since it has long been known that metabolism and food consumption are not a sufficient condition for life. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev also raised the question of the “cause of life” and argued that it is time density waves that are used by organisms to maintain life. There is much in common between “time density waves” and “waves with a longitudinal component.” Kozyrev, like Chernetsky, demonstrated experimentally the possibility of creating such waves.
Obviously, the task of creating free power goes beyond the scope of modern materialistic physics, since ideological and philosophical issues are involved. The value of these studies from a defense point of view gives a chance for their development.
Electrolysis, the decomposition of an electrolyte in an electric field, is a remarkable example of the performance of work by a field. The traditional circuit uses a closed current circuit through an electrolyte and a field source, but any physics textbook states that ions in the electrolyte
move due to the electric field, that is, the work of displacement and the associated thermal power is produced by the potential field. A current through a field source that goes through a closed circuit and destroys the primary potential difference is not a necessary condition. If the experiment is set up correctly, electrolysis can produce significantly greater thermal power than the electricity expended on it. More Latchinov, having patented his method of electrolysis in 1888, noted that in some cases the electrolytic cell freezes, releasing power to the load! The analogy with other free energy systems is obvious.
Potapov heat generator aroused the active interest of researchers around the world because the solution he proposed was surprisingly simple. The heat generator "YUSMAR", produced by the company "VIZOR", Chisinau, is an energy converter of the liquid circulating in it for heating rooms. The pump creates a pressure of 5 atm, in other versions more than 10 atm. According to test data, the generated thermal power is three times higher than the consumed electrical power. Heating of the liquid occurs due to the well-known phenomenon of cavitation, which occurs due to a special design. Address 277012, Moldova, Chisinau, st. Pushkina, 24 - 16. Fax 23-77-36. Telex 163118 "OMEGA" SU.
One solution to the energy problem is the use of water in internal combustion engines. For example, Y. Brown, USA, built a demonstration car with water poured into the tank. Günther Poschl proposes for implementation a method for creating a mixture of water/gasoline in a ratio of 9/1, and Rudolf Gunnermann has developed a method for modifying an engine to operate on a mixture of gas/water or alcohol/water in a ratio of 55/45. Details can be found at Dr. Josef Gruber, Chair, Econometrics, University of Hagen, Feithstrasse 140, 58084 Hagen, FRG. Fax 49-2334-43781.
In the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda", May 20, 1995, the history of the domestic invention is given Alexander Georgievich Bakaev from Perm. Its “attachment” allows you to convert any car to work on water. The inventor does not seek to implement his system at the industrial level, and simply “upgrades” the machines of his friends. And this is not the only case. Inventors from different countries followed this path, but did not achieve recognition in the market. Is it possible today that a situation in which the KAMAZ automobile concern, for example, would want to re-equip its entire assembly line to produce cars that run without gasoline? The concepts of “car” and “gasoline” are so closely related that the automobile industry itself has come to be considered as part of the petroleum product consumption market. The auto industry's independence is clearly being hampered, even though the new concept could solve many environmental problems.
Note that the scale of the installation operating on water is not limited. If customers appear, projects of environmentally friendly thermal power plants using hydrogen fuel are possible in the near future. Moreover, we are talking about simple technical solutions that are not related to “dubious” physical theories. However, the introduction of one technology leads to a narrowing of the market for another. This is a natural reason for the delay in the implementation of any qualitatively new ideas.
Russian inventor Albert Serogodsky, Moscow and German Bernard Schaeffer patented a new system for directly converting environmental heat into electricity, German patent number 4244016. The closed-loop system uses retro-condensation of a mixture of gasoline and water at a temperature of 154 degrees Celsius. Details including a business plan and a complete description of the system can be obtained from Werkstatt fur Dezentrale Energleforschung, Pasewaldtstrasse 7, 14169 Berlin, FRG.
Fundamental theoretical research in the field of direct conversion of environmental heat into useful work has been conducted for a number of years. Gennady Nikitich Buynov, Saint Petersburg. A description of his project “Monotermal Installation” was published in the magazine “Russian Thought”, number 2, 1992. In 1995, the Scientific Journal of the Russian Physical Society No. 1-6 published Buinov’s article “Engine of the second kind (coupled gas-chemical cycle).” The author believes that entropy can suffer a break, that is, become uncertain if reversible chemical reactions take place in the system. In this case, the circular integral of entropy is not equal to zero and it is no longer entropy, but heat, according to Hess’s law, that becomes a function of state. Nitrogen tetroxide, for example, is proposed as a working fluid. Buinov's work is a vivid example of the enthusiasm that, combined with the financial interest of customers, could have given Russia real monothermal power generators many years ago.
Installations for generating power from the electrolysis of heavy or ordinary water are widely known as “cold thermonuclear fusion” systems. Judging by declassified materials from the 1960s, Russia's priorities are obvious.
In 1989 Pons And Fleishman reported the results of their experiment.
In 1995, the magazine Inventor and Innovator, number 1, published an article about the invention Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko, which is called "warm fusion". Back in 1957, he obtained excess heat from the electrolysis of heavy water. In 1960, Kurchatov, Korolev and Zhukov supported the author, the Government adopted Resolution 715/296 of July 23, 1960, which provided:
1. Gaining energy
2. Gaining traction without weight loss
3. Protection from nuclear radiation
The Topaz-type installation is used today only in space technology, although the widespread development of this technology would make it possible to introduce fusion reactors without waiting for the results of expensive work on the Tokomak program and other thermonuclear research. “Side” effects (gravity and the influence on the radioactivity of the substance) are a consequence of the use of “free energy” technology, in which power is released as a result of changes in space-time parameters in the area of operation of the installation. In 1994, the journal Russian Thought, number 1-6, Reutov, Moscow region, Publishing House of the Russian Physical Society, published the conclusion of the Moscow City Council Commission on the development of I.S. Filimonenko. It was recognized as vitally necessary to resume work on the development of its technology. It’s now up to the customers, who can contact the Filimonenko Foundation. The problem with implementing the technology is that influencing the degree of radioactivity, for example, remotely reducing the radioactivity of a specific object, relates to defense issues. And the fact that installations according to Filimonenko’s scheme can be used to quickly restore the ecological balance of contaminated areas of the area turns out to be less important in this case. The same applies to the "anti-gravity side effect" that occurs during the operation of the installation. Korolev also knew about this method, however, space programs are still based on jet propulsion, and gravitational planes can only be seen in science fiction films. Meanwhile, the development of commercial projects using cold fusion has begun in a number of countries. Patterson System: Patterson Power Cell, Implemented in Texas, Clean Energy Technologies, Inc., Dallas, Texas, fax 214-458-7690. More than thirty patents have been received by ENECO Corporation, which collects key technological solutions into a common patent package. Production of electrolytic thermal cells was started by Nova Resources Group, Inc., Colorado.
In August 1995, the Canadian company Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., a member of The Planetary Association for Clean Energy, published a review of modern methods for processing nuclear waste and decontaminating areas. Two technologies are proposed for implementation:
contact processing with "Brown's gas" and remote processing with scalar (torsion) fields. Like Filimonenko's technology, the free energy systems proposed by the Canadians demonstrate the effect of influencing the rate of radioactive decay.
These examples are just part of the "tip of the iceberg". Due to the fact that most of the literature in which I came across descriptions of inventions is foreign, an erroneous opinion may be created that Russia is lagging behind in this area of new technologies. In fact, there are more talented inventors and researchers in Russia than anywhere else. But the conditions for patenting and publishing ideas are such that domestic developments, as a rule, cannot reach the level of implementation.
The greatest value for practitioners is information about patented technologies. Studying old and modern patent documents, you come to the conclusion about a grandiose campaign to misinform society, which led to the creation of two scientific worlds: explicit and hidden. The achievements of the second could radically change the face of the planet, giving the world a chance to be freed from environmental problems and energy hunger. In addition, like self-generated discharge systems, other free energy technologies also have biomedical aspects. Moreover, the “influence” of free energy technologies on humans is understood as the impact on the intangible components of biosystems, which leads to secondary changes in their material structure. Matter here means something three-dimensional.
As noted earlier, free energy systems work with categories of higher topology that go beyond three dimensions. Since the pace of time is defined by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev as the speed of transition of cause into effect, and gravity and time are related concepts, new technologies work with causality, expanding the usual boundaries of the physical world. Under new conditions, the properties of the microcosm of elementary particles at the macro level are experimentally observed, for example, the quantization of the energy levels of the macrosystem (the gyroscope on the scales in Kozyrev’s experiment).
Future medicine, based on free energy technologies, will actually be able to eliminate the cause, rather than treat the disease.
In recent years, alternative energy has become the most popular topic in scientific news.
No wonder. The world, which is in conditions of a severe energy deficit, is forced to look for ways to cover this deficit, otherwise a severe crisis may collapse.
But according to the laws of the market, if there is a need, then there must be a supply.
At the present time, there are quite a lot of proposals for an alternative method of obtaining energy, but, alas, the threat of crisis still hangs over human civilization. And the worst thing is that there are already cries of dissatisfaction with the unfair distribution of fossil energy deposits. But this is a direct path to wars for the possession of such deposits. Or control over them. And, apparently, such wars have already begun.
Therefore, the invention of competitive alternative energy is not only a technical task, but also a peacekeeping one.
Unfortunately, not a single type of modern alternative energy can compete with traditional types of energy production. Humanity's hope for thermonuclear (hydrogen) energy remains to this day, a beautiful but unrealizable fairy tale. Although in the entire history of science, this is the most expensive project. But maybe it's all about the wrong approach to the problem of nuclear fusion?
Maybe in nature the synthesis of matter occurs according to completely different principles?
What is the basis for the idea that four hydrogen atoms will produce one helium atom?
On a thermonuclear bomb? On the fact that a thermonuclear reaction occurs in the depths of stars?
I don’t know about the hydrogen bomb, which for some reason used lithium, but the idea that helium is synthesized from hydrogen in the depths of stars is complete nonsense.
A star cannot be a ball of gas. This contradicts not only the laws of physics, but also common sense.
How from a gas and dust cloud, in which all the elements of the periodic table are present, a system could be formed in which the main mass located in the center is hydrogen, the lightest of the elements, then four planets and an asteroid belt with a full set of elements, then again two gas planets , but rocky satellites, and then rocky planets again?
It is true: “scientists cannot understand with their minds.”
Our star consists of the same elements as the planets that surround it. And it is heated by the energy of gravitational compression, because any body heats up when compressed.
This is why the Earth has a molten mantle, which is why Jupiter emits more energy than it receives from the Sun.
Most likely, helium is obtained from hydrogen in the same way as plutonium-239 is obtained from uranium-238 in nuclear reactors.
Having realized all this, you come to the conclusion that thermonuclear energy is not feasible.
This means it is necessary to look for another source of energy.
And such a source exists. This is a permanent magnet. The most important and first wonder of the world. Source inexhaustible energy.
Judge for yourself. If we bring a piece of iron to a magnet, it will attract it and do work. But it won’t use up its energy. Isn't it a miracle?
Let's take a piece of iron from the magnet. In this case, we will do the work, and the energy of the magnet will remain unchanged. Let's bring the iron to the magnet again, and the cycle will repeat. And so on countless times.
The whole difficulty is that in order to take away the iron from the magnet, you will have to spend the same amount of energy, or even a little more. Action is equal to reaction, plus friction and conductor resistance.
But is it only iron that is attracted to a permanent magnet?
A copper conductor carrying an electric current is also attracted to a permanent magnet.
With current it attracts, but without current it is absolutely neutral.
The interaction of a conductor with an electric current and a permanent magnet is described in Ampere's law.
The force acting on a conductor carrying current in a magnetic field is directly proportional to the induction of the magnetic field, the length of the conductor and the strength of the current in it. F= BLI.
This law directly states the possibility of creating an electromagnetic motor with an efficiency of more than 100%. No, this is not Perpetual Motion. This is a free engine using inexhaustible energy of a permanent magnet.
Now more details. In order to obtain a certain amount of electricity, some kind of force must be applied. I=F/BL. And in order to obtain force, it is necessary to place a conductor with an electric current in a magnetic field. The greater the induction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet, the greater the force acting on such a conductor. If the magnetic field induction tends to infinity, then the force acting on the conductor will also tend to infinity. And someday it will still exceed the force necessary to obtain a given amount of electricity.
That's what the law says. And although this conflicts with the law on the conservation of energy, all the facts are clear. A free motor based on permanent magnets is possible.
The permanent magnet itself comes into conflict. But its existence is undeniable.
Why has such a project not yet been implemented in practice? There are several reasons for this.
Firstly, magnets with sufficiently significant induction were invented only in 1985 and are still difficult to access for a wide range of inventors.
Secondly, similar projects have already been attempted by amateurs who do not bother to study physics and simply compromised a wonderful idea.
Thirdly, modern electrodynamics incorrectly interprets the nature of electric current. It is not an electron gas, but rather an energetic fluid flowing within magnetic field lines.
Permanent magnets with the formula neodymium-iron-boron have a residual induction of about 1.4 Tesla. Using the magnetic flux concentration method, it was possible to raise the induction even higher. This is already enough to create electric motors with a power of up to 30 kW and an efficiency of up to 200%.
For electric motors with megawatt power it is necessary to use superconductors.
The magnetic field, like any energy carrier, requires concentration. In that 1985, high-temperature superconductors were discovered, capable of creating huge magnetic fields in a significant volume. A significant coincidence.
The connection between an electric motor and an electric generator is not new. But neither a traditional electric motor nor a traditional electric generator has an efficiency higher than 100%. Because they do not use super strong permanent magnets or use weak ones.
In principle, an electric generator generally cannot have an efficiency higher than 100%, since the amount of energy obtained as a result is directly proportional to the applied force.
We can pour one hundred liters of water into a bucket instead of ten, but can we lift such a bucket? But an engine can have such efficiency, since its power directly depends on the power of the magnetic field. According to Ampere's law.
A permanent magnet is truly a miracle of the world, which can and should save our civilization. To ensure peace and prosperity on planet Earth.
But no matter how great the economic benefits from introducing magnetic power plants into production, the scientific benefits are much greater.
Physics as a science is at this stage in the deepest crisis. Mired in old theories, theoretical physicists did not notice how they turned into an order of scientific inquisitors. Alchemists, from the time of particle accelerators.
This situation in science is simply intolerable. Humanity has no time to wait for the birth of heroes who, burning at the stake, will break through the dam of scientific stagnation. Civilization must develop continuously, otherwise stagnation will turn into decline and degeneration.
We need a new scientific and technological revolution, and a magnetic power plant must accomplish it.
The third reason for the failures of the inventors of the magnetoelectric motor is the incorrect interpretation of the nature of the electric current.
The magnetic field of a permanent magnet is not continuous. It consists of magnetic lines of force that can be easily detected using a piece of paper and iron filings. Each permanent magnet domain contains one field line. The number of field lines depends on the density and chemical composition of the permanent magnet. And the thickness of the force line also depends on the geometric dimensions of the magnet. The longer the magnet, the more domains give their energy to the force line. A power line is simply an energy pipeline. Although there is no answer yet to the question of what energy is.
But if the magnetic field of a permanent magnet consists of lines of force, then the electromagnetic field must also consist of them. But here the number of power lines depends on the voltage of the electric current, and the thickness depends on the current strength in the conductor.
That is why in electrical installations, as the current consumption increases, the voltage drops. The power lines thicken and no longer fit in the conductor, pushing a certain amount out.
Each magnetic field line of a permanent magnet can only connect to one electromagnetic field line. The highest efficiency of a magnetoelectric motor will be only when the power lines of both the stator and armature are completely identical in number and thickness.
Unfortunately, methods for calculating field lines, both in a permanent magnet and in an electromagnet, do not yet exist. Many scientists still deny the existence of force lines. Although how can you deny the obvious?
The speed of energy flow in a conductor is equal to the speed of light. More precisely, the speed of light is equal to the speed of energy flow. After all, light is a photon, a quantum of the electromagnetic field. And if the field consists of lines of force, then the photon is electromagnetic field line closed on itself. A kind of energy ring, inside of which a portion of energy is contained. What does the ring have to do with pulsating? This is where the imaginary manifestation of wave properties comes from. A thin rubber ring is a model of a photon in the macrocosm. There is no dualism in the nature of light. A photon is a particle, albeit a very unusual one.
Why is the world so diverse? Because the photon is so diverse. The slightest change in the length of the field line and the photon is already different. A slightly thicker line means the photon has more energy.
But the photon is also the only elementary particle, the original brick from which our entire world is created. Moreover, all interactions occur with the help of photons.
If you try to disconnect two energy rings connected to each other, then this can only be done by breaking one of the rings, which will immediately close on itself, forming a free photon. This is called the strong interaction. But connecting two rings requires the same procedure. Although this is called weak interaction.
How electromagnetic interaction occurs is not yet fully understood. Either under the influence of some factors, the lines of force are capable of breaking, or forming special open lines of force.
Particles such as electron, neutron, proton and other stable ones also consist of a certain number of photons. The composition of these particles has yet to be determined, but they are also connected to each other by photons. But a special, gravitational range.
If infrared photons enter a substance, they are not absorbed by the substance, but become entangled in gravitational lines, pushing the particles apart from each other. This is why the volume of a substance increases when heated.
When a substance is compressed, the number of infrared photons does not increase. But they feel cramped and that’s all, so the photons tend to go where there is more free space. And there is more of it where there are fewer infrared photons.
The structure of matter based on the photon theory remains to be studied for a long time.
But we need to start doing this now. And not for amateurs, but for professionals. But if official science, for a number of reasons, does not want to do this, we, amateurs, people not limited to higher education, will have to take on this work ourselves.
The photon theory as such does not yet exist, but the knowledge that all matter consists of magnetic field lines provides the basis for the creation of such a theory and the introduction of new energy into our lives based on a constant magnetic field.
Let this contradict the law of conservation of energy. God be with him, with the law. The universe is expanding. Maybe due to the birth of new energy, which then turns into matter.
There is no energy apart from matter, there is no matter apart from energy. Everything around us and ourselves, including ourselves energy substance.
Preface
I suggest that broadcast supporters direct their efforts in a different direction.
In all publications on the ethereal topic, attempts are made to integrate the ether into etherless physics. In my opinion, this is useless: etherless physics (good or bad) has been created, and its basis is the denial of the existence of ether. It is unwise to tear out the foundation from under it.
Another thing is the creation of alternative physics, the basis of which would be ether. We must proceed from the fact that physics, like any science, cannot be considered truth (truth is nature itself); this is just a verbal-symbolic model of the physical world; and there can be any number of such models. Let people choose the one they like. A monopoly of any one model is inappropriate.
One of the directions for creating alternative ethereal physics is to ask about the existence of an ethereal medium with certain properties and explore its behavior, trying to find an analogy in nature. I propose to consider the ether as consisting of ideal microscopic balls and use simple mechanics as laws. I am sure that if we deeply understand the behavior of the ether with the indicated properties, then we, to our amazement, will see that this is our physical world.
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Let us imagine that the entire cosmos that surrounds us and extends to the most distant stars is not empty; all this space is filled with a special transparent substance called ether. Stars and planets float in this environment, or more precisely, they are carried away by this environment, like dust particles are carried away by the wind. The study of the ether should constitute a new science - ethereal physics, an alternative to non-ethereal physics.
One can argue, but it is better to take on faith the basic provisions of ethereal physics: the elementary particle of ether is a microscopic ideal ball; the interaction between particles is only purely mechanical; all elementary ethereal balls are in close contact. The ideality of ether balls must be understood in the sense that they are all absolutely round, of the same size and, most importantly, perfectly slippery, and therefore the ether is a superfluid liquid. Reliance on the simple mechanical interaction of elementary particles gives us the right to call the proposed alternative ethereal physics mechanical.
Some physical values of the parameters of the ether are already known: for example, the diameter of an elementary ball is 3.1 · 10 -11 cm, and the pressure of the ether is 10 24 Pa. The last value at first seems fantastic and causes surprise: why do we, people, being on the air, not feel its unimaginable pressure? However, there is nothing to be surprised: we don’t feel how the atmosphere presses on us, and yet its total force of pressure on the surface of our body is several tens of tons.
So ether is a highly compressed, elastic, superfluid medium. It is interesting to see how it behaves during various collisions at the microscopic level. Let us ignore unstable, short-lived disturbances - they can be very diverse; We should be interested only in stable forms of movements, which, once they arise, exist for an indefinitely long time. There are few of them - only two: torus and disk vortices.
To visualize a torus vortex, just take a closer look at the smoke rings that some virtuoso smokers emit from their mouths. Exactly the same in shape, ring-shaped torus vortices with rotating shells arise in the ethereal medium when its fronts collide, only their sizes are incommensurably smaller. Torus vortices are doomed to exist: the elementary balls that make up their shells cannot run away, since they are compressed along the periphery by a dense ethereal medium, and they cannot stop, because they do not experience friction. The exorbitant pressure of the ether compresses the vortex cords to the minimum possible size (in the cross-section of the cord of any vortex there are only three balls running in a circle) and makes the vortexes extremely elastic.
Without pretending to be slyly mysterious, let us say right away that such torus vortices are atoms: they exhibit all those features that are characteristic of atoms.
The smallest torus vortex (and this is a hydrogen atom) retains its ring-shaped shape, but larger ones are crushed by etheric pressure and twisted in the most intricate way; The larger the diameter of the original torus, the more difficult the twisting, of course. This is how all other varieties of atoms arise.
Some forms of twisted tori turn out to be incomplete: they would like to continue twisting further, but the elasticity of the cords interferes; under frictionless conditions this results in pulsation. The hydrogen atom, for example, is compressed into an oval, alternately along one axis and then along one perpendicular to it. Pulsating atoms create pulsating fields around themselves that prevent them from approaching each other; therefore they can be described as fluffy; These include atoms of all gases. (Now it becomes clear why mixtures of liquids enter into chemical reactions, but gas mixtures do not: gas atoms simply do not collide with each other.)
If you tear a torus vortex into pieces, then its smallest remnant that maintains stable rotational motion will be a tiny vortex, similar to a top and consisting of only three ethereal balls. It is also doomed to exist: its balls cannot scatter, compressed by the medium, and cannot stop without friction. In this mini-vortex, more like a rotating wheel or a disk, an electron with all its features is easily recognizable. On the Sun, where there is a rapid process of destruction of atoms, electrons appear in enormous quantities and, like dust, are carried by the solar wind throughout the cosmic region, reaching the Earth and other planets.
Apart from the indicated two stable movements in the superfluid ether, there are no other stationary forms, just as there are not and cannot be antiparticles and mystical electric charges supposedly located inside electrons and atoms; in alternative ethereal physics there is neither one nor the other, and it does not need them: all physical phenomena can be explained without them.
In the ether, in full accordance with the laws of mechanics, transverse waves such as sea waves can propagate, but there can also be special ones: high-frequency and so low-amplitude that the displacements of oscillating ethereal particles in them fall within the limits of elastic deformation of the medium without shear; these waves are likened to transverse waves in solid media, and we perceive them as light.
We will use the torus-vortex model of the atom to prove that alternative mechanical ethereal physics is convenient for explaining, in particular, the phenomenon of selective absorption (emission) by gas atoms of certain frequencies of visible and invisible light, and we will do this using the example of the hydrogen atom: its absorption spectrum is well studied and reflected impeccable empirical dependencies. Let us show that the absorption of transverse waves of light occurs as a result of resonance; To do this, we determine the natural vibrations of the hydrogen atom.
It is known from mechanics that the natural vibrations of an elastic ring are expressed in its bending vibrations, when an integer number of stationary waves equal in length are formed along the entire length of the ring. Sections of the ring that encompass several stationary waves, that is, subwaves, can also oscillate; in this case, the wave nodes remain unchanged.
The same applies to the hydrogen atom; it can be imagined as a thin elastic ring with a cross-sectional diameter of 2.15 ethereal balls (esh) and a circumference of 1840 esh. The expression for determining the frequencies of bending vibrations of the hydrogen atom has the form . In this expression H reflects the elastic tension of the vortex cord; l- length of the main stationary wave; i- an integer number of stationary waves located along the length of the vortex; k- subwave multiplicity (integer).
Exactly the same expression determines the frequencies of the absorption spectrum of hydrogen atoms (Balmer’s empirical formula); therefore, there is resonance. Now we can explain why i can't be less than two and why k always less i: with one stationary wave and with a subwave length equal to the circumference of the hydrogen atom, the torus vortex will not deflect, but will be displaced in space.
In particular, the conclusion of ethereal physics about the pulsation of hydrogen atoms is confirmed. It has been experimentally established that the number i i=2...8). This means that the length of the main stationary wave l can change as many times. It is also known that the relationship H/l 2 is a constant value (Rydberg coefficient). Consequently, the length of a stationary wave depends on the intensity (proportional to the square root of it), and the intensity itself changes 16 times; This, in fact, speaks of the pulsation of the atom. It should be clarified that the change in tension depends on the gas temperature: the higher it is, the greater the amplitude of the pulsation and the wider the range of tension.
In conclusion, let's try to imagine the behavior of the hydrogen atom. In the process of pulsation, its torus vortex experiences chaotic bending oscillations, and only at certain moments, when a stationary wave becomes such that it fits an integer number of times along the entire length of the torus circumference, do all these waves begin to oscillate harmoniously, in an orderly manner. At these moments, they absorb in the resonance mode the incident waves of the medium with coinciding frequencies; This is how the absorption spectrum is formed.
And at these same moments, at the same frequencies, the atom generates runaway waves of light: when a stationary wave reaches a threshold amplitude value, a photon breaks off from it; when leaving, it takes with it the movements of the atom.
In numbers, one of the resonant positions, for example the least tense, looks like this: i = 8; l= 230 ash; H= 1.74 10 20 ash 2 /s; fundamental frequency f= 3.24 · 10 15 s -1 .
TO BE OR NOT TO BE MECHANICAL PHYSICS?
It is known that in the 17th and 18th centuries the so-called mechanism was popular in science, the goal of which was to reduce the entire variety of forms of movement to mechanical movement. The main position of mechanism was the denial of long-range action, as having no mechanistic explanation; all serious natural scientists adhered to this position strictly.
The first to reject it was the young Isaac Newton, who proposed the Law of Gravity. The fact that this was a turning point in science is evidenced by the content and tone of the correspondence of scientists of that time. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, in a letter to Christian Huygens, was indignant: “I do not understand how Newton imagines gravity or attraction. In his opinion, apparently, this is nothing more than some inexplicable, intangible quality.”
The answer sounded no less openly irritated: “As for the reason for the tides that Newton gives, it does not satisfy me at all, like his other theories, which he builds on his principle of attraction, which seems absurd to me.”
Newton reacted to this in a manner uncharacteristic of the scientific circle of those years: “I do not build hypotheses, for everything that cannot be deduced from phenomena must be called a hypothesis.” He was only 23 years old at that time.
Half a century later, he abandoned both these words and the mysterious long-range action that he based his fundamental law; at the age of 74 he already wrote: “The increase in the density of the ether over large distances can be extremely slow; however, if the elastic force of the ether is extremely great, then this increase is sufficient to direct bodies from denser particles of ether to more rarefied ones with all the force that we call gravity.” But it was already too late: long-range action had entered scientific circulation.
Mechanical physics, which existed within the framework of mechanism, was stopped at the beginning of the 20th century, when the support - the world ether - was knocked out from under it; without ether, it found itself in limbo and could not develop for the next hundred years. But this cannot continue indefinitely; the time has come for its rebirth. And it will most likely be revived not by physicists, but by mechanics.
Light, more than anything else, claims to be a mysterious physical phenomenon, but through the efforts of scientists such as Huygens, Thomas Young and others, its purely mechanical, wave nature has been revealed. Particularly expressive are the explanations of experiments with tourmaline crystals, which prove that light is transverse waves.
Such wave light also pulls along another mechanical element of the physical world - the ether, more often shyly referred to as a physical vacuum: it is in its medium that waves of light propagate. For mechanics, light and ether are inseparable, just as sea waves and sea water are inseparable for them, just as sound and air are inseparable. Moreover, mechanics see the ether as the basis of all things: it is the original substance; but more on that below.
Let us show that the ether is not solid, not gaseous and, strictly speaking, not liquid; he is free-flowing. Its solid state is unacceptable, if only because in such an environment any movements of bodies would be impossible. Gaseousness is also not acceptable: transverse waves cannot propagate in a gaseous medium, and that’s exactly what light is. Most of all, the ether is like a superfluid, highly compressed liquid that has no friction; such a state of aggregation can be characterized as granular. Transverse waves of light in such a medium are possible if their amplitude is so small that it falls within the limits of elastic deformation of the medium without mixing. Of course, this is possible only with a certain ratio of the inertia of the ether, its elasticity and the frequency of oscillations of transverse waves.
Based on light, it can be proven that the elementary particle of ether is an ideal ball: perfectly round, ideally slippery, ideally elastic and possessing inertia.
The reasoning is as follows: a ray of light is a ray because it covers only one row of densely packed elementary particles of the same size with the indicated characteristics; If they weren’t like that, the beam would definitely turn to the front. But this does not exist in nature; therefore, no other elementary particles exist in the ethereal medium. The absence of friction in the ethereal medium (the ideal slipperiness of elementary balls) is also evidenced by the fact that a beam of light travels enormous distances, practically without fading.
Light, as a witness to the existence of the ether, also determines its boundaries. The stars we see are obviously in the same continuous ethereal space with us; this is Our Etheric Cloud or in other words – the Visible Space of the Universe; outside this Cloud there is absolute emptiness, and light does not walk there. Consequently, the Universe is an absolute void in which there are ethereal clouds, and one of them is Ours. The dimensions of Visible Space are enormous and defy conventional understanding: light, propagating through the ether at an average speed of three hundred thousand kilometers per second, crosses only one of our Galaxy in one hundred thousand years, and about a billion galaxies are known in total. The ether, compressed as a result of outlying collisions with other clouds, tends to expand, and this explains the recession of galaxies known from astrophysics.
So, ether is a highly compressed, elastic, superfluid medium; Let us emphasize: superfluid, that is, without any friction. It is interesting to watch how it behaves when its flows collide.
Let us ignore unstable, short-lived disturbances in it; they can be very diverse. We should be interested only in stable forms of movements, which, once they arise, exist indefinitely; There are few of them - only two: the torus and the disk.
To visualize a torus, just take a closer look at the smoke rings that some virtuoso smokers emit from their mouths. Ring-shaped toroidal microvortices with rotating shells that are exactly the same in shape appear in the ethereal medium during collisions of flows, only their sizes are disproportionately smaller. They are doomed to exist: the elementary balls that make up the shell of the torus cannot run away, since they are compressed along the periphery by the dense ethereal medium, and they cannot stop because they do not experience friction.
Without pretending to be slyly mysterious, we will say right away that toroidal vortices are atoms: they exhibit all those features that are characteristic of atoms; We will show this more specifically below.
Another stable vortex - a disk-shaped one - consists of three ethereal balls running in a circle one after another. Why three, and not four, not five or more? Yes, because only three elementary balls can lie in a compressed medium in one plane and create a flat vortex. By speculatively tracking the behavior of such microvortices, it is easy to come to the conclusion that they are electrons. They can slide over metal surfaces, and this is an electric current; they can be directed as a jet-beam in a vacuum onto TV screens; in the atmosphere such jets appear in the form of sparks and lightning, and there is much other evidence; We will talk about some of them later.
Disk-vortex electrons can arise during collisions of ethereal flows, but on the Sun they are formed as a result of the destruction of atoms, that is, as a result of the fragmentation of toroidal vortices. If you tear the torus cord into pieces, then the smallest piece will be the electron. Knowing from experimental physics that an electron is 1840 times lighter than a hydrogen atom, we can determine the dimensions of the latter: the diameter of a hydrogen torus turns out to be equal to 586 ethereal balls, and in total there are 5520 balls in a hydrogen atom.
A disk-shaped vortex is doomed to exist for the same reason as a toroidal one: its balls cannot run away, compressed by the medium, and cannot stop without friction.
Analyzing the behavior of a disk-shaped vortex and drawing an analogy with physical reality, it is easy to verify that an electron is an elementary magnet: its magnetic properties manifest themselves in the form of a desire to approach similar vortices in one-way direction of rotation and to push away in the opposite direction. Electrons lined up in one chain form a so-called magnetic line of force (magnetic cord), and the lines of force collected together form a magnetic field.
The visual mechanistic representation can be extended to electromagnetic phenomena, and they can even be refined. Electric current, for example, generates a magnetic field not directly, but through the ethereal wind, just as the rotation of the blades of a room fan causes a curtain to oscillate through the blowing air.
Apart from the indicated two stable movements in the superfluid ether, there are no other stationary forms, just as there are not and cannot be antiparticles and mystical electric charges supposedly located inside electrons and atoms; in mechanical physics there is neither one nor the other, and it does not need them: all physical phenomena are easily explained without them.
The smallest microvortex is an almost perfect torus; this is a hydrogen atom. Larger ones are crushed by external etheric pressure and twisted in the most intricate ways; The larger the diameter of the original torus, the more difficult the twisting, of course. This is how all other varieties of atoms arise.
The reason for the convergence of the torus cords, causing twisting, is the decrease in etheric density in the space between them; for the same reason, two sheets of paper tend to move closer together when air is blown between them. The twisting process is in no way random; there is a certain pattern in it. The tori of atoms from helium to carbon, for example, are crushed on both sides; larger ones - from nitrogen to fluorine - on three sides; even larger ones, starting with neon, begin with four, but the last four-sided crumpling ultimately leads to the same figures as the result of two-sided. Therefore, a neon atom seems to consist of two helium atoms; a sodium atom from two lithium atoms, and so on.
From the above, it becomes clear that in the periodic table helium is better placed at the beginning of the second period before lithium, and neon at the beginning of the third period before sodium, and so on with all the inert gases. The external similarity of the shapes of the atoms of lithium and beryllium, boron and carbon is striking; for this reason they can be considered isotopes.
Some forms of twisted tori turn out to be incomplete: they would like to continue twisting further, but the elasticity of the cords interferes; under frictionless conditions this results in pulsation. Pulsating atoms create pulsating fields around themselves that prevent them from approaching each other. Such atoms can be described as fluffy; These include atoms of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon and other chemical elements, that is, atoms of all gases.
No matter how the original tori are twisted, that is, whatever their topology, in their finished form two characteristic elements can be distinguished: paired cords forming grooves and loops; Moreover, for both of them, depending on the direction of rotation of the shells, one side will be suction. Thanks to this, toroidal vortices are able to connect with each other: gutters are connected to gutters, and loops are connected to loops; this is the mechanical manifestation of the well-known chemical valence. Let us pay attention to the fact that the loops of all atoms are the same in shape and size, and this is determined by the elasticity of the torus cords; As for the length of the gutters, it can vary within wide limits. Therefore, the connection of the loops with each other forms a constant, unambiguous valency, as, for example, in hydrogen and oxygen, and the connections of the grooves can be expressed in a variable valence, as in nitric oxide. The absence of open suction loops and grooves characterizes the atoms of inert gases: they do not have the ability to connect with other atoms.
These and other mechanical details of the connections of atoms and molecules can, it seems, transform physical chemistry into mechanical chemistry.
Topological transformations of atoms and their connections look especially convincing if you simulate them on a computer or at least using rubber rings. So, for metal atoms, the double cords that form suction grooves, it turns out, stretch along the entire perimeter and close on themselves, so the electrons attached to them can make unhindered movements along the entire contour, and taking into account the fact that the metal atoms are connected to each other by the same grooves , then electrons have the ability to jump from atom to atom and easily move along the entire body; this is electric current.
According to mechanical physics, gravity is the displacement of atoms and molecules towards a lower density of the ether (remember what old Newton said). If the ether is free-flowing like a liquid (like water), and the atom is a vortex with a rarefaction in the center (like an air bubble), then it is very easy to imagine how this bubble rushes towards a lower density of the ether. It remains only to figure out why the different densities of the ether arise and where it is lowest.
It is better to start from the very Beginning - with the collision of ethereal clouds. In the collision zone, myriads of atoms appear. They stick together and form conglomerates. The less stable atoms in these conglomerates begin to disintegrate and annihilate. In place of the disappearing atoms, a rarefaction of the ether appears. Thus, conglomerates become centers of the lowest density of ether, and atoms rush towards them from all sides. These are gravitational fields.
It will be interesting to follow the further development of gravitational fields. Their characteristic feature is self-reinforcement. Indeed, the more the field pulls together atoms, the more of them are decaying and the stronger the field itself. For this reason, competition flares up among the numerous centers of gravity, and the strongest wins; As a result, huge planets arise. One such huge planet, it can be assumed, was once the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn formed at a safe distance from it.
In full accordance with the usual laws of mechanics, the ether rushing to the centers of gravitational fields twists into a spiral, just as water in a bathtub spins into a whirlpool when the drain hole is open, and similar cosmic etheric gates appear, known in science as Cartesian disk-shaped vortices that exist around celestial bodies. They are the ones who spin these bodies.
Cosmic ethereal vortices (metasvortices) are also prone to self-reinforcement: as a result of the action of centrifugal forces, the rarefaction of the ether in their centers increases; this helps to accelerate the disintegration of atoms and further unwind the vortices. The largest planets cannot withstand this and break into pieces. An example of such a cosmic cataclysm was the collapse of the proto-planet of the Sun. Mars was the first to break away from it, followed by the Earth and the Moon, then Venus, and the last to leave was Mercury; Moreover, it no longer departed in the form of a fragment of the solid surface of the Sun, but as a liquid drop. The remaining molten core of the Sun became a star. This is celestial mechanics in its most general terms.
Returning to gravitational fields, we emphasize once again that they are created not by atomic-molecular masses (as stated in the law of universal gravitation), but by the decay of atoms. The sun may not be very heavy, but it is undergoing rapid decay; that is why it stands out due to its gravity. But on the Moon there is less decay, and gravity towards it is weak. By the way, only a local increase in gravity can explain the collapse of the earth above underground atomic explosions.
Mechanical physics makes it possible to clarify the meaning of mass and give a clear definition of weight. There are etheric mass (the mass of the substance itself), atomic mass, inertial mass and gravitational mass. The first two are determined by the quantities of ethereal balls and atoms and are not used in etherless physics.
Other masses - inertia and gravity - although united by the concept of “mass”, have a different nature: the mass of inertia (simply - inertia) is determined by the gyroscopicity of atomic vortices and is measured in kilograms, and the mass of gravity (simply - gravity) arises due to a decrease in the ethereal density in these vortices (increasing their volume) and is measured in units of volume.
Weight is defined as the product of a vector – the density gradient of the surrounding ether – and a scalar – the gravitational mass. Archimedes determined the buoyant force of bodies immersed in a liquid in exactly the same way, only in our case the liquid is ether.
Let's summarize some results. Anticipating the rejection that mechanical physics will cause among professionals, it is appropriate to ask the question: is it necessary? Yes, we need it! One of the arguments in its defense may be the hope that it will become a source of new scientific and technical ideas.
One such idea could be the development of longitudinal waves of the ether, the existence of which was suspected back in the 18th century. Pierre Simon Laplace, for example, even tried to calculate the speed of their spread; According to his estimates, it is approximately 500 million times faster than the speed of light. At such speed one can look even into the farthest corners of the Visible Space of the Universe. And if there are other civilizations in this Space, then they talk to each other, most likely, with the help of longitudinal waves. It can also be assumed that only the “sound barrier” of these waves can become an obstacle to high-speed flights in space; an obstacle, but not a limit.
Mechanistic explanations of the known laws of physics and other natural sciences can be very productive. Brownian movements, for example, do not damp out because there is absolutely no friction in the ether. It also becomes clear that when compressed, a gas heats up, and when it expands, it cools (Gay-Lussac’s law): in mechanical physics, heat is the movements of atoms and molecules, and temperature is the density of these movements; thus, as the volume of gas changes, this density changes. Knowing all this and visualizing the mechanism of transmission of motion through atoms and molecules, we can try to make all thermal processes more efficient.
Much can be expected from the mechanistic representation of electrical, magnetic and electromagnetic phenomena and processes. (These do not include radio waves, that is, frontal transverse waves of the ether, called electromagnetic due to a misunderstanding.) Interesting in this sense is the visual representation of the emergence of atmospheric electricity.
In the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, electrons accumulate in huge quantities, carried there by the “solar wind”; their pressure there is so great that it is measured in billions of volts. These electrons slowly seep through the atmosphere and go into the ground, where they annihilate at great depths, releasing heat and warming up the planet's core. Sometimes the transfer of electrons through the atmosphere occurs in a concentrated manner - in the form of lightning; Let us consider the mechanism of their generation.
When moisture evaporates, that is, when water molecules transition from a liquid state to steam, they begin to pulsate and throw off attached electrons, so that the steam rising high above the ground turns out to be greatly depleted of electrons. To confirm this, let us remember the experiments of Alessandro Volta: he evaporated water and proved that steam is positively charged.
During condensation at high altitudes, the water molecules calm down, and the electrons that are there in a free state stick around them in the thousands for each molecule; As a result, the descending thunderclouds are oversaturated with them. In the low, warm layers of the atmosphere, water molecules evaporate again and again throw off electrons, which now have nowhere to go and which pierce the air and go in the form of lightning towards other clouds or into the ground.
After explaining the origin of atmospheric electricity, the following conclusions arise naturally. Firstly, instead of a mechanical one, you can try to create an evaporative electric current generator. Secondly, if the same conditions are created in nuclear reactors as inside our planet, then it is possible to annihilate electrons in them and obtain energy without radiation and radioactive waste. Thirdly, knowing that in the upper layers of the atmosphere there are always large quantities and constantly replenished reserves of electrons, you can try to capture them and launch them into the electrical network using high-altitude cables held by a cascade of stratospheric balloons.
In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about the use of mathematics in physics: you need to be extremely careful with this. The mathematical world is special, and the laws in it are not at all the same as in physics; many elements of mathematics have no physical analogues. Therefore, it is better to use it only for quantitative assessments, without allowing it to interfere with the process of speculative modeling of physical processes.
Otherwise, one can reach the recognition of Dirac’s positrons and Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves.
BASIC PARAMETERS OF THE AIR
Aether is the basis of alternative ethereal physics. It consists of elementary particles, ideally round (that is, balls), ideally slippery, ideally elastic, having inertia and the same size. The ethereal environment is highly compressed; it is under enormous pressure throughout visible space. The atom is a torus vortex in the ethereal medium; in the cross section of the vortex cord there are three elementary ethereal balls rotating at enormous speed. Torus vortices of atoms twist until the cords touch and elastic loops form.
It is of interest to determine the basic parameters of the ether, in particular - the mass of inertia of an elementary ethereal particle, its dimensions, the inertial density of the ether and its pressure; Let's look at them in order.
To determine the inertia (inertial mass) of an elementary ether particle ί 0 comparable to an electron, the mass of which is known from experimental physics and is 9.1 10 -28 G. An electron in alternative ethereal physics is the smallest stable vortex, consisting of only three ethereal balls. Consequently, the inertia of an elementary ether particle is one third of the electron’s mass and is equal to 3.03 10 -28 G.
The diameter of an elementary ethereal ball d 0 can be determined from its relationship with the dimensions of a lithium atom. The lithium atom is convenient because it is almost round and its vortex cord is folded into four loops of equal size. We will assume that the loops are close in shape to circles and these circles seem to encircle the atom. The diameter of the circle, equal in this case to the diameter of the lithium atom d ( Li), is defined as d ( Li) = ℓ (Li) / 4π, where ℓ( Li) is the length of the vortex cord of the lithium atom; it is so many times longer than the string of a hydrogen atom ℓ ( H), how many times the atomic mass of lithium is greater than hydrogen. Knowing that ℓ ( N) = 1840 d 0 , we get
ℓ (Li) = 1840 6.94/1.0079 = 12670 d 0
d ( Li) = 126 70/4π = 1000 d 0 .
Volume V avg ( Li), per one lithium atom in the total body mass, is obviously greater than the volume of the V atom itself ( Li) = 0.5236 d 3 ( Li) = 0.5236 · 10 9 · d 0 3 , but less than the volume of a cube with side d ( Li):
V ( Li) < V ср (Li) < d 3 (Li).
Let us take it equal to 0.75 d 3 ( Li) and get V av ( Li) = 0.75 · 10 9 · d 0 3 .
On the other hand, this volume can be determined by knowing the gram-mole of lithium ( ( Li) = 6,94 G), its density ( (Li) = 0.53 g /cm 3) and the number of atoms per gram-mole (n A = 6 10 23 at):
From a comparison of volumes V av ( Li) in different dimensions you can get the diameter of an elementary ethereal ball in centimeters:
The inertia of an elementary ethereal particle and its diameter can be considered as fundamental physical quantities, absolutely stable in time and space.
Another important parameter of the ether is its inertial density 0. Let us first determine the density of the elementary ethereal ball 0 ´:
Obviously, the desired density of inertia of the ether 0 will be somewhat less, taking into account the fact that there are voids between even densely packed ether balls; their share in the total volume is small and can be estimated at approximately 10%. Thus, we get
0 = 0.9 0´ = 1.8 10 4 g/cm 3.
And finally, - ether pressure p 0; to determine it we use the expression
where c is the speed of light.
Knowing that c = 3 10 8 m/s, and 0 = 1.8 10 7 kg/m 3, we get
p 0 = 0 s 2 = 1.8 10 7 9 10 16 = 1.62 10 24 Pa.
As you can see, even the highest densities and pressures of atomic media known to us cannot be compared with the density of inertia and pressure of the ether.
Comparison of the main parameters of ethereal and non-ethereal physics
|
Ethereal physics |
Aetherless physics |
|
The diameter of an elementary ethereal particle is 3.1 10 -11 cm |
|
|
Inertia of an elementary ether particle – 3.03 10 -28 G |
Electron mass – 9.1 10 -28 G |
|
Diameter of a lithium atom – 3.1 10 -8 cm |
The average size of an atom is 10 -8 cm |
|
Volume occupied by a lithium atom – 1.5 10 -23 cm 3 |
Average volume of an atom – 10 -24 cm 3 |
|
The diameter of the vortex cord of an atom is 6.7 10 -11 cm |
The average size of an atomic nucleus is 10 -12 cm |
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The volume of the vortex cord of a lithium atom is 1.9 10 -28 cm 3 |
The average volume of an atomic nucleus is 10 -36 cm 3 |
|
Cross-sectional area of a lithium atom – 10 -15 cm 2 |
The average cross-sectional area of an atom is 10 -16 cm 2 |
|
The area of the shadow of the vortex cord of the lithium atom is 10 -17 ...0.5 10 -17 cm 2 |
The area of the shadow of the nucleus of an atom is 10 -24 cm 2 |
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The degree of clearance of the lithium atom is 50...100 |
The average degree of lumen of an atom is 10 8 |
|
Ether inertia density – 1.8 10 7 kg/m 3 |
Density of water – 10 3 kg/m 3 |
|
Ether pressure – 1.62 10 24 Pa |
Water pressure at a depth of 10,000 m – 10 8 Pa |
AGGREGATE STATES OF THE ETHER
The central concept in Alternative Ethereal Physics (hereinafter referred to as AEF) is, of course, the ether itself - matter that fills all space visible to us and makes up a certain structure of it. Why is it so important for us to know the state of the ether? The fact is that the AEF considers the ether as the source material from which the entire material (atomic) Universe is built. Therefore, this state of the ether is important to us as the initial, static condition for the formation of the modern Universe. Based on it, in the future we will be able to understand the dynamics of the states of the ether.
In general, the ether is essentially dialectical, since, although it has paradoxical properties, it nevertheless unites them in itself, as we will see later. In addition, since we have undertaken to analyze the state of the ether, we cannot do without a deep understanding of the issue without comparing the ether with “ordinary” atomic matter.
The AEF basically contains one single proposition: the ether is discrete and consists of microscopic spheres with ideal properties. The number of these balls, even in a small volume, cannot be comprehended by humanities, which is why, on a scale perceived by humans, the ether can be viewed with a high degree of accuracy as a continuum. This is the first, “surface”, paradoxical property of the ether: like atomic matter, it behaves as a discrete structure on a scale comparable to the size of elementary ethereal balls, but has a continuum behavior on large scales.
As mentioned above, individual ethereal balls have ideal properties: they are absolutely smooth and absolutely elastic bodies; all their interactions are purely mechanical. Having accepted this, let us move further in the direction of studying the properties of the ether, but first we will understand the following points:
- The space we see is a single ethereal cluster;
- The Universe includes many similar clusters that are in no way connected with each other;
- inside each of these clusters the ether is under great pressure;
- the ether in clusters is not held back by anything and constantly runs away from the center, thereby reducing the pressure in the centers of clusters;
- the sizes of the clusters are so large that they ensure their slow, by human standards, scattering.
Let's imagine that we are in the center of an ethereal cloud, where the ethereal pressure is unusually high. It is not difficult to guess that the elementary balls will be located close to each other, and in the most advantageous way from the point of view of saving space; the ether is densely packed, that is, like a solid body, it has a certain structure that maintains its order over a long distance. In this state, the ether can be represented as a set of rows (threads) of these balls, having different spatial orientations.
This is the ether in static conditions, but what will happen if we set it in motion? Suppose one of the balls, as a result of some very short external influence, receives an impulse in a direction perpendicular to the row. Having elastically deformed its neighbors, it will carry away with it the next ball in the same row; that one, in turn, will captivate the next one, and so on. Since this process is not accompanied by losses due to the ideality of the medium, a wave will run along the row (thread). This will be a transverse wave (a rigorous proof of its occurrence is not given in this article), that is, light, and it will be similar to a transverse wave propagating in a solid atomic body.
Thus, we conclude that if in any place with a sufficiently high etheric density a vibration occurs with a very high frequency and low amplitude, then elastic deformation of the medium occurs without mixing it, and as a result a wave arises. Everything is exactly like in an ordinary solid, where propagating transverse waves are a consequence of elastic deformation of the material without mixing.
However, despite the similarity of the properties of ether to the properties of a solid body, there are serious differences between them. The main one is that the ether, under conditions of high density, has a certain structure, but there are no non-mechanical connections and interactions between the elementary balls. In contrast, a solid body retains its structure (not always packed as tightly as possible) thanks to the rigid bonds that arise between the molecules or atoms of this body. And another serious difference is that a solid atomic body, due to its imperfection, is not capable of conducting a wave through itself without loss.
On the other hand, if we set an elementary ball in motion with a low frequency and (or) large amplitude, then naturally no wave will arise, and the ether will simply mix. Why won't the wave arise? after all, in solids it occurs even at low frequencies. The reason lies in the absence of any connections between the elementary balls. At large amplitudes or low vibration frequencies, the ether, unconstrained by anything, easily loses its structure, that is, it gets mixed up. This ability to mix (which is equivalent to fluidity) makes the ether like a liquid.
But here we should also make a reservation: ether still cannot be called a liquid. As noted above, the ether is not connected in any way; this means (speaking in terms of hydrodynamics) that the ether has zero viscosity and, therefore, cannot have an interface: the mechanical nature of the interactions between the balls, if we place them in emptiness, will entail their scattering. It is clear that there can be no talk of any interface.
Failed attempts to identify the ether with a liquid or a solid can lead us to the following reasoning: since the interactions between elementary balls are purely mechanical, then the ether, therefore, will always occupy the entire volume provided to it, which corresponds to the properties of gases. However, not everything is clear here either.
It is well known that molecules and atoms of gases interact very weakly under normal conditions, and this is difficult to explain within the framework of existing physical concepts. In classical ether-free physics, it is believed that a molecule (atom) of a gas, having an initial momentum, moves freely for some time, but sooner or later it encounters another molecule and collides with it; This is what molecular kinetic theory is based on. However, in such collisions, nothing prevents the colliding molecules from reacting, and a gas mixture such as hydrogen and oxygen could not exist at all: it would explode immediately, which in fact does not happen.
AEF, following the conclusions from its proposed version of the structure of the atom, claims that molecules and atoms of gases do not collide with each other (this happens, but very rarely), because they create so-called “thermal fields” around themselves. These fields arise as a result of vibrations (pulsations) of gas atoms in an unstable state (we also omit the details of the structure of atoms according to AEF and explanations of the causes of vibration); they prevent molecules and atoms from getting closer. Thus, the gas is to some extent inert to itself.
Unlike atoms and gas molecules, elementary ethereal balls freely collide and mechanically interact with each other, since there is no equivalent to the “thermal field” at the level of the balls. This very serious difference does not allow us to call the ether a gas.
So, we are convinced that the state of the ether cannot be identified with any generally accepted state of aggregation (of the unusual ones, flowability most closely corresponds to it). Ether, like atomic matter, is in one state or another under different conditions. However, classifying his condition into one category or another is not always easy. The fact is that the absence of non-mechanical connections between elementary balls entails a smooth change in the state of the ether. How to understand this?
Let's imagine that we placed an atomic substance in a chamber in which a smooth change in pressure and temperature is somehow achieved from a minimum pressure and maximum temperature in one place in the chamber to a maximum pressure and minimum temperature in another (but without destroying the substance). Then we will be able to observe how the substance is divided into clearly distinguishable fractions; after all, a substance exists thanks to chemical bonds that restrain changes in its aggregate states. This means that for an atomic substance there is a range of pressures and temperatures when it is in a liquid state, a certain range when it is in a gaseous state, and also for a solid state. This is impossible for ether.
The density of ether in the same chamber with the same conditions, when moving along it, will change as smoothly as the pressure changes smoothly. Naturally, it makes no sense to talk about any clear division of the states of the ether based on its density.
All of the above means that in order to solve any problem, it is impossible to assign any fixed state of aggregation to the ether: solid, liquid or gaseous, without erring too much on accuracy. There are two ways here: either consider each specific state of the ether separately and each time again for a new task, or artificially distinguish gradations of its aggregate states with an amplitude of density changes that allows maintaining a certain accuracy of calculations. It is clear that to ensure acceptable accuracy it will be necessary to distinguish a lot of gradations.
It should be noted that the described behavior of the ether in the above-mentioned chamber manifests itself in reality, because the ethereal space in which we are located is a huge accumulation, the pressure inside of which naturally varies from a certain value in the central part to zero on the outskirts. Although the concept of edge for the same reason cannot be clearly defined.
OPTICS IN ethereal physics
Alternative ethereal physics makes it possible to explain the nature of light and all its interactions with atomic media, that is, optics, as purely mechanical phenomena.
In this physics, the basis of everything is the ether. It is characterized by two features: first, it consists of elementary particles, ideally round (that is, balls), ideally slippery, ideally elastic, having inertia and absolutely identical sizes; and the second feature is that the ethereal medium is strongly compressed: it is located throughout visible space under such enormous pressure that the real pressures known to us, even the greatest, cannot be compared with it. And although the ether is fluid (even superfluid), in short periods of time it can be considered as a well-structured solid medium, consisting of strictly oriented rows of elementary particles in contact with each other - ether balls.
Transverse waves can propagate in the ether in full accordance with classical mechanism. Low-frequency transverse vibrations of elementary particles with large amplitudes will obviously occur with a displacement of the particles; and in shape such waves will resemble sea waves; they can be described as liquid. Particles moving in them are capable of dragging along neighboring layers of the ether, and therefore such transverse waves will unfold into a front. If we consider waves with higher frequencies and decreasing amplitudes, then it can be noted that the displacement of particles will decrease and neighboring layers will be less entrained. In the limit, transverse waves turn exclusively into elastic waves without shear, that is, they are likened to transverse waves in solid media; They also lose the ability to entrain neighboring layers, becoming radial; this is light.
It is easiest to imagine transverse waves traveling along one row of ethereal balls; they are analogous to waves propagating along a stretched thread; They can neither turn to the side nor expand to the front. This representation allows us to judge the straightness of light rays not by abstract geometric concepts, but in relation to a number of elementary ethereal balls; the row itself becomes a physical standard of straightness in general.
By analogy with a stretched thread, the speed of propagation of light waves along a series is determined as
Where F - longitudinal compression force of the row; m - mass of inertia per unit length of a row.
Expanding the series to unit area, we get
Where R - ether pressure, N/m 2; ρ - specific inertia (density) of the ether, kg/m3.
In reality, single-row light waves are unlikely. For the most part, atoms, as the main sources of radiation, generate runaway waves along several adjacent rows at once; the vibrations of the ethereal balls in them are coordinated. The light, spreading in such cases as a whole sheaf of rays, punches its own channel in the ether, the orientation of which, unlike the orientation of the rows, can be arbitrary.
This is, in general terms, the mechanical essence of light in ethereal physics. As for the interaction of light with atomic media, it manifests itself in the following phenomena: in the absorption of light rays, in their reflection and, relatively speaking, in their attraction.
In ethereal physics, an atom is a torus vortex in the ether medium. In the cross-section of the torus cords, all atoms have three ethereal balls rotating at enormous speed; therefore, we can talk about clearly defined contours of atomic vortices. The tori twist into a variety of configurations and stick together to form solids and viscous liquids. In gases, atomic vortices pulsate and create pulsating fields around themselves, preventing them from approaching each other.
If now an atom, or more precisely, a vortex cord of an atom, is in the path of a transverse light wave, then either the wave will be absorbed or reflected. Absorption will occur if, under the impact of a wave, the cord bends and absorbs it, and reflection occurs when the wave hits the tense part of the cord - into a loop, especially into a paired loop like metal atoms, and bounces off it without losing its kinetic energy; the transverse vibrations of the ethereal medium will remain, but will now go in a different direction, obeying the laws of mechanical reflection.
The “attraction” of a light beam by an atom is generated by local gravity and requires additional explanation. Torus vortices of atoms create disturbances of ether balls in the adjacent space and, as a consequence, variable ether pressure (local gravitational field); it decreases as it approaches the cord; this is on the one hand. On the other hand, a light wave passing near an atom can be considered as having a gravitational mass. The mass of gravity arises where there is local movement of ether particles and the resulting rarefaction of the ether; it is measured by the volume of the resulting absolute void.
In the local gravitational field of an atomic vortex, a wave of light will be deflected towards the vortex, since its absolute emptiness will be pushed towards lower ether pressure (the emptiness floats up in the ether); Obviously, the greater the wave motion energy, the greater the deviation. The force G f with which the light wave is “attracted” to the atomic vortex is defined as
,
N,
where g f is the gravitational mass (volume of absolute emptiness) of a light wave, for example a photon, m 3; grad P A - ether pressure gradient near the vortex cord of an atom, N/m 3.
A beam of light will experience a similar deflection when passing close to all atoms encountered along its path; and if he manages to avoid a head-on collision with them within the boundaries of some homogeneous atomic medium, then such a medium can be considered transparent.
The non-linearity of the beam is noteworthy: as it bends around the atoms, it becomes wave-like. This can explain the phenomenon of an apparent decrease in the speed of light in water, glass and other media; it is illusory: the speed remains almost constant, but the path traveled by the light increases. (An actual decrease in speed still occurs, and the reason for this is a slight decrease in the density of the ether in the vicinity of the atoms, but it so insignificant that it can be ignored.)
The bending of light around atoms makes it possible to explain not only the decrease in the speed of light in various media, but also the refraction of rays at the separation of media. It arises in the case of an asymmetrical, unbalanced arrangement of atoms in relation to the beam: when the beam enters a dense medium and when it leaves it, the atom located under the beam turns out to be unbalanced; it is he who rejects it. Refraction, obviously, is greater the further the refractive cord of an unbalanced, “extra” atom is from the neighboring balanced one. The distance between adjacent bending cords of atoms also determines the amount of waviness of the rays: the greater it is, the greater the waviness and the lower the resulting apparent speed of light.
When light and atoms interact, the orientation of transverse waves is of great importance. Obviously, in the reflected beam, vibrations perpendicular to the plane of incidence will prevail, and in the refracted beam, vibrations parallel to the plane of incidence will prevail. The probabilistic nature of these patterns is explained by the random orientation of both the plane of transverse vibrations of light and the vortex cords of atoms that cause reflection and bending of light.
Particularly noteworthy is the assumption about the reasons for the occurrence of annular diffraction of light in the shadow region when rays pass through a small hole. Multi-row light waves, propagating in sheaves of rays, are crushed upon entering a small hole and emerge from it for the most part already single-row. When bending around the outermost atoms of the hole, such rays do not deflect smoothly, but stepwise - from one row of ethereal balls to another; therefore, regular light stripes appear in the shadow, concentric with respect to the contour of the hole.
NATURAL VIBRATIONS OF A TOROVORTEX ATOM
The torus-vortex model of the atom allows us to consider the phenomenon of selective absorption (emission) by gas atoms of certain frequencies of visible and invisible light as a resonance; Therefore, it is of interest to study the natural vibrations of atoms.
According to alternative ethereal physics, an atom is a torus vortex in the environment of a physical vacuum (ether). The vortices of large atoms are twisted in the most intricate way, and their final form is determined by the balance of twisting and elastic forces. But the hydrogen atom, being the smallest, has the shape of a ring; Let’s focus our attention on it, especially since its spectrum has been studied thoroughly and is reflected by impeccable empirical dependencies. In alternative ethereal physics, the hydrogen atom is represented in the form of a torus, in the cross-section of which there are three elementary ethereal balls (ES) running in a circle one after another, and the circumference of the torus is 1840 such balls. Thus, the diameter of the torus vortex of a hydrogen atom is related to the diameter of its cross-section as 586: 2.15.
It is known from mechanics that the natural vibrations of an elastic ring are expressed in its bending vibrations, when an integer number of stationary waves equal in length are formed along the entire length of the ring. Sections of the ring that encompass several stationary waves, that is, subwaves, can also oscillate; in this case, the wave nodes remain unchanged. The expression for determining the frequencies of the main forms of bending vibrations of an elastic ring has the form:
.
Let us use this expression to determine the main frequencies of bending vibrations of the torus vortex of the hydrogen atom. After permissible simplification, it can be represented as
,
Where 
– reflects the tension (elasticity) of the vortex; – vortex circumference; i– an integer number of stationary waves located around the circumference of the vortex.
Let us reduce the resulting expression to the form:
, (1)
where , (2)
a is the length of the main stationary wave.
Expression (1) is known in physics as the empirical Lyman formula; it determines the spectral frequencies of the hydrogen atom in the ultraviolet region. Now we can explain why the value i cannot be less than two: with the number of stationary waves equal to one, the torus vortex will not deflect, but will be displaced in space.
To determine subfrequencies, we replace the lengths of the main waves l sublengths (k l), where k is the multiplicity (integer). After expanding expression (1) and substituting sublengths into it, we obtain
. (3)
Expression (3) is no different from the well-known generalized empirical Balmer formula, covering the visible and infrared regions. In it, the multiplicity k is also always less than the number of main stationary waves i, since if they are equal, again, it will not be a deflection, but a displacement of the vortex.
From the above it follows that the torus-vortex model of the atom is indeed convenient for explaining spectral absorption based on resonance. In addition, the position of alternative ethereal physics is confirmed, according to which gas atoms pulsate and create pulsating fields around themselves that prevent their approach. The torus vortex of the hydrogen atom, for example, under the influence of the opposition of twisting and elastic forces in conditions of complete absence of friction (there is none in the ether) is compressed into an oval, alternately along one axis, then along one perpendicular to it. The conclusion about pulsation follows from expression (2).
It has been experimentally established that the number i can change several times ( i= 2…8). This means that the length of the main stationary wave of the torus vortex of the hydrogen atom can change by the same factor. It is also known that the Rydberg coefficient R is a constant value. This is enough to state on the basis of expression (2) that the tension H also changes and changes accordingly by a factor of 16. (It should be clarified that this change depends on the gas temperature: the higher it is, the greater the pulsation amplitude and the wider the voltage range.)
Knowing that R = 3.29x10 15 s –1, we can establish a relationship between the intensity H and the wavelength l:
.
(4)
In conclusion, let's try to imagine the behavior of the hydrogen atom. In the process of pulsation, its torus vortex experiences chaotic bending oscillations, and only at certain moments, when a stationary wave changing according to the law (4) becomes such that along the entire length of the torus circumference it fits an integer number of times, all these waves begin to oscillate harmoniously, in an orderly manner . At these moments, they absorb in the resonance mode the incident transverse waves of the medium with coinciding frequencies; This is how the absorption spectrum is formed.
And at the same moments, at the same frequencies, the atom generates runaway waves of light: when a stationary wave reaches a threshold amplitude value, a photon breaks off from it; when leaving, it takes with it the movements of the atom.
Parameters of natural vibrations of the hydrogen atom.
|
Stage number j |
Tension Hj, esh 2 /s |
Stationary wavelength l j, esh |
Number of waves i j |
Fundamental frequency f j ,s –1 |
|
1.74× 10 20 |
3.24× 10 15 |
|||
|
2.27× 10 20 |
3.22× 10 15 |
|||
|
3.09× 10 20 |
3.20× 10 15 |
|||
|
4.46× 10 20 |
3.16× 10 15 |
|||
|
6.96× 10 20 |
3.08× 10 15 |
|||
|
12.38× 10 20 |
2.92× 10 15 |
|||
|
27.85× 10 20 |
2.47× 10 15 |
GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS IN ethereal space
Gravitational fields, according to alternative ethereal physics, are expressed as fields with variable etheric pressure; their ability to create gravity-gravity is characterized by a pressure gradient. In cosmic ethereal space, gravitational fields arise around planets and stars, and this is caused by the decay and annihilation of atoms and electrons within them.
The basis of the fundamentals of ethereal physics is the law of uneven deformations, according to which any movements of elementary ethereal particles (ethereal balls) lead to a decrease in their density. In other words, ethereal balls in mutual motion always occupy a larger volume (due to the increase in voids between them) than the same amount in a calm state. Thus, the volume of absolute emptiness can be considered as an equivalent of energy.
All movements on the air can be divided into stationary and non-stationary. The first include stable movements in the form of vortices: torus, which are atoms, and disk, which are electrons; These vortices, in fact, are what planets and stars are made of. Non-stationary ones include waves and “thermal” movements of the ether. Waves are transverse (that is, light) and longitudinal - the so-called gravitational ones. In addition to these harmonic ordered movements, there are also disordered ones, reminiscent of the thermal movements of atoms and molecules; They are also called relict radiation. Non-stationary movements can also include purely mechanical emissions of atomic fragments such as the “solar wind”.
And if stationary stable movements, that is, atoms and electrons, retain emptiness (and therefore any planet or star is saturated with this absolute emptiness), then non-stationary ones, moving away, create behind them a rarefaction, which is not retained by anything and which is compensated by the influx of ether. You can even say this: where the movements go, the ether rushes there. It is this flow that creates the variable ethereal pressure that determines gravity.
The main and, perhaps, the only reason for the appearance of non-stationary movements in the ether and, consequently, gravitational fields is the decay and annihilation of atoms and electrons (stable atoms do not create spatial gravity). Decay energy E related to the volume of void released V the following dependence:
,
Where p- ether pressure; For your information, the ether pressure at the Earth's surface is about 10 24 Pa.
As a result of decay, a centripetal flow of ether appears, the shape of which is determined by the law of gravity. It can be assumed that in the initial period this flow has a radial direction, but over time it breaks into a more stable form of movement - into an ethereal gate, each particle of which moves in a spiral towards the center. An ethereal vortex (let's call it a metavortex) can only be flat - such is the mechanics of a fluid medium, which is the ether. The plane of orientation of the metavortex is usually called equatorial. Outside the metavortex, the forms of motion are significantly more complicated, and only in polar spaces can they be considered strictly radially directed.
Let us consider in more detail the centripetal movement of the ether in the equatorial plane and we will bear in mind, in particular, the metavortex of the Solar system. It is not difficult to assume that the ether moves inside this metavortex with the same peripheral speeds as the planets move in it, and these speeds are well known in astronomy. The following pattern is easily revealed in their distribution:
,
Where v t - tangential (tangential) speed; r- distance from the center of gravity.
Thus, knowing only one reference position with v then and r about, you can determine the square of the peripheral speed of the ether at any radius r:
Let us consider the behavior of the elementary part of the ether in the form of a ring with a radius r, thickness in the radial direction ∆r (∆r close to zero) and height h; the compressive force acts on it: 
, - and centrifugal force: 
. The difference between these forces gives the ether centripetal acceleration within the boundaries of the elementary ring
.
The same acceleration can be determined by knowing the total ether flow Q, tending to the center of gravity; this flow is determined by the volume of absolute emptiness released per unit time as a result of the disintegration of atomic matter (or as a result of the movement of the ether moving beyond the boundaries of a sphere with a radius r, which is the same thing in steady state). The average radial speed of the ether is determined as
and the acceleration will be equal
.
Combining the accelerations, we obtain an expression for determining the scalar value of the pressure gradient:
.
This expression characterizes the gravitational field of any cosmic body in the equatorial plane of its metavortex. It is not ideal: all sorts of disturbances in the centripetal flow of ether can distort the accepted picture, especially near the cosmic body itself and, even more so, inside it.
The weight of any body in a gravitational field is defined as
Where g- gravitational mass of the body (the volume of absolute emptiness in it, held by atomic vortices), m 3.
If we assume that the density of inertia of the ether changes slightly, then for large values of the radius r The pressure gradient can be represented as
Where A = v 2 then · r o · - a quantity characterizing a given gravitational field; for the Sun, for example, it is equal A(C)= 2.39 10 24 kg/s 2, and for the Earth: A(Z)= 6.92 10 21 kg/s 2.
The mutual gravitational force of two cosmic bodies having their own gravitational fields will be determined as
By integrating, we can obtain an expression for determining the ether pressure:
.
These are the patterns of gravitational fields in the equatorial planes of metavortices; in polar spaces of fields a different picture is observed. Since there is no peripheral speed of the ether ( v r = 0), then the pressure gradient and the pressure itself will change according to the laws
,
.
Consequently, at the poles the pressure of the ether will always be greater, and its gradient less than at the equator. As a result, the weight of any body at the poles will be less, regardless of centrifugal forces, and excess pressure there will be the cause of a vertical ethereal wind blowing across the poles and lowering cosmic cold onto them.
Thus, in alternative ethereal physics, gravity appears in a slightly different form. First of all, the concept of a gravitational field appears as a special state of the environment without connection with atomic matter, and this field is characterized by variable etheric pressure. The concept of gravitational mass becomes different: it arises as a result of the mutual movements of elementary ethereal particles and is determined by the volume of absolute emptiness. The essence of the gravitation process changes: it is not the attraction of inertial masses, but the pushing of the gravitational mass towards lower ether pressure. Gravity, it turns out, is not created by atoms in general, but only by decaying atoms, and therefore the “attraction” of stars is stronger than the “attraction” of planets. A distinctive feature of gravitational fields around large cosmic bodies is their anisotropy: in the equatorial plane the gradient of ether pressure and, therefore, gravity is greater than in the polar directions; and this is explained by the fact that the centripetal flow of ether in polar spaces is strictly radial, and in the equatorial plane it has the form of an ether-vortex (metavortex). Only the influence of metavortices can explain the rotation of planets around the Sun and satellites around planets: these rotations do not exist by themselves, but are determined by the circumferential velocities of the ether in metavortices. The energy of their rotation is drawn from the energy of decay of atomic matter and is determined by the product of the volume of the vanishing absolute void and the pressure of the ether. These and other features of gravity affect not only the conceptual side of the phenomenon, but also require a revision of some physical and astronomical quantities, in particular the inertial and gravitational masses of the Sun, planets and their satellites.
GRAVITATIONAL MASS OF A BODY IN ethereal space
In ethereal physics, the gravitational mass of a body and the inertial mass are different parameters, have different dimensions and are not even equivalent
The gravitational mass of a body, which determines its weight, in etheric space is an independent physical parameter that is in no way related to the inertial mass; it even has a different dimension. These masses, strictly speaking, are not even equivalent, that is, they are not proportional. This conclusion can be made on the basis of speculative modeling of gravity within the framework of alternative ethereal physics.
An atom in this physics is a torus vortex in a medium of highly compressed superfluid ether, and an elementary particle of ether is an ideal ball. Torus vortices have an unusual appearance; their contours are clearly defined: in the cross-section of the torus cords, all atoms have three ethereal balls; and each atom consists of a certain, specific number of these particles. Therefore, if we talk about the inertia of a body, then we can say that it is determined by the total inertia of all the ethereal balls that form the atoms of a given body, and the dimension of inertia is kilogram (kg).
Gravity has a different physical nature. It is expressed in the fact that atoms that have a reduced density compared to the surrounding ether are pushed towards lower pressure, and this pressure is the least in the centers of gravity, that is, inside planets and stars, and this is caused by the decay and annihilation of atoms and electrons .
To determine the quantitative side of gravity, let us evaluate the reduced etheric density of atomic matter. The volume of any body is filled with atoms and the ether that permeates them; Moreover, atoms make up a very small part of the entire space (considerably less than a thousandth). In turn, the volume of atoms V a can be decomposed into the volume of ether balls V about those forming these atoms, and about absolute emptiness g :
V a = V o + g.
Emptiness (or decrease in density) generally occurs wherever there is local movement of etheric particles.
So here it is: the indicated volume of absolute emptiness g and there is the gravitational mass of the body (or simply gravity); It is she - emptiness - that emerges in the ether. Hence, the dimension of gravity is the dimension of volume, that is, a meter cubed (m 3).
Body gravity g turns into his weight G only in the presence of a pressure gradient p in the surrounding ethereal space; the expression for weight is
G = - g grad p, H.
The minus sign indicates that the weight is directed towards decreasing ether pressure.
It is still possible to talk about the non-equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses only in principle; all experimental attempts to detect it, according to reports, ended in vain. Theoretically, the conclusion about this non-equivalence follows from the fact that a constant mass of inertia of a body corresponds to a variable mass of gravity.
Emptiness g consists of two components: from the void inside the vortex cords g b and rarefaction outside, in the adjacent ether g c ; the latter arises as a result of disturbance of ethereal balls in the boundary layer. And if the inner emptiness g b is constant, then external – g c can vary depending on the shape of the twisting of the vortex cords of atoms. Three-lobed nitrogen atoms, for example, in various chemical compounds can have either a three-dimensional, clamshell shape or be flat; in the first case, external vacuum g c will be greater than in the second.
Defect of gravitational mass expressed through a change in void volume ∆g, allows you to determine the amount of energy released (or absorbed):
∆E = p ∆g,J.
Even ultra-small values ∆g, undetectable by modern measuring instruments, at enormous values of ether pressure p can generate significant energy release and absorption ∆E; This is exactly what is observed in exo- and endothermic chemical reactions.
Expression of the gravitational mass of a body through the volume of absolute emptiness g allows you to determine the total potential energy of this body (rest energy) E:
E = p g,J.
It is interesting to compare the resulting formula with the known basic expression of ether-free physics E = m c 2, Where m is the mass of inertia of the body, and With- speed of light.
In alternative ethereal physics, the speed of light is defined as
,
Where ρ – specific inertia of the ether, kg/m 3.
Let us extract from this expression p and substitute it into the formula for the potential energy of the body; we get
E = g ρ · from 2
As you can see, the work (g ρ ) is not the mass of inertia of the body; this is just a conditional mass of inertia of that part of the ether that could be located in the emptiness of the body. It is less than the actual mass of inertia, which can be represented as (V o ρ ) , since the volume of ether balls V o atoms have more void volume g; at least these are two different quantities.
Used sources
- Antonov V.M. Ether. Russian theory / V.M. Antonov. – Lipetsk, LGPI, 1999. – 160 p.
- Timoshenko S.P. Fluctuations in engineering / Transl. from English /S.P. Timoshenko, D.Kh. Young, W. Weaver. – M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1985. – 472 p.
- Braginsky V.B., Panov V.Zh. / JETP, 1972, vol. 34, p. 463.
