Outstanding statesmen in history. List of names (dictionary) of historical figures from Unified State Examination tasks. The Ideology That Changed History: Karl Marx

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Brief characteristics of the main figures of different historical eras

1. 9th-12th centuries

1.1 Princess Olga

Princess Olga, baptized Elena - princess (945-960), ruler of Kievan Rus.

The main results of the reign are 4 revenges on the Drevlyans, the establishment of "lessons" and "pogosts", the establishment of "polyudya" - taxes in favor of Kiev, the establishment of deadlines and frequency of their payment: "rents" and "charters", the introduction of the position of "princely administrator" - tiuna . Princess Olga laid the foundation for stone construction in Rus' (the first stone buildings in Kiev - the city palace and Olga's country tower), and paid attention to the improvement of the lands subject to Kiev: Novgorod, Pskov, located along the Desna River and others.

1.2 Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav Igorevich - Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev (960-972), became famous as a commander.

Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich was mainly involved in military operations. The main results of his activities are the Khazar campaign of Svyatoslav, the conquest of the Bulgarian Kingdom, the war with Byzantium, and the fight against the Pechenegs.

1.3 Vladimir I Svyatoslavich

Vladimir Svyatoslavich - Grand Duke of Kiev (978-1015), under whom the Baptism of Rus' took place. In 988 he chose Christianity as the state religion of Kievan Rus. At baptism he received the name Vasily. Also known as Vladimir the Holy, Vladimir the Baptist, Vladimir the Red Sun.

The main results of the reign are the Baptism of Rus', the minting of gold and silver coins, and the development of the “Church Charter”. Vladimir adopted all laws in agreement with his council, which consisted of military commanders, elders, boyars and mayors. A new military structure of cities was created. Large cities with a military structure formed a whole organized regiment, called a thousand, which was divided into hundreds and tens. A thousand was commanded by a thousand chosen by the city, and then appointed by the prince; hundreds and tens were also commanded by selected sotskys and tens. The times of Vladimir I were marked by the beginning of the spread of literacy in Rus', which led to the emergence through generations of remarkable masters and word experts in Rus', such as one of the first Russian writers, Metropolitan Hilarion. Under Vladimir I, large-scale stone construction began in Rus'. The cities were founded: Vladimir-on-Klyazma, Belgorod, Pereslavl and many others.

1.4 Yaroslav Vladimirovich Mudry

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise - Prince of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev (1016-1018; 1019-1054).

The prince's work "Russian Truth" went down in history, becoming the first known set of laws. Yaroslav the wise freed Rus' from the Pecheneg raids and founded the famous Hagia Sophia in Kyiv. Under Yaroslav, Kyiv was comparable in beauty to Constantinople, under him the first Russian monasteries arose, and for the first time, without the participation of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Hilarion was appointed Metropolitan. Yaroslav made a great contribution to the development of book publishing; under him, the first large school was opened (1028). A law on succession to the throne was issued, according to which power passes not from father to son, but from older brother to younger brother.

2. XII-XV centuries

2.1 Vladimir Monomakh

Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh - Prince of Smolensk, Chernigov, Pereslavl, Grand Duke of Kiev (1113-1125), statesman, military leader, writer, thinker.

Vladimir Monomakh was the organizer of the anti-Polovtsian union under Svyatopolk, created the “Charter on Res,” which limited the profits of moneylenders, determined the conditions of enslavement and eased the situation of debtors and purchases. The reign of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh became the period of the last strengthening of Kievan Rus. Vladimir is also known as a writer and thinker. Three of his works have reached us: the autobiographical story “On Paths and Fishing,” a letter to his cousin Oleg Svyatoslavovich, and his main work, “Teachings to the Children of Vladimir Monomakh.”

2.2 Yuri Dolgoruky

Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky (1090s - 1157) - Prince of Rostov, Suzdal, Grand Duke of Kiev, founder of Moscow (1147).

The main activity of Yuri Dolgoruky was urban planning. He built a number of fortresses, including Dubna, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Kostroma and others.

2.3 Alexander Nevsky

Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky (1221-1263) - Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev, Grand Duke of Vladimir, famous Russian commander, canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Alexander Nevsky became famous for protecting Russian lands from Western invaders: the Teutonic and Livonian orders. During his life, Alexander Nevsky was never defeated. The main victories in his life were the Battle of the Neva (07/15/1240) and the Battle of Lake Peipus (04/5/1242), better known as the Battle of the Ice. During the reign of Alexander Nevsky, Rus' found itself between 2 fires: the Mongol-Tatars from the east and the Livonian and Teutonic orders from the west. It was impossible to wage a war on 2 fronts, and Alexander Nevsky decided to agree to a truce with the Golden Horde, a stronger and more tolerant enemy, and fight the Western invaders.

2.4 Ivan Kalita

Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (about 1283-1341) - Prince of Moscow, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Vladimir. He received the nickname “Kalita” for his wealth and generosity. The main merit of Ivan Kalita was that he was able to strengthen the influence of Moscow and its position, which subsequently helped to unite the Russian lands around Moscow and create a strong centralized state.

2.5 Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy

Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1350-1389) - Prince of Moscow, Grand Duke of Vladimir.

Dmitry Donskoy commanded the Russian troops during the Battle of Kulikovo (09/08/1380), for which he was nicknamed Donskoy. During his reign, the Moscow Principality became one of the main centers of unification of Russian lands, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir became the hereditary property of the Moscow princes, significant victories were won over the Golden Horde, the main of which was the victory in the Battle of Kulikovo, which became the first step towards the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The white stone Moscow Kremlin was built, and stone construction was also widespread in Moscow, in order to ensure that the destruction from the Moscow fire (1445), which destroyed almost all of Moscow, would not be repeated.

2.6 Sergius of Radonezh

Sergius of Radonezh (1314-1392) - monk of the Russian Orthodox Church, founder of the Trinity Monastery near Moscow (now the Trinity-Sergius Lavra), transformer of monasticism in Northern Rus', is revered by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint and is considered the greatest ascetic of the Russian land. Sergius of Radonezh reconciled the princes, thereby preventing civil strife and helping Dmitry Donskoy to unite the Russian lands. Sergius of Radonezh blessed Dmitry Donskoy before the Battle of Kulikovo. In addition to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Sergius of Radonezh founded several more monasteries. More than 40 monasteries were founded by his students: Savva, Ferapont, Cyril, Sylvester, as well as his spiritual interlocutors, such as Stefan of Perm. During his life, Sergius of Radonezh performed many miracles. People came to him from different cities for healing, and sometimes just to see him. It tells about the case when Sergius of Radonezh resurrected a boy who died in his father’s arms when he was carrying the child to the saint for healing. The most famous source of information about the saint is the “Life of Sergius of Radonezh,” written by Epiphanius the Wise, his student, and supplemented by Pachomius Logothetes.

2.7 Andrey Rublev

Andrei Rublev (circa 1283-1428) is the most famous and revered master of the Moscow school of icon painting, book and monumental painting of the 15th century. Canonized as St.

The work of Andrei Rublev is one of the pinnacles of Russian and world culture. The perfection of his creations is seen as the result of a special hesychast tradition. Already during the life of Andrei Rublev, his icons were valued and revered as miraculous. Andrei Rublev was engaged in painting temples.

2.8 Ivan III Vasilievich

Ivan III Vasilievich - Grand Duke of Moscow, Grand Duke of All Rus' (1462-1505).

The main result of the reign of Ivan III was the unification of most of the Russian lands around Moscow. After successful wars with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Bryansk and a number of other cities became part of the Moscow state; after his death, Ivan III transferred to his successor several times larger lands than he himself accepted. In addition, it was under Ivan III that the Russian state became completely independent, since after the “Standing on the Ugra” (1480) the power of the Horde Khan over Russia, which had lasted since 1243, completely ceased. In domestic politics, an important achievement is the adoption of the Code of Laws (1497), a set of laws of Rus' adopted in the course of the reforms carried out. Under Ivan III, the foundations of a command system of government were laid, and a local system of land use appeared. The centralization of the country and the elimination of fragmentation were continued, and a tough fight was waged against the separatism of the appanage princes. Ivan III - the first Grand Duke of All Rus'.

2.9 Joseph Volotsky

Joseph Volotsky (in the world - Ivan Sanin; 1439-1515) - saint of the Russian Orthodox Church, revered among the Reverends. Patron of Orthodox entrepreneurship and economics.

Joseph Volotsky is the head of the church-state movement, which defended the right of monasteries to land ownership. The Josephites acted as the official ideologists of the Orthodox Church and monarchical power. The Josephite doctrine was based on the theological justification for the emergence of the state and the “divine origin” of royal power, as well as on the approval of the continuity of the Russian state, which remained the only stronghold of Orthodoxy after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. On this basis, the Josephites demanded that the Moscow Metropolis be granted the status of a patriarchate (this happened only in 1589 ). The Josephites advocated the openness of monasteries. The main task of the monasteries was missionary activity and providing the population with food during crop failure. The Pskov monk Philotheus, who popularized the concept of the Moscow Metropolitan Zosima “Moscow - the Third Rome”, on which the official ideology of the Russian tsars was built, belonged to the Josephites.

2.10 Nil Sorsky

Nil Sorsky (in the world - Nikolai Maikov) is an Orthodox saint, a famous figure of the Russian Orthodox Church, the founder of the monastery in Rus', the author of “Tradition”, “The Rules of skete life”, as well as a number of epistles.

Nil Sorsky is the head of the non-covetous people, a church-state movement whose representatives were against monastic land ownership. However, this concept is broader and is not limited to the question of monastic estates. Likewise, the difference in views between non-covetous people and the Josephites opposed to them is not limited to property issues. In particular, differences in views concerned the attitude towards repentant heretics, the attitude towards local (national) and church-wide tradition, and a number of other issues.

3.1 Vasily III

Vasily III Ivanovich - Grand Duke of All Rus' (1505-1533). He believed that nothing should limit the power of the Grand Duke, he centralized power and completed the unification of Russian lands, fought the Russian-Kazan wars and concluded profitable peace treaties. The time of his reign was the era of the construction boom in Rus', which began during the reign of Ivan III. The Archangel Cathedral was erected in the Moscow Kremlin, and the Ascension Church was built in Kolomenskoye. Stone fortifications were built in Tula, Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna and other cities. New settlements and fortresses were founded.

3.2 Maxim Grek

Maxim the Greek (in the world Mikhail Trivolis) is a Russian religious publicist, author and translator, canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint. Observing the shortcomings and injustices of the surrounding life, which was in direct opposition to his Christian ideals, Maxim the Greek criticized the authorities. He was exiled to the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery. He is the author of up to 365 texts.

3.3 Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible - the first Tsar of All Rus' (from 1547), Grand Duke of Moscow.

Under him, the “Elected Rada” was created, the “Code of Law” was compiled (1550), the convening of Zemsky Councils began, reforms of the military service, judicial system and public administration (creation of orders) were carried out, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were captured, the Livonian War (1558-1583) ended defeat. During the era of his reign, terror was elevated to the rank of state policy - the oprichnina appeared (1565-1572). The consequence of his reign was the end of the dynasty of Rurikovich and Time of Troubles (1601-1613).

3.4 Ivan Fedorov

Ivan Fedorov is the first Russian book printer, publisher of the first accurately dated printed book ("Apostle", 1564) on the territory of the Russian state. Ivan Fedorov’s assistant was Pyotr Mstislavets. Ivan Fedorov was revered by the Russian Orthodox Old Believers Church in the ranks of the righteous. The first printing house was created in Moscow in 1553. The second book in the printing house was the book “The Book of Hours” (1565).

3.5 Metropolitan Macarius

Metropolitan Macarius (c. 1482-1563, in the world Michael) - Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' (1542-1563). A supporter of Josephiteism, a disciple of Joseph Volotsky, canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint. He made a significant contribution to book printing: under him, the first printing house was opened for printing sacred and liturgical books.

3.6 Ermak Timofeevich

Ermak Timofeevich - Cossack chieftain, historical conqueror of Siberia for Russia, Russian national hero. He defeated Khan Kuchum, annexed Siberia to Russia, and liberated the indigenous peoples.

3.7 Feodor I Ioannovich

Fyodor I Ioannovich - Tsar of All Rus' and Grand Duke of Moscow (1584-1598), the last representative of the Rurikovichs.

Fyodor, according to Ivan the Terrible, was “a faster and a man of silence, born more for his cell than for sovereign power.” He was incapable of government, took little part in it, being under the tutelage of his brother-in-law Boris Godunov. During his reign, Andrei Chokhov cast the Tsar Cannon.

The founder of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, is Fedor’s cousin.

3.8 Boris Godunov

Boris Fedorovich Godunov - boyar, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus' (1598-1605). Boris Godunov was elected to the throne due to the fact that the Rurik dynasty was interrupted; he ruled during the Time of Troubles.

The activities of Boris Godunov were aimed at comprehensively strengthening statehood. Thanks to his efforts, in 1589 the first patriarch in Rus' was elected, who became Metropolitan Job of Moscow. Common sense and prudence prevailed in domestic policy. The construction of cities and fortifications was launched, the Smolensk fortress wall was built (1596-1602), and a water supply system was built in the Kremlin. Boris Godunov patronized young builders and architects. He sought to alleviate the situation of the townspeople (townspeople). The economic crisis of the 1570s-1580s forced the establishment of serfdom. In 1597, a decree was issued on “preparatory years”, according to which peasants who fled from their masters “before this... year for 5 years are subject to investigation, trial and return back to where they lived.” In foreign policy, a peace treaty was concluded that ended the Russian-Swedish War (1590-1593), which was beneficial for Russia. The saddest event in his reign was the famine (1601-1603), caused by crop failure and the difficult economic situation in the country.

Patriarch Job (c. 1525-1607) - the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' (1589-1605). Canonized in 1989 as a saint. According to reviews of his contemporaries, he was “wonderful in singing and reading, like a marvelous trumpet, cheering and delighting everyone,” he recited the “Psalter,” “Apostle,” and “Gospel” by heart, and was a traditionalist and conservative. After him, the “Testament” and “The Tale of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” remained written.

4.1 False Dmitry I

False Dmitry I - Tsar of Russia (June 1, 1605 - May 17, 1606), an impostor who pretended to be the miraculously saved youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry. The first of 3 impostors. He ascended the throne thanks to the help of the Polish king.

4.2 Vasily Shuisky

Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky - representative of the princely family of Shuisky, Russian Tsar (1606-1610). Under him, a new military charter appeared, an uprising arose under the leadership of Ivan Bolotikov, which was suppressed in 1607.

4.3 Ivan Bolotnikov

Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov - military and political figure of the Time of Troubles, leader of the uprising in 1606-1607. Organized his own army near Moscow, Kaluga, Tula. The uprising was suppressed.

4.4 M.V. Skopin-Shuisky

Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky - Russian statesman and military leader of the Time of Troubles, a national hero during the Polish-Lithuanian intervention.

4.5 Kuzma Minin

Kuzma Minin (Kuzma Minich Zakharyev) - Russian national hero, organizer and one of the leaders of the Zemsky militia (1611-1612) during the period of the struggle of the Russian people against the Polish-Lithuanian intervention. Together with Dmitry Pozharsky, he led the Second People's Militia, which won a victory and expelled the Poles from Moscow, which became the basis for the end of the Time of Troubles and the rise to power of the Romanov dynasty.

4.6 Dmitry Pozharsky

Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky (1578-1642) - Russian national hero, military and political figure, head of the Second People's Militia, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian intervention (1611-1612). He led the militia together with Kuzma Minin.

4.7 Patriarch Filaret

Patriarch Filaret (in the world Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, ca. 1554-1633) - church and political figure of the Time of Troubles and the subsequent era; Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' (1619-1633), founder of the Romanov family, cousin of Fyodor Ioannovich. Being the father of the sovereign, until the end of his life he was his co-ruler, and in fact led Moscow politics.

4.8 Mikhail I Fedorovich Romanov

Mikhail I Fedorovich Romanov, the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645), was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613, which ended the Time of Troubles.

Results of the reign: conclusion of “eternal peace” with Sweden (Peace of Stolbovy 1617), “eternal peace” with Poland (Peace of Polyanovsky 1634), establishment of strong centralized power throughout the country through the appointment of governors and village elders, restoration of normal economy and trade, annexation of the Lower Urals, Baikal region, Yakutia and Chukotka to Russia, access to the Pacific Ocean, reorganization of the army (1631-1634); the creation of regiments of the “new system”: Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier; foundation of the first ironworks near Tula (1632); foundation of a German settlement in Moscow.

4.9 Alexey Mikhailovich

Alexei Mikhailovich is the second Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (1645-1676).

The most important internal orders: a ban on Belomest residents (monasteries or people in civil, military, government service) to own black, tax-intensive lands and industrial establishments in the settlement; final attachment of peasants and townspeople to their place of residence; central institutions of power were founded: orders: Secret Affairs, Khlebny, Reitarsky, Accounting Affairs, Little Russian, Lithuanian, Monastic; transformations in the financial sector: an unsuccessful attempt to introduce a new salt duty (Salt Riot of 1648-1649), depreciation of the copper ruble, which led to the Copper Riot (1662); transformations in the field of legislation: the Council Code (1649), the Novotorsky Charter (1667), new decree articles on robbery and murder cases (1669), new decree articles on estates (1676), military regulations (1649). Russia united with Ukraine in 1654.

4.10 Patriarch Nikon

Patriarch Nikon - Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' (1652-1666), had the title of Great Sovereign. Nikon is the author of the church reform, which brought Russian Orthodox rites into line with Greek ones. The rootedness both among the people and among priests of the opinion about the superiority of Russian piety over Greek, as well as the harshness of the reformers themselves, led to a split of the Russian Orthodox Church into supporters of Nikon’s reform and its opponents (schismatics or Old Believers), one of whose leaders was Archpriest Avaakum, who I believed that old Russian books better reflect the faith.

4.11 Archpriest Avaakum

Archpriest Avaakum (Avaakum Petrovich Kondratiev, 1620-1682) - archpriest of the city of Yuryevets-Povolsky, an opponent of Nikon’s liturgical reform, a fighter against it, leader of the Old Believers, spiritual writer. He wrote 43 works, including the famous: “Life”, “Book of Conversations”, “Book of Interpretations”, “Book of Reproofs” and others. He is considered the founder of new Russian literature, free figurative speech, and confessional prose. Old Believers venerate Avaakum as a martyr and confessor.

4.12 A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin

Afanasy Lavrentievich Ordin-Nashchokin (1605-1680) - diplomat and politician of the times of Alexei Mikhailovich.

Born into a family of small landowners, he studied very well, after graduation he became a diplomat, participated in the creation of a new Russian-Swedish border after the Peace of Stolbovo (1617), achieved the beneficial Truce of Andrusovo with Poland (1667), after which he received the rank of boyar and headed the Ambassadorial Prikaz .

4.13 S.T. Razin

Stepan Timofeevich Razin (c.1630-1671) - Don Cossack, leader of the largest uprising in the history of pre-Petrine Russia (1670-1671). The uprising of Stepan Razin was organized by the Cossacks and Golydba (peasants who arrived in the Cossack areas, but had nothing). Subsequently, serf peasants of the Volga region joined the rebels. The uprising was suppressed, Stepan Razin was executed.

4.14 S.I. Dezhnev

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (c.1605-1673) - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, fur trader. In 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, he crossed the Bering Strait. He drew up a drawing of the Anadyr River and part of the Anyui River, described voyages along Anadyr, and the nature of the Anadyr region. The extreme northeastern point of Asia, Cape Dezhnev, bears his name.

4.15 E.P. Khabarov

Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov-Svyatitsky (c.1603-1671) - Russian explorer, traveler and entrepreneur. Sailed the entire Amur River on ships. Khabarovsk is named after him.

4.16 S.F. Ushakov

Simon Fedorovich Ushakov (1626-1686) - Russian icon painter and graphic artist. Remaining on the basis of the original Russian-Byzantine icon painting, he wrote both according to the ancient “patterns” and in the new, so-called “Fryazhsky” style, inventing new compositions.

4.17 Fedor III Alekseevich

Fedor III Alekseevich - Russian Tsar (1676-1682). During his reign, a general census of the population was carried out (1678), direct household taxes were introduced (1679), localism was abolished in the army (1682), thereby stopping the consideration of the merits of ancestors when holding positions. Russian-Turkish War (1676-1681), new development of regiments of a foreign system.

4.18 Sofya Alekseevna

Sofya Alekseevna - princess, daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich, in 1682-1689 regent for his younger brothers Ivan and Peter. With the help of the Streltsy, she tried to seize power, but she failed and was tonsured a nun.

4.19 V.V. Golitsyn

Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn (1643-1714) - diplomat and statesman, head of the Russian embassy during the regency of Sophia.

Under Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682) he held key positions in the state. Since 1683 he headed the Polish order. He introduced an emergency embassy to Constantinople, concluded the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China (1689), the Treaty of Kardis (1683) with Sweden, and the “Eternal Peace” (1686) with Poland.

4.20 Simeon of Polotsk

Simeon of Polotsk (in the world Samuil Gavrilovich Petrovsky-Sitnyanovich, 1629-1680) - figure of East Slavic culture, spiritual writer, theologian, poet, playwright, translator, Basilian monk, mentor of Alexei, Sophia and Fyodor Romanov, one of the early representatives of the Russian-speaking syllabic poetry.

Peter I Alekseevich - the last Tsar of All Rus' (1682-1725) and the first All-Russian Emperor (1721-1725).

Peter I sought to rebuild life in Russia in a European manner. The first step was expansion (1690-1699), the main part of which was the “Great Embassy” (1697-1698), the main purpose of which was to find allies for the war with the Ottoman Empire. This task could not be completed, but Peter became acquainted with the European way of life, the development of science and military affairs. "The Great Embassy had to be hastily terminated due to the Streltsy revolt (1698). 1698-1700 were turning point years for Russia, which were marked by the beginning of Peter's reforms, which were initially aimed at changing external signs: a decree banning the wearing of beards (1698), the introduction of the celebration of the New Years (1700).

In foreign policy, the Northern War with Sweden (1700-1721) occupies a central place. An attempt to capture the Narva fortress (1700) ended in defeat, but Peter, hastily reorganizing the army according to the European model, resumed military operations: he managed to capture the fortresses of Noteburg (1702) and Nyenschanz (1703). Construction of St. Petersburg began (1703). On the island of Kotlin there was a fleet base - the Kronshlot fortress (later Kronstadt). Access to the Baltic Sea was gained, Narva and Dorpat were taken (1704), and a victory was won near the village of Lesnoy (1708). In 1709, in the Battle of Poltava, the Swedish army was defeated, and Charles XII fled to the Ottoman Empire, which intervened in the war in 1710. After the defeat in the Prut campaign (1711), Russia returned Azov to the Ottoman Empire. Russia defeated Sweden in the Baltic Sea at Cape Gangut (1714). Peace negotiations began in 1718, interrupted by the death of Charles XII. The Swedish Queen Ulrika Ereonora resumed the war, hoping for help from England, but Russia's victories in 1720 forced her to continue peace negotiations, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Nystadt (1721), under the terms of which Russia received access to the Baltic Sea, annexed Ingria, part of Karelia, and Estland and Livonia. Russia became a great European power, and Peter I received the title of Emperor of All Russia (1721).

Peter's domestic policy can be conventionally divided into 2 periods: 1696-1715 and 1715-1725. A feature of the 1st stage was the haste and not always thoughtful nature of the reforms, which was explained by the conditions of the Northern War. At stage 2, the reforms were more systematic. The following were carried out: public administration reform (replacing orders with collegiums), church administration reform (elimination of church jurisdiction autonomous from the state), transformations in the army and the creation of a navy, financial reform, measures were taken to develop industry and trade, secular educational institutions began to appear, the first Russian newspaper. Promotion for nobles began to depend on education. A school of mathematical and navigational sciences was opened in Moscow (1700). In 1701-1721, artillery, engineering and medical schools were opened in Moscow; engineering and maritime academies in St. Petersburg, mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories. In 1705 the first gymnasium was opened. The goals of mass education were to be served by digital schools in provincial cities (1714) with free education for all. New printing houses were created. There have been changes in the Russian language, which included 4,500 new borrowed words. The Academy of Sciences appeared (1725). A special decree introduced assemblies, which represented a new form of communication between people in Russia. Peter tried to change the position of women in society - women received more rights.

In general, the reforms were aimed at strengthening the state and introducing European culture while simultaneously strengthening absolutism. During the reforms, Russia's technological and economic lag was overcome, and transformations were carried out in many spheres of life. Access to the Baltic Sea was won.

4.22 F.Ya. Lefort

Franz Yakovlevich Lefort (1655-1699) - Russian statesman and military leader, admiral general, associate and friend of Peter I. Headed the "Great Embassy" (1697-1698). The Lefortovo district around the Lefortovo Palace in Moscow is named after him.

4.23 A.D. Menshikov

Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729) - statesman and military leader, associate of Peter I, after whose death, in 1725-1727, during the reign of Catherine I, he actually led the state. The first member of the Supreme Privy Council of the Russian Empire, president of the Military Collegium, first governor-general of St. Petersburg (1703-1727), first senator, full admiral (1726), field marshal general (1709), Generalissimo of the naval and land forces (1729). He led troops during the Northern War.

4.24 F. Prokopovich

Archbishop Theophan (Elizar Prokopovich, 1681-1736) - bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, Archbishop of Novgorod, first vice-president of the Holy Government Synod, preacher, statesman, outstanding writer, poet, associate of Peter I.

4.25 L.F. Magnitsky

Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky (1669-1739) - Russian mathematician, teacher.

He taught mathematics at the School of Mathematical Sciences in Moscow. Author of the first educational encyclopedia in mathematics in Russia, author of "Tables of logarithms and sines, tangents and secants" (1703).

Introduced the terms: multiplier, divisor, product, billion, trillion, quadrillion, million, root extraction.

4.26 Peter II

Peter II - Russian Emperor (1727-1730), grandson of Peter I. In fact, he did not rule due to his young age. Actual power was in the hands of the Supreme Privy Council.

4.27 Anna Ioannovna

Anna Ioannovna - Russian Empress (1730-1740).

She was a monarch with limited powers in favor of the Supreme Privy Council, but with the support of the nobles she took all power, dissolving the Supreme Privy Council, but in fact she did not rule the state herself.

4.28 Elizaveta Petrovna

Elizaveta Petrovna - Russian Empress (1741 -1761). She was little involved in government affairs, handing them over to her favorites - the brothers Razumovsky, Shuvalov, Vorontsov, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The main principle of the policy was a return to Peter's reforms: the role of the Senate, Berg and Manufactory Collegium was restored. The Chief Magistrate was created. The Cabinet of Ministers was abolished. In 1754, the Senate adopted the Resolution developed by Shuvalov on the abolition of internal customs duties and petty fees. This led to a significant revival of trade relations between the regions. The first Russian banks were founded, taxation reform was carried out, and the death penalty was abolished (1756). At the turn of the 1750s-60s, more than 60 uprisings took place. During her reign there were 2 wars: the Russian-Swedish (1741-1743) and the Seven Years (1756-1763).

4.29 M.V. Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) - the first Russian natural scientist of world importance, encyclopedist, chemist, physicist, the first chemist to define physical chemistry, outlined an extensive program of physical and chemical research. His molecular kinetic theory of heat anticipated modern ideas about the structure of matter. He is the author of many fundamental laws, astronomer, instrument maker, geographer, metallurgist, geologist, poet, established the foundations of the modern Russian language, artist, historian, economist. He discovered the presence of an atmosphere on Venus, was the organizer of Russian science and education, developed a project for Moscow University, later named in his honor, and a full member of the Academies of Sciences and Arts.

4.30 V.I. Bering

Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681-1741) - famous navigator, captain-commander. In 1725-1730 and 1733-1741 he led the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions. He passed through the strait between Chukotka and Kamchatka (Bering Strait), reached North America and discovered a number of islands, a strait and a sea in the north Pacific Ocean (Bering Sea). Archaeologists call the northeastern part of Siberia, Chukotka and Alaska, which are now believed to have been previously connected by a strip of land, Beringia.

4.31 V.N. Tatishchev

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686-1750) - famous Russian historian, geographer, economist and statesman. The author of the first Russian major work on history - "Russian History". Founder of Stavropol (now Togliatti), Yekaterinburg and Perm, author of many historical works.

4.32 S.I. Chelyuskin

Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin (1700-1764) - famous Russian polar navigator, participated in polar expeditions, made many discoveries, the most famous of which was the northernmost point of Eurasia (Cape Chelyuskin).

4.33 Laptev brothers

D.Ya. Laptev (1701-1771) and Kh.P. Laptev (1700-1763) - famous polar explorers. The Laptev brothers made a number of polar geographical discoveries, the most famous of which are the strait and the sea (the Laptev Strait and the Laptev Sea).

4.34 Peter III

Peter III - Russian Emperor (1761-1762). After a six-month reign, he was overthrown as a result of a palace coup, as a result of which his wife Catherine II ascended the throne.

4.35 Catherine II

Catherine II - Empress of All Russia (1762-1796).

Under her, there was an attempt to convene the Statutory Commission, which would systematize the laws, but this project failed. The Provincial Reform was carried out (1775), according to which a two-tier administrative division was adopted: the province and the district. The Governor-General kept order in local centers; 2 and 3 provinces were subordinate to him. The governor led the province, the provincial prosecutor was subordinate to him, and the treasury chamber was in charge of finances. Governors were appointed by the Senate. At the head of the district was a captain-police officer, a representative of the nobility, elected for 3 years. The Zaporozhye Sich was liquidated, the Kalmyk Khanate was annexed, regional reform was carried out in Eastland and Livonia, Siberia was divided into 3 provinces, paper money - banknotes - were issued. The economic situation was difficult due to extravagance and thoughtless spending. The Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens was opened (1764), the Russian Academy was founded. The nobility was awarded a Charter, which made it a privileged class, and the situation of the serfs worsened. The Plague Riot took place in Moscow (1771). The war led by E.I. Pugacheva (1773-1775).

Foreign policy was marked by the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire due to the successful Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1792) and, mainly, due to the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which occurred in 3 stages. Russia acted as a mediator in the Austro-Prussian War (1778-1779) and dictated its terms of reconciliation.

4.36 G.A. Potemkin

Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1739-1791) - Russian statesman, count, participant and commander during the 2 Russian-Turkish Wars and the Caucasian War (1785-1791).

4.37 P.A. Rumyantsev

Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (1720-1796) - military and statesman, count, field marshal general. He commanded the army during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) and two Russian-Turkish Wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1792). Governor-General of Little Russia, governor of the Kursk and Kharkov governorships.

4.38 A.V. Suvorov

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) - national hero of Russia, commander who did not suffer a single defeat in his entire life (more than 60 battles), one of the founders of Russian military art, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, knight of all Russian awards (awarded to men) and many foreign orders. The most famous military achievements: the capture of Izmail (1790), crossing the Alps, the Battle of Kinburg, the assault on Prague (1794).

4.39 F.F. Ushakov

Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral, commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a righteous warrior. He commanded the fleet in the battles of Fidonisi, Tendra, Kaliakria, the Battle of Kerch, and the siege of Corfu.

4.40 N.I. Novikov

Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (1744-1818) - an outstanding Russian journalist, publisher and public figure. In 1769, he published the satirical magazine "Drone", on the pages of which he opposed serfdom, abuse of landowner power, bribery, and lack of justice. Opposes court society. In 1772, Novikov published a new satirical magazine, “The Painter,” which replaced “Truten”, which was closed by the authorities. Novikov considered an important task to be the fight against the nobility’s admiration for foreignness. He publishes historical monuments: “Ancient Russian Vifliofika” and “Ancient Russian Idrography”. In 1777, Novikov published issues of the St. Petersburg Scientific Gazette. This is a magazine of scientific and literary criticism, which set itself the goal, on the one hand, to bring Russian science and literature closer to the scientific world of the West, and on the other, to highlight the merits of domestic authors. In 1777-1778 he published the first philosophical journal in Russia, Morning Light.

4.41 E.I. Pugachev

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1742-1775) - Don Cossack, leader of the Krustian War (1773-1775). Taking advantage of rumors that Emperor Peter III was alive, Pugachev identified himself as him. The Peasant War was organized due to the dissatisfaction of the peasants and Cossacks with the social policies of Catherine II. Pugachev managed to gather a large army of peasants and Cossacks, later he was joined by Bashkirs under the command of Salavat Yulaev, however, due to spontaneity and poor organization, the uprising was suppressed, Pugachev was arrested and executed.

4.42 A.N. Radishchev

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev (1749-1802) - Russian writer, poet, philosopher. He headed the St. Petersburg customs. The most famous work is “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”

4.43 Paul I

Pavel I Petrovich - Emperor of All Russia (1796-1801).

Paul began his reign by changing all the orders of the era of Catherine II. He canceled Peter's decree on succession to the throne, according to which the Emperor himself had to appoint his own successor. Military reform was carried out. Paul, with his decrees, interfered in the private lives of people, which led to antipathy towards him, which greatly helped the conspirators who killed him in 1801.

Foreign policy was inconsistent: first Russia joined the anti-French coalition, then the anti-British one. This did not contribute to strengthening Russia's international authority.

4.44 I.I. Polzunov

Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov (1728-1766) - Russian inventor, creator of Russia's first steam engine and the world's first two-cylinder engine.

4.45 I.P. Kulibin

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (1735-1818) - an outstanding Russian mechanic-inventor. For 30 years he headed the mechanical workshop of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He developed several designs for a bridge across the Neva, proving for the first time the possibility of modeling bridge structures. He invented and manufactured many original mechanisms, machines and devices. Among them are a pocket watch with a striking mechanism, a lantern-spotlight with a parabolic reflector made of tiny mirrors, a river vessel with a water-powered engine that moves against the current (water boat), a mechanical carriage with a pedal drive and other inventions. In memory of the great inventor, young inventors and those with an inquisitive mind are called “Kulibins” to this day.

4.46 G.R. Derzhavin

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) - Russian poet, representative of classicism, who significantly transformed it. Over the years, he held senior government positions: ruler of the Olonets governorate, governor of the Tambov province, president of the Commerce Collegium, cabinet secretary of Catherine II, minister of justice.

4.47 D.I. Fonvizin

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin (1745-1792) - writer, creator of Russian everyday comedy, translator. His most famous works are: “The Minor”, ​​“Discourse on the Indispensable Laws of State”, “Brigadier”. Playwright, politician who fought against tyranny.

4.48 F.B. Rastrelli

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700-1771) - famous Russian architect of Italian origin, Count. The most prominent representative of the Baroque. The most famous work is the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.

4.49 V.I. Bazhenov

Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738 or 1737-1799) - architect, artist, architectural theorist, teacher, representative of classicism. The most famous works: the Pashkov House, the Tsaritsyn Palace and Park Ensemble, the project of the Mikhailovsky Castle, the Vladimir Church in Bykovo.

4.50 M.F. Kazakov

Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov (1738-1812) - Russian architect, representative of classicism, also worked in the pseudo-Gothic style. The most famous works: the Senate Palace in the Kremlin, the Petrovsky Travel Palace, the Great Tsaritsyn Palace.

4.51 F.S. Rokotov

Fyodor Stepanovich Rokotov (1735? - 1808) - Russian artist, portrait painter, representative of the Rocco style. The most famous works: portraits of A.I. Vorontsova, I.I. Vorontsova, G.G. Orlov in armor, Catherine II, Prince Baryatinsky, A.P. Struyskoy, V.I. Maykov, Count Vyrubov, Surovtseva, unknown in a cocked hat, unknown in a pink dress; Guardian series.

4.52 D.G. Levitsky

Dmitry Grigorievich Levitsky (1735-1822) - painter, academician, master of ceremonial and chamber portraits. The most famous works: “Levytsky’s Smolyanka”, Guardian series, portraits of E.A. Vorontsova, N.A. Sezemova, self-portrait.

4.53 V.L. Borovikovsky

Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky (1757-1825) - artist, master of portraiture. He worked in the style of Sentimentalism. The most famous works: portraits of M.I. Lopukhina, F.A. Borovsky, Prince Kurakin, Gagarin sisters; "Murtaza Kuli Khan", "Catherine II on a walk in Tsarskoye Selo Park", "Lizonka and Dashenka".

4.54 Full name Shubin

Fyodor Ivanovich Shubin (1740-1805) - great Russian sculptor. Most of his sculptural portraits are in the form of busts. These are busts of Vice-Chancellor A.M. Golitsyn, Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, Potemkin, Lomonosov, Paul I, P.V. Zavidovsky, statue of Catherine II and others. He also worked as a decorator, creating 58 marble historical portraits for the Chesme Palace, 42 sculptures for the Marble Palace.

5. First half of the 9th century

5.1 Alexander I

Alexander I Pavlovich - Emperor of All Russia (1801-1825).

Tried to resolve the "peasant problem." By his Decree, Universities and a Pedagogical Institute were established in St. Petersburg, and 3 lyceums were opened. The free import of books from abroad has resumed. Released 12 thousand prisoners. The creation of the Secret Committee restored the privileges of the nobles. Eight ministries were created in 1802. Decree "On Free Plowmen". In 1809, Speransky's project "Introduction to the Code of State Laws" was considered. In 1810, the State Duma was created.

His foreign policy is, first of all, “recognizable” from the Napoleonic wars. Russia was at war with France, most of the reign of Alexander Pavlovich. In 1805, a major battle between the Russian and French armies took place. The Russian army was defeated. Peace was signed in 1806, but Alexander I refused to ratify the treaty. In 1807, Russian troops were defeated at Friedland, after which the emperor had to conclude the Peace of Tilsit. In 1812, the Patriotic War began. After Napoleon was expelled from Russia, foreign campaigns of the Russian army began.

5.2 N.N. Novosiltsev

Nikolai Nikolaevich Novosiltsev (1761-1838) - statesman, member of the Secret Committee, chairman of the State Council, president of the Academy of Sciences.

Novosiltsev was the governor of the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the uprising (1831) he returned home from Poland. First he became a member and then chairman of the State Council, and was awarded the title of count. The main work of his life was the project “Charter of the Russian Empire”. This is the first draft constitution in Russia that was never adopted. According to this project, the Russian Empire was supposed to acquire a federal structure. Legislative power was exercised by the Sejm, executive power by the State Council together with ministries, and the judicial power was separated.

5.3 P.I. Pestel

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel (1793-1826) - leader of the Southern Society of Decembrists.

Pestel distinguished himself in the Battle of Borodino, for which he received the Golden Sword. Then he took part in many battles of 1812-1814 and received many awards, rising to the rank of colonel. He was a member of the Masonic lodge, organized the secret society "Union of Welfare", then headed the Southern Society of Decembrists, was an excellent speaker and managed to convince members of the Northern Society to act more radically. His main work was "Russian Truth", a project of reform, written in a republican style with elements of socialist theory. He was one of the leaders of the uprising on December 14, 1825, was arrested, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then hanged. Pestel played an important role in the development of the revolutionary movement.

5.4 K.F. Ryleev

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev (1795-1826) - poet, public figure, one of the leaders of the Decembrists.

The main work of Ryleev’s life was literary activity. He wrote the satirical ode "To the Temporary Worker", the poem "To Bestuzhev", the thought "The Death of Ermak", the poem "Voinarovsky" and many other works. Another occupation of Ryleev was socio-political activity. Together with Alexander Bestuzhev, he published the annual almanac "Polar Star". He was a member of the St. Petersburg Masonic lodge, was a member of the Northern Society, and then headed its most radical wing. Before the Decembrist Uprising, he had republican views and was one of the organizers of the uprising. Executed as one of the 5 leaders of the Decembrist Uprising on July 13, 1826.

5.5 Nicholas I

Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov - Emperor of All Russia (1825-1855), brother of Alexander I.

The main milestones of the reign: wars with Persia, Turkey, the Crimean War, the founding of the Third Department - a secret body controlling public thought, the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the establishment of the new status of the Kingdom of Poland within the Russian Empire, the participation of Russian troops in the suppression of the Hungarian uprising, the Eastern Crisis, in in which Russia participated in an alliance with England against the France-Egypt coalition. Under Nicholas I, the first railway in Russia was built.

Positive results of the reign: an attempt to resolve the peasant issue; the decree “on obligated peasants”, which became the foundation for the abolition of serfdom; the number of serfs for the first time became less than half the population; development of industry and transport; opening of the first railway in Russia; fight against corruption.

Negative results of the reign: serfdom was not abolished, the peasant question was not resolved, the backwardness of the social system and undeveloped capitalist relations led the country to lag behind the leading world powers in all areas, poor results in the fight against corruption, execution of the Decembrists, strengthening of reactionary policies, progressive views are cruel were punished, a difficult situation in the army, which led to its severe lag and defeat in the Crimean War.

5.6 P.D. Kiselyov

Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev (1788-1872) - Russian statesman, Minister of State Property.

Kiselyov was a military serviceman, participated in the Patriotic War of 1812, and rose to the rank of infantry general. The main work of his life was government activity. He was involved in the management of the Danube principalities and was the Russian ambassador to France. The main aspect of his state activity was the peasant question. Being an opponent of serfdom, Kiselev did a lot to abolish it and improve the lives of peasants. P.D. Kiselyov initiated the creation of “Bibikov inventories”, which placed the relationship between landowners and peasants on a legal basis.

5.7 P.Ya. Chaadaev

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev (1794-1856) - philosopher and publicist, whose works were banned from publication in Russia. Author of Philosophical Letters. One of the leaders of the Westerners.

The main work of Chaadaev’s life is “Philosophical Letters,” which became the basis for disputes between Westerners and Slavophiles. Chaadaev himself was a Westerner. Although Chaadaev could not publish, his works were circulated in handwritten form, and he remained an influential thinker. Among his works one can highlight “Apology for a Madman.” Chaadaev considered his main task to be to explain the moral side of individual peoples and all of humanity. He assessed Russia as a stagnant state, losing to Western countries.

5.8 S.S. Uvarov

Sergei Semyonovich Uvarov (1786-1855) - Russian statesman, count, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honorary Member and President of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Minister of Public Education, author of the monarchical doctrine: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality." Under him, the beginning of real education in Russia was laid. The main period of activity occurred during the reign of Nicholas I.

5.9 A.I. Herzen

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (1812-1870) - writer, publicist, philosopher, revolutionary, author of the works “Who is to Blame?”, “Passing,” “Doctor Krupov,” “The Thieving Magpie,” “Damaged,” “For the Sake of Boredom” and others works. Publisher of the magazine "Bell", socialist.

5.10 A.P. Ermolov

Alexey Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861) - military leader, statesman, infantry general, artillery general, hero of the Caucasian War, participant in the Napoleonic Wars (1805-1806), chief of the General Staff of the First Western Army in the Patriotic War of 1812, Participant Russian-Persian War.

5.11 P.S. Nakhimov

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802-1855) - famous Russian admiral. Under the command of Lazarev, he traveled around the world. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Navarino during the Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). Commanding a corvette, he blockaded the Dardanelles as part of the squadron during the Crimean War (1853-1856). Commanding a squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, in stormy weather he discovered and blocked the main forces of the Turkish fleet in Sinop and, having skillfully carried out the entire operation, defeated them in the Battle of Sinop. Recipient of many orders.

5.12 Other notable figures

Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov (1806-1854) - vice-admiral of the fleet, hero of the Crimean War.

Vladimir Ivanovich Istomin (1809-1855) - rear admiral of the fleet, hero of the Sevastopol defense (1854-1855).

Andrey Nikiforovich Voronikhin (1759-1814) - architect, painter, representative of classicism, one of the founders of the Russian Empire style.

Andrian Dmitrievich Zakharov (1761-1811) - architect, representative of the Empire style, creator of the complex of Admiralty buildings in St. Petersburg.

Giuseppe Bove (1784-1834) - architect, representative of the Empire style.

6. Second half of the 9th century

6.1 Alexander II

Alexander II - Emperor of All Russia (1855-1881).

Alexander II went down in history as a reformer. His main reform was the abolition of serfdom on February 19, 1861. This reform, on the one hand, gave freedom to the peasants, and on the other hand, only changed their status from “serfs” to “temporarily obliged”. The peasant never became truly free due to huge redemption payments, the need to rent land from the landowner, the persistence of corporal punishment, and much more. There are known facts that in some areas the amount of the peasant's ransom with all interest was a figure exceeding the nominal value of the land added to the cost of the ransom of his entire family. Freedom often turned into bondage. But, despite all its shortcomings, the reform was an important step forward not only for solving the peasant question, but also for the entire society, since from the moment of this reform the capitalist period in the development of the country began.

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A question that many writers, philosophers, and historians have thought about: who makes history? Great personalities - historical figures? Or are the people the historical masses? Probably both. Some historical figures of Russia and the world, who decided the destinies of thousands and millions of people, will be described in the article.

History and personality

The topic of the role of an individual outstanding person in history has been worrying thinkers for several centuries, from the moment historical philosophy began to develop. The names of historical figures, such as Napoleon, Columbus, Washington, Macedonian, are known throughout the world.

These people, who went down in history as great politicians, scientists, geographers, made a huge contribution to the development of humanity. They developed or completely broke traditional ideas about life. Their example illustrates the theoretical proposition that even the extraordinary is the driving force of history. There are even statements by philosophers that history is nothing more than a description of the lives of great personalities.

Foreign prominent figures

Historical figures of Europe are, first of all, those people in whose hands power was concentrated. These are individuals who strived to conquer the world. One of the first world-famous conquerors was Julius Caesar. Briefly describing his achievements, it is necessary to note his important role in expanding the borders of the Roman Empire (before Caesar, democratic reforms (for example, supporting old warriors, bringing the common people to power), as well as managerial, military and writing abilities.

Macedonian, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Hitler are also famous historical figures of Europe who strove for world domination. They all left their heavy mark on history.

Prominent figures of Russia

Ivan the Terrible, Alexander Nevsky, Peter I, Catherine II the Great, Nicholas I are personalities who had a great influence on the development of Russia. They were in power at turning points in history. These and some other outstanding historical figures of Russia participated in the wars of liberation, defended the interests of the country, and modernized the existing foundations.

Great figures of Kievan Rus

Alexander Nevsky was a fighter for the inviolability of Russian lands, a true Orthodox man, and a brave warrior. The Battle of the Neva, in which Alexander proved himself to be a great strategist, is an important event in the history of the country. She showed the strength and courage of the Russian people. confirmation of this) managed to unite the Novgorod and Ladoga squads to repel the onslaught of the Swedes in 1240, thereby preventing the expansion of Catholicism.

The leaders of the Second Militia against Western intervention during the Time of Troubles in Rus' - Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin - also played an important role in the history of the country. They liberated Rus' from foreigners, prevented the destruction of the country and the overthrow of Orthodoxy.

Great figures of the Russian Empire

Peter and Catherine are considered outstanding political figures in Russia. Peter is known primarily as a reformer and conqueror. Under him, the Russian Empire became one of the leading world powers. The borders of the state expanded: access to the Baltic, Pacific Ocean, and Caspian Sea appeared. Peter's domestic policy is also fruitful. He changed the army and created the navy. Peter (and after him Catherine II the Great) paid great attention to the education of the country.

Catherine contributed to the opening of educational institutions, research bases, and cultural centers. She continued Peter's policy of strengthening Russia's position in the world. However, life was hard for the common people under the great rulers, when wars were fought, taxes increased, and enslavement intensified. Returning to the question of who creates history, we can answer that it was outstanding individuals in power who commanded the masses to achieve economic and political goals.

Famous historical figures of the 20th century

A turning point in the history of many countries of the world, a difficult and at the same time stellar century, brought such politicians as Lenin, Thatcher, Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt, Hitler and others to the stage of world fame. Lenin, who was called the leader, destroyed an entire empire and built the first socialist state on the planet. There is no single view of his personality and activities. What is the damage caused by his activities? Of course, some of his reforms and transformations had a beneficial effect on society and the country. This is, first of all, the eradication of the class division of society, the introduction of universal accessible education and medicine.

Joseph Stalin, for example, was for a long time considered the idol of the entire population of the Union. Stalin, under whose rule the country won the Great Military Victory, was a tough man. It was only after the fall of the cult of personality that compromising archives began to be opened. Joseph Stalin pursued a harsh policy, did not take into account the opinions of other people, repressed them, carried out collectivization and five-year plans that exhausted the people, but brought the country to the level of a superpower.

Outstanding Russian commanders

There were many difficult moments - dangerous and bloody wars. The fate of the country was many times in the hands of military commanders, their strategic skills and foresight. Significant pages of history are associated with the military activities of A.V. Suvorov, M.I. Kutuzov, P.S. Nakhimov, A.A. Brusilov, G.K. Zhukov and other commanders and heroes, to whom the population owes a peaceful sky, and the country - won prestige.

It is considered that Suvorov A.V., who brilliantly conducted the Polish, Turkish, and at the end of his life, the Italian campaigns. With his talent and new vision of war, he conquered many European and Asian cities. One of Suvorov’s most famous campaigns is considered to be the Swiss one, where, faced with the irresponsibility of the Austrian army, unfavorable conditions and the difficult situation of the soldiers, he was able to win a great victory.

Kutuzov M.I. participated in many military operations, but his command of the army during the Patriotic War with France brought him worldwide fame. After not entirely successful battles with the French army, Kutuzov retreated, but his goal was to exhaust the French and drive them west. Kutuzov's strategic plan was a success, and the empire was victorious.

The personality of G. K. Zhukov is one of the most controversial among the iconic historical figures. Like many strong personalities, people like to criticize Zhukov, evaluate his actions, and refute his merits. What is certain is that he is the greatest historical figure. During the Great Patriotic War, he was sent to places of greatest enemy pressure. His fighting methods, tough and decisive, worked. The first victory in the war was won by troops near Yelnya, where Zhukov was in command. It was the first marshal who came up with the plan for conducting the battle on the Kursk Bulge, according to which the troops should purposefully defend and retreat, and then suddenly attack. This strategic plan worked - a victory was won, which influenced the further course of the war. It was achieved through the labors of brilliant commanders and the courage of officers and soldiers. Zhukov G.K. was distinguished by unique strategies, attention to soldiers, special requirements for reconnaissance, and careful planning of battles.

Outstanding Russian scientists

The most famous political figures in Russia are described above. However, the Russian land is not only rich in talented politicians and diplomats. The people thanks to whom the country moved forward in science are scientists. The fruits of the intellectual labors of Russian scientists are enjoyed in many countries around the world. P. N. Yablochkov created an electric light bulb, V. K. Zvorykin - an electron microscope, and also organized television broadcasting, S. P. Korolev designed the world's first ballistic missile, a spaceship and the first artificial Earth satellite.

A whole scientific direction was created by A.P. Vinogradov - the geochemistry of isotopes. I.V. Kurchatov, who built the first nuclear power plant, worked for the good of the country. His team created the atomic bomb.

You can also note the works of prominent medical scientists. M. A. Novinsky became the founder of experimental oncology. S.S. Yudin was the first to talk about the possibility of blood transfusions of people who suddenly passed away. S. S. Bryukhonenko became the creator of the artificial blood circulation apparatus. The outstanding Russian anatomist N.I. Pirogov was the first to compile an atlas on anatomy and was the first in the country to use anesthesia.

Great cultural figures

Culture develops along with humanity, therefore, undoubtedly, representatives of the enlightenment are also creators of history. Russian artists, writers, poets, performers, directors and other cultural figures enjoy honor and respect. Among the artists, it is necessary to note the geniuses of Russian icon painting: Andrei Rublev and Dionysius. The images in their works are majestic and truthful. Talented landscape painters were I.K. Aivazovsky, I.I. Shishkin, A.K. Savrasov. S. S. Shchukin, V. A. Tropinin, A. P. Bryullov, V. A. Serov and others.

The formation of Russian and world ballet is associated with the names of the great Russian ballets: O. A. Spesivtseva, G. S. Ulanova, A. P. Pavlova, M. M. Plisetskaya. Entire eras in the history of Russian culture are associated with them.

The works of Russian writers captivate people from all over the world. The masterpieces of A. S. Pushkin, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. V. Gogol, L. N. Tolstoy, M. A. Bulgakov and others amaze with their unique style, manner and tact, plots, characters, philosophy and truth of life.

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Avvakum Petrov(1620 - 1682) - head of the Old Believers, archpriest, writer. He opposed the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, for which he was imprisoned in the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery. Later he was exiled to Siberia, where he continued to actively promote Old Believer ideas and principles. Author of “Life” and other works (over 80 of his works are known). Church Council 1681 -1682 decided to execute Avvakum, and in April 1682 Avvakum was burned at the stake.

Adashev Alexey Fedorovich(? - 1561) - statesman, Duma nobleman, okolnichy, bed servant. Since the late 1540s, he has been the head of the Chosen Rada. Initiator of a series of reforms in the field of state building. For a number of years he was the closest associate of Tsar Ivan IV. He was the custodian of the sovereign's treasury and the state seal. He headed the Petition Order, which directed the activities of almost all government institutions. Supporter of Russia's active foreign policy in the eastern and southern directions. In 1560 he fell into disgrace and died in Yuryev.

Alexander I(1777 - 1825) - Russian Emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Paul I. The education of Alexander I was led by Catherine II. The greatest influence on the young man was the Swiss F. Laharpe, an educator and moderate republican. A circle of young aristocrats formed around him - the “Unofficial Committee” (N.N. Novosiltsev, A.A. Chartorysky, P.A. Stroganov, V.P. Kochubey), whose members considered it necessary to abolish serfdom and promote the creation of “legal free institutions." In 1805 -1807 Alexander I took part in coalitions against Napoleon; having been defeated at Austerlitz (1805), he was forced to conclude the Peace of Tilsit (1807). Successful wars with Turkey (1806-1812) and Sweden (1808-1809) strengthened Russia's international position. The military successes of the Russian army in the Patriotic War of 1812 made Alexander I the arbiter of the destinies of Europe; the tsar led the anti-French coalition and entered Paris at the head of the allied armies. In 1814, the Senate presented him with the title of “blessed, magnanimous restorer of the powers.”

Alexander II(1818 - 1881) - Russian emperor since 1855. Son of Emperor Nicholas I. After the Crimean War lost by Russia (1853 -1856). Alexander II initiated the abolition of serfdom from above. Reforms: peasant (1861), university (1863), judicial (1864), printing (1865), military (1874); zemstvo (1864) and city (1870) - changed the socio-political life in Russia. In the field of foreign policy, he sought to expand the empire and strengthen the influence of Russia. On March 1, 1881, he was killed by the Narodnaya Volya.

Alexander III(1845 - 1894) - Russian emperor since 1881. After the assassination of Alexander II by the Narodnaya Volya, he began to rule with the support of K.P. Pobedonostsev, who had a huge influence on him. Under Alexander III, a number of reforms were carried out: the gradual abolition of the poll tax, the compulsory purchase of land and the reduction of redemption payments, but he soon abandoned the initiated course, seeking to strengthen the class system and the monarchical order. The “Regulations on Enhanced and Emergency Security” were introduced, allowing the authorities to exercise arbitrariness; the law on zemstvo chiefs, which returned to the nobles many of the rights they had lost, etc. The rarest feature of the reign of Alexander III was the absence of wars. For his foreign policy he was nicknamed the “peacemaker.”

Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky(1220 - 1263) - an outstanding Russian commander. Prince of Novgorod (1236 -1251), Grand Duke of Vladimir (from 1252). He led the struggle of the Russian people against Swedish and German aggression in Northwestern Rus'. He glorified himself during the Battle of the Neva with the Swedes (1240) and the Battle of the Ice with the Germans (1242). During the Battle of the Ice, for the first time in history, at the head of a foot army, he achieved victory over a mounted army of knights. In Russia, military orders were established in honor of Alexander Nevsky.

Alexey Mikhailovich(1629 - 1676) - Russian Tsar since 1645. Son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Under him, the Zemsky Sobor adopted the Council Code of 1649 - a code of legislative norms of the state. Church power was placed subordinate to secular power. Gradually reduced the role of the Boyar Duma and fought against localism. His activities played a significant role during the period of formation and strengthening of absolutism. He pursued an active foreign policy: he successfully fought with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1654 -1657, which resulted in the reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654.

Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich(1914 - 1984) - one of the leading figures of the CPSU and the Soviet state. During the war years - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Karelia. One of the active participants in the partisan movement. From 1967 to 1982 - Chairman of the KGB of the USSR. Since 1982 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and at the same time Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Anna Ivanovna(1693 - 1740) - Russian empress from 1730. Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich. Anna Ivanovna in 1731 transferred all the work of governing the state to the Cabinet of Ministers: a special place belonged to her favorite Ernst-Johann Biron. In foreign policy, during her reign the struggle with the Ottoman Empire for the Black Sea region and the Balkans continued. However, traditional ideas about the reign of Anna Ivanovna as a time of dominance of foreigners are challenged by modern research.

B

Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich(1811 - 1848) - critic, philosopher, publicist. He was the editor of the magazines "Molva" and "Telescope", and from 1839 he worked in the magazine "Domestic Notes". Among the great Russian writers (I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, etc.) he enjoyed high authority.

Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich(1778 - 1852) - Russian navigator, admiral, participant in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world in 1803 -1806. In 1819 -1821 led the first Russian Antarctic expedition on the ships “Vostok” and “Mirny”, during which Antarctica was discovered by Russian sailors.

Bolotnikov Ivan Isaevich(? - 1608) - leader of the peasant uprising of 1606 - 1607. During the reign of Vasily Shuisky, he organized an insurgent movement in the southern regions of Russia, near Moscow, Kaluga, and Tula. He pretended to be the governor of Tsar Dmitry. Bolotnikov's army conducted active operations against government troops throughout the year. Only in October 1607 were the rebels defeated, and Bolotnikov was blinded and drowned.

Boris Fedorovich Godunov(1552 - 1605) - Russian Tsar. In 1567 he was appointed a member of the Oprichnina court. His rise to prominence at the court of Ivan the Terrible occurred after his marriage to Malyuta Skuratov’s daughter, Maria, and the subsequent marriage of his sister Irina to Ivan the Terrible’s son Fedor. He was a member of the regency council under Fyodor Ivanovich and the de facto ruler of the state. Boris saw measures to overcome the post-oprichnik economic crisis in increasing the serfdom of the peasants. This course contributed to the maturation of a social crisis, which fully manifested itself at the beginning of the 17th century.

Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich(1906 - 1982) - one of the leading figures of the Communist Party and the Soviet state. Secretary of the Zaporozhye and Dnepropetrovsk regional committees of the CPSU (b). In 1956 -1982. - Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee. In 1960 -1964. - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in 1964-1966. - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, in 1966-1982 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Since 1977 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Chairman of the USSR Defense Council, Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Bulavin Kondraty(? - 1708) - ataman of the Don Cossacks, leader of the uprising of 1707-1708. He led the movement of Cossacks, fugitive peasants and schismatics on the Don. The uprising was defeated.

Bukharin Nikolai Ivanovich(1888 - 1938) - a prominent figure in the Bolshevik Party. Member of the Central Committee since 1917. Editor of the newspapers Pravda and Izvestia. Candidate member of the Politburo and member of the Politburo (from 1924 to 1929). Removed from the Politburo in 1929 due to disagreement with Stalin's modernization plan. In 1937 he was arrested and executed in 1938.

IN

Valuev Petr Alexandrovich(1814 - 1890) - statesman, writer. He took part in the preparation of the peasant reform, in 1861 - Minister of the Interior. In 1865 he passed a law on uncensored press. 1872 - Minister of State Property, 1877 - Chairman of the Committee of Ministers.

Vasilevsky Alexander Mikhailovich(1895 - 1977) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. From May 1942 - Chief of the General Staff and Deputy People's Commissar of Defense. In February 1945, he was appointed commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front and a member of the Supreme Command Headquarters. He led the assault on Koenigsberg. In August 1945, he commanded Soviet troops during the defeat of the Kwantung Army during the Manchurian offensive operation. After the war - in major military positions in the leadership of the Armed Forces.

Vasily III Ivanovich(1479 - 1533) - Grand Duke of Moscow from 1505. The eldest son of Ivan III Vasilyevich and Sophia Paleologus. Vasily III destroyed the veche in Pskov, annexed Ryazan to Moscow, and returned the Seversk land, taking it away from Lithuania. Appanage principalities were abolished, and only service princes remained in the Moscow state, who, apart from their title, were no different from the boyars. But in general, state power under Vasily III was weak, and there was no sufficiently developed management system.

Vasily Vasilievich II Dark(1415 - 1462) - Grand Duke of Moscow. Son of the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow Vasily I Dmitrievich. After the death of his father in 1425, the inheritance passed to 9-year-old Vasily II, and the real power was with the widow princess Sophia Vitovtovna, Metropolitan Photius and boyar I.D. Vsevolozhsky. In 1430, Vasily II's uncle, Prince Yuri Dmitrievich, started a war, which was continued after his death by his sons - Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka, who blinded Vasily II (hence his nickname - “Dark”). However, he managed to retain power. Successful campaigns against Novgorod, Pskov and Vyatka allowed Vasily II to restore the unity of the lands around Moscow.

Witte Sergey Yulievich(1849 - 1915) - statesman. Since 1886 - manager of the Society of South-Western Railways. Since 1892 - Minister of Railways, in the same year he became Minister of Finance. He increased the profitability of industry and transport, thanks to which Russia took fifth place in global industrial production in terms of basic economic indicators. Witte's reform activities aroused opposition from the local nobility, who did not want to lose their dominant position. On the initiative of Prime Minister Witte, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, granting “the unshakable foundations of civil freedom.”

Wrangel Petr Nikolaevich(1878 - 1928) - military leader, one of the leaders of the counter-revolution. During the First World War he commanded a regiment, brigade, division and in 1917 was promoted to major general. In 1919, Wrangel became commander of the Caucasian Volunteer Army, and then commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces in southern Russia, and made an unsuccessful attempt to create a state in Crimea. In 1920, together with the remnants of the army, he fled from Crimea to Turkey.

G

Herzen Alexander Ivanovich(1812 - 1870) - revolutionary figure, writer, philosopher. In 1829-1833 A circle of free-thinking youth formed around him, in which “they preached hatred of all violence, of all government arbitrariness.” For freethinking, he was repeatedly exiled to provincial towns in Russia. He became the founder of the theory of Russian socialism - a utopian doctrine, according to which the embryo of the future socialist society is the peasant community, and the populist movement. From 1852 he lived in London, where he printed uncensored publications for Russia: “Polar Star”, “Voices from Russia”, “The Bell”, “Notes of the Decembrists”, which played a huge role in the formation of social thought and the revolutionary movement.

Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich(born 1931) - Soviet statesman and party leader. In 1985 he became General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Gorbachev's foreign policy steps turned out to be effective: a phased reduction in armaments, recognition of universal human norms and values, which brought him enormous popularity in the world. In 1990 he received the Nobel Prize. However, Gorbachev's domestic policy remained ineffective. The absence of a clear social and economic program, the attempt to reform an unviable political system through the apparatus version of “perestroika” led to the fact that since 1988, the “revolution from above” began to develop according to its own laws. Political pluralism gave rise to a “parade of sovereignties” and interethnic conflicts. In March 1990, he was elected President of the USSR. His activities led to the collapse of the totalitarian state, the end of the Cold War, the acquisition of freedom by Eastern European countries, and the formation of a new political thinking of the peoples of the former USSR.

Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich(1798 - 1883) - head of the Russian Foreign Ministry in 1856 -1882. An active supporter of the reforms of Alexander II. He achieved the abolition of the restrictive articles of the Paris Peace Treaty of 1856. Ensured the neutrality of the European powers in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877 -1878.

Gurko(Romeiko-Gurko) Joseph Vladimirovich (1828 - 1901) - military and statesman, field marshal general. Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877 -1878. With a detachment of 7,000 he made a winter crossing through the Balkans, which was considered impossible in principle. In 1883-1894. - commander of the Warsaw military district, pursued a Russification policy in Poland.

D

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich(? - 1673) - explorer, Cossack chieftain. He was a participant in the first campaigns in the Far Asian North. In July 1647 he made an attempt to go to the river. Anadyr by sea, but encountered large ice and returned. In 1648 he undertook a voyage along the coast of Chukotka, opening the strait between Asia and America.

Denikin Anton Ivanovich(1872 - 1947) - military leader, one of the leaders of the white movement. During the Civil War, he was involved in the formation of the Volunteer Army. In 1918 he took the post of Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the South of Russia. Denikin's army, suffering heavy losses, was forced to retreat. After emigrating, he lived in England. Having abandoned the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks, Denikin wrote a memoir-research “Essays on the Russian Troubles,” an important source on the history of the Civil War.

Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich(1743 - 1816) - Russian poet. Representative of Russian classicism. The author of solemn odes, imbued with the idea of ​​strong Russian statehood, satire on nobles, etc. Author of many lyrical poems.

Dzerzhinsky Felix Edmundovich(1877 - 1926) - party and statesman. Member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b) since 1917. Since August of the same year - Secretary of the Central Committee. In October 1917 - a member of the Military Revolutionary Center and the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. In December 1917 - February 1922 - Chairman of the Cheka. In 1919 -1923. - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. In 1921-1924. - People's Commissar of Railways. In 1922-1926 simultaneously chairman of the OGPU and, since 1924, chairman of the Supreme Council of People's Commissars.

Dmitry Donskoy(1350 - 1389) - an outstanding Russian commander. Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1359) and Vladimir (from 1362). He actively opposed the Mongol-Tatar rule in Rus'. The military leadership talent of Dmitry Donskoy was most evident during the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), where he showed himself as a military organizer and leader of a large army collected from many Russian lands.

Our century has come quite recently, and therefore we cannot yet say who exactly are the outstanding personalities of Russia in the 21st century. However, an analysis of the past will give us the opportunity to understand what truly great things we can expect from Slavic blood. After all, as we know, whoever knows the past knows the future.

Sergey Yesenin

A contemporary of Mayakovsky and his complete opposite as an author. A subtle and soulful lyricist, who at the same time managed to remain an eternal hooligan and teenager. He raised themes of the individual’s struggle with the environment, love for nature and, of course, for women.

Vladimir Vysotsky

Bard, author of many songs and poems. The greatest poet His hoarse voice seemed to submerge his voice under the legacy that all the outstanding personalities of Russia of the 20th century left him. He raised themes of the internal and external struggle of man, his place in society and in the world in general. Subtle satirist.

Bulat Okudzhava

Also a poet who independently performed his poems in the form of songs. Touching and honest, he wrote poems filled with some kind of cosmic thoughtfulness. He often used metaphors, creating deep images with them. His songs had a parable form, which was once even (good-naturedly) parodied by Vysotsky.

Filmmakers

Lev Kuleshov

Thanks to him, outstanding personalities of Russia began to appear in cinema. The discoverer of the “Kuleshov effect” - “two frames that are independent in meaning, glued together, create a new meaning.” In fact, the founder of the montage story.

The first person in Russia to use color in cinema was the red flag in the same “Battleship Potemkin”.

Mikhail Romm

Director of documentaries (“Ordinary Fascism”) and feature films (“Nine Days of One Year”). One of the most important film theorists of the mid-20th century. Teacher at VGIK and author of many scientific works.

Andrei Tarkovsky

A man who manages to film a true art house in the USSR. His feeds are filled with personal meanings, full of metaphors and subtle hints. He directed “Solaris” and “Stalker”, most often making his works into sort of parables and allegories.

Artists

Andrey Rublev

Modern outstanding personalities of Russia among artists would be impossible without the man who laid the foundation of Russian painting.

Each of his paintings is like a photograph taken during the culmination of the event that he was trying to capture. His paintings are endlessly alive and cannot always reveal their true meaning at first glance. The main thing in Repin is the emotions of the characters and details.

Kazimir Malevich

The great modernist, known as the author of the now household name “Black Square”. He was busy searching for new forms and ways of expressing color in painting. His paintings are full of abstractions and geometric shapes, attempts to invent something new in his art. I tried to find “absolute peace” in the paintings.

Composers

Pyotr Tchaikovsky

One of the first Russian professional composers, Tchaikovsky made music a true craft (in the good sense of the word). He was a man who simply could not help but write music.

The extremely diverse themes raised in all possible genres make Pyotr Ilyich a composer capable of reaching the heart of every person. His most famous works are the ballets “The Nutcracker” and “Swan Lake”.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

He believed that the main goal of music is to unite the listener with the true nature of the world, which can only be expressed in a similar, melodic form.

Dmitry Shostakovich

A composer with a difficult fate, who initially worked in the style of modernism and actively experimented in all genres. However, Stalin personally did not like “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”, and then brutal repressions followed.

To save himself and his family, Shostakovich had to create in a purely “state” manner. However, his music really proves that even a simple listener can hear the subtext intended by the composer. Everyone then understood the many subtle moods and meanings that he put into symphonies No. 5 and No. 7.

Scientists

Mikhail Lomonosov

The first Russian encyclopedist, “a man of all sciences.” He brought Russian research to the level of Europe. He made many discoveries in almost every modern science.

As an academician and one of the most active personalities of his time, he was an icon for the Russian Enlightenment.

Dmitriy Mendeleev

A Russian chemist who has already become legendary, who managed to create the periodic system of chemical elements, which significantly pushed world science forward.

The existence of such a table clearly proves the harmony of nature and its clear system.

One of the greatest discoveries on which, in fact, all modern natural science rests, belongs to him. He also worked in other sciences, where he also made various discoveries.

Ivan Pavlov

The first Nobel laureate from Russia. Pavlov made a major discovery in biology and physiology - it was he who discovered the presence of reflexes in the body of living beings. And it was this Russian scientist who divided them into conditional and unconditional.

Pavlov devoted his entire life to this discovery, and even when dying, he continued to dictate his feelings to his students - so that science could better understand the state of death.

Athletes

Ivan Poddubny

Legendary Russian wrestler, “hero of the 20th century.” In ten years I haven’t lost even once. He became a wrestling champion five times.

Garry Kasparov

Chess player with many awards, “Chess Oscars” and the title of world champion. He became famous for his extremely successful combination of various tactics and strategies and his ability to emerge victorious from a seemingly completely failed game.

“Kasparov's Openings” is the current name for unexpected and non-standard moves at the beginning of a game.

Lev Yashin

Soviet goalkeeper, famous for his absolute “impenetrability”. Considered the best goalkeeper of the 20th century. Repeatedly recognized as the best goalkeeper of the USSR. Winner of the Golden Ball.

Conclusion

As we see, outstanding personalities in the history of Russia have become extremely significant for all of humanity. Chekhov can easily be called the best playwright in the world, and Mendeleev the greatest chemist. All these people are important not only for Russia, but also for every area in which they became famous.

We can only hope that the outstanding personalities of Russia of the 21st century will, just like their predecessors, mean something for the whole world, and not just for their homeland.