Sexual orientation - such are born, not made (GDP). People with non-traditional orientation, tell us why you made such a choice? Is it true that orientation is not chosen

All statistical studies have shown every time that same-sex preferences are formed in the womb or in the first months of life. Despite this, at the everyday level one can very often hear the logic: if a boy is allowed to play with dolls, if he has a harsh mother, if the father takes the girl hunting, the child's preferences will change for the worse, the most dangerous and black side. The same thing will happen if gays are allowed to raise children, they are allowed to walk with banners along the street and promote tolerance in the mass media.

This opposition reflects a more general dispute. For science, a person is a complex system with its own internal logic of development. For, relatively speaking, a teacher, a person is rather a tabula rasa, a blank sheet on which one can write both good and bad. about the fate of the American judge, who is suspected of homosexuality, raises just this topic.

Leda Plekhanova: “There are numerous opinions that homosexuality is acquired. And there are also examples when people dramatically changed their orientation. Often and as a tribute to fashion.

Ruslan Muravyov about the danger of gay parades as a means of propaganda: “I have impressionable children. It's okay, don't you think? Or maybe you can diagnose them correctly. Wouldn't it be better if they didn't go outside? Yes?"

A study of identical twins separated after birth shows that if one of them is gay, then the second will be gay with a probability of more than 50%. This indicates a very strong influence of genes: after all, even with a clear inclination, a person under the pressure of the environment may not find his sexual identity (or not tell the researcher about it).

Another study showed that the order in which boys appear in the family and their number play an important role: each older brother increases the likelihood of a younger one becoming gay by 33%. There are few gays among first-borns, among those who have one older brother - a third more, etc. (However, for some reason only older right-handed brothers are affected.) with each pregnancy, she reacts more and more strongly to the presence of a boy in the womb.

Some anatomical features that develop early in the embryo correlate well with sexuality. So, an excess of papillary patterns on the left index finger compared to the right one occurs twice as often in homosexuals than in straights - this feature is formed at the 17th week of embryo development. Patterns on the fingers are good just because they do not affect sexuality - they are just markers: obviously, the features of the pattern are caused by some reasons (mother's hormones?) that also affect sexuality.

Lesbians have long been offended by the attention of researchers, the more powerful is the study of the brain, which showed that the mechanism of sexual arousal is the same in lesbians and heterosexual men, as well as in women and homosexual men.

The top row is the left amygdala (amygdala), the bottom row is the right one. Shown to be active during sexual arousal. The first sample from the left is a heterosexual man, the second is a heterosexual woman, then a gay and a lesbian

The picture shows a clear difference in the activated areas of the brain. This is his anatomy, the basic device that is formed during embryogenesis.

According to various studies, the proportion of people with pronounced homosexuality in different cultures ranges from 2% to 13%. Studying this demographic is difficult: people often hide their preferences from others, and many from themselves. Under fortunate circumstances, a person can throw off this oppression and “get out of the closet” - hence all the plots with an “unexpected” change in sexuality. For some, however, it looks like this: a person was lucky - his vice did not break out, but he got into a bad environment - and life went downhill.

But, in general, in vain me about this: my story will not help resolve the dispute about how to deal with this vice. It doesn't matter that science proves that homosexuality is innate. Because those who are afraid of this phenomenon will see here only a recipe for struggle, for the salvation of their children and humanity. Here I come to another view that has always been present in culture along with the idea of tabula rasa. According to Victorian morality, nature is evil, a set of chthonic forces that overcome man. But the spirit of man is like a rider capable of saddling nature. Even if you are unlucky and the tabula is initially impure, you can rewrite it.

If so, then science, having learned that homosexuality is an innate phenomenon, should help to “heal” humanity from it. Two years ago, Rev. Albert Mohler, president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, said, "If the biological nature [of homosexuality] can be established and a prenatal test and treatments developed that can reorientate to heterosexuality, we will support it." At the same time, the priest Joseph Fessio (British editor of the writings of Pope Benedict XVI) stated: “Since, from the point of view of the Church, homosexuality is a violation, a disease, the Church will welcome any attempts to eradicate those neurobiological factors that contribute to its occurrence.”

In our age, it costs nothing to reject an embryo on a genetic basis. And as soon as the genes and factors of embryogenesis responsible for the formation of homosexuality become finally known, an important test will come for humanity. People (if only their attitude does not change) will be able for the first time in history to stop the appearance in society of such figures as Alan Turing and Oscar Wilde, Andrei Kolmogorov and Annie Leibovitz, Harvey Milk and Stephen Fry.

I don't want my children to live in such a world.

At the program of radio "Kyiv" Rozmov host, psychologist Ivan Storchak and psychologist, trainer, author of trainings about LGBT for fahivtsiv (psychologists, doctors, journalists, social practitioners, police officers) Marini Didenko

What are the types of sexual orientation?

Today, it is already known all over the world that there are three variants of the norm of a person's sexual orientation: heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality. We have different attitudes to this, but, for example, in the USA back in the early 70s they came to the conclusion that homosexuality is not a disease and a variant of the norm.

Why is the topic of homosexuality taboo in Ukraine?

For a long time in our country there was no sex at all, and now we have a sexual revolution, we are starting to talk about sex, about the manifestation of sexuality. We are even trying to introduce sex education in schools... Now the topic is developing, people are starting to talk about it and are no longer afraid to show their feelings and their love. They want to live openly in an open world. It is important for them to take a loved one by the hand and walk down the street with him. Unfortunately, it is very difficult for homosexuals in Ukraine, because there is a lot of discrimination, aggression and rejection. Society, family. Ukrainian society is not ready for manifestations of different kinds of love.

What, in your opinion, is needed in order for society's attitude to the topic of homosexuality to change for the better?

First of all, through education. People are afraid of what they don't know. We were never taught about same-sex love in school. We haven't read about it in books, we haven't seen it anywhere. Now it is very important that people get the right information about what homosexuality is. That this is not a disease, that it is a variant of the norm. That people don't choose their sexual orientation, they are born that way. They cannot change it. A person does not wake up in the morning and choose what his sexual orientation is today. It doesn't happen that way. A person takes a very long time to accept himself. For some it takes years or decades. Some people do not come to this, sometimes they turn to psychologists. There are American studies that show that there are teenage suicides if the child cannot accept himself. There is a problem of alcoholism, drug addiction in adulthood, if a person cannot accept himself.

Do parents need help when they find out about their child's sexual orientation?

If this is a small child, a teenager who depends on his parents, then this may be compulsory treatment, which does not exist, because there is nothing to treat. Unfortunately, there are still such “specialists” in Ukraine who take advantage of the state of shock of parents.

Parents have a trauma, for them it is grief. Because when a child is born, the mother and father add some projection of the child's life. And when a child in Ukrainian society says that he is gay, lesbian, transgender, and so on, then the parent at that moment collapses all these pictures. They go through stages that are very similar to the stages of experiencing grief, loss. First, the parent is in a state of shock, then denial begins, then a feeling of guilt ... Someone goes into religion, someone goes to specialists, someone sobs for days. There is still a huge problem that you can’t talk about this with anyone here. Because you will not tell anyone about your child's homosexuality and you are left alone with your emotions. Therefore, it is very difficult and difficult ... And after passing through the stage of guilt, the stage of expressing feelings begins. There may be negative or positive emotions, but the main thing is that they already exist.

The next step is decision making. Decisions can be different: accept your child, but, for example, never talk about your personal life again. The second option is a conflict that can drag on for many years, the third and best option is to accept the child as he is.

And what are the stages of self-acceptance by a gay, lesbian, transgender?

I want the listeners of our broadcast to understand that you cannot change your sexual orientation, you cannot wake up and get rid of what nature has given you. Each LGBT person goes through a difficult period of acceptance and self-understanding.

There are six stages of self-acceptance. For some, they take several months, years, and for someone, a lifetime. The first stage is doubt, when I understand that “for some reason I am different from others.” The second stage is a comparison, when a person sees that his peers meet with representatives of the opposite sex, but for him this is not natural. The third stage is tolerance, when a person understands what is happening to him and to some extent agrees with it. Someone stays at this stage, someone goes further, and then we are talking about the stage of internal self-acceptance. There are also stages 5 and 6, which not all LGBT people come to. This is the stage of pride. This is when a person has accepted his homosexuality in himself and wants to tell the world about it. Coming outs are very common at this stage. And the last stage, to which, unfortunately, even fewer people reach. This is the stage of synthesis, when the issue of sexual orientation and gender identity becomes unimportant in a person's life. He has socialized, he or she has a loved one. Sexual orientation goes to the background and third plan, as in heterosexual people. Through aggression and discrimination, very few people reach the stage of pride, more often they get stuck at the stage of tolerance or even earlier, and then problems begin.

Do homosexual people need the help of psychologists?

As part of my work in a project supported by the French Sidaction Foundation, I have the opportunity to provide psychological support to gay men living with HIV and their partners, as well as educate doctors to be more tolerant. I want society and colleagues to understand that homosexuality is not a reason to go to a psychologist. That is, if a person is gay, this does not mean that he needs to go to a psychologist. Other questions arise there precisely through pressure, through non-acceptance of oneself, non-acceptance by society, parents. And then a person starts having problems when he is not accepted the way he was born, for example, through unsafe sexual practices, he can become an HIV-positive person. And it can cause depression and some anxiety. And then a psychologist is needed so that he can help deal with this.

The project "Territory of Kokhannya" is implemented for support Internews.

The first booklets in this series were created by Rose Robertson, founder of the Gay Parent Movement, whose vision, years of counseling and hard work led to the creation of modern parent organizations across the country.

This manual is a continuation of Rose's ideas, so much of the text remains unchanged in this revised edition. Of course, most of the supplements are regular updates resulting from amendments and changes in the legal framework, as well as problems that we encountered after the publication of the original edition in 1971-1972.

Starting to understand

Much has been written about homosexuality, even more has been said. Many theories have been put forward at the present time, but only one fact follows from all of them: no one has conclusively proved what exactly causes homosexuality. And so far, unfortunately, homosexuals are erroneously discriminated against.

The strongest evidence suggests that homosexuality is a genetic phenomenon. That is, just as a random set of genes strictly dictates that one family member will be born blond or left-handed, another random set of genes is responsible for being gay. However, this and other theories are of little help to people, in particular parents, who are faced with the fact that the child they love may be gay or lesbian.

Explaining homosexuality in simple terms is quite difficult. It is primarily a completely sensual aspect that manifests itself in children from an early age and develops as they mature. This aspect has no effect on them and their lives, except for one point: the deepest affection on their part is directed to people of the same sex with them. Like all of us, gays and lesbians have a desire and need to give and receive love. Lesbians and gays can build various relationships with heterosexuals, with the exception of sexual ones. In sex, gays and lesbians do not differ much from the rest of the population: someone is more interested in sex, someone is less interested, and someone adheres to the golden mean.

It's not a disease

People often ask the question: “How can this be cured?” The answer is that homosexuality is not a disease. This is the natural state of things for gays and lesbians. They don't choose homosexuality any more than anyone else chooses heterosexuality. Sexual orientation, hetero or homo, is not our creation, and we are not responsible for the causes or process of its occurrence.

Orientation is not selected.

It is not enough to simply reiterate that sexual orientation is not chosen. In all children, the awareness of sexual orientation comes with the development of the physiology of the body. From this point on, it is very important to show the difference between the homosexual experience that most children have and the homosexual orientation.

In the first case, this is a sexual game, a purely physical experiment without any emotional overtones. In the second case, it is the development of relationships, which includes a very deep emotional experience.

Early distinction

It is at the early stage of awareness of sexual orientation that a homosexual child for the first time feels his difference from others, for the first time he feels an emotional and sexual attraction to his gender. In the current atmosphere of hatred, discrimination and prejudice, and perhaps also out of fear and embarrassment, our sons and daughters often do not admit their sexual orientation, even to themselves.

Our sons and daughters who are aware that they are homosexual probably feel it fully from the age of 11 or 12. When homosexuals recall this period of their lives, they usually talk about a growing sense of discomfort and alienation from other children for a reason that they could not then clearly understand.

Stress and identification

The conflict and lack of self-identity, the feelings of loneliness and guilt that our children have been taught to experience often cause them great suffering. Unfortunately, the existing society still promotes that only heterosexuality is the norm, despite the positive changes towards equality.

As our children develop sexually, it becomes clear that they differ from other children only in orientation. Homosexual children often experience feelings of fear and loneliness. They don't always identify with the lesbians and gays they see on TV.

Rejection and ridicule

Gay young people are afraid of being rejected by their parents and possibly by any other person they can turn to for advice. They fear the scorn and aggression from their friends and classmates, that some of them will repeat the “faggot” jokes that will spread throughout the school and, unfortunately, among older people.

They are afraid to give themselves away by appearance or look, or even an untimely remark. It is incredibly difficult for them to meet other gays and lesbians and, being in isolation, they may feel like “the only gay / only lesbian in the world” - this is the phrase we often hear from them. Simply put, young homosexuals experience exactly the same shock as their parents who find out about the orientation of their son or daughter. But our children experience these feelings alone. Often, young homosexuals gather in spirit for 3-4 years before opening up to their parents.

Parents' reaction

The main reaction of parents who are completely unprepared for such a development of their child will be shock, rage and fear. Someone blames himself, someone renounces the child, and someone wants to help, but does not know how. Many, regardless of their will, feel alienated from their own children. Even if love continues to bind the child and the parent, it does not reduce the shock and embarrassment of the latter.

Ignorance

If we study the reasons for the different reactions of parents, a fairly complete picture will emerge. First, while there are well-written books about gays and lesbians, little is known about them and they are not often seen in public libraries and bookstores. Secondly, parents, along with the rest of society, have absorbed all the existing myths and conjectures about homosexuality.

Parents of homosexual children face a lack of information. Very rarely, if ever, homosexuality is talked about at home in a way that is different from the sensationalism hyped by the media, and often with strong distortion that is based on limited knowledge or distorted by the media. The resulting image is not much different from the one that parents first received in childhood in an atmosphere of prejudice, fear and ridicule of homosexuality. Even those parents who consider themselves very understanding do not expect homosexuality in their family. Don't blame yourself. These prejudices, these conjectures and fabrications dominate our society. But these are not the ideas that you, as a parent/family/friend of a homosexual, will adhere to. As you begin to receive more and more information, the shock will begin to pass, you will eventually feel how these prejudices go away, and you will understand how distorted and stereotyped these images of homosexuals are and what a huge responsibility they bear for discrimination against the homosexual part of the population.

Religious prejudice and intolerance

Thirdly, if parents share certain religious views, then one of the difficulties they may face is the revision of religious doctrines with a homosexual son or daughter. While the purpose of this booklet is not to develop an acceptable solution, here are a few points for reflection.

Quite a lot of work has been done by the clergy of all denominations to develop a more tolerant attitude towards homosexuals. The laws of the Church are mainly based on the ancient laws of the Jews, and perhaps in those days it was simply necessary for the Jewish people to "be fruitful, go and multiply" in order to survive. Today, when we need to control the population on the planet, this is not entirely relevant. For example, the texts written by the Apostle Paul were written about two thousand years ago. It is not known how fair they were at the time, but it is highly doubtful that some of the discriminatory sex restrictions he is supposed to have described would be considered acceptable in the light of current knowledge. We are taught that “we are all children of God”, and many homosexuals are believers. For people of other religions, this problem is no doubt even more difficult. And the best way for them is to seek advice from the relevant religious organizations.

You can often hear the phrase from parents: “Why did my child choose this lifestyle?” And again, it must be emphasized that homosexual orientation is not chosen - it is natural for a given person. In light of the many challenges that homosexuals have to overcome and the hostility they may face even from those who know and love them, it should be absolutely obvious that most people will not choose such a lifestyle full of all kinds of pressure. People don't choose heterosexuality. It's just part of their personality. The same is true for gays and lesbians.

Parents also often ask: “Where did I go wrong? When did I do wrong? Homosexuality becomes a problem only if homosexuality is considered a "problem". Parents are doing everything right. They do not and cannot do anything that would make their child homosexual.

Parent organizations

Since 1969, parent organizations have studied thousands of families from all walks of life—families that have experienced divorce or separation; families with one parent; ethnic minority and interracial families; families practicing open relationships; large families and families with one child; patriarchal families and families where the relationship between parents comes first; severely needy families, families with an average income and prosperous.

Thus, parent organizations had a unique opportunity to identify a factor common to all types of families. Any factor in the environment, upbringing, atmosphere, parent-child relationships and family experiences that causes homosexuality. Nothing of the kind was found. On the contrary, the experience of parent organizations has shown that the common explanations for the existence of homosexuals are not logical enough.

Myths about parental “guilt”

Take, for example, one of the most common explanations for homosexuality, according to which a weak father (or in the absence of a father) and a strong, domineering mother, the son will be gay. This is a completely absurd theory. If it were true, World War II, in which millions of men were away from home for very long periods, would have resulted in a large number of lesbians and gays among children born and raised at that time. But that did not happen. In fact, this and other theories of the origin of homosexuality indirectly hint that their parents are to blame for the homosexuality of children.

Let's see how wrong this is. If you have one child, ask yourself how different his or her upbringing was from that of most other children. If you have other children, ask yourself if there were any differences in the way your homosexual child was raised and the rest of your children. Unlikely. Even if something in raising your son or daughter was significantly different from raising other children, then why, out of a thousand thousand consequences, was homosexuality the result?

The truth is that it is easier for parents to find fault in themselves than to come to terms with the fact that there is something in their child that they never knew about. This search for the cause within yourself is a kind of punishment that you impose on yourself. But it will not help you or your child. In fact, by such self-torture you only increase the problems of your daughter or your son.

Family strength

Try to accept the fact that you experienced a shock that very few parents are ready for. Your child has experienced exactly the same shock for several years. Now put some faith in the strength that holds the family together in times of crisis. Realize that there is no “correct” reaction for the parents in this situation. However, as with all family situations, your child needs a signal that you still love him or her no matter what. Be it words or deeds, this is the beginning of movement in the right direction.

Don't hide your emotions

Do not suppress your emotions with your mind. Some parents will say that they will accept their child for who they are, even if deep down they are upset. Don't hide your emotions. It is better to tell your child that you were completely unprepared for such a shock and that you still love him or her and nothing will change that, but you still need time to recover from the shock and want to get help from FFLAG (Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays). At the same time, contact parent organizations, if not for the purpose of obtaining information and support, then in order to express their emotions. Parents also experience shock, pain and guilt. Share these feelings with someone who is not related to your family, who will listen with great understanding, help you get rid of this burden and reduce the risk of confrontation in your family.

Some parents start the conversation first

Quite by accident, parents realize that their child is homosexual before he or she dares to tell them about it. Gays and lesbians usually say that it would be much easier for them to grow up if their moms and dads told them something like this: “I somehow thought (a) that you were a lesbian / gay. If so, then I want you to know/know that this will in no way affect the love I have for you as my child. I need to find more information about homosexuality so I know how best to help you be happy. Lesbian/gay or not, I love you and if it helps, let's talk about it."

These thoughts, verbalized and in some families written rather than spoken, can bridge the gap between you and your child, who may want to speak first but can't find the right words. Even young people who are clearly aware of their homosexuality may have difficulty accepting this side of themselves. Thus, it is better to gradually and gently show (over some time) your love for the child and the strength of this connection, thus creating an atmosphere in which it will be easier for your son or daughter to talk to you.

bisexuality

Parents often wonder if their child will change as they grow up, and if he realizes too late that he is not predominantly homosexual, will this cause him great emotional harm? The answer is that it is impossible to speak for all children at once.

If the child is 12-15 years old, then there is a possibility that he is bisexual, although pronounced bisexuals make up a small part of the population. Given the pressure on gays and lesbians, it is unlikely that people with a different orientation will consider themselves as such for a long time. The most important thing is that your children do not feel this pressure. Support, love and understanding of parents and relatives are extremely necessary for homosexuals at this rather difficult stage of their life.

This is not pedophilia

Another parental misconception about homosexuality is that they think lesbians and gays want to have sex with young children. This is absolutely not true, but one of the myths that have appeared as a result of society's ignorance of the nature of homosexuality. A mentally healthy, developed homosexual is not interested in children sexually in the same way as a mentally healthy and developed heterosexual. In fact, according to statistics, a huge number of cases of child abuse are committed with the participation of persons of heterosexual orientation and, unfortunately, within the family.

It's quite common

Another fairly common question is: “Are there more gays and lesbians now than before?” According to the data used in the Wolfendon Report prior to 1957, at least 1 person in 20 is predominantly or exclusively homosexual. According to recent studies, this ratio is more likely to be 1 to 15. This is not an increase in homosexuals. This is a result of the fact that since the beginning of discrimination against homosexuality (for example, the Act of 1967 in the USA), more people come out freely and live openly. This is especially true for young people. They increasingly refuse to lead a double life: to be one person at home, and completely different outside the home. This is one of the reasons why so many homosexuals now open up to their parents. The "family" that we are often told about is exactly what shapes our society. We may personally encounter gays and lesbians in our families, at work, or in social life. In any of these situations, they need our understanding, support, respect and love. This is the result of knowledge. Discrimination is the result of ignorance.

HIV and AIDS

Finally, and very importantly, the fears of parents, relatives, friends and colleagues of homosexuals about HIV and AIDS need to be addressed. The only correct step that parents can and should take is to make sure that their child, whether homosexual or heterosexual, is fully aware of the problem and is aware that in any intimate intercourse that includes vaginal, oral or anal contact , it is necessary to practice "safe sex". This means using a condom. Relevant literature should be made available to children. But this should not be emphasized, since this disease is transmitted through semen, blood and bodily secretions. As with all other matters of sex, knowledge eliminates risk and fear. Ignorance and prejudice can be literally killers. Make sure you are fully aware.

If a gay or lesbian brings a partner to the home to meet the family, they should be given the same reception as would be given to the partner of a heterosexual family member.

It may take some time, love and respect to reach this stage of a relationship. But it is important to recognize the need to overcome prejudice in the interests of all family members, and in particular so that you continue to provide hospitality to which every child is entitled and which, in turn, will be extended to you if you are open.

Conclusion

In this booklet, we wanted, among other things, to emphasize that homosexuality is just as normal as heterosexuality. It is very difficult to become a completely happy person if your orientation is rejected, especially by those you love and care about. By sharing your child's emotions and experiences, you can strengthen the bond that exists between you and greatly increase each person's chance of happiness.

Translation: Elena Agafonova

This article will go as a separate item, since it is already very important and touches on many issues that were discussed here, from a professional journalistic point of view. Translation of the article - [ To view links ].

"Answers to Your Questions About Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality" published by [View Link ], the largest professional association of psychologists in the United States, with over 150,000 members.
---

Answers to your questions about sexual orientation and homosexuality

* What is "sexual orientation"?
---
Sexual orientation - a stable emotional, romantic, sexual and love attachment to another person. It must be distinguished from other components of a person's sexuality, such as biological sex, gender identity (the psychological feeling of being a woman or a man), and social gender role (the degree of conformity with cultural norms prescribing certain female or male behavior).
---
Sexual orientation according to the object of affection ranges from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality, between these "poles" is bisexuality, in which both homo- and heterosexual attachments are presented in various combinations. Individuals of a homosexual orientation are sometimes referred to as "gay" (both men and women) or "lesbian" (women only). [in Russian "gay" is used only for men]
---
Sexual orientation is different from sexual behavior: if orientation is about feelings and self-awareness, then behavior is an action in which these feelings may or may not be expressed. [as well as sexual behavior can stem from reasons other than sexual orientation]
---
* What factors shape a person's sexual orientation?
---
There are many theories that try to describe the reasons that form a particular sexual orientation in a person; most scientists today agree that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of psychological (personal life experience), biological and socio-cultural factors. In most cases, sexual orientation is formed in the early years of life. According to recent studies, there are also reasons to believe that genetic and hormonal factors play a role. In summary, it must be recognized that, apparently, there are many factors that affect a person's sexual orientation, and for different people the significance of different factors is different.
---
* Can a person choose their sexual orientation?
---
No, he can not. A person cannot decide who to be: homosexual or heterosexual. Most people's sexual orientation manifests itself at such an early age that it is not preceded by any sexual activity. While a person can decide whether or not to show their sexual orientation in action, they cannot consciously choose or change it at will.
---
* Can sexual orientation be changed through treatment?
---
No. While most homosexual or bisexual people lead successful, happy lives, there are still people who may seek to change their sexual orientation through treatment. Usually such a desire arises in connection with the rejection and pressure of the family, society or religious community. In fact, homosexuality is not a disease, does not require any treatment, and cannot be changed by any treatment.
---
In most cases when gays, lesbians or bisexuals seek help from psychologists, they do not want to change their sexual orientation at all, more often they seek advice in connection with the process of "coming out" [telling others about their orientation], in connection with the need to live in conditions of rejection and hostility of others, and most often they are led to a psychologist by exactly the same problems as heterosexually oriented people.
---
* Can sexual orientation be changed through so-called "conversion therapy"?
---
Some physicians who have used so-called "conversion therapy" report being able to change their clients' sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. Careful study of such reports, however, revealed a number of facts discrediting such reports. For example, the sources of such messages almost always turn out to be organizations whose ideology is the condemnation of homosexuality. Such "scientific" reports, moreover, for some reason chronically suffer from poor documentation of the "treatment" process, while such documentation is standardly required for all cases of intervention in the sphere of human psychological health.
---
The American Psychological Association tries to closely monitor all attempts at such therapy. In 1997, the Council of Representatives of the Association issued a resolution on the inadmissibility of any elements of homophobia in the process of psychological assistance, in which it also declared the right of clients to self-determination and the obligation of professional psychologists to respect this self-determination and delimit their activities from the influence of the views of certain social groups. [note: in the texts of English-speaking psychotherapists you will not find the word "patient" anywhere, it is considered unacceptable in relation to people who are healthy, instead of "patient" a neutral "client" is used]
---
[for reference: theories of "conversion" ("restorative") therapy interpret homosexuality either as a developmental delay, or as a serious psychopathology, or as a combination of both, use psychoanalytic and pharmacological psychiatric drugs for "treatment"
---
* Is homosexuality an intellectual or emotional disorder?
---
No. Psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals agree that homosexuality is neither a disease nor an intellectual or emotional disorder. Over 35 years of objective, well-organized scientific research has proven that homosexuality is not associated with mental disorders, emotional or social problems. Judgments about homosexuality as a disease arose in the initial period of research, when psychiatrists worked exclusively with people who had mental disorders: the homosexual orientation found in some of them was erroneously associated with these mental disorders. When researchers later included healthy (without mental illness) people in their field of vision, the idea of a connection between mental disorder and homosexuality proved to be inadequate.
---
In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association, recognizing the importance of new, more scientifically organized research, decided to remove homosexuality from the list of mental and emotional disorders. Two years later, the Psychological Association confirmed its agreement with the correctness of this decision. For over 25 years, both associations have been working to eliminate the stigma of mental illness that some people continue to associate with homosexuality.
---
* Can gays, lesbians and bisexuals be good parents?
---
Yes. Comparative studies of the development of children raised by homo- and heterosexual parents did not reveal any differences in this development in children of both groups. Four most important indicators were assessed: intellectual development, emotional well-being, ability to adapt in society, popularity among peers. It is also important to understand that a parent's sexual orientation is not passed on to children by "nurturing" it, neither by example nor by purpose.
---
Another myth about homosexuality is the belief that homosexual people are more prone to sexual activities with children than heterosexual people. These statements are not true.
---
* What makes some gays, lesbians and bisexuals come out as gay?
---
For the reason that discussing this aspect of their personality with other people is important for their psychological health. In fact, gay, lesbian, and bisexual self-identification ("coming out") is inextricably linked to their assessment of their sexuality [which is also associated with other people's assessments]: the more positive this assessment, the higher the indicators of self-esteem, psychological balance and health.
---
* Why is the "coming out" process painful and difficult for some gays, lesbians and bisexuals?
---
This process is not difficult for all of them. But often homo- or bisexual people, realizing their orientation, feel fear, "otherness" to most people, the negative attitude of society towards this, from its point of view, "deviation from the norm." It is especially difficult, in this sense, for children and adolescents who are aware of their unusual sexuality. Depending on the family and society, these children are more likely to face prejudice and misinformation about homosexuality. Children and adolescents are especially vulnerable to the psychological pressure of social norms and prejudices. They especially experience the possibility of being rejected by their family and peers, they suffer especially strongly from the condemnation of religious groups that are significant for their family. Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals have significant concerns about possible problems at work or school when their sexual orientation is revealed. Unfortunately, gay and bisexual people are more at risk of physical abuse than heterosexuals. Research conducted in California in the mid-1990s showed that almost 1/5 of all lesbians and more than 1/4 of all gay men who took part in the survey were victims of hate-based violence due to their sexual orientation. In another study of more than 500 gay adults, more than half of those surveyed said they had been subjected to various forms of similar violence, from slander to physical violence.
---
* What can be done to overcome prejudice and end discrimination against gay, lesbian and bisexual people?
---
Studies have shown that the most tolerant of homo- or bisexual people are those who are intimately acquainted with one such person. This proves the point of view of scientists, according to which hostility towards people with a homosexual or bisexual orientation is based not on facts, but on prejudice and false stereotypes.
---
For a sexual minority, protection is as important as for any minority in general. Some countries have tough laws against "hate crimes" against sexual minorities, 10 US states have laws against discrimination based on sexual orientation.
---
* Why is the level of knowledge about homosexuality important for society?
---
Providing all people with reliable information about homosexuality can lead to a decrease in hatred towards people of this orientation. Accurate information about homosexuality is very important for young people who are just discovering and trying to understand their sexuality. Fears that access to information about homosexuality contributes to the "development of homosexuality" are unfounded and false.
---
* Are all gay and bisexual men really infected with AIDS?
---
No. This is a common myth. The risk of contracting HIV is associated with the culture and hygiene of sexual behavior, and not with sexual orientation. Following the rules of safe sex and not taking drugs is equally important for homo-, bi- and heterosexual people.
---
Article in English is [View link

For many years, most psychologists believed that homosexuality was the result of a wrong upbringing, caused by a pathological relationship between a child and a parent, or due to atypical sexual experiences. However, scientific studies have not supported this view (see, for example: Bell, Weinberg & Hammersmith, 1981). Parents of people with a homosexual orientation did not differ much from those whose children were heterosexual (and if differences were found, the direction of causation remained unclear). Most homosexuals experienced homosexual desires long before their first sexual experience, which could actually cause the unusual conditioning to take hold. It was only after researchers failed to explain the origin of homosexuality by social influences that they turned their attention to theories according to which the causes of homosexuality lie within the person himself.

The correlation between adult homosexuality in adults and signs of gender incongruity in childhood has been most reliably established (Bailey & Zucker, 1995). As a rule, homosexual men in childhood were effeminate boys, and lesbians were masculine girls. Gender inconsistency appears in early childhood in spite of rather than because of the effects of socialization. Indeed, effeminate boys who later became homosexuals (Green, 1987) often suffered in childhood because of reactions to their unusual behavior. The link between sexual orientation and gender inadequacy in childhood is universal across all cultures (Whitam & Mathy, 1986; Whitam & Mathy, 1991). Although we do not know the exact causes of childhood gender incongruity, the overall picture suggests that innate factors rather than learning play a decisive role.

We get more direct confirmation of this in studies of siblings, including twins. Gay families have more homosexual brothers than heterosexual men, and lesbians have more lesbian sisters than heterosexual women (Bailey & Pillard, 1995). Twin studies show that these examples reflect the influence of genes more than family environment. Identical twins are more sexually similar than fraternal twins (Bailey & Pillard, 1995). On the other hand, at least half the time if one identical twin is homosexual, the other twin is heterosexual. Although this indicates the important role of the environment in shaping sexual orientation, such influence need not be social. Biological factors may also cause differences in twins (Martin, Boomsma & Machen, 1997). When identical twins have different sexual orientations, they often remember that they already had differences as children, implying early environmental factors. However, the exact nature of environmental and upbringing influences remains unclear.

More direct evidence of genetic influence comes from DNA studies (Hamer et al., 1993). Pairs of homosexual brothers inherit the same part of the X chromosome, Xq28, more often than can be explained by coincidence. Perhaps a gene located in this area affects the definition of male sexual orientation. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that heterosexuals usually do not inherit the same version of Xq28 as their homosexual brothers (Hi et al., 1995).

The most influential theory is that there is an area in the human brain that determines sexual orientation, and that the development of this center depends on early hormonal influences (LeVay, 1996). According to this theory, homosexual men have female centers of sexual orientation, while lesbians have male centers. Two well-known examples of boys who in early childhood accidentally lost their genitals and were then raised as women also confirm this point of view. As adults, both were primarily attracted to women, which is consistent with prenatal influences more than postnatal parenting (Bradley, Oliver, Chernick & Zuckner, 1998; Diamond & Sigmundson, 1996). One study compared the brains of homosexuals to those of heterosexual men and women and concluded that one of the nuclei (clumps of nerve cells) was larger in the brains of heterosexual men than in the brains of homosexuals, which in this respect were more like on the brains of heterosexual women (LeVay, 1991). This nucleus is located in the hypothalamus, which is known to play an important role in determining sexual behavior. The hypothalamus probably develops very early, and thus this difference between homosexual and heterosexual people is unlikely to be due to a difference in experience.

The question of the origin of sexual orientation is controversial and much remains to be done in this area. Much of the most important data (eg Hamer et al., 1993; LeVay, 1991) needs to be rechecked. At the moment, the role of the social environment cannot be completely ruled out, although so far it has not been confirmed by research. On the contrary, as a result of scientific research, a lot of evidence has been obtained for the innateness of homosexuality.

Sexual orientation is not innate

Dr. Bailey and I agree that there is indeed an association or correlation between biological variables and sexual orientation. But I offer an alternative interpretation of the biological facts, the "exotic becomes erotic" (ESE) theory of sexual orientation (Bern, 1996). See →

GDP. Chapter 11

The main feelings we experience besides hunger and sex also include emotions such as pleasure and anger. Emotions are closely related to motives. Emotions can activate and guide behavior in the same way as organic motives. Emotions accompany motivated behavior: sex, for example, is not only a powerful motive but also a potential source of pleasure. Despite the similarity of motives and emotions; they should be distinguished. One common difference is that emotions are triggered from outside, while motives are activated from within. That is, emotions are usually caused by external events, and emotional reactions are directed to these events; motives, on the contrary, are more often caused by internal causes (disturbance of homeostatic balance, for example) and, naturally, are directed to certain environmental objects (such as food, water, or a sexual partner). Another difference between motives and emotions is that a motive is usually triggered by a specific need, while an emotion can be triggered by many different stimuli (think of how many different things can make you angry, for example). These differences are not absolute. Sometimes the motive can be triggered by an external source, for example, when a feeling of hunger appears at the sight of food. And the discomfort caused by a homeostatic imbalance - severe hunger, for example - can trigger emotions. Nevertheless, motives and emotions differ enough in terms of their activation sources, subjective experiences, and influence on behavior to deserve separate consideration.