Soils are classified by type. The first scientist to classify soils was. In the territory Russian Federation The following types of soils are found: Podzolic soils, gley soils, arctic soils, permafrost-taiga, gray and brown forest soils and chestnut soils.
Tundra gley soils are on . They are formed without much influence from vegetation. These soils are found in areas where there are (in the Northern Hemisphere). Often, gley soils are places where deer live and feed in summer and winter. An example of tundra soils in Russia is Alaska, in the USA. In areas with such soils, people engage in farming. Potatoes, vegetables and various herbs grow on such land. To improve the fertility of tundra gley soils, the following types of work are used: the most moisture-saturated lands and irrigation of arid areas. Also, methods of improving the fertility of these soils include adding organic fertilizers to them.
Arctic soils are obtained as a result of thawing. This soil is quite thin. The maximum layer of humus (fertile layer) is 1-2 cm. This type of soil has a low acidic environment. This soil is not restored due to the harsh climate. These soils are distributed on the territory of Russia only in (on a number of islands). Due to the harsh climate and small layer of humus, nothing grows on such soils.
Podzolic soils common in forests. There is only 1-4% humus in the soil. Podzolic soils are obtained through the process of podzol formation. A reaction occurs with the acid. That is why this type of soil is also called acidic. Dokuchaev was the first to describe podzolic soils. In Russia, podzolic soils are common in Siberia and. In the world, podzolic soils are found in and Canada. Such soils must be properly cultivated. They need to be fertilized, organic and mineral fertilizers added to them. Such soils are more likely to be useful for logging than for agriculture. After all, trees grow better on them than crops. Soddy-podzolic soils are a subtype of podzolic soils. In composition they are largely similar to podzolic soils. A characteristic feature of these soils is that they can be washed out more slowly by water, unlike podzolic soils. Soddy-podzolic soils are found mainly in (the territory of Siberia). This soil contains up to 10% fertile layer on the surface, and at depth the layer sharply decreases to 0.5%.
Permafrost-taiga soils were formed in forests under permafrost conditions. They are found only in continental climates. The greatest depths of these soils do not exceed 1 meter. This is caused by the proximity to the surface of permafrost. The humus content is only 3-10%. As a subspecies, there are mountainous permafrost-taiga soils. They are formed in the taiga, which are covered with ice only in winter. These soils exist. They meet on. More often, mountain permafrost-taiga soils are found next to small bodies of water. Outside Russia, such soils exist in and in Alaska.
Gray forest soils are formed in forest areas. A prerequisite for the formation of such soils is the presence of a continental climate. Deciduous forest and herbaceous vegetation. The places of formation contain an element necessary for such soil - calcium. Thanks to this element, water does not penetrate deep into the soil and does not erode them. These soils are gray in color. The humus content in gray forest soils is 2-8 percent, that is, the soil fertility is average. Gray forest soils are divided into gray, light gray, and dark gray. These soils predominate in Russia on the territory from to. Fruit and grain crops are grown on the soils.
Brown forest soils common in forests: mixed, coniferous and broad-leaved. These soils are only found in conditions. The soil color is brown. Typically brown soils look like this: on the surface of the ground there is a layer of fallen leaves, about 5 cm high. Next comes the fertile layer, which is 20 and sometimes 30 cm. Even lower is a layer of clay of 15-40 cm. There are several subtypes of brown soils. Subtypes vary depending on temperatures. There are: typical, podzolized, gley (superficial gley and pseudopodzolic). On the territory of the Russian Federation, soils are common in the Far East and near the foothills. Low-maintenance crops such as tea, grapes and tobacco are grown on these soils. It grows well in such soils.
Chestnut soils common in and. The fertile layer of such soils is 1.5-4.5%. Which indicates average soil fertility. This soil has chestnut, light chestnut and dark chestnut colors. Accordingly, there are three subtypes of chestnut soil, differing in color. On light chestnut soils, farming is possible only with abundant watering. The main purpose of this land is pasture. The following crops grow well on dark chestnut soils without watering: wheat, barley, oats, sunflower, millet. There are slight differences in the chemical composition of chestnut soil. It is divided into clayey, sandy, sandy loam, light loamy, medium loamy and heavy loamy. Each of them has a slightly different chemical composition. The chemical composition of chestnut soil is varied. The soil contains magnesium, calcium, and water-soluble salts. Chestnut soil tends to recover quickly. Its thickness is maintained by annually falling grass and leaves of trees rare in the steppe. You can get good harvests from it, provided there is a lot of moisture. After all, steppes are usually dry. Chestnut soils in Russia are widespread in the Caucasus, in
The video lesson is devoted to the topic “Main types of soils in Russia.” You will learn what a soil profile is and understand how soils are distributed throughout the country. You will also understand what the distribution of certain types of soils in different regions depends on, what the law of latitudinal zonation is, and what differences exist between different soil types.
Topic: Soil and soil resources
Lesson: Main types of soils in Russia
Purpose of the lesson: to find out what a soil profile is, how soils are distributed throughout Russia, and to get acquainted with the main soils of the country.
Soil horizon - homogeneous in mechanical and chemical composition, physical properties, color of the soil layer. Each layer of the soil horizon is assigned a letter designation.
Rice. 1. Soil profiles ()
Rice. 2. Soil profiles ()
Soil fertility is determined mainly by the thickness of the upper humus horizon.
In different natural conditions, different soils and their properties are formed.
Soil properties:
- Mechanical composition
- Power
- Structure
- Humus content
- Features of the soil profile
Soils on earth's surface are located zonally, depending on climate, vegetation and other conditions. In the mountains, soil changes occur from the foot to the top.
Rice. 3. Soil map of Russia ()
Alternation(change) soils from north to south: arctic, tundra-gley (minimal humus horizon, wet), podzolic (waterlogged, increased acidity, humus content up to 3%), frozen-taiga (contain little humus), sod-podzolic (contain up to 3.5% humus, more powerful), gray forest soils (the most fertile among forest soils, humus content up to 5%), chernozems (have exceptional fertility, humus content up to 10%, they are typical for the steppe and forest-steppe zones), chestnut soils (also quite fertile, slightly drier, than chernozems), brown (often saline).
Rice. 4. Soil profiles of different soils (1. Tundra gley. 2. Peat-swamp. 3. Podzolic. 4. Sod-podzolic. 5. Swamp-podzolic. 6. Gray forest. 7. Typical chernozem. 8. Meadow-chernozem. 9. Chestnut. 10. Brown desert-steppe. 11. Solonets. 12. Solonchak. 13. Serozem. 14. Yellow soil. 15. Red soil. 16. Alluvial-turf.) ()
In Russia, the most common soils are podzolic soils, and the most fertile are chernozems.
Rice. 5. Chernozem soil ()
Homework
Paragraph 19.
1. Give examples of the most common soils in Russia.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography of Russia: Textbook. for 8-9 grades. general education institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book 1: Nature and population. 8th grade - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - 320 p.
2. Geography of Russia. Nature. 8th grade: textbook. for general education institutions/ I.I. Barinova. - M.: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011. - 303 p.
3. Geography. 8th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 48 p.
4. Geography. Russia. Nature and population. 8th grade: atlas - 7th ed., revision. - M.: Bustard; Publishing house DIK, 2010 - 56 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Thematic control. Geography. Nature of Russia. 8th grade: tutorial. - Moscow: Intellect-Center, 2010. - 144 p.
2. Tests on Russian geography: grades 8-9: textbooks, ed. V.P. Dronov “Geography of Russia. 8-9 grades: textbook. for general education institutions”/ V.I. Evdokimov. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 109 p.
3. Getting ready for the State Examination. Geography. 8th grade. Final testing in exam format./auth.-comp. T.V. Abramova. - Yaroslavl: Development Academy LLC, 2011. - 64 p.
4. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual/ A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian geographical society ().
1. Soil formation conditions.
2. Main types of soils in Russia.
3. Mountain soils.
Soil formation conditions
Dokuchaev V.V. called the soil "a mirror and a work of landscape." Soil formation is influenced by all components of nature, especially climate, vegetation and underlying rocks.
In the northern part of the country, the development of soil-forming processes is limited, i.e. constrained by energy resources. An increase in heat to the south leads to an increase in organic matter and the number of microorganisms. Optimal soil-forming processes are created in a zone of neutral balance of heat and moisture, and chernozems are formed. With further advancement to the south, soil formation begins to be hampered by moisture deficiency. There are several types of soil water regime: leaching, periodically leaching, non-leaching, effluent. These types of soil water regime are subject to zonality in their distribution. Depressed forms of relief (low) are characterized by a stagnant regime (in a humid climate), while permafrost areas are characterized by a permafrost regime.
The entire diversity of soil types is determined by the relationship between the main soil-forming processes: gley, podzolic, soddy (humus accumulation), salinity, peat accumulation. In general, soils on the plains are distributed zonally.
Main soil types in Russia
Arctic soils form on low plateaus and low shores of Arctic islands. They are underdeveloped, very young and fragmented. They are characterized by a poorly differentiated shortened profile. The upper horizons contain mobile iron compounds. There is almost no leaching. Gleyization is not typical for these soils.
To the south, Arctic soils are replaced by tundra soils, which are represented by four subtypes: 1) tundra-gley (typical); 2) arctic-tundra gleyic; 3) tundra illuvial-humus podzolized; 4) peat-gley. The most common are tundra-gley soils, which form on clay and loamy rocks under closed vegetation. Cryogenic phenomena (solifluction, etc.) disrupt genetic horizons, and the soil profile becomes poorly differentiated. At the same time, the gley process is clearly pronounced, and the decomposition of plant litter with the formation of coarse humus is slowed down. The gleyed arctic-tundra soils that form to the north are minimally waterlogged and gleyed. Under conditions of stagnant moisture, peat-gley soils are formed. In places where drainage conditions are better (sandy rocks), illuvial-humus podzolized soils are formed. But these soils are usually characteristic of forest-tundra. All tundra soils are thin, contain little humus (2-3%), and the reaction of the soil solution is acidic.
Podzolic soils are the most common type of soil in Russia. They are formed under coniferous forests in conditions of excess moisture (k > 1). The predominance of precipitation over evaporation ensures a leaching regime during a significant part of the growing season. Intensive removal occurs chemical elements from the upper soil horizons; therefore, podzolic soils are characterized by an leaching horizon (A2). Easily soluble compounds are carried beyond the soil profile, and less mobile compounds accumulate in the lower part of the profile, where a washout horizon (illuvial) is formed. Typical podzolic soils are formed under the canopy of the dark coniferous middle part of the taiga. They are characterized by a low thickness of the humus horizon (A1) - no more than 1-3 cm - and acid reaction soil solution. With temporary, highly excessive moisture, the podzolic process is complicated by the gley process. Under such conditions, gley-podzolic soils are formed, which are more typical for the northern part of the taiga. In areas of permafrost, taiga-permafrost soils develop under coniferous forests. They are formed in conditions low temperatures soils, which helps slow down the processes of chemical weathering and decomposition of organic residues. In this regard, coarse humus accumulates in the upper horizons. The permafrost serves as a water-resistant layer, so through washing of the soil does not occur. These soils have no leaching horizon (podzolic A2). Due to annual freezing, the soil profile is poorly differentiated. The soils are waterlogged, so they exhibit gleying. Under conditions of constant moisture, swamp soils are formed.
Soddy-podzolic soils are common in mixed forests and southern taiga, where plant litter increases noticeably. During their formation, the turf horizon is superimposed on the podzolic process; therefore, the humus horizon (A1) is better developed.
Brown forest soils are formed under the coniferous-deciduous forests of the south of the Far East, under the broad-leaved forests of the south of the Kaliningrad region, and in the Caucasus. They are formed under flushing conditions in warm and humid summers. Iron compounds give soils a brown tint. They are characterized by gleying, i.e. the process of formation of secondary clay minerals.
The profile of brown forest soils is poorly differentiated into genetic horizons.
Gray forest soils form under the broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia and under the forest-steppes. The moisture balance is close to neutral (k~1). Here the process of removal weakens chemical compounds and the turf process intensifies. Unlike soddy-podzolic soils, these soils are richer in humus. In the northern part, under forests, they are light gray, and in the southern part, under forest-steppes, the soils are dark gray. Their regime is periodic washing, the reaction is close to neutral.
Chernozem soils dominate the steppe zone. They stretch in a continuous strip from the western borders of the country to Altai. The turf process plays a leading role in the formation of chernozems. The water regime of these soils is non-leaching, and the humus content in them is the highest of all soil types. The accumulation of humus is facilitated by annual grass litter. Chernozem soils are divided into subtypes: podzolized, leached, typical, ordinary, southern chernozems. They replace each other from north to south as moisture deficit increases. In podzolized and leached chernozems there are signs of leaching. In typical chernozems, a completely turfy process occurs and the humus content reaches 12% or more. In ordinary and southern chernozems, the humus content quickly decreases. Among chernozem soils and soils of more southern regions, solonchaks, solonetzes, and solonchaks can be found.
Chestnut soils are formed in dry steppes and semi-deserts. In Russia, they are common in the southeast of the Russian Plain, in the Eastern Ciscaucasia and in the intermountain basins of Southern Siberia. Chestnut soils are formed under conditions of moisture deficiency and sparse grass cover. They contain much less humus than chernozems. The reaction of their soil solution is slightly alkaline. Chestnut soils are divided into subtypes: dark chestnut, chestnut, light chestnut (for semi-deserts). Brown desert soils are developed only in the south of the Caspian region, where the climate is the most arid. They are very poor in humus (less than 2%). Among these soils, solonetzes and solonchaks are often found. Their regime is effusion, the reaction of the soil solution is alkaline.
Along with the zonality of soils, their sectorality can also be traced, associated with changes in climate, vegetation, and rocks from west to east. For example, in the forest-steppe of the Russian Plain, gray forest soils are combined with podzolized and leached chernozems. In chernozem soils, in general, an increase in humus is observed from west to east (within the Russian Plain).
Mountain soils
Mountain soils in their genetic properties correspond to the soil types of plains. But not all mountain soils have some common features, different from their corresponding types of plains: they are all thin, rocky and gravelly, rich in minerals. Only the soils of subalpine and alpine meadows have no analogues on the plains. Mountain meadow soils are formed in the cold and humid climate of the highlands, with increased solar radiation, under meadows and bushes. They are characterized by a well-defined dark humus horizon, acidic reaction and low thickness. Mountain meadow soils are found in the Caucasus, Altai, and Southern Urals.
The main pattern of soil changes in the mountains is altitudinal zonation. The higher the mountains, the better expressed it is. In addition, the further north you go, the more monotonous the soil cover, which is why in Russia the mountain soils of the Caucasus are the most diverse. So, at the foot of these mountains there are chernozems, higher up there are gray forest soils, then brown forest soils, even higher - podzolic and mountain meadow soils. But in the mountains of North-East Siberia, on the contrary, only taiga-permafrost and - above which - mountain-tundra soils are expressed.
The most important property of soils is their fertility. The most fertile soils are chernozems, followed by gray forest and chestnut soils to the north and south of chernozems. Humus reserves are closely related to the natural productivity of soils, which depends on the annual increase in biomass per unit area.
In Russia, more than 50% of arable land is located on black soil. About 15% falls on gray and brown forest soils, the same amount on soddy-podzolic and podzolic soils, and just over 10% falls on chestnut soils.
Its condition and composition. After all, soils, depending on the region and climatic conditions are different and require different processing methods.
Main types of soils in Russia
For the first time, a scientifically based classification of soils in Russia was prepared in 1886 by Professor V.V. Dokuchaev, who in his developments was based on the nature and conditions of soil formation. Over time, this classification was refined and supplemented by subsequent generations of Russian scientists. Modern classification identifies the main types of soils, the origin of which is closely related to the terrain, various soil-forming rocks, and climate.
On the territory of Russia, from south to north, the following soil zones (or areas in which one main soil type predominates) are distinguished: semi-desert and dry steppes, chernozem-steppe, forest-steppe, taiga-forest and tundra zones.
Soils of semi-desert and dry steppes
The zone of semi-desert and dry steppes is located in the Astrakhan region and Kalmykia, and is partially distributed in the regions of Eastern Siberia, mainly in the Amur and Minusinsk steppes.
Soils of semi-desert and dry steppes (most often these are brown And chestnut soils ) are formed under conditions elevated temperature and insufficient moisture, so they contain significantly less humus than chernozems. Despite the fact that such soils have fairly high natural fertility, the lack of moisture, which is especially felt in dry years, does not make it possible to obtain stable harvests every year.
The main ways to increase the fertility of brown and chestnut soils are the following: arrangement of an artificial irrigation system, application of large doses of mineral and organic fertilizers (especially under irrigated conditions), combating wind erosion (planting at the boundaries of the site), deep loosening and snow retention.
Chernozem-steppe soils
The black earth-steppe zone is located north of the zone of semi-desert and dry steppes. In the Asian part of Russia, the chernozem-steppe zone reaches the Ob River, and borders Kazakhstan from the south. Within the European part of our country, it occupies a continuous territory, and its southern border coincides with the State border of Ukraine and Russia.
Chernozem-steppe soils or black soils are formed under conditions of a moderately warm climate, limited precipitation, flat terrain and abundant steppe. Such soils have the highest fertility rates, which were created over several millennia: steppe plants died off every year, and their remains served as food for insects and microorganisms, which gradually turned them into humus. Thus, phosphorus and nitrogen, which are necessary for full development, gradually accumulated in the soil. Individual soil particles stuck together into humus into lumps, took the form of small grains and formed a strong granular and fine-grained structure of chernozems.
If you are the happy owner of a summer cottage with chernozem soil cover, then in order to obtain consistently high yields you will first need to take measures to preserve and increase the natural fertility of the soil. Despite the fact that chernozems are characterized by high fertility, they contain few easily accessible nutrients for, which is why they need to be periodically fertilized (phosphorus fertilizers play a primary role here), as well as increase the activity of soil microflora (for example, at the end of the season, bury annual grasses in the soil).
Forest-steppe soils
The forest-steppe zone is located north of the chernozem-steppe zone, and its southern border runs in the European part of our country through the cities of Ufa, Ulyanovsk and Tula, and in the Asian part through Chita, Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Chelyabinsk. A characteristic feature of this zone is the tortuous outline of the borders and uneven location in the regions of Eastern Siberia.
The forest-steppe zone is characterized by gray forest soils , which are formed under conditions of flat-undulating terrain with ravines and depressions, and a moderately warm climate. All precipitation that falls in this zone evaporates almost completely. Gray forest soils are formed mainly under steppe and meadow soils, and only partially under the cover of broad-leaved forests. The saturation of loess-like loams with solid bases, the abundance of plant residues and the slightly acidic reaction contribute to the accumulation of nutrients and humus in the soil. Under the loess in in this case implies porous non-layered sedimentary rock fawn or gray-yellow color, which is rich in calcium carbonate.
Gray forest soils respond well to different kinds mineral and organic fertilizers. Soils with slightly saturated bases and increased acidity need liming. To improve the water-physical properties of gray forest soils, the following measures are required: deep loosening, sowing of perennial soils, destruction of the soil crust, preservation and accumulation of moisture.
Taiga-forest soils
The taiga-forest zone is the most widespread in our country and occupies about 75% of the total area of Russia. The southern border of this zone passes through the cities of Izhevsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Bryansk, goes around the Urals from the south and reaches Tomsk, after which it turns sharply to the south, reaches the State border of Russia and continues to Far East. The northern border of the taiga-forest zone coincides with the southern border of the forest-tundra.
Most often found in the taiga-forest zone sod-podzolic And podzolic soils . Moreover, soddy-podzolic soils, which are formed under the combined influence of soddy and podzolic soil-forming processes, have a number of advantages over podzolic soils: they are less acidic and contain more humus. As for podzolic soils, they are highly acidic and are characterized by their inability to resist leaching processes.
Also in the taiga-forest zone you can find marshy soils , which are most often formed as a result of natural swamping of land. Basically, in this zone they do not form continuous massifs and have an island arrangement between sod-podzolic, podzolic soils and other types of soils.
Podzolic, soddy-podzolic and marshy soils are characterized by low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and other mineral nutrition elements for. Therefore, to increase their fertility, it is first necessary to add mineral and organic fertilizers to the soil, especially phosphorus and nitrogen. On acidic soils, it is recommended to carry out liming - this not only reduces acidity, but also increases the moisture absorption capacity, and also improves the structure and physical properties soil.
To improve the composition of taiga-forest soils, it is recommended to gradually increase the arable layer, as well as plant legumes and perennial grasses on the site. If the soil is very waterlogged, then an excellent solution to improve its properties is ridge planting of crops, open and closed drainage, narrow-pad plowing and deep loosening.
Swampy soils that have high potential fertility are suitable for treatment methods such as rolling, disking, milling, plowing, closed drainage and the application of mineral fertilizers, of which the most effective are potassium and phosphorus. Also, swampy soils respond well to bacterial preparations, microfertilizers, lime and nitrogen fertilizers.
Tundra soils
The tundra zone is located on the coast of the Arctic Ocean and covers a fairly large territory of Russia. On the tongue northern peoples the word "tundra" means "treeless". One of characteristic features The natural conditions of the tundra is the presence of permafrost at a shallow depth of the soil cover, which is a waterproof, impermeable layer.
Soils in the tundra zone are formed under small shrubs and lichens in a harsh climate with long winters and short summer. Usually, tundra soils They are very swampy and low in terms of fertility; on their surface there is a thin peaty layer, and under it there is a small horizon with a low humus content.
To improve the properties of tundra soils, it is necessary to carry out reclamation measures that are aimed at improving aeration conditions, eliminating excess moisture and warming the soil - ridge planting of crops, deepening the arable horizon, drainage, frequent loosening and retention of snow, which prevents deep freezing of the soil in winter. In order to increase the biological activity and fertility of tundra soils, it is necessary to apply large doses of mineral and organic fertilizers.
So, as noted, the type of soil may depend on many factors: the location of your site, climate, vegetation, soil-forming rocks, etc. Therefore, before starting work on improving the condition and composition of the soil on the site , you need to decide what type it belongs to. The choice of a set of measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for the growth of trees, herbs, and others, as well as increasing the productivity of your garden plot, will depend on this.
P.S. The map is enlarged by pressing the left mouse button.
