May 25, 1989 - the first Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR began its work. What did this event mean for a huge, powerful multinational country? These were the first breaths of freedom in a state dominated by one political party. A relatively short time has passed, by the standards of historical chronology, but even now it is clear how unique and unprecedented this new milestone in the country's political life was.
The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR did not pass flawlessly: there were enough various pitfalls. It should be noted that for the first time attempts were made to replace the outdated model of the political structure of a superpower. The feeling of crisis pushed the country's leadership to look for new alternative solutions. How this happened is the subject of this article.
The need for reform
The need for reforms that had matured in society was obvious. Under the leadership of Brezhnev, who approved the policy of "stability", the moment of a painless transition to new social relations was missed. At the end of the seventies, the western and eastern neighbors moved to the stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the main feature of which was the introduction of various high technologies.
Soviet business leaders, distinguished by their limited horizons, did not want to restructure. It's easier to leave everything as it is. Entire industries needed modernization. Production costs were colossal, hence their inefficiency. Plus, the economy was as militarized as possible. Over 20% of the state budget went to the defense industry.
Only changes could change the way of life that bored everyone. They could only start "from above". Until that time, the existing repressive apparatus effectively suppressed the growing discontent of the masses, but this could not last long. Therefore, changes were expected in society and were ready to support them.
Hopes to find a consensus were pinned by the authorities of the USSR on the Congress of People's Deputies. But they still had to choose. It is necessary to mention the special powers that were given to the updated composition of representatives of the highest power, because for its creation all the necessary changes were made to the then existing constitution of the RSFSR.
New political configuration
At the time of the creation of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, Gorbachev had already carried out a partial modernization of the structure of the governing bodies. Changes to the constitution in 1989 endowed this assembly of deputies with expanded powers and unlimited power. Various important issues fell under their competence: from the right to edit the main law of the country - the constitution, to the approval of government decisions, as well as the election of the Supreme Council. At that time, it played the role of parliament, simultaneously carrying out three classical management functions at once. In a word, the chairman of the Supreme Council was the head of state.
The convocation of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was held twice a year. And the Council, elected by the participants, worked on a permanent basis, which was updated annually by 20% to improve activity.
March elections
It cannot be said that politics was among the highest priorities of the ordinary ordinary Soviet citizen. The party led everyone to a "bright future". 99.9% of the population supported the decisions of the government, continuing to go about their business, realizing that they were not deciding anything.
Everything changed with the elections of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, held on March 26, 1989. Was first given Alternative option candidates. Various electoral programs were discussed with great interest and bitterness. Candidates met with voters, publicly debated with their opponents.
All these innovations spurred the initiative of citizens in the political life of the country. But not only ordinary citizens were surprised. It's time to be surprised and upset by some high-ranking party functionaries. Their expectations were not justified: the people did not choose them. The election campaign was quite dynamic. In some regions, even a second round was needed.
M.S. Gorbachev's personal failure can be considered the fact that ZIL director Brakov was chosen against B.N. Yeltsin, who was gaining popularity. All the efforts made by the Moscow city committee were clearly insufficient. Yeltsin easily crushed his opponent, gaining almost 90% of the vote.
Another slap in the face and additional food for thought came from Academician Sakharov. He agreed to become a people's deputy, but only from the Academy of Sciences, dear to his heart. The day before, the leadership of this institution rejected his candidacy, although it was supported by 60 different institutions. After the rallies and unrest, the liberal Sakharov is nevertheless nominated.
The results of the elections for the Politburo became an "ice shower". Now even the most ardent optimists understood that this was a failure. People don't trust them anymore. All ordinary citizens froze at the TV screens with the hope that the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR would begin the necessary transformations.
Congress participants
The totalitarian system called elections. As Gorbachev admits in his memoirs, 100 seats were allocated to representatives of the CPSU. This was done with the aim of not admitting to work some persons who do not want transformations. According to Gorbachev, this made it possible to nominate the most influential democratic figures to the deputy corps.
Based on his words, it was decided in this way to protect the work of the 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR from the influence of the all-powerful Communist Party. In fact, everything turned out to be completely different. You can verify this by looking at the composition of the participants.
The First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was formed from three parts. The first 750 representatives were delegated from the territorial districts, which nominated their candidates on the basis of universal suffrage. Another 750 representatives were sent by national-territorial districts. The most interesting in this motley audience were members of various public organizations. They were also allocated 750 seats.
In the Soviet Union, the life of all public associations and organizations was controlled by the CPSU. Therefore, in order to give mass character at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, not only cultural figures, journalists, but also representatives of the film lovers society, the “struggle for sobriety”, philatelists, etc. were driven away. Although much more numerous informal organizations began to appear among the political elites of that time. But for obvious reasons, they were not allowed to work at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
Passions run high
In the republics of the USSR, the election campaign added oil to the boiling pot interethnic relations. The unwillingness to be friends with the fraternal republics was so great that sometimes the slightest provocation was enough to grab each other's throats. The emergence of nationalist sentiments in various parts of the once mighty state promised to burst into flames of various local conflicts.
So far, only bayonets have been holding back from disintegration, but it was clear to everyone: the situation is only getting worse. In April 1989, there was a glaring case of inhuman treatment of the demands of civilians in Tbilisi. The Georgians demanded the withdrawal of their republic from the Union on the terms of complete independence. Before that, an incident took place in the outback of Abkhazia: the local self-government declared sovereignty (not wanting to submit to Georgia).
A spontaneous peaceful rally, where no attempts were made to seize power, was dispersed. And they did it with savage cruelty. The paratroopers, armed with sapper shovels, attacked the protesters. For a very long time they could not find the perpetrators who gave this criminal order. Representatives of the Communist Party cowardly shifted the blame on each other. The prestige of the ruling party was undermined.
In the fifteen days before the start of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, a completely new phenomenon in the life of Soviet society appeared - the strike movement. It began among the miners, who sought greater economic independence for their enterprises, and the provision of broad powers for the authorities local government. No politics. The only thing that the workers sought was the solution of pressing issues that would help the industry develop.
Ryzhkov's government granted their demands. And then skirmishes began in other sectors of the economy. People saw that results can be achieved. And after various opposition movements joined the leaders of the strike movement, their victory was ensured, expressed in the promotion of candidates for places in regional and state government bodies.
In a word, by the beginning of the work of the first Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, the situation in the country could hardly be called calm. Society was torn apart by numerous socio-economic contradictions, but there was still hope for a peaceful resolution of the accumulated problems.
Congress opening
The date of the 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR is May 25, 1989. There has never been such a meeting in the entire history of the existence of the CPSU. Deputy Tolpezhnikov proposed to honor the memory of the victims of those killed in Tbilisi with a minute of silence. It was immediately clear that it would not be possible to shut up, hide, get off with empty chatter behind vague formulations. For the first time, the best sons and daughters of the USSR got the floor to talk about “painful things”.
It remained only to be surprised by the sequence of those events that took place. Of the most striking episodes, it is worth mentioning Obolensky's self-nomination for the post of head of the Council, and Sakharov's speech with an alternative agenda.
Describing the work of the 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, the British "Sunday Times" noted that millions Soviet citizens eagerly read the transcripts of the meetings. Work practically stopped, debates, disputes, discussions on the street. The Russians are demanding even more radical reforms. Enthusiasm is on the rise.
Particular attention was paid to the issue of interethnic relations. There were even proposals to conclude a reformed union treaty between the republics. It was necessary to deal with the situation with the tragedy, so a special commission was created. It was headed by one of the most competent deputies A. A. Sobchak. It was he who gave all the necessary advice on legal issues at the congress.
The commission decided to send General Radionov to carry out reprisals against the dissent of civilians in Tbilisi. The decision was taken by the leadership of the Central Committee under the chairmanship of Ligachev. It was a criminal order, because such issues should have been resolved by state bodies.
Obedient-aggressive majority
The first Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR took place in the conditions of a long-overdue crisis, a tough confrontation with the dictatorship of one political party that had bothered everyone. Therefore, one of the proposals was the abolition of Article 6 of the current Constitution. This article consolidated the supremacy of the Communist Party. Academician Sakharov suggested including a discussion of this issue on the agenda.
MS Gorbachev was ready for dialogue only in words. In fact, in the best traditions of the Politburo, he interrupted the deputies with his inappropriate remarks, intrigued, and everything showed that his feigned goodwill was just a mask of a person from whose hands power was slipping. But he didn't want to lose her. But he didn’t have enough opportunities to keep her - there was neither authority nor great desire.
At the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, it was clear that there were two camps. The former, sparing no effort, offer quite reasonable solutions. And most importantly - a concrete plan of action to overcome the economic crisis, these people were heroes in the eyes of the public. And the latter, according to Rector Afanasyev's apt definition, were "an obedient-aggressive majority" voting at the suggestion of the Presidium.
The liberals were unable to push through their proposals, it was necessary to regroup in order to continue the fight. After the congress, they draw up the Interregional Deputy Group.
Top item on the agenda
On December 12, 1989, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR met for the second time. The opposition, represented by the MDG, was resolute. On the eve of this significant meeting, they proposed to arrange a warning strike. The stakes were high: Yeltsin, Afanasiev and other associates intended to do everything possible to be heard. Last time, their initiative to abolish Article 6 was not even put on the agenda. Gorbachev did everything possible and impossible to make this happen by agreeing with the deputies.
The 2nd Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was held against the backdrop of an even worsening economic crisis. It was clear to everyone: the country was on the verge of huge upheavals. Work from the first minutes began briskly. There were two items on the agenda. One of them was devoted to planning measures to restore the economy, and the second - on the recognition of the powers of deputies. There was an initiative to include the most critical moment of this meeting - the abolition of Article 6. A proposal was made to include it as the 3rd item on the agenda.
At first, the Congress refused to put this issue on the agenda. What a lot of disappointed not only democratic-minded deputies. Polls showed that the majority of the Soviet population were extremely disappointed in the CPSU. Therefore, one of the main demands of the strikers and dissenters was the abolition of the ill-fated Article 6. The "leading role of the ruling party" was so strongly criticized that Khrushchev's scenario of losing power was quite likely.
End of communist hegemony
The "friendship" of the Soviet peoples began to manifest itself in all its glory at the junction of 1989-1990. Uzbekistan, massacre of Armenians in Baku, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. It was only thanks to the introduction of troops that more massive casualties were avoided. In Moscow itself, various moods were also seething. The massive well-organized rally of over 200,000 people demonstrated that ignoring the people's demand for major changes to the Constitution is no longer possible.
M. S. Gorbachev feverishly searched for ways to choose " lesser evil"in the current situation, but he was even more worried about the preservation of personal power. He proposes to create the post of President of the USSR and cancel Article 6. In this case, the party elite had at least formal levers of pressure on him and preserve the system. Representatives of the CPSU expressed their agreement with this scenario.
The Extraordinary 3rd Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, held on March 12-16, 1990, put an end to the uncontrolled sole power of one party within the country. From now on, the CPSU has forever lost its leading role.
In return for this, Gorbachev got the opportunity to become the first and last President of the USSR. His rating was falling across the country, while his main competitor, Yeltsin, only increased. Therefore, in order to maintain power, Mikhail Sergeevich preferred not to be elected as a result of popular elections. By this he only confirmed the precariousness of his position.
4 Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
This 1990 meeting once again proved that the collapse of the most powerful empire is only a matter of time and is irreversible. After the 3rd Congress, Lithuania went into free swimming. And the representatives of the Supreme Soviet tried to keep a good face on bad game, declared the absence of the possibility of manifestation of independence and self-determination by the republics until the total number of votes of the entire population of the USSR was summed up.
The time has come for decisive action. The largest republic of the RSFSR adopted its own budget. Yeltsin significantly reduced the funding of the center. A slow but sure collapse of the defense industry and space programs began. And most importantly, it was the choice that Russia made on the way to gaining its own independence.
Thesis
Buyanov, Alexander Viktorovich
Academic degree:
Candidate of Historical Sciences
Place of defense of the dissertation:
VAK specialty code:
Speciality:
National history
Number of pages:
Chapter I. Creation of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
§ 1. Development of legal support for the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
§2. Elections of people's deputies of the USSR in 1989.
§3. Socio-professional and national-territorial composition of the deputy corps of the Congress.
Chapter II. Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR: organizational structure and main directions of legislative work.
§ 1. Organization of the work of the Congress of People's Deputies.
§ 2. The alignment of political forces and the formation of deputy groups.
§ 3. Legislative activity of the Congress.
Chapter III. The role of the Congress of People's Deputies in the development of the political system of the USSR.
§ 1. The Congress of People's Deputies and Union Bodies state authorities: problems of interaction.
§ 2. Relations between the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the authorities of the Union republics.
§ 3. The dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies and the dismantling of the central authorities and administration of the USSR.
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) On the topic "Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the system of state power of the Soviet Union"
The relevance of research. Almost two decades have passed since one of the most serious geopolitical shifts of the 20th century - the collapse of the USSR. As a result of the events of 1991, there was a change in the economic and socio-political systems in the territory of the former Soviet Union. At the same time, public consciousness and ideological guidelines were transformed, the citizens of the country were forced to adapt to the new realities of life.
In this context, of particular interest to researchers is the formation and activities of the highest bodies of state power in the critical years of Russian history, when the country's leadership faced a difficult task, in difficult socio-economic conditions, to create institutions of power designed to ensure a gradual change in political course. One of these institutions was the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR (SND USSR).
The study of the work of the Congress is relevant not only from a scientific, but also from a socio-political point of view. In this regard, the projects discussed at the Congress deserve close attention. state structure, new principles of power organization, prospects for economic development.
An important aspect that needs to be updated within the framework of the topic under consideration is the confrontation between various political forces on the eve of the nationwide crisis of 1991, which developed during the work of the USSR SND. An analysis of the activities of the deputy corps makes it possible to identify some of the causes and trace the mechanism of the growth of contradictions within Soviet society.
In addition, the relevance of the study of the historical experience of the work of the Congress is determined by the need to determine the place of this institution of power in the development of the public administration system in Russia. This problem needs to be studied taking into account the current level of development of historical science and changes in methodological approaches.
The object of the study is the system of state power of the Soviet Union in 1989-1991.
The subject of the study is the highest body of state power - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, established as part of the constitutional reform on December 1, 1988 and elected for the first time on an alternative basis since the first Congresses of Soviets.
Chronological The scope of the study covers the period from mid-1988, that is, from the time of the preparation and holding of the XIX All-Union Party Conference, one of the decisions of which was consent to holding elections of people's deputies of the USSR, to September 1991, when the activity of the SND was officially terminated.
The territorial scope of the study includes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The degree of knowledge of the problem. aim historiographic The review is an analysis of the degree of knowledge of the problem related to the topic of the dissertation research. It should be noted that despite the great attention shown by historical science to the transformation of the political system of the Soviet Union at the final stage of its existence, there are practically no works devoted to studying the creation and activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Based on this, much attention historiographic The review is devoted to studies devoted to the issues of political transformations in the USSR, and the theme of the Congress as an integral part of this process is in the center.
As a result of the analysis of scientific works, it is possible to single out the following theoretical approaches in Russian historical science.
One such approach is to interpret the Congress in terms of modernization theory. This approach is most clearly presented in the works of V.V. Sogrin. In his analysis of the latest Russian history, the author, trying to "reveal the deep objective reasons for the origin of modern Russian transformations, as well as their dramatic consequences"1, relies on general historical theory - the theory of modernization. According to the author, in the history of our state there were some "objective factors that largely determined the choice of socio-political goals by people, the methods of achieving them and the results of their actions" . Positioning
Russia, from the point of view of a country of a “catching up” type, will be determined by higher economic indicators and a higher level of scientific and technological development of Western society.
In the light of modernization theory, the modern transformation in Russia has gone through three stages. "On the first (1985-1986), Gorbachev and his entourage
1 used command-administrative reform methods<.>» . (Accelerated development of mechanical engineering, school reform (computerization of secondary education), anti-alcohol campaign, law
0 state acceptance, measures to strengthen labor discipline, etc.). According to V.V. Sogrin, “the strategy of the second stage (1987-1991) included the recognition of the failure of the traditional model of socialist modernization and the acceptance of the new model. Realizing the reasons for the failures, which were due, according to Gorbachev, to the resistance of the conservatives, it was decided by the end of 1987 to start
1 Sogrin V.V. Political history of modern Russia 1985-2001: from Gorbachev to Putin. M., 2001. S. 3
2 Ibid. S. 3
3 Ibid. pp. 6-7 political democratization”4. Trying to correct the situation, M.S. Gorbachev tried to intercept the slogans of the radicals in the spirit of Western liberal-democratic values by initiating the convocation of the USSR SND and "abolishing the 6th article of the USSR Constitution. However, the deepening economic crisis did not allow the restoration of former positions.
With the collapse of the USSR, the third stage of transformations began, which B.N. Yeltsin and his entourage were already carried out according to liberal-radical patterns5.
Thus, the Congress seems to be an integral link in the chain of democratic reforms, which initiated an unprecedented public interest in its work, as well as a platform on which the formation of the official opposition took place.
From the position of embodying the main idea of political reform, that is, from the point of view of its maximum usefulness for the transition to democracy, the Congress regarded A.M. Mihranyan, despite the restrictions that took place in the process of electing people's deputies. According to M.I. Piskotin, the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR became the basis for the political transformation of the country, and " The Supreme Soviet of the USSR turned into a professional parliament»6.
Within the framework of the modernization theory, Yu.I. Igritsky 7. The author dwelled in detail on the features of the liberalization of the economic and political life of the USSR during the perestroika period, defined the functions and role of the Soviet elite, as well as the possibility and degree of adaptation of Western ideas in Soviet and post-Soviet society. A feature of the work is the definition
4 Sogrin V.V. 1985-2005: Three transformations of modern Russia // Patriotic history. M., 2005 No. 3. S. 25.
5 See: Sogrin V.V. Political history of modern Russia.
6 Piskotin M.I. Russia in the 20th century: an unfinished tragedy. M., 2001. S. 242.
7 See: Igritsky Yu.I. Social transformation in the USSR and Russia after 1985: views and concepts. M., 1998. systemic consequences of the collapse of the USSR not only for Russia itself, which was the core of the union state, but also for the world as a whole.
Former employee of the Office of the President of the USSR Z.A. Stankevich, in his scientific research, gave a fundamentally different assessment of the activities and significance of the Congress, considering it in the context of missed opportunities to preserve the Soviet Union. According to the author of the book, the emergence and beginning of the functioning of a new institution of state power became the second most important factor after the aggravation of interethnic relations, which predetermined the disintegration of the Union. As noted by Z.A. Stankevich “from the very first days of his work, he (Congress - A.B.) showed his extreme politicization in everything related to national problems and issues” new self-determination» Soviet republics - union and individual autonomous. Quite eloquently this was evidenced, for example, by the creation by the Congress of special commissions to investigate the circumstances related to the events in Tbilisi on 04/09/1989, and on the political assessment of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact on
1939" . This politicization of the Congress had a negative impact on the effectiveness of the work of this body, designed to represent and protect the interests of the country. According to the researcher, he showed his complete indecision in a situation where the official authorities of Lithuania announced the restoration of " independent statehood»of his republic, thus violating Art. 74, 75 of the Constitution of the USSR. “The decision of the Congress did not reflect the seriousness of the situation. It was sustained in the usual tone for “perestroika” documents, with their characteristic vagueness and ambiguity. The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, for the first time faced with a real threat of the collapse of the country, did not give a fundamental political and legal assessment of what was happening from the point of view of interests
8 Stankevich Z.A. The history of the collapse of the USSR: Political and legal aspect. M., 2001. S. 33.
Union of the SSR, did not determine the range of priority measures to normalize the situation in Lithuania and around it, did not establish effective parliamentary control over the actions of the allied executive power in resolving this issue of great importance for the fate of the country. Consequently, the resolution adopted by the Congress was nothing more than a declaration - deciding nothing and not binding anyone to anything.
G.V. Atamanchuk also shares the opinion about the inefficiency of this institution of power, from the point of view of its "cumbersomeness and, accordingly, low controllability of the highest bodies of state power themselves (the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR), separation of their leadership from the people, expressed in the fact that almost all leaders followed the so-called “hundred” - a list from the CPSU or public organizations”10. The reasons for such phenomena, according to the researcher, lay in the inertia and weakness of public administration, obsolescence and incompleteness. legal basis state and public life in the USSR. These phenomena prevented the adoption of timely political, legislative and structural decisions. This position was characteristic of many scholars who recognized the imperfection of the organization of the legislature. According to C.B. Cheshko, “the mode of operation, the regulations did not contribute to the fruitful work of the deputies, and the Congress itself, like the Supreme Soviet, poorly reflected the interests of the entire Soviet society and were fully self-sufficient. This was the fundamental defect of the entire political system and the concrete cause of the crisis states”11. On the whole, I agree with this point of view, and some
9 Stankevich Z.A. Decree. op. pp. 105, 106-107.
10 Atamnchuk G.V. The New State: Quests, Illusions, Opportunities. M., 1996. S. 18-19.
11 Cheshko S.V. The collapse of the Soviet Union: an ethno-political analysis. M., 1996. S. 25.
See: Pikhoya R.G. Why the Soviet Union collapsed // Public Service. 2003. No. 1.; Stolyarov K.A. Decay. From Nagorno-Karabakh to Belovezhskaya Pushcha. M., 2001; Froyanov IL. Dive into the abyss. Russia at the end of the 20th century. SPb., 1999. The latter, the collapse of the USSR took place due to the fact that power was in the hands of the “oligarchy hiding behind top management party and state "apparatus and disguised" for the mass Communist party, elective system of councils” and used administrative resources for their own personal purposes13. In accordance with this concept, the Congress increased the radicalization of supporters of fundamental changes and created a legal way to oppose the allied center with far-reaching political consequences.
Another methodological position in the assessment of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR is held by N.I. Biryukov and V.M. Sergeev. From their point of view, the process of formation of the system of representative bodies in the Soviet Union cannot be described and understood without taking into account the place that the concept of representative democracy occupied in the political culture of Soviet society and its constituent groups and strata. Based on the concept of parliamentarism in its classical Western version, the researchers come to the conclusion that any attempts to introduce such an institution of power in Russia led to the creation of a completely different body by definition, the function of which “essentially boiled down to a demonstrative plebiscitary act - like similar acts of the Zemsky Sobors of medieval Muscovite Rus or decisions of the organs of Soviet power during the revolution. Apparently, this was seen by his appointment and the initiators of the 1988 constitutional reform. In any case, they managed to create an organ that was still incapable of anything else. The reasons for this result, according to the authors, lie in the particular political consciousness of the Soviet elite, which inherited the political tradition of the Russian intelligentsia of the 19th century, the hallmark of which was faith in the people as the bearer of the highest
13 Pikhoya R.G. Soviet Union. History of power. 1945-1991. Novosibirsk, 2000, p. 6.
14 Biryukov N.I. Sergeev V.M. burden of tradition. Political culture and political innovations in the USSR // Wisdom, inaccessible to representatives of the educated classes due to the artificiality of their culture and way of life. With this approach, the people are appealed not as a source of sovereign will, but as a kind of "expert". The representative institution corresponding to this attitude is not the parliament, but the cathedral - an institution known from the state-legal practice of the Middle Ages and oriented towards church models. Concept " conciliar unity"of the people turned out to be consonant with the political rhetoric of the Bolsheviks, although the very term" sobornost"was absolutely unacceptable for them and was never used by them, since it was too closely connected with pre-revolutionary idealistic philosophy and religious and church motives obvious to a Russian person sounded too strong in it . At the same time, many institutions traditional for Russian society were reproduced in the Soviet political system. This was due to the fact that the victory of the October Revolution was possible primarily because the appeals of the leaders of the revolution were in tune with the attitudes of the mass political consciousness. In accordance with the original plan, the institutions of Soviet power were not seen as institutions of "bourgeois" representative democracy, but as organs of direct democracy15.
Thus, according to researchers, by the end of the 1980s, Soviet society entered a state that would be premature to call it democratic. The title would be more appropriate for it. post-totalitarian". The essence of the latter is determined by the fact that the political institutions characteristic of a totalitarian society are discredited and disappear, while the consciousness that gave them legitimacy is preserved, at least in part. Under such conditions, the process of institutional renewal is difficult. Again
15 See: Biryukov N. Sergeev V. Decree. op. the institutes being created turn out to be largely alien to the political culture of society. As a result of all this, new political institutions become ineffective.
It is also important to pay attention to a number of studies that present a view of the phenomenon of the Congress from the point of view of crisis phenomena in the political and state-legal spheres. According to representatives of this concept, “the process of change was largely spontaneous, by trial and error: under the pressure of current circumstances, politicians made decisions guided by certain specific goals”16. The decision to convene the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was also determined by a similar logic. The congress was intended to become a new source of legitimization of M.S. Gorbachev in the conditions of the problems that have arisen in the implementation of economic reforms. The old ways of legitimation, characteristic of the communist era, were not applicable at that time. However, in reality, contradictions arose between the new representative body of power (SNM USSR - A.B.) and the dominance of the CPSU in the socio-political life of the country, from which the General Secretary of the CPSU did not intend to give up. This situation interfered with the intentions of M.S. Gorbachev, who “was going to strengthen the leading role of the CPSU through free elections, giving additional legitimation to the General Secretary of the Party. Nevertheless, even in order to maintain its positions in the new conditions, the CPSU had to turn from a totalitarian party into a parliamentary party”17, which did not happen after the abolition of the 6th article of the constitution. The reasons for such an outcome of events are given in the work of A.B. Sidorov. In his opinion, “the failures of anti-crisis management in the USSR were largely due to the lack of a firm state will. "Centrism" M.S. Gorbachev, maneuvering between
16 Kpyamkin I.M. Russian power at the turn of the millennium // Pro et Contra. T.4 No. 2: Transformations in Russia: results of the decade. M., 1999. S. 63-64.
17 Klyamkin I.M. Decree. op. pp. 65-67. wings of the political spectrum, was not aimed at creating a powerful coalition of forces to solve the strategic tasks facing the country, but only led to a shy of power from one side to another<.>.
The instability of the political course became an obvious obstacle
18 in the implementation of effective anti-crisis measures” .
Thus, among the works analyzed by the author, the following directions and approaches to the study of the place and role of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR can be distinguished. Firstly, it is a modernization approach, one of the representatives of which is V.V. Sogrin, referring Russia to the "catching up" type of countries in relation to Western civilization. In accordance with his concept, the economic and political transformations taking place in the country are determined precisely by this logic.
Another approach, which seems possible to designate as conservative-patriotic, characterizes the studied period of time as a period of missed opportunities. The congress, according to representatives of this direction, turned out to be completely incompetent and became a destructive element in the process of the collapse of the USSR. The work of this body increased the radicalization of supporters of fundamental changes and created a legal way to oppose the allied center with far-reaching political consequences.
The next concept is based on socio-cultural foundations. The authors who adhere to this concept seek to determine the degree of applicability, and, accordingly, the effectiveness of certain political phenomena and institutions in our country. From their point of view, copying the Western model of a representative body of power and trying to implement it in Russian conditions is doomed to failure.
18 Sidorov A.B. Soviet Union on the eve of collapse. Crisis management experience. M., 2002 S. 121. failure, as it is alien to the political culture of society and immanent social tasks.
The third approach, within the framework of which the study of the activities of the Congress is carried out, is connected with understanding the logic of events and processes of the last period of the existence of the Soviet Union in the context of anti-crisis management. The relevance of this approach is explained by the fact that “our society has been in a state of permanent crisis over the past decades, from which Russia is trying to find at the beginning of this century. And, therefore, addressing the era when anti-crisis measures have become an urgent issue of public life, they have become the main content of state policy "19. According to researchers who adhere to this concept, the Congress is interpreted from the point of view of optimal and an acceptable way out of the current crisis situation in the country, with the help of which the Soviet elite tried to find a new source of legitimation.However, the ill-conceived and half-hearted decisions eventually led to a political crisis and their loss of power.
Among foreign scientific research, one should single out the work of the Italian journalist G. Chiesa, who connected the creation and activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR with the most important stage
20 transition of the Soviet Union to democracy. He analyzes in detail the course of the election campaign and the results of the 1989 elections, considers the main legislative drafts discussed and adopted at the Congress. The analysis of the activities of the representative body of power by the author is interrupted at the Third Congress of People's Deputies, when the term of his working trip to the USSR came to an end. This did not allow him to more comprehensively determine the significance of the activities of the institute he studied.
Sidorov A.V. Decree. op. pp. 5-6.
J. Chiesa. Transition to democracy. M., 1993. authorities, as well as the consequences of the dissolution of the Congress in the process of the collapse of the USSR.
Another leading expert on Russia, M. McFaul, in his study dwells in detail on the peculiarities of holding elections of people's deputies of the USSR and determines the reasons for the fall in the growth of the popularity of the CPSU, which resulted in the defeat of several regional leaders
2 j parties in the 1989 elections. In his opinion, in contrast to the colossal attention that party leaders paid to the development of new rules for holding elections, very little time and attention was paid to participation in them. The top leadership of the CPSU was withdrawn from the competition for mandates. Much more than the elections, she was worried about the impending economic collapse and the growing tension in federal relations.
Thus, summing up the historiographical review of the problem, it seems possible to draw the following conclusions:
Firstly, the authors of the papers examined the legislative aspects of the activities of the new representative body of power, as well as some issues of the formation and activities of socio-political groups at the Congress. Secondly, in the course of studying the reform of the political system in the USSR, the main reasons and motives were identified that led to the initiation of these transformations by the Soviet leadership. The researchers have identified the vector and logic of the ongoing political course. Thirdly, a number of problems today remain insufficiently studied. These include issues of interaction and mutual influence of the Congress with other federal and republican supreme bodies of state power and administration, as well as determining the place of the Congress in the system of state power and administration of the Soviet Union. Fourthly, further study of these issues requires combining the results of the studies and creating a comprehensive work,
21 McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution. Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin. London, 2001. P. 71. reflecting various aspects of the formation and activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR during the period of transformation of the political system of the Soviet Union.
Goals and objectives of the study. The purpose of the dissertation research is to determine the place of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the development of the system of state power in the country, taking into account the current level of development of historical science and studying the problem.
To achieve this goal, it is planned to solve the following tasks:
To identify the reasons for the creation of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, as a new institution of power;
Analyze the main activities of the Congress, the forms and methods of its work in the context of its interaction with the all-Union and republican supreme bodies of state power;
Assess the impact of socio-political sentiments on the work of the Congress and the nature of the decisions made at it;
To identify the reasons for the dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR;
Determine the significance of the work of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the transformation of the political system of Soviet society.
The source base of the dissertation research is represented by a set of published and unpublished documents of party and state authorities, reference books and periodicals. The work uses a variety of materials reflecting the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, memoirs, memoirs, correspondence of contemporaries, etc.
Among the large complex of published sources on the problem, it is necessary to single out legal acts: the Constitution of 1977 with amendments and additions made as part of the Constitutional reform of 198822, decisions of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, materials of the XXVII and XXVIII Congress of the CPSU and the XIX Party Conference23, materials of the Plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU24, program
About I documents of the CPSU. The latter contain important information about changes in the ideological and political guidelines of the CPSU. It should be emphasized that the use of these materials makes it possible to trace the process of change in the Soviet political system in the last years of the existence of the USSR. In addition, important for the study are documents and materials that directly reflect the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. This category of documents includes verbatim reports, bulletins, documents submitted for discussion and published in the periodical press. The materials of the Congress represent the main group of sources for scientific research. The study of this set of documents allows one to form a broad understanding of the essence of the discussions that unfolded during the work of the Congress. A comprehensive review of a wide range of sources makes it possible to identify causal relationships between the socio-economic and political situation in the country that developed during the period under review and the concrete steps taken by the leaders of the Soviet state in the field of creating a regulatory framework for the formation and activities of
Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Amended. and add., introduced. By the laws of the USSR of December 1. 1988 // Code of Laws of the USSR. T. 3. M., 1990.
Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Extraordinary session: Bulletin No. 1,2,5,7,8,9. M., 1991; XXVII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Shorthand report: [In 3 volumes]. M., 1986; XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. M., 1990; XIX All-Union Conference of the CPSU, June 28 - July 1, 1988 Verbatim report: In 2 vols. M., 1988.
24 Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, April 23, 1985. M., 1985; Materials of the joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the CPSU. April 24-25, 1991 M., 1991; In the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. According to the notes of Anatoly Chernyaev, Vadim Medvedev, Georgy Shakhnazarov (1985 -1991). M., 2006
Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. New edition. M., 1986
26 First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, May 25 - June 9, 1989: Verbatim report: [In 6 volumes]. M., 1989; Second Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, December 12-24, 1989: Verbatim report: [In 6 volumes]. M. 1989; Extraordinary Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, March 12-15, 1990: Verbatim report: [In 3 volumes]. M., 1990; Fourth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, December 17-27, 1990: Verbatim report: [In 4 volumes]. M., 1990; Extraordinary Fifth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR: Bulletin No. 2,3,5,6. M., 1991. The highest representative body of power - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
An important source in the study is the memoirs of party and political figures of the perestroika era,
97 deputies of the Congress. This type of sources is characterized by the fact that they were written primarily with the aim of arguing their point of view and showing its advantages and thus giving greater objectivity to their actions and political behavior.
Materials published in periodicals are also used as sources on the problem under study. Chronological the proximity of the period under study to the present, the systematic presentation of the material, detailed coverage of the election campaign in the spring of 1989, as well as the work of the Congress of People's Deputies directly, increases the value of newspaper and magazine publications as sources of information. In particular, publications from such newspapers as Izvestia, Arguments and Facts”,“ Pravda ”,“ Komsomolskaya Pravda ”,“ Moscow news" and etc.
Important for the study are documents and materials stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), as well as materials of the Gorbachev Foundation.
When working on the dissertation, the following GARF funds were used: 7522 (Central Election Commissions for Elections in
27 Abalkin L.I. Unused chance: a year and a half in government. M., 1991; Gorbachev M.S. Selected speeches and articles. T. 6. M., 1989; Gorbachev M.S. Years of difficult decisions. M., 1993; Gorbachev M.S. Life and reforms. In 2 books. M., 1995; Gorbachev M.S. Reflections on the past and future. M., 1998; Gorbachev M.S. Understand restructuring. Why is it important now. M., 2006; Yeltsin B.N. Confession on a given topic. M., 1990; Isakov V.B. Dismemberment. Who and how destroyed the Soviet Union: a chronicle, documents. M., 1998; Ligachev E.K. Warning. M., 1999; Lukyanov A.I. The revolution is imaginary and real. M., 1993; Ryzhkov N.I. Perestroika: a history of betrayals. M., 1992; Sobchak A.A. Walking into power. M., 1991; Shakhnazarov G.Kh. Price of freedom. Gorbachev's reformation through the eyes of his assistant. M., 1993; Chernyaev A.S. Six years with Gorbachev. According to diary entries. M., 1993; Chernyaev A.S. 1991: Diary of an assistant to the President of the USSR. M., 1997; Yakovlev A.N. Memory slug. M., 2000.
The Supreme Soviet of the USSR, for the election of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Central Election Commissions for referendums of the USSR. 1937 - 1991); 7523 (Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1937 - 1989); 9654 (Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, Supreme Soviet of the USSR and their bodies. 1990-1993).
In the fund 7522 GARF, the 13th inventory is of great interest for the research topic. It presents the documents of the election commission for the election of deputies to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, which make it possible to highlight the features of the 1989 election campaign.
The GARF Foundation 7523 (op. 145) has materials from the Supreme Council from 1985 to 1988. Of particular interest here are information about comments and proposals on the draft Law on Amendments and Additions to the Constitution of the USSR; materials on constitutional and legal issues of restructuring the highest state bodies; memorandums, references and other materials on the new experience of the work of the Soviets of People's Deputies.
Fund 9654 GARF includes materials on the activities of the highest representative bodies of power in the USSR from 1989 to 1991. The files contain documents of the Congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR, sessions of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and materials on the preparation and conduct of sessions; documents of the leadership of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, committees and commissions, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. These data allow us to draw conclusions about the work of the bodies of people's representation, the changes that have taken place in their structure, and about the methods of activity in the changed political conditions.
The Gorbachev Foundation has personal funds of M.S. Gorbachev, A.S. Chernyaeva, G.Kh. Shakhnazrov, V.A. Medvedev and others. Basically, these are records of a political nature, belonging to the main participants in the events under study. Their observations, made in the form of diaries, notes and other materials, are based on facts, figures, speeches and statements that have not been published, which allows a deeper assessment of the motives and goals of decisions made by the Soviet political elite, as well as an objective picture of what is happening. The methodological basis of the dissertation is "the principles of historicism, scientific character, consistency and objectivity.
The study used a complex general historical methods. Among them, it seems possible to name the historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic methods. The historical-genetic method made it possible to trace the development of the process of political transformations in the Soviet state over the course of four years and to show the most important cause-and-effect relationships of this process, the patterns of its development. The historical-typological method was used to identify and group the main events and phenomena related both to changes in the political sphere in general and to the activities of the country's leadership in the field of creating and establishing a new representative body of power in particular. The historical-system method was used in the course of reviewing the activities of the leadership of the Soviet Union in close connection with other problems of the country's socio-economic development in the period under review.
The study of the phenomenon of the SND of the USSR, its work and dissolution during the transformation of the political system of the USSR in the 80-90s. XX century, as well as the search for the causes and patterns that caused this phenomenon, became possible through the use of historical and logical research methods.
The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive study of the process of creation and activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, as well as in determining the place of this institution in the system of state authorities and administration of the Soviet Union.
The study was carried out on the basis of a set of archival materials that were first introduced into scientific circulation or were previously used only partially and were involved in solving other problems. First of all, we are talking about documents from the fund of the Central Election Commission, which, during the nomination of candidates for deputies and after the elections, received proposals, comments and considerations from citizens. The study of these materials made it possible for the first time to determine the mood of the population on the problems of democratization of the Soviet political system.
For the first time, the issues of the formation of a new representative body of power, its interaction with other elements of the public administration system, as well as the influence of socio-political groups on the work of the Congress and on the nature of the decisions taken are considered in a complex.
During the consideration of the problem, the author widely used an interdisciplinary approach, which involves the analysis of materials of a legal, political science, economic and sociological nature. The application of this approach ensures the simultaneous implementation of several sections of the topic under study, making it possible to identify previously little-studied aspects of the activities of people's deputies, such as discussions on economic and legal issues related to the organization of the work of representative authorities, the reform of public administration in the field of land use, as well as industrial relations as in industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy.
The practical significance of the results of the dissertation research lies in the possibility of their use in the preparation of new scientific papers on this topic, as well as in the educational process in the development of lecture courses and special courses, textbooks both on national history in general and on the latest political history of Russia.
Practical significance this study consists also in the fact that materials and conclusions can be in demand in the process of implementing political practice in the bodies of representative power on present stage development of the Russian Federation.
Approbation of the study. On the topic of the study, 5 articles were published with a total volume of 2 pp. In the edition recommended by the HAC,
28 published 1 article. The main provisions of the dissertation were presented in speeches at the VIII Student and Postgraduate Scientific and Practical Conference (October 13-14, 2007), at the XV and XVI International Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists "Lomonosov 2008" and "Lomonosov 2009".
The structure of the dissertation was formed in accordance with the goals and objectives set. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, each of which has three paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references and references.
Dissertation conclusion on the topic "National history", Buyanov, Alexander Viktorovich
Conclusion
The development of Soviet society in the second half of the 1980s is firmly linked with the concept of "perestroika". This concept denoted a revolution, first in the minds of citizens, and then in the economic and, ultimately, in the entire domestic policy of the USSR. As a result, "perestroika" has become a symbol of deep renewal and at the same time a change in the entire socialist system and its position in the world.
The period of gradual qualitative transformation of the socialist system based on far-reaching plans and vague ideas about the fundamental reorganization and stable stabilization of Soviet socialism, designed to become a model for all mankind, lasted less than four years, approximately from the beginning of 1987 to the middle of 1990. Of course, such a period was not enough to create a truly updated system. The question of whether such a system could have been formed and function remains, and apparently will continue to be, the subject of ideological disputes for a long time to come.
In 1985-1991 The CPSU and the Soviet government pursued a policy of modernizing the economy of the USSR by introducing elements of industrial democracy and new methods of management into it. The expansion of economic independence was in conflict with the directive-planning model of the economy. In this situation, the party had to decide on the transformation of the existing political system. Initially, all structural changes had to be carried out within the framework of the socialist paradigm. At the 19th All-Union Party Conference of the CPSU, the need to overcome the alienation of Soviet citizens from the exercise of political power was proclaimed, and the idea of transferring all power to the Soviets was revived. Legislation provided for the creation of new links in the system of public authorities. The updated electoral system assumed the introduction of the principle of alternativeness in the nomination of a people's deputy. Despite the democratic nature of the innovations, the Constitution contained a number of provisions that limited the direct access of citizens to the legislative authorities. Thus, direct elections of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were replaced by two-stage ones, equal elections were replaced by unequal ones. Members of public organizations had more votes than citizens who were not members of them. To this was added the regulation on district assemblies, the work of which became a tool for neutralizing opposition candidates, as well as the decision to combine the posts of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Such features of legislative innovations made it possible to ensure the passage of "new" people into the representative body of power, ready to support and implement the ideas of the country's political leadership. Nevertheless, the adopted amendments and additions to the Constitution created the conditions for overcoming the political isolation of some of the "independent" candidates. The latter, in turn, used shortcomings in the legislation and negative phenomena in the country's economy against the initiator of the reform.
As a result of the elections communist the party received an overwhelming majority. A representative body was elected that corresponded to the goals set by the political leadership of the country. On the one hand, representatives of the party elite were given the opportunity, if necessary, to rely on an authoritative, popularly elected, and not selected and appointed, as before, the legislative body. On the other hand, this body should not have had excessive independence in making important government decisions.
The created structure of the SND of the USSR and the Supreme Council did not meet the standards of the institutions of parliamentarism. The lack of experience in the parliamentary activities of people's deputies often led to the fact that the participants in the Congress did not fully understand the specifics and functions that such an authority as the SND of the USSR was supposed to perform. This manifested itself already at the First Congress, when statements by representatives of its democratically minded part about the creation of a political group caused an unambiguously negative reaction from the majority of deputies. In the opinion of the latter, the formation of factions seemed to be a harmful and politically erroneous idea. Thus, such a key element of meetings of representative bodies of power as a political discussion fell out of the parliamentary practice of the Congress.
The significant number of members of the Congress led to certain difficulties associated with ensuring the participation of each of the people's deputies present at the meeting in the discussion of a particular bill. In addition, the absence of norms regulating the order of speeches of people's deputies created conditions under which the presidium of the Congress could arbitrarily appoint speakers, thereby controlling the direction and course of the discussion.
Nevertheless, despite these difficulties, within the framework of the legislative activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, a number of important constitutional laws were adopted: the abolition of the 6th article of the Constitution (which deprived the CPSU of a monopoly on power), the introduction of the post of President of the USSR, the formation of the Cabinet of Ministers, subordinate directly to the President , the creation of the Security Council, etc. The adoption of these laws led to a change in the institutional foundations of the management of the USSR, and also had an impact on the implementation of socio-economic reforms in the country.
The legislative activity of the Congress was carried out in the conditions of constant radicalization of socio-political sentiments and the growth of separatist tendencies in certain republics of the USSR, which, in turn, had a significant impact on the nature of the decisions taken by the Congress, therefore, the highest state authority considered issues such as investigations into the events in Tblisi in April 1989, the declaration of independence of the Baltic republics, the assessment of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, etc. In December 1990, the Congress also raised the question of confidence in the President of the USSR. In order to avoid the threat of separation of the union republics and the collapse of the state, the SND of the USSR was forced to give its consent to the expansion of the independence of the republican authorities in the political and economic spheres.
Principle " the sovereignty of the Soviets”, which personified the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, had a dominant influence on the structure, essence and nature of the activities of the legislative bodies of the Soviet Union. The system of public authorities in accordance with the Constitution of 1977 in the new edition was based on the principle of separation of powers, as well as the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the Federation and its subjects. However, in violation of this fundamental principle, the Congress of People's Deputies was declared the supreme body of state power.
The SND of the USSR, which was formed mainly on the basis of the existing nomenklatura-party mechanism, could not fulfill the consolidating role of society and the state. This task was too much for the President of the USSR, elected by the Congress.
In addition, these institutions of power were largely discredited as a result of perestroika and failures in the socio-economic and foreign policy areas, as well as specific internal political situation related to the August 1991 events.
In general, it must be emphasized that the experience of the functioning of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR showed the ineffectiveness of the compromise approach, which implied a combination of elements of the concept of the sovereignty of the Soviets and Western parliamentarism in the supreme legislative body.
List of references for dissertation research candidate of historical sciences Buyanov, Alexander Viktorovich, 2009
1. State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF)
2. F. 7522. He. 13. D. 39, 40, 51, 832. F. 7523. He. 14. D. 37.
3. F. 9654. He. 1. D. 63, 65, 83.
4. F. 9654. He. 2. D. 78, 79, 81.
5. F. 9654. He. 4. D. 21, 48, 50, 51, 72, 85.1. Gorbachev Foundation
6. F. 3. Op. 1. Document 10234, 12235, 15982.
7. F. 3. Op. 2. Document 18741.
8. F. 3. Op. 4. Document 13867.
9. F. 5. Op. 1. Document 15123, 15125.
10. F. 6. Op. 3. Document 12355, 12358.1. Documents of the CPSU:
11. XXVII Congress Communist parties of the Soviet Union. Verbatim report: In 3 vols. M., 1986;
12. XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Verbatim report. T.1. M., 1990;
13. XIX All-Union Party Conference of the CPSU. Verbatim report. - In 2 vols. M., 1988;
14. In the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. According to the notes of Anatoly Chernyaev, Vadim Medvedev, Georgy Shakhnazarov (1985 1991). M., 2009;
17. Materials of the joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the CPSU, April 24-25, 1991, M., 1991;
18. Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. New edition. M., 1986;
19. Charter of the CPSU. Approved by the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU // Materials of the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU. M., 1990
20. Documents of state authorities:
21. First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, May 25 - June 9, 1989: Shorthand report. - In 6 t. M., 1989;
22. Second Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, December 12-24, 1989: Verbatim report. In 6 t. M. 1989;
23. Extraordinary Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, March 12-15, 1990: Verbatim report. In 3 vol. M., 1990;
24. Fourth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, December 17-27, 1990: Verbatim report. In 4 vols. M., 1990;
25. Extraordinary Fifth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR: Bulletin No. 2,3,5,6. M., 1991;
26. Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. // Code of laws of the USSR. T. 3. M., 1990;
27. Extraordinary twelfth session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (eleventh convocation), November 29 December 1, 1988. Stenogr. report. M., 1988;
28. Law of the USSR of December 1, 1988 “ On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR
29. Law of the USSR of December 1, 1988 “ On the elections of people's deputies of the USSR» // Code of Laws of the USSR T. 3. M., 1990;
30. Law of the USSR of December 23, 1989 "On amendments and additions to Article 125 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR" // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1989. No. 29. Art. 143;
31. Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 "On the establishment of the post of President of the USSR and the introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR" // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1990. No. 18. Art. 75;
32. Law of the USSR of December 26, 1990 "On changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR in connection with the improvement of the system of public administration" // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1991. No. 1. Art. 3;
33. Law of the USSR of September 5, 1991 "On the organs of state power and administration of the USSR in the transitional period" // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1991. No. 37. Art. 1982;
34. Decree of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR of December 24, 1989 "On the political and legal assessment of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact of 1939" // Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1989. No. 29. Art. 579;
35. Decree of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR of December 24, 1989 "On the Procedure for Enacting the Law of the USSR" On constitutional supervision in the USSR» // Second Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Verbatim report. T. 3. M., 1990;
36. Decree of the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR of February 7, 1990 "On the Soviet-German treaties of 1939 and the elimination of their consequences for Lithuania" // Bulletin of the Supreme Council and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. 1990. No. 8. Art. 182;
37. Decree of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR of December 25, 1990 " On the general concept of the new Union Treaty and the procedure for its conclusion» // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1991. No. 1. Art. 2. Z.1., 4.1;
38. Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 21, 1991 “On the results of the referendum of the USSR on March 17, 1991” // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1991. No. 17. Art. 491;
39. Decree of the State Council of the USSR of September 6, 1991 " On the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania» // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1991. No. 37. Art. 1091;
40. Decree of the State Council of the USSR of September 6, 1991 " On the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Latvia» // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1991. No. 37. Art. 1092;
41. Decree of the State Council of the USSR of September 6, 1991 " On the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Estonia» // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1991. No. 37. Art. 1093;
42. Decree of the President of the USSR of May 14, 1990 "On the Declaration of the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR" On the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Latvia» // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1990. No. 21. Art. 369;
43. Arguments and facts. 1989-1991.48. News. 1988-1991.
44. Literary newspaper. 1990.
45. Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1989-1991.
46. Moscow news. 1989-1990.52. Truth. 1990.53. Soviet Russia. 1990.1. Memoirs:
47. Abalkin L.I. Unused chance: a year and a half in government. * M., 1991;
48. Boldin V.I. The collapse of the pedestal. Strokes to the portrait of M.S. Gorbachev. M., 1995;
49. Vorotnikov V.I. And it was like that. From the diary of a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. M., 1995;
50. Gorbachev M.S. Selected speeches and articles. T. 6. M., 1989;
51. Gorbachev M.S. Years of difficult decisions. M., 1993;
52. Gorbachev M.S. Life and reforms. In 2 books. M., 1995
53. Gorbachev M.S. Reflections on the past and future. M., 1998;
54. Gorbachev M.S. Slavin B.F. Unfinished story. Three colors of time. Conversations of M.S. Gorbachev with political scientist B.F. Slavin. M., 2005;
55. Gorbachev M.S. Understand restructuring. Why is it important now. M., 2006;
56. Yeltsin B.N. Confession on a given topic. M., 1990;
57. Isakov V.B. Chairman of the Council of the Republic. Parliamentary diaries. 1990-1991. Yekaterinburg, 1997;
58. Isakov V.B. Dismemberment. Who and how destroyed the Soviet Union: a chronicle, documents. M., 1998;
59. Ligachev E.K. Warning. M., 1999;
60. Lukyanov A.I. The revolution is imaginary and real. M., 1993;
61. Medvedev V.A. In Gorbachev's team: an inside view. M., 1994;
62. Pechenev V.A. Rise and fall of Gorbachev. M., 1996
63. Primakov E.M. Minefield of politics. M., 2007;
64. Ryzhkov N.I. Perestroika: a history of betrayals. M., 1992;
65. Sakharov A.D. Peace, progress, human rights: Articles and speeches. - L., 1990;
66. Sobchak A.A. Walking into power. M., 1991;
67. Falin V. History of betrayal. M., 1999;
68. Chernyaev A.S. Six years with Gorbachev. According to diary entries: M., 1993;
69. Chernyaev A.S. 1991: Diary of an assistant to the President of the USSR. M., 1997;
70. Shakhnazarov G.Kh. Price of freedom. Gorbachev's reformation through the eyes of his assistant. M., 1993;
71. Shakhnazarov G.Kh. Pastshock or fatal parting with the past. M., 2001;
72. Yakovlev A.N. Memory slug. M., 2000.1. LITERATURE:
73. Andryushenko E.G. Elections of people's deputies: principles, experience, problems: (Transcript of lectures). M., 1989;
74. Atamnchuk G.V. The New State: Quests, Illusions, Opportunities. M., 1996;
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First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
For the first time, meetings of the highest authority were broadcast on radio and television. Millions of people did not tear themselves away from loudspeakers and screens.
Newspapers with materials from the congress were in great demand.
“These were great weeks in the history of the country,” wrote A.N. Yakovlev. - An exciting event that laid the practical foundation for parliamentarism in the USSR and in Russia. I think there is still no complete understanding of the significance of this fact.
Describing the prospects that opened up in this regard for our country, M.S. Gorbachev writes: “I don’t remember who was the first to say this, but everyone supported it: from now on, congresses of people’s deputies, and not congresses of the CPSU, will become the main political forums that determine the life of the country.” And further: “It was a sharp turn, a real change of milestones, which should be followed by a gradual replacement of the old institutions of power, and its symbols.”
That is, the coat of arms, banner and anthem.
Article 110 of the Constitution of the USSR read: "The first meeting of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR after the elections is chaired by the Chairman of the Central Election Commission for the Election of People's Deputies of the USSR, and then the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR or his deputy." However, apparently fearing surprises, as soon as the presidium of the congress was elected, M.S. Gorbachev took over the chairmanship. In this regard, all the subsequent work of the congress, in fact, acquired an illegal character.
After the report of the mandate commission, the people's deputies elected the Chairman of the Supreme Council, which was M.S. Gorbachev, then - the Supreme Council itself.
When the members of the Supreme Council were elected, all the candidates proposed by the opposition were unsuccessful, and among them was B.N. Yeltsin. Then the next day, the deputy from Omsk A. Kazannik resigned. The vacant seat was taken by Boris Nikolaevich.
I well remember how the said episode was shown on television and how touching it looked. Only later did it become known that this whole story was played out according to a pre-compiled scenario.
It turns out that after the congress rejected the candidacy of B.N. Yeltsin, G.Kh. Popov met with M.S. Gorbachev and put before him the question of the need to correct what had happened. “Gorbachev understood,” notes Gavriil Kharitonovich, “that if the Supreme Soviet, where neither Sakharov, nor Afanasyev, nor me was elected, turns out to be without opposition deputies at all, then it would not succeed in any way to make it a lever of pressure on the Central Committee, as Mikhail Sergeyevich thought” . But he did not see a way out of the current situation.
“And if we find a way out ourselves,” I asked, “will you support us?” "Yes," he replied. And he kept his word. What follows is well known. Siberian deputy Alexei Kazannik, after my conversation with him, decided to refuse to work in the Supreme Soviet. Yeltsin was next in the number of votes. So he ended up in the Supreme Soviet. But here the “aggressively-obedient majority”, having seen through our trick, became indignant and began to demand new elections. Gorbachev replied: they say, everything is according to the regulations. If someone refuses, then the next one after him passes.
According to former assistant B.N. Yeltsin L. Sukhanova, M.S. Gorbachev not only showed interest in Boris Nikolaevich getting into the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, but also ensured that the Committee for Architecture and Construction was created especially for him in the Supreme Soviet.
This suggests that B.N. Yeltsin was assigned the role of leader of the opposition in the first Soviet parliament, and Mikhail Sergeevich contributed to this in every possible way.
The most heated debate at the congress revolved around the report “On the Main Directions of the Internal and Foreign Policy of the USSR”, which was delivered by M.S. Gorbachev. After a stormy controversy, the congress decided to “move over to a new model of the economy”, which would be characterized by a complete refusal now not of the party, as was said before, but of the state “from the functions of direct intervention in operational management business units". Translated into ordinary language, this meant the transition to a market economy.
At the same time, the formation of the parliamentary opposition took place. G.H. Popov describes the circumstances of its appearance as follows: “According to the regulations, only territorial groups were allowed to be created at the congress, and they were led by the secretaries of the regional committees, who tightly controlled their delegation, suppressing any dissent.”
As a result, says Gavriil Kharitonovich, at the very beginning of the congress, "our Moscow group - it included Yeltsin, Sakharov, Afanasiev, Adamovich, myself, other opposition deputies - each time ended up in the minority." “Sakharov and I had a talk with Gorbachev. He said that he would try not to interfere with our work.
“But the majority of deputies still pressed us. That's when I proposed to create an interregional group. Like, if territorial deputy communities are envisaged, then inter-regional ones should also be legalized. It seemed to be the only way to unite the opposition deputies without going beyond the limits of the congress regulations. Which is what we did."
There are reasons to doubt this version. The fact is that the Congress opened on May 25, and a day later, on May 27, Gavriil Kharitonovich took the podium and made the following statement: “A group of regional Moscow deputies from scientific organizations, from creative unions considers it necessary to withdraw from the all-Moscow delegation. We propose to think about the formation of an inter-regional independent deputy group and invite all comrades of deputies to join this group.
This gives grounds to assume that the creation of an "independent deputy group" began even before the opening of the congress.
According to G.Kh. Popov, at first in the Interregional Deputy Group "there were 60 people, then 70, then 100", by the end of the congress "150 deputies". According to D. Matlock, “by the summer” there was a consolidation of “more than three hundred deputies”. Soon their number approached 400. And the alliance with the Balts made it possible to bring the number of members of the opposition to 1/4 - the right to demand the convocation of a congress.
The opposition openly raised its banner when Academician A.D. Sakharov. He proposed to adopt a decree on power, which would proclaim the abolition of the 6th article on the leading role of the party and the transfer of real power in the country to the Soviets at all levels. And although the political reform was aimed precisely at this, M.S. Gorbachev refused to put the proposal to a vote.
The reason for this, apparently, was that, according to his plan, the completion of the political reform should have been the elections to local Soviets, which were first scheduled for autumn 1989, then postponed to March 1990. Therefore, M.S. Gorbachev rejected the proposal of A.D. Sakharov not in essence, but for tactical reasons.
It is unlikely that Andrei Dmitrievich and his like-minded people then expected to receive the necessary support, but in this way they hoped not only to rally the opposition at the congress itself, but also to use the demand for the abolition of Article 6 to unite the opposition throughout the country.
Three more questions played an important role in uniting the opposition: a) about the events in Tbilisi in 1989, b) about the secret protocol of 1939 and c) about the case of T.Kh. Gdlyan and N.I. Ivanova. On all these issues special parliamentary commissions were created . The first was headed by A.A. Sobchak, the second - A.N. Yakovlev, the third - R.A. Medvedev.
Of particular importance for the fate of the country was the second question, the solution of which largely depended on the fate of not only the Baltic states, but the entire Soviet Union.
On May 11, the question of the Baltics was specially submitted to a meeting of the Politburo. “The day before yesterday,” we read in the diary of A.S. Chernyaeva, - The PB considered the situation in the Baltic states. Six members of the PB, after all sorts of commissions and expeditions, presented a note - pogrom, panicky: "everything is collapsing", "power goes to the popular fronts." In this spirit, the work of the first three secretaries went on: Vaino (meaning Vaino Vyalyas - A.O.), Brazauskas, Vargis. But they didn't let themselves be eaten. They behaved with dignity."
Moreover, as it appears from the diary of V.I. Vorotnikov, A. Brazauzkas said that the Lithuanian communists "demand independence and full economic accountability."
How did M.S. behave in this situation? Gorbachev? “We trust the first secretaries,” he said. - Otherwise it can not be. One cannot “identify the popular fronts, followed by 90 percent of the people of the republics, with extremists ... If a referendum is announced, not a single [republic], even Lithuania, will “leave”. Involve the leaders of the "popular fronts" in state, government activities, put them in positions ... think about how to transform the federation in practice ... go forward as much as possible.
In his speech, M.S. Gorbachev also formulated the maximum that in this case he was ready to go. “The interests of the Union, the Center,” he stressed, “are not very great: the army, the state apparatus, science. The rest is up to the republics."
The rest is land ownership, industry, Agriculture, transport, domestic and foreign trade, customs, finance, money issue, police, state security, domestic and foreign policy, i.e. almost everything, including the army, and the state apparatus, and science, since the laws on them and money were to become the prerogative of the republics.
Thus, M.S. Gorbachev demonstrated that when he spoke of reforming the Soviet Union as a federation, he meant turning it into a confederation, if not a commonwealth.
And none of the members of the Politburo was alarmed. None of them reacted to such a revelation of the Secretary General.
Is it any wonder after that that on May 18 the Supreme Council of Lithuania “adopted amendments to the Constitution, according to which the laws of the USSR are valid after their approval by the Supreme Council of the Republic. A declaration on state sovereignty and a law on the foundations of economic independence were also adopted.
Here, it should probably be noted that the International Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU headed by him on issues of international politics discussed the issue of unleashing the Second World War, including the secret protocol on August 23, 1939, as early as March 28, 1989, i.e. one day after the elections of people's deputies were held. However, it was not possible to achieve a decision condemning this protocol at that time.
But on May 18, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR adopted the Declaration “On the State Sovereignty of Lithuania”, which condemned the inclusion of the republic in 1940 into the USSR and appealed “to the Congress of People's Deputies and the government of the USSR with a demand to condemn secret deals between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany 1939 -1941, declare them illegal, null and void from the moment of their signing. On the same day, May 18, a similar decision regarding the "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" was adopted by the Estonian Supreme Soviet. Later they were joined by Latvia.
Consequently, the aforementioned Estonian deputy acted in full accordance with A.N. Yakovlev and decisions of the Supreme Soviets of the Baltic republics. It is no coincidence that Alexander Nikolayevich was elected chairman of the congress commission on this issue.
The commission included Ch. Aitmatov, Alexy II, G. Arbatov, L. Arutyunyan, Yu. Afanasyev, I. Druta, A. Kazannik, V. Korotich, V. Shinkaruk. V.M. became the “working coordinator”. Falin.
On August 6, 1989, "Soviet Russia" published an article "August 39 - before and after", which posed questions: why the question of the secret protocol was raised and what would it mean to recognize its illegality, and gave the following answer to them: " If we consider the changes in the Soviet western State border after August 23, 1939 as a consequence of an illegal treaty, then automatically the result of the rejection of the 1939 treaty should be the restoration of the Soviet western border at the time of August 23, 1939. This would mean the loss of Soviet sovereignty over the three Baltic republics, the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, northern Bukovina and Moldova, the northern part Leningrad region(Karelian Isthmus and northern shore of Lake Ladoga) and parts of the Karelian ASSR.
Speaking at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR A.V. Gorbunov proposed to make significant changes to the Constitution of the USSR: a) supplement it with a Union Treaty that the union republics could sign, b) transfer to the union republics all power on their territory, c) assign to the union republics all property located on their territory.
Essentially A.V. Gorbunov, on behalf of the Latvian delegation, raised the question of turning the USSR into a confederation. And although his proposal was not put to a vote, it did not raise objections from the leadership of the CPSU and the USSR.
As Professor M.L. Bronstein, "at the first Congress of People's Deputies" A.D. Sakharov made "a proposal to reform the Soviet Union on the model of the European Union", i.e. in fact, with the idea of the destruction of the USSR. “Among the supporters of a phased ... reform of the USSR according to a model close to the European Union,” was M.L. Bronstein.
Many consider the actions of A.D. Sakharov at the congress as the actions of an enthusiast - a loner. However, according to M.L. Bronstein, during the work of the congress A.D. Sakharov maintained relations with M.S. Gorbachev, and Viktor Palm, one of the founders of the Estonian Popular Front, acted as a shuttle between them.
Thus, the First Congress of People's Deputies can be viewed as a turning point in the history of our country, which became an important milestone on the way to the removal of the CPSU from power, the transition of the Soviet Union to a market economy and preparations for the destruction of the USSR.
The following decision of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was in full accordance with this: “Based on international norms and principles, including those contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Helsinki Agreement and agreements at the Vienna meetings, bringing domestic legislation in line with it, the USSR will contribute to the creation of a world community of rule-of-law states.
From the book History of Public Administration in Russia author Shchepetev Vasily IvanovichIII (Unifying) Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies In parallel with the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, there were Soviets of Peasants' Deputies in the country, in which the Socialist-Revolutionary Party had a significant influence. November 1917 in Petrograd
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Congress of People's Deputiesand the Supreme Council
RSFSR / RF
(May 16, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
CONGRESS OF PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES
The highest body of state power of the RSFSR / Russian Federation from May 16, 1990 to September 21 (October 4), 1993.
Elected March 4, 1990 for a 5-year term. Disbanded by presidential decree on September 21, 1993 (the decree was executed with the use of armored vehicles on October 4, 1993).
Full title:
until December 25, 1991 - Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, from December 25, 1991 - Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.
Functions:
The Congress is empowered to decide any issue within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. Adopts the Constitution, approves the head of government and heads of higher state bodies (court and arbitration, prosecutor's office, people's control), elects members of the Constitutional Supervision Committee (judges of the Constitutional Court), calls a referendum. Since 1991 - dismissed from the post of President.
The resolutions of the Congress of People's Deputies, adopted by a simple majority of votes, had the highest legal force in relation to the laws adopted by the Supreme Council and often redistributed the powers of the authorities in derogation from the norms of the Constitution adopted by two-thirds of the votes.
Compound:
in the state - 1068 people's deputies of the RSFSR
900 - by territorial districts: in proportion to the population;
168 - by national-territorial districts: 4 each from 16 autonomous republics (64), 2 each from 5 autonomous regions (10), 1 each from 10 autonomous districts (10), 84 each from the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and Leningrad.
By the beginning of the work of the First Congress, 1059 deputies were elected. The number of deputies by September 21, 1993 - 1037, by October 4, 1993 - 938.
In total in 1990-1993. 1081 deputies were elected taking into account by-elections in the liberated constituencies.
Quorum:
2/3 of the total number of deputies, which was considered the actual number of elected deputies.
Meetings:
according to the Constitution - annually, in fact - 2-3 times a year. A total of 10 congresses took place (I-II - 1990, III-V - 1991, VI-VII - 1992, VIII - X - 1993).
THE SUPREME COUNCIL
Legislative, administrative and control body of state power of the RSFSR (permanent parliament).
Full title:
until December 25, 1991 - the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, from December 25, 1991 - the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation.
Compound:
252 deputies in two equal and equal chambers.
Council of the Republic: 126 deputies from the territorial districts in proportion to the number of voters in the regions.
Council of Nationalities: 126 deputies - 3 each from 16 autonomous republics (48), 1 each from 5 autonomous regions and 10 autonomous districts (15), 63 from the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and Leningrad. Initially - only from the national-territorial districts, later the restriction was lifted.
Initially, both chambers were elected by the Congress, later they were formed by the Congress by delegation according to regional quotas. In 1991, there was a project to replace regional quotas with factional ones, which was not adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies.
Meetings:
regular sessions - 2 times a year. For 4 years, 7 numbered and 2 unnumbered sessions took place.
Functions:
adopted laws, ratified treaties, appointed members of the government (until 1991) and judges, declared an amnesty (one amnesty took place - June 18, 1992).
In 1991-1992, the Supreme Court considered (with the right to reject) presidential decrees on economic reform that contradicted the current legislation (the right to issue such decrees was granted to the President by the Congress of People's Deputies for a period from November 1, 1991 to December 1, 1992).
Laws:
They were adopted by the Supreme Council, signed by the Chairman of the Supreme Council on the same day (without the right to veto). After July 10, 1991, laws were signed within 14 days by the President, who received the right of suspensive veto, overcome by a simple majority of votes (with the obligation of the President to sign the re-adopted law within 3 days). From May 31, 1990 to September 22, 1993, 333 laws of the RSFSR (Russian Federation) were adopted and officially published. 10 of them - on amendments and additions to the Constitution - were adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies.
Normative acts were also adopted in the form of resolutions.
Press organs:
weekly "Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR" (from N 6-1992 - "... of the Russian Federation") - 1990: NN1-30, 1991: NN1 - 52, 1992: NN1 - 52, 1993: NN1 - 37; the daily newspaper "Soviet Russia" (until the end of 1990, together with the Central Committee of the CPSU), the daily "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" (October 1990 - September 1993, then - an organ of the Government).
Other publications of the Armed Forces - the weekly newspaper "Russia" (1990 - 1993, now - the organ of the movement "Russia" by G.N. Seleznev), the magazine "People's Deputy" (1992-1993, before - the publication of the USSR Armed Forces), the historical magazine "Rodina" , "Yuridicheskaya Gazeta Rossii" (created in mid-1993 on the basis of "Yuridicheskaya Gazeta", close to the Liberal Democratic Party, did not come out), the magazine "Vozrozhdeniye". Bodies of the Council of Nationalities: the newspaper "Federation", the magazine "Ethnopolis".
The composition of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation after the VII Congress (December 14, 1992 - October 4, 1993)
PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL
A body accountable to the Supreme Council that ensures the organization of the work of the Congress and the Armed Forces and exercises other powers provided for by the laws of the RSFSR. Since in the previous system - until 1990 - the Presidium combined the functions of a legislator and a collective head of state, there were quite a lot of such powers.
Full title:
until December 25, 1991 - the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, from December 25, 1991 - the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation.
Functions:
Until July 10, 1991 (the establishment of the post of President), he accepted citizenship, carried out pardons, conferred state awards, appointed diplomatic representatives, and also accepted credentials. The above decisions were formalized by decrees. Subsequently, decrees were adopted on issues of changes in the territorial structure, the assignment of qualification classes, and the awarding of diplomas.
On other issues, the Presidium adopted resolutions.
Sometimes regulations (such as the charter of the Central Bank or the Promissory Note) were approved by resolutions of the Presidium and appointments were made (for example, heads of the Central Bank and extrabudgetary funds). Especially many such acts were adopted at the stage of creating the republican system of military courts and the prosecutor's office instead of the all-Union one (1992).
Compound:
Chairman of the Supreme Council, his first deputy, 3 deputies, chairmen of the chambers (2), chairman of the People's Control Committee (the position was abolished by the first Congress), chairmen of the committees of the Supreme Court (18-20 people), chairmen of the standing committees of the chambers (8-10). Total in the state - from 33 to 37 people.
CHAIRMAN OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL
He was elected at the Congress by secret ballot from among the people's deputies of Russia for 5 years (no more than two consecutive terms).
Full title:
until December 25, 1991 - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, from December 25, 1991 - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation.
Functions:
until July 10, 1990 - the highest official of the RSFSR. He signed laws (without the right to veto), presented a candidate for the post of head of government, negotiated and signed international treaties.
On July 10, 1990 - head of the legislative branch of government.
In both of these periods, he presented candidates for the positions of his deputies, members of the KKN (judges of the Constitutional Court), heads of the Supreme Court and arbitration.
Since January 12, 1993, the Chairman of the Supreme Court is the fourth person in the hierarchy of succession to the throne (acts as President if it is impossible for them to be performed by the Vice President and Chairman of the Council of Ministers).
The Chairman of the Supreme Council issued orders.
When the Chairman of the Armed Forces was the highest official of the republic, he issued orders on the provision of individual benefits to regions and organizations (for example, by order of May 24, 1991, the Russian Union of Afghanistan Veterans was completely exempted from taxes). Already after the introduction of the post of President, the Chairman of the Supreme Court and his first deputy, by their orders, created the Rosselkhozbank, expanded the rights of the management of the Russian Nickel concern, and so on. In January 1992, the administrative-territorial division of Moscow was approved by an act called "Joint Decree of the President of the Russian Federation and the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation." The Constitutional Court regarded this practice as an arbitrary extension of the powers of officials of the Supreme Council. From June 29, 1992 - manager of the RF Armed Forces Fund for social support of the population.
LEADERS OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL AND ITS BODIES:
The Chairman of the Supreme Council and his deputies were elected by the Congress of People's Deputies, dismissed also by the Congress, and in the event of resignation of deputy powers - by the Supreme Council
The Constitution provided for the positions of First Deputy and Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court, from May 31, 1990 - First Deputy and three deputies.
According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" dated March 5, 1992, the First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council was one of the 5 permanent (with a decisive vote) members of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR/RF
Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich
May 29, 1990 - July 10, 1991
Khasbulatov Ruslan Imranovich
(acting Chairman since July 10, 1991)
October 29, 1991 - October 4, 1993
First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR / RF
Khasbulatov Ruslan Imranovich
June 5, 1990 - October 29, 1991
November 1, 1991 - January 28, 1993
VORONIN Yuri Mikhailovich
March 29 - October 4, 1993
Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR / RF
ISAEV Boris Mikhailovich
GORYACHEVA Svetlana Petrovna
June 1, 1990 - October 29, 1991
VACANCY (repeatedly unapproved by S.M. Shakhrai)
until November 1, 1991
VORONIN Yuri Mikhailovich
November 1, 1991 - March 29, 1993
SHUMEYKO Vladimir Filippovich
November 1, 1991 - July 1, 1992
YAROV Yury Fedorovich
November 1, 1991 - January 28, 1993
ISPRAVNIKOV Vladimir Olegovich
March 29 - October 4, 1993
AGAFONOV Valentin Alekseevich
March 29 - October 4, 1993
COMMITTEES
The list of committees of the Supreme Council was approved by the decision of the Supreme Council.
Chairmen of the Committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR / RF
(18 committees were created on June 19, 1990, the 19th - December 27, 1990, 1 committee was abolished on April 30, 1993, 1 was divided into two on June 24, 1993)
on legislation (reformed on June 24, 1993 into 2 committees)
SHAKHRAY Sergey Mikhailovich (July 3, 1990 - November 21, 1991)
MITYUKOV Michal Alekseevich (November 21, 1991 - June 24, 1993)
under constitutional law (formed on June 24, 1993)
ISAKOV Vladimir Borisovich (June 30, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
on judicial reform and current legislation (established on June 24, 1993); on Judicial Reform and Law Enforcement Affairs (renamed 22 or 23 September 1993)
BABURIN Sergey Nikolaevich (September 23, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
on Economic Reform and Property
KRASAVCHENKO Sergey Nikolaevich (July 3, 1990 - September 24, 1993)
on issues of inter-republican relations, regional policy and cooperation
GRANBERG Alexander Grigorievich (July 3, 1990 - April 1, 1992)
PODOPRIGORA Vladimir Nikolaevich (April 1, 1992 - October 4, 1993)
on the work of the Councils of People's Deputies and the development of self-government
TRAVKIN Nikolai Ilyich (July 3 - December 27, 1990)
ZHUKOV Grigory Semenovich (December 27, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
for industry and energy
FEDORCHENKO Vasily Andreevich (July 3, 1990 - November 21, 1991)
EREMIN Alvin Evstafievich (December 19, 1991 - October 4, 1993)
on social development of the countryside, agrarian issues and food
AGAFONOV Valentin Alekseevich (July 3, 1990 - May 14, 1993)
CHERNYSHEV Alexey Andreevich (June 11, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
for construction, architecture and housing and communal services
BASIN Efim Vladimirovich (July 3, 1990 - January 14, 1993
ORLOV Alexey Ivanovich (January 14, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
for science and public education
SHORIN Vladimir Pavlovich (July 3, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
Health, Welfare and physical education; from April 30, 1993 - on health protection and social security
ASKALONOV Artur Alexandrovich (July 3, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
on Affairs of the Disabled, Veterans of War and Labor, Social Protection of Military Personnel and Members of Their Families
RUTSKOI Alexander Vladimirovich (July 3, 1990 - July 10, 1991)
KOROVNIKOV Alexander Venediktovich (October 4, 1991 - October 4, 1993)
for women, family protection, motherhood and childhood
LAHOVA Ekaterina Filippovna (July 3, 1990 - February 20, 1992)
NAZMETDINOVA Minrauza Minikhazievna (March 11, 1992 - October 4, 1993)
for Youth Affairs (abolished April 30, 1993)
SMIRNOV Stanislav Alekseevich (July 3, 1990 - May 28, 1992)
on ecology and rational use of natural resources
REVYAKIN Viktor Semenovich (July 3, 1990 - October 24, 1991)
VORFOLOMEYEV Vladimir Petrovich (October 24, 1991 - October 4, 1993)
for International Affairs and Foreign Economic Relations
LUKIN Vladimir Petrovich (July 3, 1990 - March 19, 1992)
AMBARTSUMOV Evgeny Arshakovich (April 1, 1992 - September 24, 1993)
ANDRONOV Iona Ionovich (September 24 - October 4, 1993)
human rights
KOVALEV Sergey Adamovich (July 3, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
law, order and crime control
ASLAKHANOV Aslanbek Akhmedovich (July 3, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
on the mass media, relations with public organizations, mass movements of citizens and the study of public opinion; since April 29, 1993 - by the media
YUGIN Victor Alekseevich (July 3, 1990 - November 21, 1991)
BRAGIN Vyacheslav Ivanovich (November 21, 1991 - January 21, 1993)
LISIN Vladimir Pavlovich (January 22, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
freedom of conscience, religion, charity and mercy; since April 29, 1993 - in relations with public, religious and charitable organizations
POLOSIN Vyacheslav Sergeevich (July 3, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
on security (created on December 27, 1990); for Defense and Security Affairs (renamed December 25, 1991)
STEPASHIN Sergey Vadimovich (February 28, 1991 - September 23, 1993)
CHEBOTAREVSKY Ravkat Zagidulovich (September 23 - October 4, 1993)
Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Council
FILATOV Sergey Alexandrovich
January 15, 1991 - November 1991
January 11 - October 4, 1993
COUNCIL OF THE REPUBLIC:
126 deputies from the regions in proportion to the number of voters
Chairman of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR / RF
ISAKOV Vladimir Borisovich
June 13, 1990 - October 2, 1991
RYABOV Nikolay Timofeevich
October 2, 1991 - December 23, 1992
SOKOLOV Veniamin Sergeevich
February 10 - October 4, 1993
Deputy Chairman of the Council of the Republic
VESHNYAKOV Alexander Albertovich
June 13, 1990 - August 22, 1991
ZHIGULIN Victor Ivanovich
October 2, 1991 - October 4, 1993
Chairmen of the Commissions of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR / RF
(6 commissions were created on June 19, 1990, 2 on the same day were transformed into committees of the Supreme Court, the 5th was formed on May 13, 1993)
budget, plans, taxes and prices
VORONIN Yuri Mikhailovich (June 19, 1990 - November 13, 1991)
POCHINOK Alexander Petrovich (November 13, 1991 - September 23, 1993)
on Industry and Energy - June 19, 1990 transformed into the Committee of the Armed Forces
on transport, communications and informatics; since March 4, 1992 - in transport, communications, informatics and space
ZAKOPYRIN Anatoly Nikolaevich (July 4, 1990 - November 13, 1991)
ADROV Alexey Nikolaevich (December 4, 1991 - October 4, 1993)
for social policy
ZAKHAROV Mikhail Lvovich (July 4, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
culture
POLENOV Fedor Dmitrievich (June 19, 1990 - September 24, 1993)
on Human Rights - June 19, 1990 transformed into the Committee of the Armed Forces
for Economic Reform (established on May 13, 1993)
MAZAEV Vladimir Dmitrievich (May 19, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
COUNCIL OF NATIONALITIES:
126 deputies: 3 each from 16 autonomous republics (48), 1 each from 5 autonomous regions and 10 autonomous districts (15), 63 from the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and Leningrad.
Chairman of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR / RF
ABDULATIPOV Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich
June 13, 1990 - October 4, 1993
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Nationalities
VOLKOGONOV Dmitry Antonovich
June 13, 1990 - September 10, 1990
SYROVATKO Vitaly Grigorievich
September 10, 1990 - February 24, 1993
ANIKIEV Anatoly Vladimirovich
February 24, 1993 - October 4, 1993
Chairmen of the Commissions of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR / RF
(3 commissions were created on June 14, 1990, the 4th - on December 25, 1991, the 5th - on January 27, 1993)
on the national-state structure and interethnic relations; from June 23, 1993 - on federal and interethnic relations
SYROVATKO Vitaly Grigorievich (June 14 - November 16, 1990)
STEPANKOV Valentin Georgievich (November 16 - December 25, 1990)
MEDVEDEV Nikolai Pavlovich (December 25, 1990 - April 2, 1993)
GEN Nikolay Leonidovich (April 2 - October 4, 1993)
on issues of social and economic development of autonomous republics, autonomous regions, autonomous regions and small peoples
KORNILOVA Zoya Afanasievna (June 14, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
on the development of culture, language, national traditions and protection of historical heritage
MUKHAMADIEV Renat Safievich (June 14, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
for repressed and deported peoples (formed on December 25, 1991)
ANIKIEV Anatoly Vladimirovich (January 15, 1992 - March 31, 1993)
RESHULSKY Sergey Nikolaevich (June 8, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
for Youth Affairs, Sports and Physical Education of the Population (established on January 27, 1993)
LYSENKO Valery Anatolyevich (January 27, 1993 - October 4, 1993)
HEADS OF THE PERMANENT BODIES OF THE CONGRESS OF PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES:
Chairman of the Credentials Commission of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR/RF
VYATKIN German Platonovich (May 16, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
Chairman of the Commission of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR / RF on issues of deputy ethics
SIDORENKO Yuri Sergeevich (July 13, 1990 - October 4, 1993)
Chairman of the Commission for Compliance with the Regulations of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR/RF and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR/RF
DOROFEEV Grigory Petrovich (November 2, 1991 - October 4, 1993)
Chairman of the Constitutional Commission
YELTSIN Boris Nikolaevich (since June 16, 1990)
deputies
Khasbulatov Ruslan Imranovich (since June 16, 1990)
RYABOV Nikolai Timofeevich (since December 14, 1992)
executive Secretary
RUMYANTSEV Oleg Germanovich (since 1990)
Chairman of the Council of Deputy Fractions
NOVIKOV Vladimir Ilyich
FRACTIONS:
The fundamental decision to create a system of factions without dual membership was taken by the 4th Congress (May 1991). Fractions were registered if there were 50 deputies, blocs - if there were three factions (individual membership was also allowed in blocs).
The factions were formed on the basis of political groups at the first stage of the 5th Congress (July 1991) and basically disengaged at the second (dual membership was formally prohibited by an amendment to the Regulations on October 25, 1991, but was actually defeated only by re-registration on December 14, 1992). The blocs formed before, during and after the VI Congress (spring 1992).
In total, 19 factions were created (at each individual moment there were 14-15) and 4 blocs (1 soon turned into a "non-bloc" - a coalition). The factions consisted of about 800 deputies (80% of the Congress).
At the First Congress of People's Deputies, groups of at least 50 deputies were subject to registration (groups created to protect the national interests of small peoples were subject to registration regardless of their size). By the middle of the congress (May 25, 1990), 24 deputy groups were registered, numbering from 51 to 355 deputies - mostly professional and regional, which included 200% of the deputies (double, triple, etc. membership was allowed). The main participants in the congress are the "Democratic Russia" blocs (about 300 deputies, including the formal DR group - 66) and the "Communists of Russia" (355-367). Adjacent to the DR bloc (partially overlapping) was Smena (51), the Workers' and Peasants' Union (72), Non-Party Deputies (61); to the KR - Food and health (183-215), on many issues - a group of deputies from autonomies (83). The alliance with the "bog" brought the protege of the DR BN Yeltsin a coveted majority of 531 votes, but caused the formation of the "Radical Democrats" group (55) in the depths of the DR bloc.
At the II Extraordinary Congress (November - December 1990), devoted mainly to the agrarian issue, the center-left (in the current sense) group "Democratic Center - Russia" (Baburin), the center-right group "Left Center" (Shakhrai) and simply centrist " Organizers of the national economy" (Hecht - Bespalov). The Fatherland (Tarasov) military group appeared in the KR bloc, the United Fraction of Social Democrats and Republicans (Rumyantsev, Lysenko) and the Russian Union (Aksyuchits, Astafyev) demo-patriotic group appeared in the DR bloc.
At the III Congress (April 1991) political groups were registered for the first time. Of the above 14, the Workers' Union did not register as a political one, but the Communists for Democracy (Rutskoi) were added.
At the first stage of the 5th Congress (July 1991), all 15 of the above groups registered as factions. The congress split roughly in two, in many rounds it did not elect either S.N. Baburin (maximum - 485 votes) or R.I. Khasbulatov (maximum - 414) as Chairman of the Supreme Council.
At the second stage of the 5th Congress (October - November 1991), Khasbulatov was elected speaker, consolidating the previously undisciplined democrats and the centrists, freed from the influence of the banned CPSU, as well as part of the communists. The congress proclaimed a radical economic reform, giving President Yeltsin emergency powers for a year. At the congress, the faction of the Social Democrats merged into the "Left Center" and renamed it "RPRF/SDPR - Left Center". During the V-2 Congress, at least 6 factions considered themselves members of the Democratic Russia bloc - Democratic Russia, Radical Democrats, RPRF / SDPR - Left Center, Free Russia, Non-Party Deputies and the Workers' Union of Russia, and most likely - the Russian Union. Oppositional (KR, AU, Fatherland, Russia) and centrist (PromSoyuz, Smena, Sovereignty and Equality) did not create formal blocs.
The leaders of the "Russian Union" faction, in response to the collapse of the USSR in December 1991, went over to the side of the irreconcilable opposition, losing most of the members of the faction, many of whom returned to the RPRF-SDPR (-LC) and DR factions.
At the VI Congress (April 1992), the factions were structured into 3 blocks. On the first day (April 6), the opposition bloc "Russian Unity" was created, consisting of 5 factions (Communists of Russia, Agrarian Union, Russia, Fatherland, Russian Union). but in the evening of the same day, the "Russian Union" lost its registration, because. only 18 deputies remained in it. On April 10, the moderate opposition bloc "Creative Forces" (Industrial Union, Workers' Union, Change) was proclaimed. On April 14, the Coalition of Reforms bloc was registered, under the statement on the creation of which there are 5 signatures (Democratic Russia, Radical Democrats, Free Russia, as well as separately the RPRF / SDPR and the Left Center, which in the transcript of the congress are alternately referred to as two, then as one faction) . "Non-Party Deputies" and "Sovereignty and Equality" remained outside the blocs. On April 18, the 14th (taking into account the collapse of the Russian Union, and in the entire history - the 16th) faction - "Civil Society", was created, uniting the "terrified democrats".
Between the congresses, the Left Center, which lost the RPRF/SDPR prefix, and Free Russia reunited with the Non-Party Party in the new Democratic Center bloc, the parliamentary wing of the Civil Union, thereby destroying the Coalition of Reforms bloc. In June, the "Civil Society" faction almost joined the DC, but by autumn it had become radicalized, swallowed up the leaders of the collapsed "Russian Union" and by October joined the Russian Unity bloc. In November, the Sovereignty and Equality faction joined the DC. At the same time, with the participation of a noticeable number of "non-party" and part of the "Civil Society", the 15th (in the entire history - the 17th) faction "Motherland" was created, uniting the federalist-statists headed by the Social Democrat O. Rumyantsev.
Thus, by the end of Gaidar's rule, the structure of the Congress was formed from 3 and a half blocks - "Russian Unity" (5 factions), "Creative Forces" (3), "Democratic Center" (4) and "Coalition of Reforms" (2) - and non-bloc faction "Motherland".
At the VII Congress (December 1992), which replaced Gaidar with Chernomyrdin, the Social Democrats and moderate liberals (future Yabloko) who left the LC united in a new, 16th (18th) faction "Consent for the sake of progress." The activists of the LC (including E.Basin, E.Lakhova, S.Stepashin) briefly created the 17th (19th) faction "Cooperation" on the basis of the non-political group of the same name. On December 14, they lost the status of the factions "Cooperation" (on honorary terms - the union of names - joined the LC), "Non-Party Deputies" (ceased to exist, the leaders of the faction left for the SR) and "Civil Society" (reregistered as a group allowing dual membership) . There are 14 factions left, and 6 groups. Towards the close of the congress, an amendment to the Regulations was defeated, replacing the "creeping" registration of factions with a one-time annual re-registration and legalizing the Council of Fractions.
"Motherland", despite the announced accession to Volsky's Civil Union, did not join the DC block, and "Consent for the sake of progress", despite the membership of some of its leaders in the "Democratic Russia" movement, did not join the Coalition of Reforms (at the same time, most of the members of the SRP were in coalitions as individual members).
LIST OF FACTIONS AND BLOCKS
"from right to left"
(which also corresponds to the order in which the blocks appear):
0. Democratic Russia(broken block)
Composition: DR, RD, RPRF / SDPR, LC, BD, RSR, (RosSoyuz?)
I. Reform Coalition(the former "Block of Democratic Factions", created at the end of 1991 and disbanded in May 1992):
number (6th - 8th congresses): 300, 241, ?
1. Democratic Russia (V.V. Volkov)
(1-8): 66, 69, 205, 69, 69, 72, 75, 49
2. Radical Democrats (S.N. Yushenkov)
(1-8): 55, 54, 54, 55, 55, 48, 50, 50
Broken faction:
United faction of social democrats and republicans (O.N. Rumyantsev, V.L. Sheinis)
(2-5): 54, 52, 53, 52
Dropped out of the block:
LC, SR, spun off in April - May 1992 into the DC block.
Out of blocks:
3. Agreement for the sake of progress (Yu.M. Nesterov)
VII - 51, VIII - 54
The Reform Coalition included most of the members of the SWP, but not the faction as a whole
II. Block "Democratic Center"(created in May 1992):
(7-8): 200, 167
4. Left center - Cooperation (S.M. Shakhrai, V.V. Gerasimov). Until December 1992 - Center Left; in November 1991 - June 1992 - "RPRF - SDPR - Left Center"
(2-8): 57, 80, ?, 65, 69, 53, 62
5. Free Russia (A.V. Rutskoy, I.V. Vinogradova). Until October 28, 1991 - "Communists for Democracy"
(3-8): 103, ?, 96, 66, 58, 55
6. Sovereignty and equality (until July 1991 - "Group of deputies from autonomies") (V.N. Stepanov, U.E. Temirov) - in the bloc since November 1992
(1-8): 142, 139, 83, 143, 50, 56, 50, 50
Broken faction:
Non-party deputies (V.I. Novikov)
(1-7): 72, 59, 61, 54, 55, 43, 36
Out of blocks:
7. Homeland (V.I. Morokin, O.G. Rumyantsev)
(7-8): 52, 57
Failed faction:
Cooperation (E.V. Basin)
(7): 50
III. Block "Creative Forces"(created in April 1992):
(6-8): 167, 151, 158
8. Industrial Union (Yu.G. Gekht). Until July 1991 - "Organizers of the national economy"
(2-8): 54, 158, 67, 58, 73, 54, 52
9. Workers Union - Reforms without shock (A.S. Kosopkin). Initially - the "Workers' and Peasants' Union", from November 1990 to December 1991 - the "Workers' Union of Russia"
(1-8): 72, 66, 64, 64, 62, 41, 52, 53
10. Change (New policy) (A.L. Golovin, I.V. Muravyov)
(1-8): 51, ?, 51, 55, 51, 53, 53, 53
IV. Bloc "Russian Unity"(created in April 1992):
number (6 - 8 congresses): 310, 355, 303
11. Communists of Russia (I.M. Bratishchev, I.P. Rybkin)
(1-8): 355, 215, 216, 205, 198, 59, 80, 67
12. Agrarian Union (M.I. Lapshin). Until July 1991 - "Food and Health"
(1-8): 183, 216, 215, ?, 111, 121, 148, 130
13. Russia (S.N.Baburin)
(2-8): 87, 102, 96, 74, 54, 46, 43
14. Fatherland (B.V. Tarasov)
(2-8): ?, 145, 140, 70, 54, 54, 51
Broken factions:
Russian Union (M.G. Astafiev)
(2-6): 52, 51, ?, 51, 19
Civil society (M. B. Chelnokov) - since October 1992 in the RE block
(6-7): 52, 28
PARTS
By the beginning of the Congress (May 1990), 920 deputies (86%) were members of the CPSU. The rest were listed as non-partisans.
At the V Congress in July 1991, 767 deputies (73%) declared belonging to the CPSU, 22 (2%) to other parties: RPRF - 8, SDPR - 4, SvDPR and DPR - 3 each, KDP (PNS) - 2, NPR and RCDD - 1 each.
At the first after the suspension of the activities of the CPSU V-2 congress (October 1991), 675 deputies (65%) were members of the CPSU, 24 (2.5%) other 8 parties - 2 members of the NPSR were added. We managed to count 54 (without members of the CPSU, but including members of the SPT created by the communists) party deputies (5% of the congress), who were in 10 parties.
Subsequently, the press center of the Supreme Council added to the statistics only 31 members of the SPT (by the 7th congress) and 67 members of the Communist Party (by the 8th). The data for the rest of the parties (except for the finally dissolved CPSU) remained unchanged. Panorama, on the other hand, counted 69 deputies (7%) in 14 parties at the VI Congress, 152 (15%) in 20 at the VII, and 220 (22%) in 23 at the VIII.
By March 1993, at least 76 deputies (8%) were in the newly recreated Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 190 (19%) in other parties, including Rutskoi's NPSR - 71, SPT - 31 (including 19 communists), APR - 16, DPR Travkina and RCDD Aksyuchits - 12 each, A. Vladislavlev's VSO - 10, RPRF - 9, RKRP, SDPR and A. Kotenev's NPP - 4 each, T. Gdlyan's NPR and M. Astafiev's KDP (PNS) - each 3, KrPR Yu.Chernichenko and the Transnational Radical Party - 2 each, in the FDPR M.Salye, RCDU G.Yakunin, RCDU A.Chuev, RPST I.Kivelidi, PT O.Smolin, Republican Humanitarian Party Y.Bokan, Union of People's Self-Government V.A. Tikhonov - 1 each. At the same time, 26 deputies were simultaneously in two, and one (M.I. Lapshin) - in three parties.
Of the 18 factions, only 2 (Communists of Russia, RPRF / SDPR) emerged on the basis of existing parties and movements. The opposite was observed 2.5 times more often: members of the "DemRussia" and "Fatherland" factions created movements of the same name, the "Communists for Democracy" factions - DPKR / NPSR, the Agrarian Union - APR, Russia - ROS. In addition, the Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin bloc in the 1993 elections arose with the significant participation of the SRP faction, and the Russia's Choice bloc with the participation (including formal) of the DR and RD factions.
As a result, 6 factions (KR, AC, Russia, RD + DR, PSA) acquired, in a sense, heirs in the Duma of the 1st convocation, and prominent figures of "Sovereignty and Equality" (A. Dzasokhov) and "PromSoyuz" (G. Kalistratov) led the creation of the largest group of single-members (although they did not remain in the first roles in it).
CHRONOLOGY:
CONGRESSES OF PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES:
I Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
May 16 - June 22, 1990
(Documents: VSND RSFSR, 1990, NN 1-4)
II (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
November 27 - December 15, 1990
(1990, 28-29)
III (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
March 28 - April 5, 1991
(1991, 14-16)
V (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
July 10-17, October 28 - November 2, 1991
(1991, 28, 30, 44-46)
X Extraordinary (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
September 23 - October 4, 1993
SESSIONS OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL:
First: June 13 - July 14, 1990
Second: September 3 - December 27, 1990
Third: January 21 - July 6, 1991
Emergency: 21 - 22 August 1991
Fourth: September 19, 1991 - July 17, 1992
Fifth: September 23 - December 25, 1992
Sixth: January 14 - July 31, 1993
Extraordinary: August 6 - September 17, 1993
Seventh: September 21 - October 4, 1993
October 29, 1989 - amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR were adopted, which established the Congress of People's Deputies
March 4, 1990 - elections of people's deputies of the RSFSR (second round - March 17-18, repeated elections in some districts - April - May)
May 16, 1990 - the beginning of the I Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
May 29, 1990 - The leader of the opposition Interregional Deputy Group in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR B.N. Yeltsin was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council - the highest official of the RSFSR
June 12, 1990 - The Congress adopts the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. The beginning of the "war of laws" between the RSFSR and the USSR
March 17, 1991 - at the All-Russian referendum, a decision was made to introduce the post of President of the RSFSR, elected by popular vote (for - 54% of the total number of voters)
June 12, 1991 - B.N. Yeltsin was elected the first President of the RSFSR (57% in the first round)
July 10, 1991 - the first President of the RSFSR took office
July 10 - 17, 1991 - following the results of six rounds of the election of the Chairman of the Supreme Court (the main candidates are S.N. Baburin, R.I. Khasbulatov, S.M. Shakhrai, V.P. Lukin), the Chairman was not elected. First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council R.I.Khasbulatov becomes Acting Chairman of the Supreme Council
October 29, 1991 - R.I.Khasbulatov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council
November 1, 1991 - The Congress grants the President additional powers for a period of 13 months and allows him to personally head the Government
December 12, 1991 - The Supreme Council decides on the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the USSR
December 25, 1991 - The Supreme Council renames the RSFSR to the Russian Federation (Russia)
December 10, 1992 - in response to non-extension of additional powers and non-approval of E.T. Gaidar as prime minister, the President for the first time threatens the Congress with a referendum on the question "either you or me" and tries to disrupt the quorum. As a result of the compromise, the Congress appoints a referendum on the main provisions of the new Constitution for March 12 and freezes part of the amendments to the Constitution that have just been adopted, limiting the powers of the President.
March 10, 1993 - Extraordinary Congress enacts amendments to the Constitution in full and cancels the referendum. Chairman of the Supreme Court characterizes the December compromise with the words "the devil has beguiled"
March 20, 1993 - The President conducts a second rehearsal of the coup d'état, announcing the introduction of a "special order of government" (the so-called "OPUS") and the appointment of a referendum on confidence in himself, which he promises to interpret as no confidence in the Congress
March 28, 1993 - the congress does not gain a majority of 2/3 votes to remove the President from office (in favor - 617 out of 1033 votes, 60%)
March 29, 1993 - the congress appoints a referendum on 4 issues: on confidence in the President, his economic policy, early elections of the President and people's deputies
April 25, 1993 - in a referendum on all four questions, more votes were given "for" than "against", but less than half of the total number of voters. Decisions were made on confidence in the President (59%) and approval of his economic policy (53%), requiring a majority of the number of participants. Decisions were not made on early elections of the President (32%) and deputies (43%) requiring a majority from the payroll. At the same time, supporters of the President claim that the people voted for the early elections of deputies (67%), but against the early elections of the President (49.5%), counting the percentage of all ballots found in the ballot boxes (including an unexpectedly large number of invalid ballots on this particular issue) . Opponents of the President, counting the votes from the total number of voters, claim that he (38%) and his economic policy (34%) are not trusted.
June 5, 1993 - the Constitutional Conference begins its work - a body formed by a presidential decree to develop the text of a new Constitution. The delegates of the meeting "slam" the Chairman of the Supreme Council, and the President's guards grab and carry deputy Yu.M. Slobodkin out of the hall, pushing the Prosecutor General V.G.
September 18, 1993 - the leaders of the executive and legislative branches of the Federation, convened by the President, refuse to proclaim themselves the Federation Council and assign the powers of the upper house of parliament
September 21, 1993 - The President issues Decree 1400 on the dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Council, approves the Regulations on federal authorities in the transitional period and calls elections to the new parliament established by this decree - the Federal Assembly. The Presidium of the Supreme Council states the automatic termination of the presidential powers of B.N. Yeltsin and their transfer to Vice President A.V. Rutskoi
September 22 - October 3, 1993 - after the decision of the Constitutional Court, Rutskoi takes the presidential oath, the parliament approves alternative ministers of defense, security and internal affairs, turns into the headquarters of the resistance and finds itself in a blockade. On October 3, demonstrators break through the blockade and storm the television center in Ostankino.
October 4, 1993 - The Congress of People's Deputies stops working as a result of a tank assault, Chairman of the Supreme Council R.I. Khasbulatov and deputy E.I. Alaev, as well as Acting President A.V. Rutskoy and alternative ministers are taken into custody
December 12, 1993 - as a result of a popular vote, a new Constitution was adopted (for - 58.4% with a turnout level of 54.8%), a new bicameral parliament was simultaneously elected - the Federal Assembly
January 11 - February 23, 1994 - evading consideration of Decree 1400 and 64 more decrees submitted by Yeltsin for consideration by the Federal Assembly, the Duma closed the issue of the 1993 coup by declaring a political amnesty for the participants in the events of August 1991 and September - October 1993.
February 26, 1994 - the decree on amnesty was executed by the Prosecutor General A.I. Kazannik and the director of the FSB N.M. Golushko despite attempts to counteract by President Yeltsin
March 9, 1994 - Head of the Presidential Administration S.A. Filatov approved a "black list" of 151 deputies who participated in the work of parliament until October 3, 1993 and were deprived of presidential social benefits for this (April 22, 1994, by presidential decree, benefits were extended to all deputies , thus the "black list" is canceled)
March 4, 1995 - the most persistent people's deputies of Russia of the 1990-1995 convocation, headed by S.N. Baburin, celebrated the end of the 5-year term of their powers
COMPOSITION OF THE SUPERIOR MANAGEMENT OF THE AF
The unofficial "seven" of the top leaders of the parliament looked like this:
May 29 - June 1, 1990 (1): B.N. Yeltsin
June 1 - 5, 1990 (3): B.N. Yeltsin, B.M. Isaev, S.P. Goryacheva
June 5 - 13, 1990 (4): B.N. Yeltsin, R.I. Khasbulatov, B.M. Isaev, S.P. Goryacheva
June 13, 1990 - July 10, 1991 (6): B.N. Yeltsin, R.I. Khasbulatov, B.M. Isaev, S.P. Goryacheva, R.G. Abdulatipov, V.B. Isakov
July 10 - October 2, 1991 (5): R.I.Khasbulatov, B.M.Isaev, S.P.Goryacheva, R.G.Abdulatipov, V.B.Isakov
October 2 - 29, 1991 (5): R.I.Khasbulatov, B.M.Isaev, S.P.Goryacheva, R.G.Abdulatipov, N.T.Ryabov
October 29 - November 1, 1991 (3): R.I.Khasbulatov, R.G.Abdulatipov, N.T.Ryabov
November 1, 1991 - July 1, 1992 (7): R.I.Khasbulatov, S.A.Filatov, Yu.M.Voronin, V.F.Shumeyko, Yu.F.Yarov, R.G.Abdulatipov, N.T. .Ryabov
July 1 - December 14, 1992 (6): R.I.Khasbulatov, S.A.Filatov, Yu.M.Voronin, Yu.F.Yarov, R.G.Abdulatipov, N.T.Ryabov
December 14, 1992 - January 28, 1993 (6): R.I.Khasbulatov, S.A.Filatov, Yu.M.Voronin, N.T.Ryabov, Yu.F.Yarov, R.G.Abdulatipov
January 28 - February 10, 1993 (4): R.I.Khasbulatov, Yu.M.Voronin, N.T.Ryabov, R.G.Abdulatipov
February 10 - March 29, 1993 (5): R.I.Khasbulatov, Yu.M.Voronin, N.T.Ryabov, R.G.Abdulatipov, V.S.Sokolov
March 29 - September 23, 1993 (7): R.I.Khasbulatov, Yu.M.Voronin, V.A.Agafonov, V.O.Ispravnikov, N.T.Ryabov, R.G.Abdulatipov, V.S. Sokolov
September 23 - October 4, 1993 (6): R.I.Khasbulatov, Yu.M.Voronin, V.A.Agafonov, V.O.Ispravnikov, R.G.Abdulatipov, V.S.Sokolov
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. - M., Edition of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. - 1990: NN 1-30, 1991: NN 1-52, 1992: NN 1-5
Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. - M., Edition of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. - 1992: NN 6-52, 1993: NN 1-37
Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. - 1993: NN 38-39. - M., Politics, 2002 (under construction).
White House flyers. - Compiled by B. Belenkin, E. Strukova. - M., 1993
Moscow. Autumn-93. Chronicle of confrontation. - Compiled by: A.P. Surkov, N.P. Zheleznova, A.G. Panova. - M., Republic, 1994
People's Deputies of Russia. 1990-1993. - Authors-compilers S.P. Obukhov, E.M. Kharlanova. - M., Publication of the State Duma, 1998.
V. Pribylovsky. Political factions and groups of the Russian parliament. The second version, corrected and supplemented. - M., Information and expert group "Panorama", 1993
Russian parliament: from the first to the seventh congress. Directory of the parliamentary correspondent. - Author-compiler S.P. Obukhov. - M., Izvestia, 1992
Chronicle of the Revolution. M., Vek XX i mir, 1994.
In accordance with this Law, the Soviets of People's Deputies - the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Congresses of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviets of Autonomous Republics, local Soviets of People's Deputies (territorial, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, district, city, district in cities, settlement and rural). The term of office of the Soviets of People's Deputies is 5 years. The most important issues of republican significance are decided at meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR or put to referendums. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR elects the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR forms the Presidium.
Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR/RF.
"In order to develop socialist democracy, self-government of the people, improve the electoral system, the structure and activities of the Soviets of People's Deputies and the organs of justice" and in accordance with the Law of the USSR of December 1, 1988, the eleventh session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the XI convocation on October 27, 1989 adopted the Law of the RSFSR " On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR. In accordance with this Law, the Soviets of People's Deputies - the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Congresses of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviets of Autonomous Republics, local Soviets of People's Deputies (territorial, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, district, city, district in cities, settlement and rural). The term of office of the Soviets of People's Deputies is 5 years. The most important issues of republican significance are decided at meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR or put to referendums. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR elects the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR forms the Presidium.
The highest organ of state power in the RSFSR is the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, which is authorized to accept for its consideration and decide any issue that falls within the jurisdiction of the RSFSR. The exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress includes:
the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the introduction of amendments and additions to it;
Determination of the domestic and foreign policy of the RSFSR;
Making decisions on issues of the national-state structure of the RSFSR;
Resolving questions on changing the borders of the RSFSR with other union republics and submitting them for consideration by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR;
Approval of long-term state plans and the most important republican programs for the economic and social development of the RSFSR;
Election of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, his deputies;
Approval of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Chairman of the People's Control Committee of the RSFSR, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, the Chief State Arbitrator of the RSFSR;
Election of the Committee for Constitutional Supervision of the RSFSR;
Making decisions on holding a republican popular vote (referendum);
Implementation of the legislative initiative at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR has the right to revoke acts adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The congress adopts laws and resolutions. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR consists of 1,068 deputies, including 900 deputies elected from territorial electoral districts, 168 deputies from national-territorial electoral districts in accordance with the norms determined by the Constitution. Meetings of the Congress are held once a year.
The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR is an organ of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, a permanent legislative, administrative and control body of state power in the RSFSR. The Supreme Soviet is elected by secret ballot from among the People's Deputies of the RSFSR by the Congress and is accountable to it. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR consists of two chambers: the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities, equal in membership. The Chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR have equal rights. The Council of the Republic is elected from among the people's deputies of the RSFSR from the territorial electoral districts, the Council of Nationalities - from among the people's deputies from the national-territorial electoral districts. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR annually renews part of the composition of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet in accordance with the norm established by it. Each chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR elects the Chairman of the chamber and his deputy. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR is convened by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR for regular sessions, which are held twice a year. The session of the Supreme Soviet consists of separate and joint sessions of the chambers, as well as meetings of the standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR held between them. After the expiration of the term of office of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR retains its powers until the formation by the newly elected Congress of a new composition of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR:
calls elections for People's Deputies of the RSFSR and People's Deputies of local Soviets;
Approves the composition of the Central Election Commission for the Election of People's Deputies of the RSFSR;
Appoints the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and, on his recommendation, approves the composition of the Council of Ministers, forms and abolishes ministries and state committees of the RSFSR;
Elects the People's Control Committee of the RSFSR, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, judges of regional and regional courts; appoints the Chief State Arbiter of the RSFSR;
He regularly hears reports from bodies and officials formed or elected by him, resolves the issue of confidence in the Government of the RSFSR and members of the Government;
Provides unity and carries out legislative regulation throughout the territory of the RSFSR;
Solves issues related to ensuring the constitutional rights, freedoms and duties of citizens of the RSFSR and the equality of citizens of the USSR of all nationalities on the territory of the RSFSR;
Gives an interpretation of the laws of the RSFSR;
Establishes the procedure for the organization and activities of republican, local bodies of state power and administration;
Directs the activities of local Soviets of People's Deputies;
Approves the state plans for the economic and social development of the RSFSR, the state budget of the RSFSR;
Carries out control over their execution;
Ratifies and denounces international treaties of the RSFSR;
Participates in the development of basic measures in the field of defense and ensuring the state security of the country;
Establishes state awards of the RSFSR, establishes honorary titles of the RSFSR, and also has some other powers in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR.
The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopts laws of the RSFSR and resolutions. Each chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR has the right to consider any issues within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Soviet. First of all, the issues of state building and socio-economic development, which are of common importance for the whole republic, the rights, freedoms and duties of citizens of the RSFSR, are subject to consideration in the Council of the Republic. First of all, the Council of Nationalities shall consider questions of ensuring national equality of interests of nations, nationalities and national groups; improvement of the legislation of the RSFSR regulating interethnic relations and other issues.
On issues within its competence, each of the chambers adopts resolutions. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR is a body accountable to the Supreme Soviet that ensures the organization of the work of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and exercises other powers provided for by the Constitution of the RSFSR and the laws of the RSFSR. The Presidium consists ex officio of: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, his deputies, chairmen of the chambers, chairmen of the standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR is headed by the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR:
convenes sessions of the Supreme Council;
Organizes the preparation of the meetings of the Congress and sessions;
Coordinates the activities of the standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR;
Provides assistance to people's deputies of the RSFSR in the exercise of their powers;
Exercises control over the observance of the Constitution of the RSFSR;
Organizes the preparation and holding of popular votes (referendums);
Awarded with state awards of the RSFSR;
Assigns honorary titles of the RSFSR;
Establishes memorable and significant days of the RSFSR;
Resolves issues of citizenship of the RSFSR;
Carries out a pardon;
Appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of the RSFSR in foreign states and with international organizations, and also exercises other powers determined by the Constitution of the RSFSR.
The Presidium issues decrees and adopts resolutions. The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR is the highest official of the RSFSR and represents it within the country and in international relations. The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR is elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR from among the People's Deputies of the RSFSR by secret ballot for a term of five years; it is accountable to the Congress and the Supreme Soviet. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR:
carries out general management of the preparation of issues to be considered by the Congress and the Supreme Council;
Signs the laws of the RSFSR and other acts adopted by the Congress, the Supreme Soviet and its Presidium;
Submits reports to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on the state of the republic and important issues of its domestic and foreign political activities, on participation in ensuring the defense capability and security of the RSFSR;
Submits to the Congress and the Supreme Council candidates for election or appointment to the positions of Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, members of the Committee for Constitutional Supervision, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, Chairman of the People's Control Committee of the RSFSR, Chairman of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, Chief State Arbiter of the RSFSR;
Negotiates and signs international treaties.
The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR issues orders. The First Deputy and Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Council perform certain functions under his authority and replace the Chairman in case of his absence. The Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities elect from among the members of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and other people's deputies of the RSFSR permanent commissions of the chambers, and may also create on a joint basis committees of the Supreme Council from among the members of the chambers and other people's deputies of the RSFSR.
The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, each of its chambers creates, if necessary, investigative, auditing and other commissions on any issue. The standing commissions of the chambers and the committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR are renewed annually in accordance with the norms established by the Supreme Soviet. By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of October 27, 1989 "On the Procedure for Enacting the Law of the RSFSR "On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR", it was instructed the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR to convene the Congress after the elections of people's deputies of the RSFSR and organize the preparation of its meetings.
At the eleventh session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the XI convocation, the Law on Elections of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was also adopted (October 27, 1989). The law determined the procedure for calling elections and forming electoral districts; formation, powers and organization of the work of election commissions; the procedure for nominating and registering candidates for people's deputies of the RSFSR; the procedure for voting and summing up the results of elections, their publication; the procedure for holding repeat voting, repeat elections and elections instead of retired people's deputies of the RSFSR. At the same session, the Central Election Commission for the Election of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was formed and the elections of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and People's Deputies of the local Soviets were scheduled for March 4, 1990. 8,254 people were nominated as candidates for people's deputies of the RSFSR. During the elections on March 4, 1990 and the repeat voting on March 18, 1990, 1,026 people's deputies of the RSFSR were elected. Another 34 deputies were elected in May 1990 as a result of repeated elections.
The First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was held in Moscow from May 16 to June 22, 1990 and was held, like subsequent Congresses, in the Grand Kremlin Palace. The Congress determined the main directions domestic policy RSFSR, solved important organizational issues. The Congress elected the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR - B.N. Yeltsin, his First Deputy R.I. Khasbulatov and deputies - B.M. and June 1, 1990) The distribution of duties (functions) between the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, his First Deputy and Deputy Chairman, as a rule, was fixed by the relevant orders of the Chairman (No. 116-1 of July 17, 1990, of May 5, 1991; 1970rp-1 of December 3, 1991; No. 3427rp-1 of August 21, 1992; No. "3441 rp-1 of September 7, 1992) June 11, 1990, the Congress elected the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR: the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities. At the Congress was the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted, which was proclaimed "the basis for the development of a new Constitution of the RSFSR, the conclusion of the Union Treaty and the improvement of republican legislation. " The Congress formed a Constitutional Commission to develop a draft new Constitution of the Republic, and also instructed the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and the Constitutional Commission to finalize the Decree on Power adopted as a basis and develop the main principles of the new Union Treaty, guided by the decisions of the Congress of June 20 and 22, 1990 "On the mechanism of democracy in the RSFSR" and "On the delimitation of functions Management of Organizations on the Territory of the RSFSR.
At the Congress, I.S. Silaev was approved as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. The Congress instructed the Supreme Soviet to develop and submit to the next Congress a draft concept of economic reform; The Council of Ministers was instructed to develop a program for the revival of the Russian countryside and the development of the agro-industrial complex. The bodies of people's control in the RSFSR were abolished. The congress adopted a resolution "On the preparation and consideration of draft laws of the RSFSR", which determined the list of draft laws that the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR needs to prepare and consider as a matter of priority. Among them are bills on economic and political reforms, harmonization of interethnic relations and others.
On June 7, 1990, the Provisional Regulations of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR were adopted and commissions of the Congress were formed on certain issues. The regulations define: the procedure for the formation of the working bodies of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR (Secretariat, Credentials and Editorial Commissions), election of the leadership of the Supreme Council, its chambers, officials; the procedure for discussion and decision-making at the Congress, the creation of commissions, the use of the electronic system.
In accordance with the Provisional Regulations, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR carries out its work at plenary sessions, and, if necessary, at sectional sessions. The Secretariat of the Congress organizes the keeping of transcripts and minutes of the meetings of the Congress, keeps a record of those wishing to speak, registers deputy inquiries, messages, statements and proposals, organizes work with citizens' appeals received by the Congress. The editorial commission, on behalf of the Congress, conducts editorial preparation of draft laws, resolutions, decisions and other documents of the Congress.
The Congress may create commissions on any issues of its activities; The commissions are accountable to the Congress and are responsible only to it. The Commission terminates its activities after the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to it or ahead of schedule by the decision of the Congress. The Provisional Regulations establish that people's deputies of the RSFSR may unite in deputy groups according to a territorial or other principle chosen by the group. The composition of the deputy group must be at least 50 deputies. Organizational, technical and other services for the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR are provided by the Secretariat of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, whose position and staff are approved by the Supreme Soviet. The Congress also adopted a Provisional Regulation on Ensuring the Activities of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. At the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, which began on June 13, 1990, the chairmen of the chambers were elected: V. B. Isakov, Chairman of the Council of the Republic, R. G. Abdulatipov, Chairman of the Council of Nationalities. The first session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR was held from June 13 to July 14, 1990. At the session, the Supreme Council formed its working bodies. Permanent commissions were created in each chamber (4 - in the Council of the Republic, 3 - in the Council of Nationalities), 18 committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR were formed on a parity basis.
The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR approved the composition of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. The session adopted a law of the RSFSR on republican ministries and state committees of the RSFSR, resolutions on the basic principles of foreign economic activity on the territory of the republic, the creation of free enterprise zones, as well as other acts of a regulatory, administrative and control nature. Provisional rules were approved for the submission to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and consideration in committees and "commissions" of draft laws of the RSFSR.
From September 3 to December 27, 1990, the second session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR was held. The work program of the Supreme Council was the decisions adopted by the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, and the main direction of its activity was lawmaking. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted the Decree on Power. Laws of the RSFSR were adopted on the status of people's deputies, on a referendum, on freedom of religion, on property, on enterprises and entrepreneurial activity, on the tax system in the RSFSR, on ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the republic (in accordance with which the State Property Committee of the RSFSR was formed), acts on land reform, the social development of the countryside and the peasant (farm) economy, state pensions, the federal structure, the concept of economic reform and other issues. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR approved a program to stabilize the economy and transition to market relations(program "500 days" by S. Shatalin - G. Yavlinsky). On October 24, 1990, the Rules of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR were discussed and adopted, regulating the procedure for organizing its activities. The regulation of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, adopted on March 26, 1980, has become invalid.
The Rules of Procedure of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR, set out the powers and procedure for the formation of the Supreme Soviet, standing commissions of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and its Presidium. The procedure for the formation of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, the appointment of a prosecutor and the Chief State Arbitrator of the Republic were determined. Particular attention is paid to the issue of the introduction and consideration in the Supreme Council of draft legislative acts, the state plan and budget, as well as the procedure for adopting and formalizing administrative and control decisions of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. According to the Regulations of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, draft laws of the RSFSR and legislative proposals are submitted for consideration along with the justification for the need for their development, a description of the goals, objectives and main provisions, their place in the system of current legislation. Draft laws of the RSFSR and legislative proposals subject to consideration by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR are submitted to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and during the session of the Supreme Soviet - to the chambers or chairmen of the chambers. A registered bill or legislative proposal is sent to the relevant standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and simultaneously to the Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on Legislation. At the same time, a head committee (commission) is determined to prepare an opinion. Draft laws of the RSFSR are sent to the members of the Supreme Soviet. The comments and suggestions of the deputies are taken into account in the further work on the bills. To work on draft laws of the RSFSR or legislative proposals, permanent commissions and committees set up preparatory commissions. Alternative draft laws of the RSFSR are considered by commissions and committees simultaneously with the main draft. A bill or legislative proposal may be subject to preliminary discussion in labor collectives, scientific institutions, and public organizations.
In necessary cases, draft laws are sent for scientific expertise, and opinions of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, opinions of ministries and departments, state and public bodies, and local Soviets of People's Deputies of the RSFSR may be requested. Comments and proposals received during the discussion of the draft law are considered by the preparatory commission and at meetings of the relevant commissions and committees. Draft laws of the RSFSR submitted to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR are considered in two readings. At the first reading of the bill, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR hears the report of the initiator of the bill and the co-report of the head commission (committee), discusses the main provisions of the bill, makes suggestions and comments. If the bill is approved, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR sets a deadline for its submission for the second reading. When introducing alternative draft laws of the RSFSR on the same issue, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR simultaneously discusses them during the first reading and decides which of the draft laws under consideration to be taken as the basis for preparing for the second reading. If during the first reading the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR recognizes the submitted draft as not requiring amendments, it may adopt it without proceeding to the second reading. After considering the bill in the first reading, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR may accept it as a basis, or reject it, or send it for additional consideration. By decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the draft law may be submitted for popular discussion. The head committee (commission) or other body entrusted with finalizing the draft law considers the amendments to the draft and prepares it for the second reading. The finalized bill, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR or the chairmen of the chambers, is submitted for the second reading, as a result of which the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopts the law or rejects it, or returns it for revision. The second (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was held from November 27 to December 15, 1990. The congress confirmed the course towards a radical economic reform, supporting the main provisions of the program to stabilize the economy and transition to market relations in the RSFSR, the program for the revival of the Russian village and the development of the agro-industrial complex.
At the Congress, the Extraordinary Commission of the Congress on Food and the Commission for the Development of Proposals for the Draft Union Treaty were organized. On December 15, 1990, the Congress adopted a law on amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR. In accordance with the law, the Supreme Council was instructed, together with the highest authorities of the republics within the RSFSR, to develop a draft Federal Treaty, as well as a draft law on the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR. Significant changes were made to the Constitution of the RSFSR, incl. on issues of property, the validity of acts of the USSR on the territory of the republic, the introduction of the Constitutional Court and the Prosecutor General of Russia. Other acts were adopted at the Congress. By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR No. 480-1 dated January 15, 1991, the Secretary of the Presidium was appointed, he became the People's Deputy of the RSFSR S.A. Filatov (after the completion of the powers of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the eleventh convocation, the post of Secretary was free). The third session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR was held from January 21 to July 12, 1991. Considerable attention was paid to the consideration of questions of the national-state system, the reorganization of state authorities and local self-government of the RSFSR, economic reform, social development and social protection of citizens during the transition to the market; issues of legal reform. Among the laws adopted by the session on the President of the RSFSR, on the election of the President of the RSFSR, on the Constitutional Court, on the privatization of state property and housing stock, on investment activities, on medical insurance of citizens, on the police, on the state of emergency, on the rehabilitation of repressed peoples and other regulatory acts, managerial and control character. At the session, the draft Treaty on the Commonwealth of Sovereign States, presented by the President of the USSR, was considered and approved, and the State Delegation of the RSFSR was approved for the final approval of the text and signing of the Treaty (Decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of July 5, 1991). From March 28 to April 5, 1991 The third (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR took place. The most important resolutions adopted at the Congress were resolutions on the political and socio-economic situation in the RSFSR and measures to overcome the crisis, on the national-state structure of the RSFSR, on the results of the RSFSR referendum on March 17, 1991 on the introduction of the post of President of the RSFSR, on the Treaty on the Union of Sovereign Republics, on the redistribution of powers between the highest state bodies of the RSFSR for the implementation of anti-crisis measures. The congress appointed the election of the President of the RSFSR for June 12, 1991. A major socio-political event was the fourth Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, which was held from May 21 to 25, 1991. The Congress approved the Law "On the President of the RSFSR" adopted by the Supreme Soviet. In accordance with the Law, the President of the RSFSR is the highest official of the RSFSR and the head of executive power in the RSFSR. The president is elected for a term of five years; When taking office, the President takes an oath.
President of the RSFSR:
has the right of legislative initiative;
Signs and promulgates the laws of the RSFSR;
Presents reports to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR on the implementation of socio-economic and other programs, on the situation in the republic;
Handles messages;
Appoints, with the consent of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR;
Appoints and dismisses ministers, heads of committees and departments of the RSFSR;
Manages the activities of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, accepts the resignation of the Government with the consent of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR;
Appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of the republic, accepts letters of credence and revocation of diplomatic representatives accredited to him;
Heads the Security Council of the RSFSR;
Negotiates and signs on behalf of the RSFSR international and inter-republican treaties, which come into force after ratification by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR;
Takes measures to ensure state and public security;
Declares a state of emergency;
Resolves issues of citizenship of the RSFSR, represents political asylum;
Gives state awards of the RSFSR, assigns special ranks, class ranks and honorary titles of the RSFSR;
Exercises the right to pardon citizens convicted by the courts of the RSFSR.
On the proposal of the President of the RSFSR, extraordinary sessions of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and extraordinary sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR are convened. The President does not have the right to dissolve or suspend the activities of the Congress and the Supreme Council. The powers of the President of the RSFSR may not be used to change the national-state structure of the RSFSR, to dissolve or suspend the activities of any legally elected bodies of state power. Simultaneously with the President, the Vice-President of the RSFSR is elected, who, on behalf of the President of the RSFSR, exercises certain of his powers. The President issues decrees and orders, checks their implementation. In connection with the establishment of the post of President of the RSFSR and the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR, as well as in connection with the reform of local self-government, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR introduced appropriate amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR. In accordance with these changes and additions, the powers of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, its Presidium and the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic have changed.
In particular, the Supreme Soviet was given the right to issue laws on issues within the competence of the Congress (except for the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR), with subsequent submission to the Congress for approval. The Constitution of the RSFSR also introduced the concepts of "republic within the RSFSR", "organs of territorial public self-government" and "local administration"; their powers are defined.
The elections of the President of the RSFSR took place on June 12, 1991. BN Yeltsin was elected President of the Republic. In accordance with the Law of the RSFSR of June 27, 1991, adopted by the third session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, B.N. Yeltsin took the oath and took office as President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on July 10, 1991.
From July 10 to July 17, 1991, the fifth (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was held, at which B.N. Yeltsin was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and the Law on the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR was approved. Since the Congress failed to elect the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, it was decided to announce a break in the work of the Congress. After a break, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR met on October 28, 1991.
On August 21-22, 1991, an emergency session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR was held, which discussed "the political situation in the republic that has developed as a result of an unconstitutional coup d'état in the USSR", which was carried out by the unconstitutionally formed State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP). Important decisions were made, including the granting of additional powers to the President of the RSFSR and the formation of a deputy commission to investigate the causes and circumstances of the coup d'état in the USSR and prepare proposals for improving the legislation and governance structure of the USSR and the RSFSR. On August 26, 1991, by order of the First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR No. 143/l, the functions of the Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR were defined: organizing the work of the apparatus of the Presidium, exercising control over its activities, ensuring coordination and interaction in the work of the structural divisions of the apparatus; planning and organizing the preparation of meetings of the Presidium and the Supreme Council.
The fourth session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was held from September 19, 1991 to July 17, 1992. The session adopted laws of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on economic and social issues, including security, citizenship of the RSFSR, languages of the peoples of the RSFSR, regional and regional Councils of People's Deputies, consumer cooperation, on issues of the tax system, on the state privatization program, on the media, on education, on indexation of monetary income and savings of citizens and other acts. In addition, at the beginning of the fourth session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, V.B. Isakov was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Council of the Republic, N.T. Ryabov was elected Chairman of the Chamber (decisions of the Council of the Republic of October 2, 1991). During the session from October 28 to November 2, 1991, the fifth (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR continued its work after a 3-month break. The Congress elected R.I.Khasbulatov, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and S.A.Filatov, First Deputy Chairman. S.P. Goryacheva and B.M. Isaev were relieved of their duties as Vice-Chairmen. Yu.M.Voronin, V.F.Shumeyko and Yu.F.Yarov were elected Vice-Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. In addition, the Congress elected members of the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR and updated part of the composition of the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The congress heard information about the work of the Constitutional Commission on the preparation of a draft new Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR, made changes and additions to the current Constitution of the republic. A resolution was adopted on the socio-economic situation in the RSFSR, which approved the principles of radical economic reform.
On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the RSFSR, the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine signed the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in which they stated that "the Union of the SSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist." The Russian Federation becomes the legal successor of the USSR and its bodies. On December 12, 1991, by resolutions of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Agreement on the Creation of the CIS was ratified and the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR of December 30, 1922 was denounced. On December 25, 1991, the Law on changing the name of the state was adopted: the RSFSR became known as the Russian Federation (Russia).
On March 31, 1992, in the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow, the signing of the Federal Treaty on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between federal state authorities and authorities of sovereign republics within the Russian Federation, territories, regions, cities of Moscow and
St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, autonomous region, autonomous districts within the Russian Federation. At the Sixth Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, held from 6 to 21 April 1992, the signed Federative Treaty was approved; a decision was made to include the content of the treaty as an integral part of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The Congress adopted the Law of the Russian Federation on Amendments and Additions to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (April 21, 1992), which introduced significant clarifications to the Basic Law of the Republic in connection with the dissolution of the USSR and the formation of the CIS, as well as the announcement of the Russian Federation as a sovereign independent state. The most important resolutions of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation were also resolutions on the course of economic reform and the state of the agro-industrial complex, on the political position of Russia in the CIS: the state and prospects for development, on the socio-economic situation of the regions of the North and areas equated to them. Members of the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities (instead of those who had left) were elected at the Congress. In the period from September 22 to December 25, 1992, the fifth session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was held. The session considered and adopted laws on defense, on the monetary system, on currency regulation and currency control, on the insolvency (bankruptcy) of enterprises, on insurance, as well as the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture, the law on the fundamentals of federal housing policy and other acts, aimed at further deepening economic reform. The Seventh Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was held from December 1 to 14, 1992. The congress considered the course of economic reform in Russia, recognized the activity of the Government as unsatisfactory and approved V.S. Chernomyrdin as the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation (instead of E.T. Gaidar).
At the Congress, a part of the composition of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was updated (rotated), N.T. Ryabov was elected Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation (instead of V.F. Shumeiko). Among the issues considered at the Congress, a special place was occupied by the problems of the state of law, the fight against crime and corruption, the situation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the progress of work on the draft of the new Constitution. By the Decree of the Congress of December 12, 1992 "On the Stabilization of the Constitutional System of the Russian Federation", an all-Russian referendum on the main provisions of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation was scheduled for April 11, 1993. On January 11, 1993, People's Deputy of the Russian Federation V.G. . Syrovatko (Decree of the Presidium No. 428 3-1).
From January 13 to July 23, 1993, the sixth session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was held. Legislative acts were adopted at the session, creating a normative base for legal regulation in the sphere of the national state structure, economic and social policy of the state. The laws of the Russian Federation on the state border, on the status of the capital of the Russian Federation, the Fundamentals of Legislation on Notaries, on the Protection of the Health of Citizens, on the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as the Customs Code of Russia and other important acts were adopted. At the session, V.S. Sokolov was elected Chairman of the Council of the Republic (decree of the chamber No. 4444-1 of February 10, 1993). During the work of the sixth session, two Extraordinary Congresses of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation were held. The Eighth (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was held from 10 to 13 March 1993. The congress discussed and adopted resolutions on measures to implement constitutional reform in the Russian Federation, on compliance with the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation by the highest state authorities and officials (based on the results of the discussion of the message of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation); listened to the information of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation and the Central Bank on the progress of the economic reform. The congress declared it inappropriate to hold an all-Russian referendum on April 11, 1993 and instructed the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation to consider the advisability of introducing amendments and additions to the Constitution of Russia, providing for the possibility of holding early elections of people's deputies of the Russian Federation and the President of Russia.
On March 20, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin spoke on television with an Appeal to the citizens of Russia. In connection with the serious violations of the Constitution of the Russian Federation contained in the appeal (which was confirmed by the conclusion of the Constitutional Court), on March 26, 1993, the ninth (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was convened. On the last day of work, March 29, the Congress adopted a resolution "On Urgent Measures to Preserve the Constitutional Order of the Russian Federation." In order to overcome the political crisis in the Russian Federation and taking into account the proposals of the President of the Russian Federation, the Congress announced on April 25, 1993 a nationwide vote-referendum on the following issues: on confidence in the President of Russia, on approval of the socio-economic policy pursued by him, on the need to hold early elections of the President of the Russian Federation and people's deputies Russian Federation. The congress spoke in favor of the need to stabilize the situation in the country. The First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation - Yu.M. Voronin (instead of the released S.A. Filatov), the Vice-Chairmen - V.O. F.Yarova. On July 31, 1993, the seventh extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation began its work, which, along with other legislative acts, adopted the Fundamentals of Labor Protection Legislation and the Law on Space Activities. On September 21, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation issued Decree No. 1400 " On the phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation", which terminated the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and the powers of people's deputies of the Russian Federation. The Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and the Tenth Extraordinary (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, which met on September 23, 1993, as well as the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, assessed the actions of the President as a coup d'état. The powers of President BN Yeltsin were declared terminated; the execution of powers is entrusted to the Vice-President of the Russian Federation A.V. Rutskoy. The confrontation between the legislative and executive branches of power ended with the tragic events in Moscow on October 3-4, 1993, the liquidation of the Soviet authorities and the change in the socio-political system of Russia. On September 23, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation, by his Decree No. 1446, formed the Commission for the Transfer of Affairs of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. The commission was asked to "immediately take all necessary measures to ensure the safety of the premises, property, equipment of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and other facilities", "to conduct a complete accounting of archive documents, office work and bills." Upon completion of the work, the Commission was to submit a report on its results for approval by the President of the Russian Federation. All property of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, including funds in rubles and foreign currency, was transferred to the Main Social and Production Directorate of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation as the successor of the Supreme Council (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 23, 1993 No. 1433). People's deputies of the Russian Federation were provided with certain state guarantees of social protection (decrees of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1435 of September 23, 1993, No. 1590 of October 6, 1993, No. 810 of April 22, 1994).
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