In the Russian language there are voiced and voiceless consonants. When studying phonetics (the study of speech sounds) and graphics (the study of letters of the alphabet), it is necessary to clearly know which sounds are unvoiced and which are voiced.
What is it for?
The fact is that in the Russian language, letters denoting voiced consonants are not necessarily read voiced in all cases. There are also cases when letters denoting dull sounds are read loudly. The correct correlation of letters and sounds will significantly help in learning the rules of writing words.
Let us examine in more detail what the concepts of deafness and voicedness mean. The formation of voiced consonants occurs due to noise and voice: the air stream not only overcomes the obstacle in the oral cavity, but also vibrates the vocal cords.
- The following sounds are voiced: b, v, g, d, zh, z, l, m, n, r, y.
- However, in phonetics, from this series of sounds, so-called sonorant sounds are also distinguished, which are as close as possible in their characteristics to vowel sounds: they can be sung and prolonged in speech. These sounds include y, r, l, n, m.
Voiceless consonant sounds are pronounced without the participation of the voice, only with the help of noise, while the vocal cords are relaxed.
- These letters and sounds include the following: k, p, s, t, f, x, c, ch, sh, shch. In order to make it easier to remember all the voiceless consonants in the Russian language, you need to learn the phrase: “Styopka, do you want shchetc?” - “Fi!” All consonant sounds in it are unvoiced.
Pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants
Voiced and unvoiced sounds and the letters denoting them are contrasted in Russian and form pairs:
- b-p,
- w-f,
- g-k,
- d-t,
- ss,
- w-sh.
If we take into account that the consonants in these pairs can also be soft (except zh-sh), then there are a total of 11 contrasting pairs of deafness and voicedness. The listed sounds are called paired. The remaining voiced and unvoiced sounds do not have pairs. The voiced unpaired ones include the above sonorants, and the voiceless ones include x, c, ch, shch. The table of consonants presented on our website will help you study these sounds in more detail.
Click on the picture to print a table with voiced and voiceless consonants
How is it that letters in the Russian alphabet can represent several sounds?
Features of the pronunciation of a sound are often predetermined by its position in the word. Thus, a voiced sound at the end of a word is deafened, and this position of the sound is called “weak”. Stunning can also occur before the next voiceless consonant, for example: pond, booth. We write voiced consonants and pronounce: twig, butka.
Conversely, a voiceless consonant can become voiced if it is followed by a voiced sound: threshing, but we pronounce malad ba. Knowing this feature of Russian phonetics, we check the spelling of consonants at the end and middle of a word using test words: molotba - thresh, pond-ponds, booth - booth. We select the test word so that after the dubious consonant there is a vowel.
To remember what a sound is according to its characteristics, it is necessary to make mental associations of the sound with some object, event or natural sound. For example, the sound sh is similar to the rustling of leaves, and the sound z is similar to the hum of bees. The association will help you find your way in time. Another way is to create a phrase with a specific set of sounds.
Thus, knowing the letter-sound relationship is extremely important for spelling and correct pronunciation. Without studying phonetics, it is impossible to study and correctly perceive the melody of a language.
Video lesson about voiced and voiceless consonants:
Tralik and Valik about voiced and voiceless consonants
Another video lesson for children with riddles about voiced and voiceless consonants
- A a a
- B b b b b
- In in ve
- G g g
- D d d e
- E e e
- Yo yo yo
- Zhe zhe
- Z ze ze
- And and and
- Thy and short
- K k ka
- L l el
- Mm um
- N n en
- Ooo
- P p pe
- R r er
- S s es
- T t teh
- U u u
- F f ef
- X x ha
- Ts ts tses
- Ch h wh
- Sh sh sha
- Shch shcha
- ъ hard sign
- s s
- b soft sign
- Uh uh
- Yu yu yu
- I I I
| 42 sounds | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 vowels | 36 consonants | ||||
| [a] [i] [o] [y] [s] [e] | Doubles | Unpaired | |||
| Drums | Unstressed | Voiced | Deaf | Voiced | Deaf |
| [b] [b"] [in] [in"] [g] [g"] [d] [d"] [and] [z] [z"] | [n] [n"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [w] [s] [s"] | [th"] [l] [l"] [mm"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"] | [x] [x"] [ts] [h"] [sch"] |
||
| Doubles | Unpaired | ||||
| Solid | Soft | Solid | Soft | ||
| [b] [V] [G] [d] [h] [To] [l] [m] [n] [P] [R] [With] [T] [f] [X] | [b"] [V"] [G"] [d"] [z"] [To"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [P"] [R"] [With"] [T"] [f"] [X"] | [and] [ts] [w] | [th"] [h"] [sch"] |
||
How do letters differ from sounds?
Sound is elastic vibrations in any medium. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, etc.).
A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. It has a capital (excl., ь and ъ) and lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. To ensure that the writing is not affected by the peculiarities of pronunciation, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact pronunciation of a word can be found in the phonetic transcription of the word, which is shown in square brackets in dictionaries.
Vowels and sounds
Vowel sounds (“glas” is the Old Slavonic “voice”) are the sounds [a], [i], [o], [u], [s], [e], in the creation of which the vocal cords are involved, and on the way no barrier is erected to the exhaled air. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiiiiii] ...
Vowel sounds are designated by the letters a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, yu, i. The letters e, e, yu, i are called iotized. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th"], when
- are the first in the phonetic word e le [y" e ́l"e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e sche [th" and ш"о́] (3 letters, 4 sounds) еж [й" о ́ш] (2 letters , 3 sounds) Yu la [y" u ́l"a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) I block [y" a ́blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) I ichko [y" and ich"ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
- follow after the vowels birdie d [pt "itsy" e ́t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) ee [yiy" o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ́ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" a ] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
- follow after ь and ъ е зд [вй" е ́ст] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise m [fall" о ́м] (6 letters, 6 sounds) lyu [л"й" у ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wing "th" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)
The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th"], when
- follows after ь nightingale [salav "й" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)
In a word, vowel sounds that are emphasized during pronunciation are called stressed, and those that are not emphasized are called unstressed. Stressed sounds are most often both heard and written. To check which letter needs to be placed in a word, you should select a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.
Running [b"igush"] - running [b"ek] mountain [gara] - mountains [mountains]
Two words united by a single accent make up one phonetic word.
To the garden [fsat]
There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during hyphenation.
e -e (2 syllables) to -chka (2 syllables) o -de -va -tsya (4 syllables)Consonants and sounds
Consonant sounds are sounds that create an obstruction in the path of exhaled air.
Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, and voiceless consonants are pronounced without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [p] - [b], when pronounced, the lips and tongue are in the same position.
Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and are indicated in transcription by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants
- are always soft [th"], [ch"], [sch"] ai [ai" ] (2 letters, 2 sounds) ray [ray" ] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l "esch" ] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
- follow before the letters e, e, i, yu, i, b (excl., always hard [zh], [ts], [sh] and in borrowed words) mel [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [t"ot"a] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [l"ud"i] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [zh yz"n"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [ts yrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eyya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
- come before soft consonants (some cases) pancake [bl"in" ch"ik]
Otherwise, consonant sounds will predominantly be hard.
Sibilant consonants include the sounds [zh], [sh], [h"], [sch"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation penultimately: the tongue must be strong and flexible to resist exhaled air and be held against the roof of the mouth in the shape of a cup. The last ones in line are always vibrating [p] and [p"].
Do schoolchildren need phonetics?
Without dividing into vowels, consonants, stressed and unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But the transcription is clearly too much.
Speech therapists are required to know phonetic analysis of words, and it can probably be useful to foreigners.
For students (from 1st grade!) who have not yet mastered the rules of spelling, a fairly in-depth study of phonetics only hinders, confuses and contributes to incorrect memorization of the spelling of words. It is “back” that the child will associate with the pronounced “run”.
In the Russian language, voiced and voiceless consonants are distinguished by the participation/non-participation of the voice in the formation of the consonant sound.
The following consonants are voiced: [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [d'], [d], [d'], [g], [h], [h'], [ th'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p'].
The sound [zh’], found in the speech of individuals in the words yeast, reins and some others, is also voiced.
The following consonants are voiceless: [ k], [k'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '] [ts], [h'], [w], [w'].
To remember which consonants are unvoiced, there is a mnemonic rule (rule for memorization): in the phrase “Styopka, do you want a shetz?” - “Fi!” contains all voiceless consonants.
There are 11 pairs of consonants contrasted in deafness / voicedness: [b] - [p], [b'] - [p'], [v] - [f], [v'] - [f'], [g] - [k], [g'] - [k'], [d] - [t], [d'] - [t'], [z] - [s], [z'] - [s'], [g] – [w]. The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced pairs or voiceless pairs.
The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. Voiced unpaired ones include [й'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [р], [р'], and unpaired unpaired sounds include sounds [x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w'].
But the appearance of a dull or voiced sound can be predetermined by its position in the word. Such deafness/voiceness turns out to be dependent, “forced,” and the positions in which this occurs are considered weak in deafness/voiceness.
Voiced pairs are deafened (or rather, changed to voiceless)
1) at the absolute end of the word: pond [rod];
2) in front of the deaf: booth [booth].
Voiceless paired consonants standing before voiced ones, except [v], [v'], [th'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [р], [р'], are voiced, that is, they change to voiced: threshing [malad'ba].
In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds and denote them in writing with consonant letters. Let's find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired according to their voicing - deafness, sonorant and hissing.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Let's remember how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs down the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises.
Let's conduct an experiment: cover our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we pronounced the sound [b], the ligaments became tense and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a slight ringing in my ears.
You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on the neck on the right and left sides and pronouncing the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.
Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness
Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. Residents of the first house:
| [b] | [d] | [h] | [G] | [V] | [and] |
| [P] | [T] | [With] | [To] | [f] | [w] |
These consonant sounds are called paired by sonority - deafness.
Rice. 1. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants ()
They are very similar to each other - real “twins”, they are pronounced almost identically: the lips form the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they also have pairs of softness and hardness. Let's add them to the house.
| [b] | [b’] | [d] | [d’] | [h] | [z’] | [G] | [G'] | [V] | [V'] | [and] |
| [P] | [P'] | [T] | [T'] | [With] | [With'] | [To] | [To'] | [f] | [f’] | [w] |
The sounds [zh] and [sh] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called sizzling sounds.
All these sounds are indicated by letters:
| [b] | [b’] | ||
| [P] | [P'] | ||
| [d] | [d’] | ||
| [T] | [T'] | ||
| [h] | [z’] | ||
| [With] | [With'] | ||
| [G] | [G'] | ||
| [To] | [To'] | ||
| [V] | [V'] | ||
| [f] | [f’] | ||
| [and] | |||
| [w] |
Unpaired voiced consonants
But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.
To the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:
Let us remind you that the sound [th’] always just soft. Therefore, he will live alone in our house. These sounds are represented in writing by letters:
| [l] | [l’] |
(ale) |
|
| [m] | [m’] | ||
| [n] | [n’] | ||
| [R] | [R'] | ||
| [th’] |
(and short) |
The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word “sonorant” is translated from the Latin “sonorus” meaning sonorous.
Unpaired voiceless consonants
We will put you in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:
| [X] | [X'] | [ts] | [h’] | [sch'] |
Let us remember that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h’] and [sch’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonants are indicated in writing by letters:
| [X] | [X'] | ||
| [ts] | |||
| [h’] | |||
| [sch'] |
Sounds [h’], [h’] - sizzling sounds.
So we populated our city with consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonant letters and 36 sounds.
Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()
Consolidating knowledge in practice
Let's complete the tasks.
1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonant sounds.
d points - point
b glasses - kidney
w ar - heat
fishing rod - duck
|
|
|
2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:
1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With the ringing one - I myself am ringing to the expanse . (Kolos - voice)
2) With a deaf person - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced sound, it eats the leaves. (Scythe - goat)
3) With “em” - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter “el” it appears in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey - ice)
|
|
|
In order to develop the ability to pronounce certain sounds, especially hissing ones, they learn tongue twisters. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then the pace is accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:
- Six little mice rustle in the reeds.
- The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a squeeze.
- Two puppies were chewing a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.
So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be voiced and unvoiced and how these sounds are indicated in writing.
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. ().
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas. ().
- Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.
- Fictionbook.ru ().
- Deafnet.ru ().
- Samouchka.com.ua ().
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
- Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants are in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various - 6, voiceless consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
- Read the proverb: « Know how to speak at the right time, and be silent at the right time.” Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonant sounds in the proverb are represented by the letters M, J, V, R, Z, L.)
- 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the theme “In the city of consonant sounds.”
1. Grammar fairy tale.
Paired and unpaired
Once upon a time, King Alphabet and Queen ABC arranged a fabulous ball to which all the letters were invited. There they split into pairs and began to dance. Vowels danced with vowels, and consonants danced with consonants. The letters A - Z, U - Yu, Y - I, E - E, O - E danced a waltz. They had fun!
The consonants also danced in pairs, but their slowness hampered them a little, and they puffed, hissed and whistled with zeal. Here are the pairs: B - P, V - F, G - K, D - T, F - W, Z - S.
Moreover, the letters B, V, G, D, Z, Z were loudly beaten with their feet to the beat of the music. These were too loud letters.
But P, F, K, T, Sh, S were deaf to music. The voiced letters cheerfully shouted out their names to the beat of the music, and the dull letters timidly whispered, like an echo, the names of their friends. What a strange couple they were.
But there were also lonely letters at the ball. They didn't want to dance at all and preferred to be alone. These are L, M, N, R, Y, X, C, Shch, b, b.
They didn't have couples. These are unpaired letters. Since then it has been like this. At holidays, paired letters dance in pairs with their partner. And the unpaired letters just sit quietly and look at the dancers.
2. Consonants, as you know, are voiced and voiceless. Some of them are so similar to each other - real “twins”; they walk, look, dress the same. But when some speak, they are heard, while others are very difficult to hear, no matter how hard they try. These are paired according to voicedness - deafness. Each of this pair has its own costume to adequately represent the sound in the alphabet.
Isn't this overkill?
No, in no case, because, among other things, they also help to distinguish words by meaning: ball - heat, stake - goal, dust - reality, fishing rod - duck, etc.
These twin letters need to be learned well, as there will still be a lot of trouble with them. In the alphabet they took up two entire floors.
The hassle is that the voiced ones are deafened at the end and you have to guess (with the help of a test word) which letter should be written. You need to change the word so that the consonant is heard clearly:
oak - oaks, eyebrow - eyebrows, eye - eyes, etc.
3. Words for spelling analysis and for commentary writing.
Fur coat, hat, snowdrift, fungi, pillar, hawk, mushroom, timid, oak, fish, strong, sheepskin coat, balls, club, bug, oak trees, sponge, soup, hazel grouse, chills, swampy, chilly, tooth, fragile, shell, bug, paw, scratches, turnip, sickle, bread, teeth, ice hole, sliver, smile, forehead, sticky, modeling, club, coat of arms, creaking, dove, armful, dove, cork.
V – F
Button, grass, cream, cow, pin, clever, healthy, watering, cheat, telegraph, floats, bench, a lot of firewood, closet, ready, giraffe, carrot, love, jacket, head, groove, beak, shoes, sleeve, prune , tree, handsome, polite.
G – K
Snow, lungs, meadow, bow, soft, claws, ravine, enemy, circle, shore, pie, boot, overnight, flag, cottage cheese, tongue, surgeon, friend, plow, cook, side, sound, god, around, tank, chilled, haystack, pillar, south, fist, squeal, iron, Thursday, fisherman, distant, wide, deep, tall, kitten, wolf cub, little pebble, fellow countryman, worm, bruise, spruce forest, glacier, sailor, oak forest, trifle, messenger, traveler, companion, worker, joker.
D–T
Beds, exercise, notebook, patch, forget-me-not, sweet, breast, labor, year, brother, boat, hike, tent, fur, camel, children, winches, scraps, steamer, entrance, riddle, old age, gait, fence, smooth, horse, city, playground, kindergarten, remains, ford, west, hail, light, expanse, view, rare, rain, mole, row, crib, crossbill, blackbird, newsboy, pilot, cat, code, scarves, factory, oil , entrance, bridge, detachment, people, bed, duck, exit, bookmark, vegetable garden, portrait, in order, honeycomb, branch, seine, wiring, short. hide and seek, shaky, bear, cobs, saucer, landing, bookmark, Medvedko, package, threads, sensitive, threshing, walking, machine gunner, find, cleaning, coin, dilapidated, berry, liquid, beard, towns.
F – W
Legs, spoons, cups, mugs, hedgehog, path, cart, rye, friends, plush, guard, landscape, pillow, porridge, pies, good, handsome, snowballs, wilderness, brooch, trembling, palm, roots, bugs, already, jumping, bags, flags, lily of the valley, earrings, russula, bear, drawing, mouse, mitten, girlfriend, report, birdie, stick, okroshka, walrus, boots, the cockerel, nuts, birdie, cone, frog, snowballs, baskets, siskin , shirt, carriage, book, horns, beach, luggage, chamomile, accordion, shavings, ears, comb, gingerbread, pencil, garage, ruff, quiet, shower, reeds, midge, playpen, quiet, pig, edge, jogging, potatoes , paper, lavash, toys, ladle, brother, top of the head, hut, kids, bunny, coward, feathers, blotter, gossip, grains, grandmother, old lady, wings, feeder, parsley, poor thing, little pole, fish, mother, freckles, kids , volushka, baby, little face, winter, baby, flatbread.
W – N
Sharp, low, Barbos, frost, elm, locomotive, haymaking, birch, tears, cart, narrow, taste, watermelon, cargo, sail, frozen, drizzle, hoarfrost, prankster, horror, fairy tale, Denis, knight, connection, lynx, gnaw, interest, eye, hung, down, cut, bandage, blouse, close, hint, collective farm, pointer, putty, flattery, climb, ointment, clipping, pole, ear, crucian carp, inscription, shepherd, Rus', request, painting, nose, slippery, pasture, radish, carry, crawl, sled, thread, lead, denouement, canopy, tray, nipple, pussy, bowl, disappeared, slices, voice, loader, copyist, viscous.
4. Find paired consonants in proverbs.
There is honey - go into the hive.
Pick one berry at a time and you'll get a box.
To eat a fish, you need to get into the water.
The tail is not a guide to the head.
Bread is the head of everything.
Bread is father, water is mother.
Small spool but precious.
According to Senka and the hat.
One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon.
There is honey on the tongue, and ice on the heart.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
The snow is deep - the year is good.
Grandma with porridge, and grandfather with a spoon.
The sweetest of all fruits is the fruit of honest labor.
Your eye is a diamond.
More precious than a diamond are your two eyes.
It's not the fur coat that warms you, but the bread.
5. For these nouns, select nouns with the suffix –ochk-.
La...ka - _________, blue...ka - _____________,
tetra...ka - ___________, faith...ka - ____________,
about...ka - ____________, re...ka - ______________.
6. Choose antonym adjectives for these adjectives.
Thick - ________________, tall - __________________,
Distant ________________, bitter - ___________________.
7. Choose nouns with voiced and voiceless consonants in the middle of the word that are suitable in meaning for the sentences.
The blizzard sweeps __________________________________________.
The students in the class made _____________________________ for the books.
8. Insert the missing consonant into the word, write down the test word.
Oshi...ka, _________________ - cook...ka,
Buma...ka, __________________ - no...ka,
Bese...ka, ___________________ - scream...ka,
Ska...ka, ___________________ - village...ka,
About...ba, ___________________ - I'll lie down...ka.
9. Make a sentence with words from each line.
Mouse, cat, eyes, paws.
Friendship, books and notebooks,
Fur coat, hat and boots,
And the birch tree and the earrings.
10. Fill in the missing letters.
Snow...ki, jump...ki, fl...ki, caps...ki, nuts...ki.
11. Choose the right words.
What is the name of the hut where the watchman lives?
Decoration in the ears.
Solid clasp on the belt.
Part of a table or chair.
12. Transformation of words.
Change one letter in the words. Select a test item for each and write it down.
Forest - (lion), god - (dog), fairy tale - (pointer), spoon - (boat), turnip - (sliver), circle - (friend), bread - (shed), peck - (beak), boat - (hat).
13. Chain of words.
Each new word must begin with the letter
ends with the previous one, and ends with a paired bell or unvoiced
consonant.
Cold - ... (grandfather - dog - gas - tooth - ford - ...).
Bus – (trace – friend – year – thrush – debt – hail - …)
Frost - (tooth - luggage - beetle - cube - ...)
14. Underline the consonant in the words, the pronunciation of which differs from
spelling.
Flag, squad, house, cold, ruler, ice, chalk, hike, frost, table, flower,
soup, book, glass.
15. Underline the paired voiced and voiceless consonants in the words.
Hammer is young, sickle is a coat of arms, a cart is a nose, a pond is a rod, a mouth is a rod, a raft is a fruit,
frost - grown, tooth soup.
16. Add the consonants.
Sugro..., zavo..., this..., moro..., hand... .
17. Underline the voiced and voiceless consonants in the words and add them to them
test words.
Notebook, notebook, little book,
iron-_________, mushrooms-_________,
pie-________, oak trees-__________,
watchman-_______, narrow-__________.
18. Emphasize the voiced consonants in the words.
Car, oak trees, berry, leg, banner, metro, axe, sea, Saturday,
summer, modeling.
19. For these words from the first column, match the meaning of the words from
second column. Make sentences with them.
the wind my...kaya
bunny
ice river
the road is cr...ky
pillow ro...ky
20. Underline the voiceless consonants in the words.
Lilac, axe, furniture, bread, bug, peas, circus, people, book, clock, ruler, sheep.
21.Insert the missing words with paired consonants.
The student did three ____________ in the dictation.
Golden _____________ live in the aquarium.
A narrow ___________ led to the forest.
The watchman lives in ____________.
There was a dilapidated _________ near the river bank.
In the den hall... brown _____________.
22. Emphasize paired unvoiced and voiced consonants in the middle of words
Cat - spoon, toy-track,
stroller-headband, snowballs-giggles,
fur coat-hat, mowing-carving.
23. Write the verbs in the past tense.
Gets off - ___________, gets cold - ______________,
will freeze - ________, disappear - _____________,
will crawl -________, bite off -______________.
24. From a poetic passage, first write down all the voiced consonants, and
then - deaf.
The autumn wind rises in the forests,
It's noisy more often.
Dead leaves are torn off and having fun
Carries in a mad dance. (I. Bunin)
25. Mistakes.
What words does Andrey confuse? Will the sentences in his recording be clear?
In class they take dictation:
“I brought a mushroom from the forest.”
Only Andrei deftly deduces:
“I brought the flu from the forest.”
Well, tell me why?
The players own the bass
And the singer with an enviable pass,
Fruits float down the river,
And there are rafts growing in the garden.
Explain why
Is he unlucky at school?
26. Find all the spellings and explain their spelling.
Behind the village there is a meadow,
And in the garden there are onions.
And along the river there is a raft,
And on the pear there is fruit.
27. Read the poem by F.I. Tyutchev.
The earth still looks sad, Nature has not yet woken up,
And in the spring the air breathes, But through thinning sleep
And the dead stem in the field sways, She heard spring
And the oil branches move. And she involuntarily smiled.
1) Count how many voiceless consonants are in each line.
2) Find the most “voiced” line (that is, the one with the most voiceless consonants) and the most “sonorous” (with the most voiced consonants). Read them out loud again.
3) Think about how the content of these lines is related to the number of voiceless consonants?
28. Imagine that you are in your kitchen. Wow, so many different ones here
items! I show you an object, and you name it and
choose a test word for the named word.
These words are: cup, spoon, mug, spatula, frying pan, mitten -
potholder, napkin.
29. Pick up the correct card (V-F, G-N, D-T).
The stork makes a dawn...ku - The Pelican dives lo...ko.
Now skipping, now squatting... That's what training means!
Octopus... put on gloves... Rak in the hall... on a scooter,
And the seal ran away from the area. Everything is forward... and he is back... .
30. Write the words: de..., pr..., glue..., ry...ka, er.... Compose the text according to
these supporting words. Try calling the controller for help -
vowel and determine the correct spelling. What words did you check?
changing the word, and to which one did they select a related word?
Unpronounceable consonants
Sometimes consonants
They play hide and seek with us.
They are not pronounced
But they are written in a notebook.
Sometimes they appear in words
Terrible consonants.
They are not pronounced
And what to write is not clear to you...
To know how to write, Not wonderful, not wonderful,
It is necessary to change the word, but it is terrible and dangerous
And it’s in vain to write the letter T behind an incomprehensible sound.
Quickly look for the vowel. Everyone knows how lovely it is
It is appropriate to write the letter T.
1. Conversation about unpronounceable consonants.
Not all consonants in words are pronounced; some of them disappear, hide. If a word with an unpronounceable consonant cannot be verified, you should remember its spelling.
Why do sounds still disappear?
The fact is that three consonants in a row can be very difficult to pronounce, so we simplify their pronunciation in this way. But writing them cannot be simplified. There are unpronounceable consonants for a reason. They have their own history. For example, why do we write the letter t in the word staircase? In the Old Russian language there was a word lstvitsa. So it turned into a staircase under the influence of such words as sugar bowl, inkwell. As for the word itself, it is formed from the verb climb, climb, with the help of the suffix -tv(a).
This means that the unpronounceable t in the noun staircase is the remainder of the suffix -tv(a).
2. Words for spelling analysis and for commentary writing.
In some words, the letters D, T, V, L are not pronounced, but are written.
To check an unpronounceable consonant, you need to select
a word with the same root so that this consonant is clearly heard.
Some words cannot be verified. Remember: feeling, stairs.
D – starry, late, holiday, heart.
T - valiant, sad, bone, oral, stairs, neighborhood, area, whistled, famous, charming, furious, honest, happy, messenger, reed, cabbage, stormy, joyful, private,
Gigantic, regional, imperious, serf.
B – feeling, hello.
L – sun.
Combination sn - zn.
CH - wonderful, beautiful, terrible, dangerous, in vain, tasty, interesting, cramped, insipid, heavenly, sailing, consonant, voiceless, wordless.
ZN - ugly, amiable, iron, collective farm, serious, diamond.
3. Find and write down words with unpronounceable consonants. Near
write down the test words.
a) Valiant, ladder, leaf, kind, whistled, reed, briefcase,
cloud, messenger, window, hello.
b) Health, sun, leaf, heart, starry, book, friend, famous,
joyful, neighborhood, column, furious, honest, holiday,
lovely.
4. Write down the words denoting the characteristics of objects. Paste
missing letters. Write down the words for the objects next to them.
Well-known (who?) ... . Festive (what?) ... .
Sad... (what?) ... . Starry (what?) ... .
Cabbage…ny (what?)… . Honestly (who?) ... .
5. Copy the text by inserting the missing letters
Old... it m... pink p... years. Frost filled the birch trees in the forest, ...sinkies,
old ol...hu. The l...sleepy p...lana came to life. Adjacent bullfinches and titmice. Under the spruce tree the hare buried itself in its sleep...
Suddenly there was a rustling sound through the forest, and a drift of snow began to flow. It became l...su t...a lot. Nal...tel wind. D...reveys...swayed. The snowdrifts fell from the spruce la... . Snow... sprinkled. Started in... the south.
The sun... brightened up the surroundings. A dry branch crunched... in a dream, a beautiful bird shed... the body. A shepherd drives his flock to pasture.
The dream... fell out... but. These are sad days. Everyone is waiting for a happy holiday.
6. Form adjectives from nouns.
Joy - ____________________,
bad weather - ___________________,
happiness - ____________________,
star - ______________________,
whistle - ______________________,
lovely - ___________________.
7. Make sentences from these words and write them down. Paste
missing letters.
It’s difficult to find out our place in winter.
Covered, carpeted, snowy, everything.
It's bad weather, it's standing.
The wind is blowing, furious, cold.
Look at the trees, sad...but, naked.
8. Identify unpronounceable and ambiguous words by ear
consonants and select test words for them.
Frost and sun, wonderful day!
You are still dozing, dear friend.
The blood plays easily and joyfully in the heart,
Desires are boiling - I’m happy and young again!
Three maidens by the window
Spinning late in the evening...
“Hello, my handsome prince!
Why are you as quiet as a stormy day?..”
9. Read the poem expressively, explain all spellings, and
then try to write from memory any four that you remember
The sun looks from the sky, but the sun will shine
Millions of years. And he walks away.
The sun is pouring on the earth and a living heart
And warmth and light. It warms day and night.
So the heart is better
the sun itself,
No clouds
They won't overshadow him!
10. Riddles. Write answers with test words
The carpet is spread out, Day and night it knocks,
The peas are scattered: As if it were a routine thing.
You can’t lift a carpet, It will be bad if suddenly
Not a pea to pick. This knocking will stop.
(Starry sky) (Heart)
Come on, which one of you will answer?
It's not fire, but it burns painfully.
Not a lantern, but shining brightly,
And not a baker, but a baker? (Sun)
11. From the words given in brackets, form the adjectives obtained
write the phrases.
Day (holiday); evening (late); morning (bad weather); smile (joy);
deed (honor); labor (valor); life (happiness); look (sadness).
12.Complete the proverbs with words with unpronounceable consonants.
Hands work - soul... .
Not in power... but in truth.
In the big... and the distant is close.
... labor is our wealth.
...they don't watch the clock.
Words for reference: happy, honest, heart, holiday, honesty.
13. Copy, replacing the highlighted words with synonyms with unpronounceable words
consonant.
Related information.
