SIMPLE DYSPEPSIA is an acute digestive disorder of a functional nature, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea without significant impairment of the general condition.

ETIOLOGY. In the etiology, the leading factors are nutritional factors, defects in care (overheating, violation of feeding regime), as well as an infectious factor (most often E. coli). Predisposing factors are: early artificial and mixed feeding, rickets, exudative-catarrhal diathesis, malnutrition, prematurity.

PATHOGENESIS. When overfeeding or feeding food that is not appropriate for age due to insufficient enzymatic activity and low acidity of gastric juice in young children, food is not sufficiently processed in the stomach, which causes overstrain of the stomach function. Insufficiently prepared food enters the small intestine. The normal course of digestion is disrupted. Since the intestines have an alkaline environment, bacteria begin to multiply rapidly in the food bolus, and the pathogenic properties of the permanent intestinal microflora intensify.

Bacterial breakdown through putrefaction and fermentation in the intestines contributes to the formation of toxic products (indole, skatole, acetic acid) and gases (Fig. 8).

Irritation of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines by toxic products leads to the appearance of protective reactions in the form of regurgitation, vomiting, increased intestinal motility, increased secretion of mucus by the intestinal glands and diarrhea. Fatty acids, which are formed as a result of improper breakdown of fat in the intestines, are neutralized by the entry of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium salts from the intercellular fluid and body tissues. These salts react with fatty acids and form fatty acid soaps.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS. The disease begins acutely. Appetite decreases, lethargy appears, sleep is disturbed. The main symptoms are vomiting once or twice and loose green stools with mucus and white lumps. Stool 5-8 times a day. The stool has a sour smell. Green stool is due to the accelerated transition of hydrobilirubin to biliverdin in an acidic environment, and white lumps are soaps formed as a result of the neutralization of fatty acids with calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium salts.

In addition, from time to time the child experiences intestinal colic due to gases accumulated in the intestines, after which the child calms down. Body temperature is often normal, but sometimes low-grade fever can occur.

When examined outside of an attack of intestinal colic, the child’s condition is relatively satisfactory. There is some pallor of the skin, a coated tongue, and sometimes thrush on the oral mucosa. The abdomen is swollen, rumbling on palpation, diaper rash in the anal area (stool reaction is acidic, which causes skin irritation).

The diagnosis is not difficult. A correctly collected anamnesis (malnutrition, overfeeding, overheating, etc.), an epidemiological anamnesis (lack of contact with patients with diarrhea), as well as a clinical picture allow a correct diagnosis. But it is necessary to differentiate it from diseases such as dysentery, intussusception, appendicitis. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to exclude those diseases that require immediate surgical care.

TREATMENT. Includes intestinal lavage, administration of a water-tea diet for 6-8 hours (use rehydron, Oralite, physiological sodium chloride solution, 2% glucose solution, boiled water, tea in the amount of 150 ml per 1 kg of body weight per day), diet therapy.

Usually on the 1st day, 70-80 ml of human milk is prescribed while maintaining the feeding regimen or applied to the breast for 3-4 minutes (usually the child sucks out 20 ml in 1 minute). In the absence of human milk, use adapted fermented milk mixtures or kefir in a 2:1 dilution with rice water. Every day the amount increases, and by the 5th day the volume of food should reach the volume that the child consumed before the disease. From the 6th day from the onset of the disease, complementary foods can be introduced if the child received it, but introduced gradually. Grated apple and juices are prescribed from the 6-7th day.

For oral rehydration in acute digestive disorders in infants, the Austrian company HIPP produces a medicinal product - carrot-rice decoction HIPP ORS 200. The main ingredients of this product are carrots, rice, glucose, salt, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, citric acid. Carrot-rice broth "HIPP ORS 200" is a homogenized, sterile, ready-to-eat food. 100 ml of product contains 0.3 g of protein; 0.1 g fat; 4.2 g carbohydrates; 120 mg sodium; 98 mg potassium; 145 mg chlorides; 135 mg citrate; energy value - 19 kcal/100 ml; osmolarity - 240 mOsm/l.

Pectin substances contained in HIPP ORS 200 have the property of adsorbing microbial toxins, gases, products of incomplete hydrolysis and fermentation of nutrients. Rice mucus and starch, thanks to their enveloping effect, promote the regeneration of the intestinal mucosa and the restoration of digestive processes.

The recommended amount of “HIPP ORS 200” for a mild degree of dehydration is 35-50 ml per 1 kg of a child’s body weight per day, for a moderate degree - 50-100 ml per 1 kg per day. Repeated vomiting in infants is not a contraindication for the use of HIPP ORS 200 medical nutrition. A prerequisite for using HIPP ORS 200 for vomiting is to use it in small quantities at short intervals, for example, 1-2 teaspoons of HIPP ORS 200 every 10 minutes.

Enzyme therapy must be used. Usually hydrochloric acid with pepsin is used. Creon (pancreatin with minimal activity of lipase, amylase and proteases) has a good therapeutic effect, which ensures the digestion of food ingredients, facilitates their absorption, stimulates the secretion of the digestive tract’s own enzymes, improves its functional state and normalizes digestion processes. The drug is prescribed 1 capsule 3-4 times a day during meals with a small amount of water. You can mix the contents of the capsule with a small amount of applesauce, drink juice or warm tea. If effectiveness is insufficient, the daily dose can be increased to 6-12 capsules.

It is recommended to prescribe lycrease. Newborns are prescribed 1 - 2 capsules per day (maximum dose - 4 capsules per day). Capsules can be previously opened and diluted in milk. Children under 5 years old are prescribed 2-4 capsules per day, from 5 to 10 years old - 4-6 capsules, over 10 years old - 6-8 capsules per day.

You can also use Festal, Mezim Forte, Pancreatin, Digestal and other enzyme preparations, but since there are no children's forms, the dosage of the drugs should be approached with caution.

Antibacterial drugs are prescribed only if an infectious etiology is suspected or confirmed: furazolidone (10 mg/kg per day 4 times a day after meals), polymyxin (100,000 units/kg per day 4 times a day).

Symptomatic treatment includes, in case of severe flatulence, the removal of gases through a gas outlet tube, the administration of white clay (0.25 g 3 times a day), carbolene (0.25 g 3 times a day), smecta (1 sachet per day in 50 ml of boiled water, given throughout the day). For intestinal colic, a compress is used on the stomach, therapeutic enemas with valerian (1 drop of valerian per month of the child’s life), and a 1% solution of bromine with valerian is prescribed. Subsequently, eubiotics are indicated to restore normal intestinal microflora.

Among the most common gastrointestinal diseases in infants are astroesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, diarrhea and enterocolitis. Some of them are directly related to the imperfection of the digestive system, others are provoked by hereditary factors or intrauterine malfunctions. But there are also diseases of the digestive system in young children (for example, dystrophy or paratrophy) that appear due to poor nutrition.

Disease of the digestive system in young children - thrush

This is a fungal infection of the oral mucosa, often occurring in infants. The disease is registered in 4-5% of all newborns. Those most susceptible to thrush are premature babies, newborns with weakened immune systems, infants who receive insufficient hygienic care, and babies who, for one reason or another, take antibiotics.

Cause of the disease. This disease of the digestive system in young children is caused by a fungus of the genus Candida. Frequent regurgitation provokes the development of fungus.

Signs of the disease. Dotted white deposits appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth and cheeks, reminiscent of curdled milk. Sometimes these points merge with each other, forming a continuous film of white-gray color. With massive damage, these plaques spread to the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach and respiratory tract.

Treatment. In mild cases, it is sufficient to irrigate the mucous membrane with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate or a 10-20% solution of borax in glycerin. It is possible to use 1-2% solutions of aniline dyes (methyl violet, gentian violet, methylene blue), a solution of nystatin in milk or water (500 thousand units/ml). The mucous membrane is treated every 3-4 hours, alternating the agents used.

In severe cases, in addition to local treatment of this gastrointestinal disease in young children, the child is given oral nystatin 75 thousand units/kg 3 times a day for 3-5 days or levorin 25 mg/kg 3-4 times a day for for the same period.

Malformation of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns pyloric stenosis

Pyloric stenosis- a malformation of the upper muscular sphincter of the stomach, associated with excessive development of its muscles and narrowing of the entrance to the stomach. Boys get sick more often.

Causes of the disease. The disease occurs as a result of disruption of the innervation of the stomach.

Signs of the disease. The first signs of this malformation of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns appear at the 2-3rd week of life, rarely earlier. It appears as a strong fountain 15 minutes after eating. Over time, the child’s weight drops sharply, even to the point of dystrophy, anemia and dehydration develop. Little urine and feces are produced, and constipation occurs.

The duration of the disease is from 4 weeks to 2-3 months.

For diagnostic purposes, ultrasound, fibrogastroscopy, and X-ray gastrography are performed.

Treatment. Treatment is surgical. In the postoperative period, dosed feeding is carried out with the addition of glucose and salt-containing solutions.

Gastrointestinal disease in young children: neonatal reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux in newborns is the involuntary reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus with increased tone of the lower and middle esophageal sphincters.

Causes of the disease. This gastrointestinal pathology in newborns often occurs against the background of encephalopathy, congenital hiatal hernia, and constant overeating.

Signs of the disease. After feeding, the newborn spits up profusely, after which he vomits. The child is excited and restless.

Treatment. They switch to feeding with a thick milk formula in an upright position. After eating, the child should remain in an upright position for another 5-10 minutes. The last feeding is carried out 2-3 hours before bedtime. To treat this digestive problem in newborns, antacid medications are prescribed: Almagel 0.5 teaspoon per dose before meals, Maalox 5 ml suspension per dose before meals.

Pathology of the gastrointestinal tract in newborns: dyspepsia

Simple dyspepsia (functional dyspepsia)- functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, manifested by impaired digestion of food, without pronounced changes in the gastrointestinal tract.

Causes of the disease. The cause of this digestive disorder in young children is errors in diet, overfeeding or underfeeding the baby.

Signs of the disease. Children experience regurgitation. When the stomach is predominantly involved in the process, normal vomiting occurs after feeding; when the intestines are predominantly involved, it occurs in the form of chopped eggs. In the latter case, an increase in stool frequency up to 6-10 times a day is also typical. The child may experience painful colic that goes away after the gas passes.

Treatment. Treatment is based on eliminating the causes of dyspepsia.

In mild cases, 1-2 feedings are skipped and liquid is given instead (tea, rehydron, glucosolan, 5% glucose solution).

In the case of artificial feeding for this disease of the digestive system in young children, a water-tea diet is prescribed for 8-10 hours. The amount of fluid is calculated based on the child's weight. The liquid is given in small portions. After the water-tea diet, the amount of food is distributed among feedings and amounts to 1/3 of the total daily requirement. In the following days, 100-200 ml per day is added, gradually recovering to the normal volume by the 4th day. For loose stools, smecta is prescribed.

Digestive disorders in young children: diarrhea and milk intolerance

Antibiotic-induced diarrhea is a digestive disorder in young children who have been taking antibacterial drugs for a long time.

Signs of the disease. The disease is characterized by vomiting, lack of appetite, and frequent, profuse, watery stools with mucus.

Treatment. After discontinuation of antibiotics, diarrhea is treated.

Cow's milk protein intolerance can occur at any age and can occur after consuming cow's milk-based products.

Causes of the disease. The child does not have the enzyme that breaks down milk proteins, or the body is very allergic to milk components.

Signs of the disease. The disease begins from the first days of using cow's milk or mixtures prepared on its basis. The greater the volume of milk entering the body, the more pronounced intolerance is manifested. With this gastrointestinal disease, the newborn is restless, and since he experiences constant abdominal pain (colic), he screams loudly. Characterized by flatulence, watery, foamy stools with cloudy mucus. In severe cases, the baby vomits immediately after feeding. Possible bloating and various skin rashes.

Children lose weight sharply, their growth and development are delayed, and psychoneurological disorders appear.

Treatment. Natural feeding is the best way to protect a child from this pathology, and in the absence of breast milk and the appearance of intolerance, they switch to special formulas such as NAN N.A. These are hypoallergenic formulas containing whey protein, which is different from standard cow's milk protein.

NAN N.A 1 is prescribed in the first half of life, in the second half of the year NAN N.A 2 is indicated, which has a higher content of iron, zinc and iodine and meets all the needs of children from 6 months of age.

Digestive disorders in newborns: celiac disease in infants

Celiac disease occurs as a result of impaired digestion of the protein of cereals - gluten.

Causes of the disease. The pathology is genetic in nature.

Signs of the disease. The disease is detected in the first two years of life when eating white wheat and black rye bread, as well as dishes made from wheat and rye flour (i.e., products containing rye, wheat, oats, barley).

Typically, this gastrointestinal disorder in newborns manifests itself when complementary feeding with cereals is introduced. The child develops vomiting, rumbling in the intestines, flatulence, and the abdomen becomes enlarged. The stool becomes lighter, thicker, foamy, and sometimes foul-smelling, which indicates a lack of absorption of fat. There is a stop in growth and weight, mental development slows down.

Treatment. The baby is prescribed a gluten-free diet with the complete exclusion of products containing flour and cereal grains. Dishes containing flour, pates, minced cutlet products, sausages, boiled sausages, sauces, and cereal soups are prohibited. During the diet for this digestive problem in infants, dishes made from buckwheat, rice, soy, vegetables, and fruits are allowed. In the diet, the amount of products containing milk is increased, cottage cheese, cheese, eggs, fish, and poultry are additionally given. For fats, corn and sunflower oils are preferable; for sweets, jams, compotes, jams, and honey are preferable.

Gastrointestinal disorders in newborns: enterocolitis

Necrotizing ulcerative enterocolitis It occurs in children of the first year of life as an independent pathology, or intestinal damage may accompany other ailments.

Causes of the disease. Most often, independent enterocolitis develops in children infected with one or another microorganism in the womb; the process develops secondarily against the background of dysbacteriosis, long-term use of antibiotics, sepsis, etc.

Signs of the disease. There are no typical manifestations of the disease. The child becomes lethargic, eats poorly, after feeding he has constant regurgitation, vomiting often occurs, sometimes with an admixture of bile. With this digestive disorder in newborns, the stool is watery, and the feces acquire a greenish tint. Over time, the abdomen swells, and the venous network becomes clearly visible on its skin.

If left untreated, the disease can lead to the death of the baby due to perforation of the intestinal wall by ulcers.

Treatment. It is recommended to feed the child only with mother's milk; if breastfeeding is impossible, he is transferred to acidic formulas. Lactobacterin or bifidumbacterin are used as medications, 3-9 biodoses per day. If the baby is severely tormented by vomiting, his stomach is washed with a 2% sodium bicarbonate solution before each feeding. Be sure to administer vitamins B1, B6, B12, P, PP, C. UHF is performed on the solar plexus area.

Digestive problems in newborns: malnutrition disorders in infants

Chronic eating disorders most often occur in young children and are characterized by:

lack of body weight, lag behind growth norms (hypotrophy);
uniform lag in weight gain and height;
excess body weight and height, predominance of body weight over height.

Dystrophy is a digestive disorder in infants, characterized by pathologically low body weight.

Causes of the disease. There are nutritional causes of the disease - qualitative and quantitative malnutrition, lack of vitamins. This digestive disorder in infants can occur with long-term infectious and non-infectious diseases, defects in care, due to constitutional reasons, and with prematurity.

With mixed and artificial feeding, especially with unadapted formulas, quantitative nutritional disorders occur and the level of metabolism decreases.

Intrauterine malnutrition occurs as a result of impaired development of the fetus, slowing down its physical development.

Signs of the disease. For malnutrition of the first degree fatty tissue in the groin, abdomen, and under the arms becomes thinner. Weight loss is 10-15%.

With malnutrition II degrees Subcutaneous fat tissue disappears on the torso and limbs, and its amount on the face decreases. Weight loss is 20-30%.

For III degree malnutrition (atrophy) subcutaneous fat disappears on the face, weight loss is over 30%. The skin turns grey, the face takes on an senile expression with a reproachful look. Anxiety gives way to apathy. The oral mucosa turns red, the muscles lose their tone, and the body temperature is below normal. The child's food endurance decreases, regurgitation and vomiting appear, stool may be normal or constipation alternates with diarrhea.

With congenital (intrauterine) malnutrition, newborns have a deficiency of weight; decreased tissue elasticity; paleness and flaking of the skin; multiple functional disorders; long-term physiological jaundice.

Treatment. Treatment of malnutrition is carried out taking into account the reasons that caused it, as well as the severity of the disease and the age of the child.

In a child with any degree of malnutrition, the daily amount of food should be equal to 1/5 of his body weight. At the beginning of treatment, 1/3 or 1/2 of the daily amount of food is prescribed. Within 5-10 days, the volume is adjusted to 1/5 of body weight. The best nutrition is mother's milk or adapted age-specific formulas.

Nutrition up to the daily amount is supplemented with tea, vegetable broth, rehydron, oralit. The number of feedings increases by one. During this period, the child should receive 80-100 kcal per 1 kg of body weight per day. This stage of diet therapy is called minimal nutrition, when the volume of food is brought to 2/3 of the required amount, enlites and protein milk are added. When feeding with human milk, low-fat cottage cheese is added, and the amount of drink is reduced by the corresponding volume.

At the next stage of intermediate nutrition, an increase in the amount of protein, fat and carbohydrates consumed is required; The daily allowance consists of 2/3 main food and 1/3 corrective food. This period lasts up to 3 weeks.

The period of elimination from dystrophy is called optimal nutrition. The child is transferred to physiological nutrition appropriate for his age.

As a medicinal treatment, infusion therapy (albumin, etc.) is carried out, and donor gamma globulin is administered. Enzyme therapy is prescribed during the period of intermediate nutrition for 2-3 weeks (pancreatin, abomin, etc.). Active treatment of dysbiosis is carried out, complex vitamin preparations are indicated.

In severe cases, anabolic hormones (Nerobol, Retabolil) are used in age-specific doses.

Paratrophy is a digestive disorder in infants, characterized by excess body weight.

Causes of the disease. Excess body weight appears as a result of overfeeding or with excess protein or carbohydrate nutrition, as well as when a pregnant woman eats excess carbohydrates.

Signs of the disease. There are 3 degrees of paratrophy.

I degree - weight exceeds the age norm by 10-20%.
II degree - weight exceeds the age norm by 20-30%.
III degree - weight exceeds the age norm by 30-40%.

In any case, the disease is accompanied by disturbances in protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.

Protein nutritional disorders occur when cottage cheese or protein mixtures are excessively introduced into the baby’s diet in the 2nd half of life. The feces become dry, white, and contain large amounts of calcium. Gradually, the appetite decreases, the child begins to lose weight, and anemia occurs.

With excessive carbohydrate nutrition with a lack of protein, excess fat deposition and water retention in the body occur. This usually reduces the elasticity of the tissue. The child looks obese. Indicators of physical development by weight are usually above average.

Treatment. In case of paratrophy in the first months of life, it is recommended to eliminate night feeding and streamline other meals. Children with carbohydrate overfeeding are limited in easily digestible carbohydrates. For protein eating disorders, protein-enriched mixtures should not be used. Complementary foods are introduced in the form of vegetable puree; enzymes and vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12 are additionally used.

Monitoring of height and weight indicators in children with dystrophies is carried out once every 2 weeks, and nutrition is calculated.

Massage, gymnastics, and long walks in the fresh air are prescribed.

In older children, the need for carbohydrates is satisfied through vegetable dishes, fruits, vegetable oils; proteins and vitamins are additionally introduced into the diet.

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Acute digestive disorders in infants are a fairly common pathology, which rightfully ranks second after acute respiratory diseases. The high prevalence of acute digestive disorders in children of the first year of life is due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the digestive canal.

At the VIII All-Union Congress of Children's Doctors in 1962, the classification of gastrointestinal diseases proposed by G.N. was approved. Speransky. According to this classification, the following are distinguished: 1) diseases of functional origin: a) dyspepsia (simple, toxic (intestinal toxicosis), parenteral); b) dyskinesia and dysfunction (pylorospasm, atony of various parts of the alimentary canal, spastic constipation); 2) diseases of infectious origin (bacterial dysentery, amoebic dysentery, salmonellosis, intestinal infection, intestinal form of staphylococcal, enterococcal, mycotic infection, viral diarrhea, intestinal infection of unknown etiology); 3) malformations of the digestive tract (pyloric stenosis, megaduodenum, megacolon, atresia (of the esophagus, intestines, anus), diverticulum, other malformations of the digestive canal).

SIMPLE DYSPEPSIA is an acute digestive disorder of a functional nature, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea without significant impairment of the general condition.

Bacterial breakdown through putrefaction and fermentation in the intestines contributes to the formation of toxic products (indole, skatole, acetic acid) and gases (Fig. 8).

You can also use Festal, Mezim Forte, Pancreatin, Digestal and other enzyme preparations, but since there are no children's forms, the dosage of the drugs should be approached with caution.

Intestinal dysbiosis

With intestinal dysbiosis, already from the first days of the child’s arrival from the maternity hospital under the supervision of a pediatrician, a number of symptoms are noted, which can subsequently lead to problems with the baby’s health. This is insufficient weight gain, stunting, development of rickets and deficiency anemia. The presence of the disease may also be indicated by symptoms such as changes in the nature of stool, alternation of constipation with diarrhea, intestinal colic, flatulence, frequent regurgitation, which affects behavior changes: the baby becomes restless. In severe cases, psychomotor development is delayed.

The root cause of the above symptoms is a violation of the ratio of the quantitative and qualitative composition of normal and opportunistic intestinal microflora, as well as the addition of pathogenic microflora, which determines the so-called intestinal dysbiosis.

The child’s intestines are populated by natural microflora immediately from the moment of birth, and its main source is the mother. In the first hours of life, during the first breastfeedings, the baby’s intestines are populated with lacto- and bifidobacteria. The so-called bacterial ecosystem of the department and staff of the maternity hospital, in which the newborn is in the first hours of life, is also of direct importance in the formation of the normal microflora of the child’s intestines.

There are many causal factors that influence the incorrect formation of the ratios of normal, opportunistic and pathogenic microflora. The most relevant are maternal diseases of both an infectious and non-infectious nature (chronic pyelonephritis, chronic tonsillitis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, complicated childbirth (caesarean section, fetal hypoxia), the use of antibacterial drugs by a woman in the ante- and postnatal period. Inappropriate The formation of the child’s intestinal microflora at a later date is affected by artificial feeding with unadapted formulas, unfavorable living conditions, and exposure of the child to radioactive contamination, toxic substances, and heavy metal salts.

Unfortunately, diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis in outpatient settings in most cases relies only on clinical data. Due to the high cost of enrichment media for growing microflora, stool analysis for dysbacteriosis often becomes an unaffordable luxury for many families, especially those with an unfavorable social status. Despite this, the task of identifying the disease in time, correcting the child’s nutrition, and prescribing the correct treatment is faced by every pediatrician and is his responsibility.

To formulate a diagnosis in the treatment of a disease, the most convenient is the classification proposed by Professor K. Ladodo in 1991 and supplemented by P. Shcherbakov in 1998, which is still used today. According to this classification, there are four degrees of dysbiosis.

The first degree - the latent phase, the so-called compensated dysbiosis, is characterized by the predominance of anaerobes over aerobes, while the level of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli remains within normal limits. It develops in a healthy child and appears only after the influence of certain negative factors, in particular a violation of the diet or quality of nutrition. There is no bowel dysfunction.

The second stage is the starting phase. When analyzing stool for intestinal dysbiosis, the condition of the intestine is determined in which the number of anaerobes is equal to or exceeds the number of aerobes, while the level of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli is very low. In some cases, hemolyzing cocci and bacilli are detected.

Clinically, this phase is characterized by a decrease in appetite, a slow increase in body weight, and a change in the nature of the stool: foamy stools alternate with normal ones.

The third degree is the phase of disinhibition and aggression of microbial associations. When analyzing stool for intestinal dysbiosis, the number of anaerobes is lower than aerobes. The processes of digestion and absorption in the intestines are disrupted, gas formation and intestinal motility increase. The general condition of the child is slightly impaired. But at the same time, frequent regurgitation appears, body weight increases slowly or does not change. The character of the stool is foamy with an admixture of greens and mucus. Rashes occur periodically on the face and limbs. The second and third degrees of dysbacteriosis can be represented as subcompensated.

The fourth degree is the phase of associated (decompensated) dysbacteriosis. At this stage of the disease, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are absent in the analysis of stool for intestinal dysbiosis, and there is a significant increase in opportunistic microorganisms (staphylococci, proteus, clostridia and others). Clinically, dyspeptic disorders are persistently increasing, in which the child experiences bloating, frequent regurgitation, decreased appetite, and the stool has a strong unpleasant odor, liquid, with a green tint. At this stage of the disease, hypovitaminosis, deficiency anemia, rickets, and allergic dermatitis develop, which can subsequently lead to the formation of childhood eczema.

Treatment of dysbiosis Currently, the baby food market in our country has a large assortment of such products, the peculiarity of the therapeutic effect of which is the content of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and lactulose in infant formulas, which are necessary for the formation of normal microflora in the child’s intestines. In cases of third and fourth degrees of illness, the child’s parents are not recommended to use diet therapy as an independent form of treatment. In these cases, to correct the normal intestinal microflora, the pediatrician prescribes pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics containing lactulose, which stimulates and activates digestion and has a bifidogenic factor, have proven themselves well. On the medical drug market in our country, probiotics are represented by various forms of living microorganisms, in particular lyophilisates of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, colibacteria, spore-forming strains of natural intestinal microflora (a combination of live lactic acid bacteria, a concentrate of metabolic products of small and large intestinal symbionts), as well as specific bacteriophages ( coliproteus, staphylococcal).

The most optimal method for treating dysbiosis today is complex treatment, which includes not only diet therapy, but also the prescription of specific drugs that improve the motor and secretory function of the gastrointestinal tract. As additional remedies, you can use decoctions of chamomile, fennel, and dill water. If you follow the treatment prescribed by your doctor, spastic pain and flatulence are eliminated, along with the use of enzyme preparations, the secretory function of the pancreas is improved, and stool is normalized. If treatment with probiotics is not effective enough and opportunistic microflora is released during repeated inoculations, it is necessary to use intestinal antiseptics, the peculiarity of which is a targeted effect on opportunistic microflora, without affecting the natural intestinal microflora.

not yet fully formed, many children experience various types of abnormalities in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. This is associated with the widespread prevalence of such diseases as dyspepsia.

The pathology manifests itself in the form of a set of symptoms that may also be characteristic of other disorders of the digestive system.

Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the diagnosis of functional dyspepsia in children, as well as its early treatment, since disturbances in the processes of food digestion can negatively affect the overall health of the baby.

Read about the symptoms and treatment of gastroenteritis in children in ours.

Characteristics of the disease

Dyspepsia – disruption of the upper digestive system.

Most often, pathology occurs as a result of non-compliance with the diet, or the child consuming low-quality food that is not suitable for the child’s body.

If the digestive system of an adult easily copes with spicy and fatty foods, then the child’s stomach is not able to do this.

As a result of systematic violation of feeding rules, for example, if a child is regularly overfed, complementary foods are introduced ahead of schedule, or given foods that are not suitable for him, a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract develops.

In this case, a whole series of symptoms, indicating the presence of dyspepsia.

Most often, the disease develops in young children. The digestive system of a baby under 1 year of age is not adapted to overloads that can arise as a result of a violation of the diet or consumption of “adult” foods.

How does dyspepsia occur? Pathology develops in stages:

Digestive system of a small child contains small amounts of enzymes involved in the process of food digestion. They are not enough to break down heavy foods that adults eat. As a result, the digestion process is not carried out fully.
Incompletely processed food enters the intestines, where it should be absorbed, but due to the fact that the food is not completely digested, this does not happen. In the intestines fermentation processes begin.
Fermentation in the intestines leads to excessive excretion toxic breakdown products food.
As a result of these processes, symptoms of the disease arise.

Causes

The most common cause of dyspepsia in children is considered to be eating disorder, that is, if the child systematically overeats (this occurs in both infants and older children).

If a child is offered food that is not appropriate for his age (for example, with the early or incorrect introduction of complementary foods), this leads to disturbances in the digestion of food, and as a result, to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

Exists many unfavorable factors, provoking the occurrence of dyspepsia in children of different ages.

Children under 1 year

Binge eating. This is especially common during artificial feeding, since it is much easier for a child to suck milk from a bottle than from the mother’s breast. The process of sucking milk occurs faster, the baby does not have time to understand that he is full.
Insufficient amount of digestive enzymes.
Consumption of foods that are not suitable for the baby’s age. When introducing complementary foods, it is important to pay attention to whether the new product corresponds to the age-related characteristics of the baby’s digestive system. It is best to offer your baby simple one-ingredient meals as complementary foods.
Incorrect introduction of complementary foods when the baby is offered several new dishes at once. It is recommended to introduce no more than 1 new product per week.
Prematurity.

Older children

Abuse of foods that are difficult to digest. These include salty, fatty, spicy foods that irritate the gastric mucosa.
Violation of the diet, for example, a heavy dinner shortly before going to bed, overeating.
Hormonal changes in the body characteristic of puberty.

Common causes common to any age group

You will find specialists in the treatment of gastroduodenitis in children on our website.

Classification

There are 3 main types of dyspepsia: simple (functional), parenteral and toxic.

Functional dyspepsia, in turn, is divided into the following types:

fermentation. As a result of fermentation processes occurring in the intestine, the number of microorganisms involved in the fermentation process sharply increases in its cavity. This happens with excessive consumption of carbohydrate foods;
putrid. If a child eats large amounts of protein-rich foods, the number of bacteria in the intestines that contribute to food rotting increases;
fatty. With excessive consumption of fatty foods, the process of digestion and absorption of food is disrupted, heaviness, painful sensations in the stomach, and stool disorders occur.

Parenteral dyspepsia is a secondary disease that develops as a result of serious pathologies (for example, pneumonia) previously suffered by the child.

Toxic dyspepsia is considered the most severe form, which occurs due to bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Also, this form can develop as a result of untreated simple dyspepsia.

Symptoms and manifestations of pathology

The disease is characterized by the presence of certain symptoms that indicate disturbances in the functioning of the digestive system. These symptoms include:

In some cases, symptoms such as frequent sleep disturbances are also noted.

Complications and consequences

Depending on the form and severity of the pathology, its consequences may be different. With timely prescribed treatment the disease usually goes away within a few days without causing any complications.

Lack of therapy can cause weight loss and loss of appetite.

Acute dyspepsia, manifested by profuse vomiting and diarrhea, can lead to dehydration of the body, and this, in turn, provokes the development of irreversible changes in all internal organs.

The chronic form of the disease contributes to the development persistent violations functioning of the digestive system.

Diagnostics

If you notice the first signs of dyspepsia in a child, you should contact your pediatrician. Consultations with other specialists (gastroenterologist, psychiatrist, neurologist) may also be required. Certain methods are used to make a diagnosis laboratory and instrumental research.

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Treatment and drugs

To eliminate the unpleasant symptoms of pathology, it is necessary, first of all, exclude the cause of its occurrence.

Next, a whole complex of therapeutic measures, which includes following a certain diet, taking medications, and other procedures, such as abdominal massage to improve the functionality of the digestive system and relieve pain.

Drugs used for therapeutic purposes:

Maalox;
Domperidone;
Mezim;
Cisapride.

These products facilitate the digestion of food, restore intestinal microflora, and eliminate heaviness and pain in the stomach.

Diet

Without following a special diet, drug treatment of dyspepsia will be ineffective. The diet consists of reducing the amount of food consumed and restoring the body’s water balance.

Forecast

With timely detection and treatment of the disease, the prognosis favorable.

If there is no therapy, it is possible to develop serious diseases of the digestive system, disrupt the growth and development of the child, which negatively affects the general condition of his body.

Prevention

For young children, it is important to monitor not only the quantity of food consumed, but also its quality. Yes, baby you can't overfeed, that is, he should not consume food too often or in large quantities.

If the child is bottle-fed, it is necessary to choose quality milk formulas, closest in composition to breast milk.

For older children, the quality of food remains an equally important point.

Must be excluded fast food products, all kinds of unhealthy snacks, carbonated drinks, coffee, fatty and spicy foods, pickles.

In addition, the child should move as much as possible and spend enough time in the fresh air.

Dyspepsia is a common disease, the main cause of which is considered eating disorder. The pathology occurs in both young and older children.

The disease manifests itself with certain symptoms, indicating the presence of problems in the functioning of the digestive organs.

The child will need special treatment, the main points of which are taking medications, dieting. With timely prescribed therapy, the disease responds well to treatment.

You can learn about the symptoms and treatment of dyspepsia from the video:

We kindly ask you not to self-medicate. Make an appointment with a doctor!

The high incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in young children is explained by imperfect digestive apparatus and insufficient maturity of the neuroregulatory system. In this regard, intestinal dysfunction easily arises against the background of errors in diet and regimen. dyspepsia intestinal digestion children

Among functional disorders, the main forms are:

simple dyspepsia,
toxic dyspepsia,
· parenteral dyspepsia.

The basis of the dyspeptic process, as the name itself indicates, is “indigestion” of food, a violation of its processing in the digestive apparatus.

Simple dyspepsia

Simple dyspepsia is one of the forms of acute digestive disorders of a functional nature and is manifested by diarrhea (diarrhea) without significantly affecting the general condition of the child. Simple dyspepsia most often affects children who are mixed and bottle-fed, but the disease also occurs in children who are breastfed.

Etiology

The cause of simple dyspepsia is most often various disturbances in feeding the child (nutritional factors). A disorder in the processing of food in the digestive apparatus can occur when there is a discrepancy between the amount of food and the ability of the child’s digestive apparatus to digest it, i.e., the limit of his tolerance to food is exceeded (overfeeding). Overfeeding is one of the most common causes of dyspepsia. Another reason may be one-sided feeding, a rapid transition to artificial nutrition. The digestive apparatus of a small child is adapted only to food of a certain composition, sudden changes in which can cause dysfunction of this apparatus. The result is dyspepsia. Premature children with rickets, dystrophy, and exudative-catarrhal diathesis are especially susceptible to acute digestive disorders due to defects in feeding. In young children, parenteral dyspepsia is also observed, which appears against the background of some other infectious disease (influenza, pneumonia, mumps, sepsis, etc.). Microorganisms (or their toxins) that cause the underlying disease, entering the child’s blood, primarily disrupt interstitial metabolism and affect the central and autonomic nervous system. In this regard, the functional activity of the digestive system is distorted: the acidity and enzymatic activity of gastric and intestinal juice decreases, peristalsis increases, absorption in the intestine is disrupted, and stool becomes liquid.

In addition to nutritional and infectious factors that cause dyspepsia, there are factors that predispose to the onset of the disease or favor it. These include overheating of the child.

Disturbances in secretory and motor functions that occur during overheating contribute to indigestion. Poor sanitary and hygienic conditions and defects in care often create a threat of infection of the digestive system.