Question 1. The subject of dialectology, its tasks. The connection of dialectology with the history of the language and other historical disciplines (history, archeology and ethnography). Dialectology and onomastics. The value of dialectology for teaching the Russian language and literature at school.
Dialectology- a linguistic discipline that studies the territorial dialects of a particular language.
Dialect(gr. "conversation, conversation, dialect") - a colloquial version of this language, which is used by a limited number of people connected by a common territory, in constant and lively communication with each other; does not have a written rule.
dialect territorial(local, regional) - a dialect common in a particular area.
Thing dialectology - territorial language differences.
Target- to recreate the history of the language in terms of dialect development.
Tasks: description of the dialect division of the Russian language, identification of all forms and structures, identification of differences from the literary language; awareness of the richness of the Russian language; help in the perception of works of art.
Links with other disciplines: d. studies the historical development of languages in different regions depending on individual characteristics. Ethnography: characteristic names of tools, etc. Story: connection of dialect words with toponymy, time intervals. Archeology: dating of finds depending on the degree of development of the language.
Onomastics- a section of linguistics that studies any proper names, the history of their occurrence and transformation as a result of prolonged use in the source language or in connection with borrowing from other languages.
The value of dialectology for teaching the Russian language and literature at school: Here much depends on the tact of the teacher and on the depth of his understanding of the cultural, historical and aesthetic value of dialects.
The study of modern processes in dialect systems should also be put at the service of the methodology of teaching the Russian language in a dialect environment. It is known that the departure from dialectal pronunciation under the influence of the literary language can occur gradually, spreading first to some phonetic positions, and then to others. It is advisable to take this sequence into account in orthoepic work with students.
Knowledge of dialectology will be useful for a teacher of literature and in literature lessons.
In the works of classical and modern literature, elements of dialectal speech (dialectisms) are often used to characterize characters or to create local color. For a complete understanding of such works, dialectological knowledge is required.
The teacher should be able to explain to students the meaning of dialect words that are found in the works of literature studied at school, and to reveal the aesthetic role of dialectisms in these works. It is also desirable to teach schoolchildren to use dialect dictionaries on their own, or at least to introduce them to dictionaries of this type.
Additionally: Even in a relatively small area, dialects sometimes differ markedly from each other. Such more fractional dialects are called dialects. They are united by dialectologists into groups called adverbs.
Question 2. Features of stress in Russian folk dialects. Dialectal phenomena in the area of stressed vowels.
In all dialects, stress determines the nature of the pronunciation of vowels, the relative strength and nature of longitudes and intonation in a word and sentence. The place of stress in a word and morpheme in dialect and literary language may differ. The phonetic feature of Russian stress is that in literary speech the duration of the stressed vowel predominates rather than its strength, while in the bulk of Northern Russian dialects (without reduction of unstressed vowels) it is the strength of the stressed vowel that is the main characteristic of stress. The length of the vowel here is not as important as in the literary language and the South Russian dialects.
In contrast to the literary language, the number of phonemes in dialects can be different: in addition to the phonemes /а/, /o/, /у/, /u/ and /е/, there are also closed tense phonemes of the middle-upper education /ô/ and /ê /. A functionally weak phoneme of the literary language system is /ы/ (it does not occur at the beginning of a word), sometimes it is generally recognized as a shade of the phoneme /and/, however, in Northern Russian dialects /ы/ is definitely an independent phoneme.
Stressed position is strong for vowel sounds. However, the stressed vowel is affected by the proximity to soft consonants: in some groups of Russian folk dialects, the stressed a between soft is pronounced like e (pick up, sing). In addition, Northern Russian dialects give different pronunciations of the stressed vowel that goes back to the old yat (as and:sino; as e: hay; as a diphthong: sieno; as e closed: sno) and a stressed vowel formed from about under rising intonation (as a diphthong wow: voila; as about: will; as about closed: will). For a number of Russian dialects, the transition of the stressed e in about before hard consonants ( carried, led).
Question 3. Okanye, its varieties. Transitional types of unstressed vocalism from Okany to Akany.
okanye- distinguishing vowels in unstressed syllables. Okanye is one of the most important features of the Northern Russian dialect.
Okanye in the narrow sense - distinction about and a in an unstressed position after hard consonants, okane in a broad sense - the distinction of all unstressed consonants.
Okana types:
Full okne- distinction about and a in all unstressed syllables: milk.
Incomplete Okana - distinction about and a only in the first prestressed syllable: little.
Transitional types of unstressed vocalism from Okany to Akanyu:
Hiccup - the coincidence of unstressed vowels of a non-upper rise after soft consonants in a sound and (biru, pitaq);
Ekanye - the coincidence of unstressed vowels of a non-upper rise after soft consonants in a sound uh (I take, petak);
Yokanye - the coincidence of unstressed vowels of a non-upper rise after soft consonants in a sound oh (I take, cock). Perhaps only before hard consonants.
Ukanye is a phenomenon characteristic of Western Central Russian dialects, where instead of about in the second and further prestressed syllables it is pronounced at: cucumbers, drown.
Yakanye - indistinguishability of non-upper vowels after soft consonants.
Ticket 4. Akanye, its varieties. The question of the origin of akanya. Hiccup, its varieties.
Akanye - indistinguishability of vowels in unstressed syllables. Akanye is one of the most important features of the South Russian dialect.
Akanye in a narrow sense - non-discrimination about and a in an unstressed position after hard consonants; Akanye in a broad sense - any indistinguishability of unstressed vowels.
Types of acanya:
Dissimilative akanye - this type of akanya, in which in words with stressed and in the first pre-stressed syllable in place about and a a vowel is pronounced that differs from the stressed one in rise, i.e. s or b(issue, vda).
Non-dissimilative akanye- this type of akanya, in which there is no dissimilarity in the rise of the stressed and pre-stressed vowel (vada).
As regards the chronology of the emergence of akanya, the most motivated point of view should be recognized, according to which it could not develop before the fall of the reduced. Whereas the fall of the reduced covers mainly the twelfth century. (for some dialects, it can be assumed that the reduced ones were preserved even in the 13th century, but these are just such dialects where akanye did not develop later), it should be assumed that akanye developed no earlier than the 13th century. (or, at the earliest, the end of the 12th century), but not later, since in the 14th century. it is already reflected in some monuments. In the era of the emergence of acanya, they still differed, undoubtedly, in the same positions e and e, one side, about and about, with another.
Many linguists consider akanye as the result of the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position, but precisely as a result, and not as the reduction itself. So, in essence, he considered Akanye and Chess in the genetic plan.
The first reflection of akanya is the XIV century, the Siysk Gospel (1339).
Hiccup- a kind of yakana; coincidence of unstressed non-high vowels after soft consonants in sound and (biru,pitaq).
AKANYE, one of the two main types of unstressed vocalism of Russian dialects, opposed to okanya; the most characteristic feature of the southern dialect and the southern part of the Central Russian dialects, which is also characteristic of the literary language.
Akanye in the narrow sense is the indistinguishability of the phonemes /o/ and /a/ in an unstressed position, their coincidence always or in part of the positions in the sound [a]. There are 2 main types of acanya: dissimilative and strong (non-dissimilative). With a strong akanye (characteristic, among other things, of the literary language), /o/ and /a/ always coincide in the 1st pre-stressed syllable in [a]: owls, herbs - sava, sava, savu and grass, herbs, grass. With a dissimilative akanye in place /o/ and /a/, the sound [a] or [?] ([b]) is usually pronounced in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, depending on which vowel is under stress: a vowel is pronounced before the stressed vowel of the upper rise lower rise [a], and before the stressed vowel of the lower rise, the vowel of the middle rise [?] is pronounced: sava, savu, herbs, grass - s? va, tr? va.
At the junction of dialects with a strong and dissimilative akanye, there is an assimilative-dissimilative akanye, in which the lower vowel [a:] (a dissimilative principle) is usually pronounced before the stressed vowels of the upper and upper middle rises (dissimilative principle), and the vowels of the same rises are pronounced before the stressed vowels of the middle and lower rises - [?] before [e] and [?], [aъ] before [a] (assimilative principle): sa: you, sa: vu, tra: you, tra: vu, to sa: v '?, to tra : v'?, sa: vωy, tra: vωy, l? pt'ёy, n? juice, sa wa, tra wa.
In other unstressed syllables, except for the 1st prestressed one, /o/ and /a/ usually coincide in the sound [?], in the final syllable - in [?] or [a]: b?rada, n?pahat ', angry? te, vyd?l? (gold? that, wd? la). Less common is their coincidence in [a] in all unstressed syllables: barada, napahat ', golden, issued.
Akanye in a broad sense - non-distinguishing of non-overhead vowel phonemes in unstressed syllables - also includes types of such non-distinguishing after soft consonants: yak, hiccup, yak.
Some linguists, following A. A. Shakhmatov, consider okanye to be an older type of vocalism. The most archaic is the vocalism of the dissimilative type. The point of view of R. I. Avanesov, who believes that the akanye appeared in the 2nd half of the 12th - 1st half of the 13th century in the basin of the upper and middle Oka and the interfluve of the Oka and Seim, from where it later spread to the west, north -west and north. Some linguists (for example, A. Vaillant, V. Georgiev, F.P. Filin) have a different opinion and attribute the emergence of the difference between akanye and okanye to the 7th-8th centuries.
Lit .: Filin F.P. Origin of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. Historical and dialectological essay. L., 1972; Avanesov R.I. Russian Literary and Dialect Phonetics. M., 1974; Dialectological atlas of the Russian language: Center of the European part of the USSR / Edited by R. I. Avanesov, S. V. Bromley. M., 1986. Issue. 1: Introductory articles. Reference materials. Phonetics; Russian dialectology / Edited by L. L. Kasatkin. 2nd ed. M., 1989.
Compare how the vowels are pronounced in the words: catfish - catfish and myself - myself. under stress about and a pronounced clearly and distinctly, well distinguished by ear: catfish - himself. And how are the same vowels pronounced in an unstressed position? Say and listen: soma - herself.
In Russian literary language about and a in an unstressed position they do not differ, they are pronounced the same; in words catfish and herself a sound close to a. This pronunciation is called akanye. Akanye is non-discrimination about and a unstressed position, their coincidence in one sound (in transcription, it can be denoted by the sign [a] (unstressed) or [L] - “lid”); the words catfish and herself with aka pronunciation they will sound the same: [herself] ([sLma]).
Akaya pronunciation is characteristic not only of the Russian literary language, but also of South Russian dialects. And in the north of Russia, as you know, they do. Okanye is discrimination about and a in unstressed syllables: in place about in an unstressed syllable, a sound close to stressed [o] is pronounced in place a in an unstressed syllable, a sound close to stressed [a] is pronounced; [himself - herself] and [catfish - catfish]; [fell "and t"] (from a cannon) and [floor" and t"] (flowers).
The norm of modern literary pronunciation is akanye, but in writing we distinguish unstressed about and a. Why do we have a "kaka" pronunciation and a "kaka" letter? The fact is that okanye is older than okanya in our language. distinction about and a has existed in our writing since its inception. In Russian Church Slavonic (it was used as a literary language until the 18th century), unstressed about and a differed in pronunciation. As for the Russian dialects, among them there have long been both “okaying” and “okaying”.
The basis of the new Russian literary language was the Moscow dialect, in which akanye already dominated. However, in the new literary language, at first, the coexistence of okanya and akanya was allowed: in some situations, the “aka” pronunciation was adopted, in others, “okanya” was allowed. M. V. Lomonosov, one of the creators of the Russian literary language, wrote about this. Back in the first half of the 19th century. with the predominance of akanya, a round pronunciation in a high style was allowed, for example, when reading poetry. From the second half of the XIX century. akanye becomes the only norm of literary pronunciation.
So far, we have considered pronunciation about and a in the 1st prestressed syllable. And what sounds are pronounced on the spot about and a in other unstressed syllables? Say the words slowly a few times milk and sundress n. Listen to whether the sounds denoted by letters are pronounced the same in the literary language about and a in the 1st and 2nd prestressed syllables. In the 1st pre-stressed syllable, we hear a sound close to [a], the same as in the words soma - herself. And in the 2nd pre-stressed syllable the sound is different. It bears little resemblance to [a], it is a special sound that has a special designation - [ъ]. In the Russian literary language, it does not occur under stress. Here is how M.V. Panov describes it: “Say u...a...u...a. Stop your tongue halfway from [y] to [a], pronounce a vowel - this will be [b]." The sound [b] is pronounced not only in the 2nd pre-stressed syllable, but also in the stressed ones - go l[b] d.
We made sure that in the Russian literary language the pronunciation of sounds in place about and a in unstressed syllables depends on the position of the syllable in relation to the stressed one. Unstressed syllables are usually called as shown in the following table. Vowels in different syllables of a word differ in strength and duration, and their pronunciation depends on the distance of these syllables from the stressed one. (In the literary language, the longest syllables in a word are the stressed and the 1st pre-stressed. With an incomplete rounding, the rhythm of the word is close to literary, so here about and a differ only in the 1st prestressed syllable.)
So, when shaking, the sounds are in place about and a do not differ in all unstressed syllables. After all, the main thing with akanye is the indistinguishability of unstressed [o] and [a], their coincidence in the same sound, and in the 1st pre-stressed syllable they coincide in the sound [a], in the rest unstressed - in the sound [b].
In different areas, there are features of akanya, these features also penetrate into the speech of the townspeople who speak the literary language. For example, in the pronunciation of sounds in place about and a in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, you can hear a sound close to [ъ]. In dialects, instead of the literary [b] in the 2nd pre-stressed syllable, sounds like [s] and even [e] ([we] loco, [me] loco).
On the territory of the aka dialects in the west, dialects with dissimilative akany stand out. Ahanie - indistinguishability of unstressed about and a, their coincidence in sounds [a], [b]. With dissimilative akanya, this principle is preserved, another principle is added - dissimilation (dissimilarity). In what way does it manifest itself?
In contrast to the “literary” akanya, the quality of the pre-stressed vowel in these dialects depends on the quality of the stressed vowel - an unstressed vowel is likened to a stressed one: if the vowel [a] is stressed, then in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, “vowel not - a” is pronounced - this is usually [b], less often [s], [e]; if under the stress “vowel not - a” (i.e. [and], [y], [o], [e] then in the 1st pre-stressed syllable the vowel [a] is pronounced (we are talking about the pronunciation of unstressed about and a). This is the case with the most common variety of dissimilative acaña. For example: [vda], [trava] or: [vyda], [tryva]; [veda], [treva], but: [vada], [herbs]; in[wad "e], [herbs" e]; [vad" and h "ka], [herbs" and nka], etc.
Scheme of a dissimilative acanya
| 1st prestressed syllable | stressed syllable | Examples | ||
| Vowel "not-[a]" | Vowel [a] | herself catfish | } | [sma] |
| Vowel [a] | Vowel "not-[a]" | self th somo m | } | [most th], [most m] |
The green color on the map shows the "surrounding" dialects. In these dialects, unstressed sounds are in place about and a differ. There are such "surrounding" dialects in which in all unstressed syllables in place about the sound [o] is pronounced, and in place a- sound [a]. Distinguishing unstressed about and a in all unstressed syllables it is called full okan: [milk] - [small t], [watchmen l] - [old-timers l], [expensive] - [hundred mug], etc.
In other "okaya" dialects, the distinction of sounds in place about and a carried out differently. For example, in place about sounds [b], but in place a sounds [a]: [dma] - [gave], [vada] - [grass], etc. So it is not necessary that the okanie manifests itself only in the pronunciation of the unstressed [o], as many non-specialists think. In Kostroma and other “okay” dialects, in place of o in unstressed syllables, along with [o] can sound [y] or a sound intermediate between [o] and [y] - [o y]: [water], [in y yes ], [wood] - [grass], [at home], [to u ma], [thought] - [gave], etc.
On the border between “okaying” and “okaying” dialects, there are dialects, as it were, transitional between them. On the map they are shown in green with pink stripes. These are dialects with an incomplete sound. Incomplete okanya is characterized by the fact that in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, after solid consonants, the vowels o and v differ, as in other “okanya” dialects, and in other unstressed syllables about and a they do not differ, they coincide in the sound [b], as in “screaming” dialects: (no) milk [milk], small [milova t]; guarded and old-timer [watchman], expensive [to rg], (no) watchman [one hundred rzh], etc. Thus, an incomplete rounding combines the principle of distinction and the principle of indistinguishability of unstressed sounds in place of letters about and a. Incomplete okane is common in the dialects of the Volga region.
In fiction, it is difficult to reflect the okan by graphic means, because “okay” means to pronounce “as it is written”.
The writer E. Nosov, a native of the Kursk region, in the story "Over the mountains, beyond the forests" writes about his trip to the Vologda village: letter o: "Good health." Or in A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “The Incident at the Kochetovka Station”: “Here’s a slow-witted old man! - hurt Zotov. - Yes, what is the order of the state - can you imagine? he yelled. “That is, if everyone takes what he likes ... will we win the war?”
Table to map 12
In the Russian literary language, in place of letters about and a in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, the sound [a] or [L] is pronounced: catfish and herself can be pronounced [itself] or [slma]. When pronouncing [L], the rise of the tongue is higher than when [a]. M.V. Panov writes that the vowel [L] is an unrounded (non-labialized) [o]: “Pronounce oh...oh..., gradually removing labialization (and the language should remain as with [o]). Get [L]". Pronunciation [a] in place about and a in the 1st pre-stressed syllable is typical for the akanya of Muscovites, the pronunciation [L] in the same position is for the akanya of residents of some other cities.Akanye in the broad sense is the indistinguishability of non-overhead vowel phonemes in unstressed syllables, in the narrow sense - the indistinguishability of /o/ and /a/ in an unstressed position after solid consonants when they coincide in terms of positions in the sound [a].
There are two main types of acanya: dissimilative and strong (non-dissimilative). Dissimilative akanye is common in the western part of the Southern Dialect and in the Chukhlomsky Akany Island of the Kostroma Region. Most of the other aking dialects, like the literary language, are characterized by a strong akany.
With a strong akanye, /o/ and /a/ always coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable in [a] (more precisely, in [a], in a different designation [ae] or [aъ], i.e. in a sound somewhat more closed than stressed [a]): s[o] you, tr[a] you - s[a] va, s[a] you, s[a] vu and tr[a] va, tr[z] you, tr[z ]wu.
With a dissimilative akanye in place /o/ and /a/, the sound [a] or [e] is pronounced in the first pre-stressed syllable, depending on which vowel is under stress. The principle of dissimilation lies in the fact that before the stressed vowel of the lower rise there cannot be a vowel of the same rise: before the stressed [a], the vowel of the middle rise [e] is pronounced (in other words, if under stress [a], then in the pre-stressed syllable not-[ a]), and before the stressed vowel of the upper rise, the vowel of the lower rise [a] is pronounced: s [a] you, s [a] # y, tr [a] you, tr [a] vu - s [e] va, tr [eva.
Map 1
Depending on whether [a] or [e] is pronounced before stressed vowels that appear in place of the phonemes of the upper middle rise /b/ and /co/ and the middle rise /e/ and /o/, three types of dissimilative acanya are distinguished. The first type is called Zhizdrinsky, or Belarusian, and is characterized by the pronunciation [a] before all the vowels of the upper middle and middle rises: to c [a] v1>, to mp [a] et, c [h] vsd, tr [avsoy, l [h]mtey, l[a]l-tey, n[a]sbk, pl[a]tdk. The second type is called archaic, or oboyan, and is characterized by the pronunciation Yes] before the vowels of the upper-middle rise: to c [a] ei, to mp [a] ei, from [g] vsh, tr [g] vsoi and the pronunciation [e] before vowels of the middle rise: l [d] mtey, l [e] ptey, n [s] juice, pl [s] current. The third type is called Prokhorov's and is characterized by the pronunciation [e] before all vowels of the upper-middle and middle rises: to f] vb, to tr [e] in%, s [ev (bj, tr [d] all, l [e] mtey , l[z]ptey, n[e]sdk, pl[z]t6k.
The quality of the vowel "not-[a]", appearing in dialects with dissimilative akanya in the first pre-stressed syllable, in accordance with the phonemes /a/ and /o/, /co/ may vary in different dialects. In addition to [e], vowels like [e] and [s] are noted in this position: v[e] yes, v [s] yes. Often there is a labialization of this vowel - [e °], [o], [y]: in [z °] yes, in [o] yes, in [y] yes.
In addition to the qualitative difference in the timbre of the vowels [a] and [e], appearing in the first pre-stressed syllable in dialects with dissimilative akan, there is often a quantitative difference between these vowels in duration: the vowel [a] is much longer than [e] in the first pre-stressed syllable and approaches in duration to the vowel of the stressed syllable or even exceeds it. The rhythmic structure of a word (see § 14) with a vowel [e] in the first prestressed syllable can be schematically indicated as 1-1-3-1, and with a vowel [a] in this position as 1-3-3-1.
Throughout the entire territory of the Southern dialect - among dialects with the indicated types of dissimilative akanya and among dialects with a strong akanya - dialects with this type of dissimilative akanya are noted, in which the main differences between vowel sounds that appear in place of the phonemes /a/ and /o/, /so / in the first prestressed syllable are related to their duration.
Before high vowels, a long vowel is pronounced, and before a low vowel, a short one. Qualitatively, i.e. in terms of timbre, these vowels differ slightly and belong to the same sound type [a]. The differences in the timbre of these sounds come down to the fact that the long pre-stressed [a] is a more open sound compared to the short [a], which can more accurately be designated as [a] or [ae] (the same sound in the first pre-stressed syllable is pronounced and in the literary language): in [a] yes - in [a:] d /.
In some dialects with a dissimilative screech in the sound [e] of the first pre-stressed syllable, not only the phonemes /a/ and /o/, /so/ coincide, but also /i/: b[s]k - b[s]ku, b[ o]k - in b[a]ku, but b[e]ka - side and bull; s [e] paradise - barn and damp.
The quality of the vowel of the first pre-stressed syllable before different stressed vowels can be determined not only by the principle of dissimilation, but also by the principle of assimilation. With a s-similative o-d issimilative akanye, before the stressed vowels of the upper and upper-mid rise, the vowel of the lower rise [a] (dissimilative principle) is pronounced, and before the stressed vowels of the middle and lower rises, the vowels of the same rises are pronounced: [e] before [ e], [b], [a] before [a] (assimilative principle). At the same time, before the stressed vowels of the upper rise, a long [a:] is pronounced, and before [a] - [a] ([a9]): s [a:] you, s [a:] wu, tr [x] you, tr [a:] vu, to cei, to mpet, s[a:] all, tr[a:] all - l[e] mtey, l[e] ptey, n[e] sdk, pl [etdk, s[ a] va, tr [a] va.
Russian dialectology / Ed. Kasatkina L.L. - M., 2005
How many mistakes can a 1st grade student make in the word beard? It seems that the answer is simple - two: "barada". Indeed, such mistakes can be made by a student of the Ryazan school or the Voronezh, Tambov, Oryol, Kursk, Smolensk schools. But a student of the Vologda or Kirov, Kostroma or Arkhangelsk schools will never make such mistakes, he will always correctly write this word: beard. And not at all because in these schools the teachers are better or the students are more capable.
Mistakes in writing reflect our pronunciation. In the Russian literary language, in place of the pre-stressed o, the sound [a] is pronounced: they say in [a] yes, d [a] ma, st [a] ly, b [a] lnoy. The same is said in the Ryazan, Voronezh, Tambov regions and in a number of other places. This pronunciation is called akanye. Akanye is the indistinguishability of unstressed o and a, their coincidence in one sound. If a Moscow school teacher asks a student to write the word s[a]ma on the blackboard, then the student can write the word s[a]ma on the blackboard; both of these words are pronounced the same: I caught with [a] ma with [a] ma. The words tank and barrel in the literary language sound the same. The sentence Substitute the tank under the tank [a] can be written in four ways: Place the tank under the tank. Put the tank under the barrel. Put the barrel under the tank. Put the barrel under the barrel.
For those who kaat, rules for checking unstressed vowels have been invented: if you hear unstressed a, check with stressed p in the same morpheme (that is, in the same prefix or in the same root, suffix, ending). R. sli in place of unstressed and under stress o, write here and there o: st [a] ly - st [o] l - tables - table. If in place of an unstressed a, the year is accented a, write both there and there a: tr [a] va - tr [a] vka - grass - grass.
The sound in which the unstressed<о>and<а>, maybe [a], as in the examples that we have considered. But not necessarily [a]. In unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed syllable, a sound can be pronounced between [a] and [s] during akanye. In phonetic transcription (accurate transmission of sounds), it is denoted by [b]: in [b] dyanoy - tr [b] sluggish, viem [b] lu - vm [b] nu, count [b] k [b] l - vy [ b] k [b] l. But we write either about: water, I will beg, a bell, or a: herbal, I will lure, I lapped up.
Okanye is the distinction of unstressed<о>and<а>. When okane they say in [o] yes, l[o] ma, st [o] ly, b[o] lnoy. And at the same time, tr [a] va, d [a] la, k [a] darling They will say: I s [a] ma p [o] ymal \ a] s [o] ma Therefore, scalers are not mistaken in writing these words . It is as easy for them to write these words as it is for akalshchikov - the words house and ladies, current and so, the table has become. Note that the words grass, gave, a tub of scalders and scorchers will pronounce the same way.
There are two types of okanya - complete and incomplete. At full tilt<о>and<а>differ in all unstressed syllables. They say p[o]l[o]zhu, g[o]r[o]dskoy, gold[o]t[o] and n[a]d[a]wat, za[a]v[a]rit, Exhibition]. With incomplete okaniya<о>and<а>differ only in the first pre-stressed syllable, and in other unstressed syllables they do not differ, coinciding in the sound [b]: p [b] l [o] zhu, g [b] r [o] dskoy, s [b] l [b] t [b] - n [b] d [a] vate, s [b] in [a] write, set [b] on [b].
Full okanye is typical for the North Russian dialect, akanye - for the South Russian. The incomplete okane is, as it were, an intermediate system between the full okane and the okane: it also includes the distinction between unstressed<о>and<а>, and their indistinguishability. This is also reflected territorially: incomplete okanie is characteristic of a part of Central Russian dialects located between the northern and southern dialects.
It is good when modern schoolchildren write correctly: this indicates a high level of their education and culture. But a highly literate Old Russian scribe brings little joy to scientists. On the contrary, they rejoice when they discover a monument of writing with errors against the spelling rules of that time. Mistakes make it possible to understand the pronunciation of the scribe.
The most ancient Russian written monuments reflect an okane - a strict, unmistakable distinction<о>and<а>not only under stress, but also without stress. It is obvious that all the Russian people in those days (X, XI, XII centuries) were dumbfounded. The first reliable examples of akanya are found in the 14th century. So, in the Moscow manuscripts of this time we find: in a deserted land, Siman, I will touch, etc.
Along with these examples, in the same manuscripts, there are also cases of writing an unstressed o instead of the original a: Koluga, tied, bound, etc. What is this - evidence of an okanya? But when okanye [o] is pronounced only in place of the original o, in the same words and when okanye [a] should be pronounced. No, these examples also testify to the scribe's akanye.
The fact is that two letters correspond to unstressed [a] when akanye: a and o. And the scribe can make mistakes: instead of the letter o, write a, or, conversely, instead of the letter a, write o. Indeed, in pronunciation, unstressed a and o do not differ.
