The pelvic bone consists of three bones. Anatomy of the human pelvis. General structure of the pelvis

The pelvis is the part of the human skeleton located at the base of the spinal column. A muscular frame is attached to the pelvic bones in front and back, including the muscles of the abdomen, back and spine. In addition, some muscles of the lower extremities begin in this area. Pelvic fractures are the most dangerous and difficult to treat injuries.

In the structure of the human pelvis ( pelvis) two pelvic bones enter, which, connecting with each other and with the sacrum, form a closed bone ring. This part of the human skeleton serves as a support for the torso and the attachment point for the lower limbs. The pelvis is divided into the large pelvis (pelvis major), which forms one whole with the abdominal cavity, and the small pelvis (pelvis minor).

Human anatomy: structure of the large and small pelvis

The large gas - the upper part of the pelvis - is formed by the wings of the iliac bones on the sides, and the V lumbar vertebra at the back. The small pelvis is formed from behind by the pelvic surface of the sacrum and coccyx, from the sides - by the bodies of the iliac bones, ischial bones and pelvic ligaments, from the front - by the pubic bones, the pubic symphysis and the obturator membrane.

In the anatomy of the pelvic structure, the boundary between the pelvis major and pelvis minor is the boundary line (iinea terminalis). It is formed by the arcuate line of the iliac bones, the promontory (promontorium) - the most protruding part of the spinal column between the V lumbar vertebra and the base of the sacrum, the pubic crest and the upper edge of the pubic symphysis.

One of the features of the structure of the pelvis is that the sacrum is inserted between the two pelvic bones like a wedge and serves as the key to the arch formed by the two pelvic bones, which rests on the heads of the femurs.

The pelvis in an upright human position has a significant anterior tilt, and the degree of pelvic tilt varies individually and varies depending on posture and body position.

To better imagine the structure of the pelvis, look at these photos:

Basic dimensions of a woman's pelvis (with table)

The structure of the pelvic skeleton has pronounced gender differences: the female pelvis is wider and shorter than the male one. All sizes of the small pelvis in women are larger than in men, because the fetus moves through it during childbirth. Sexual and individual characteristics of the pelvis are finally formed by the age of 18-20.

Table “Basic dimensions of the female pelvis”:

Pelvic size	Determined distance between anatomical formations	Magnitude, cm
Distantia intertrochanterica	Distance between two large trochanters
Distantia intercristalis	The greatest distance between the two iliac crests
Distantia interspinosa	Distance between two spina iliaca anterior superior
Diameter transversa(Transverse diameter)	Between the most distant points lineaearcuatae
Diameter oblique(Oblique diameter)	Between art. sacroiliac And eminetiailiopubica opposite side
Conjugata anatomica (Anatomical conjugate)	Between the superior point of the pubic symphysis and the promontory of the sacrum ( promontorium)
Conjugata diagonalis(Diagonal conjugate)	Distance between the lower edge of the pubic symphysis and the promontory of the sacrum
Conjugata vera(True conjugate)	Distance between the promontory of the sacrum and the extreme point of the pubic symphysis
Conjugatarecta(Straight conjugate, or straight diameter of the pelvic outlet)	Between the lower point of the pubic symphysis and the tip of the coccyx During childbirth, the coccyx deviates posteriorly and the direct diameter increases

The pelvis is part of the human skeleton; it connects the legs to the torso. The pelvic bones form a girdle, which consists of two sections: the large and small pelvis. It produces a supporting function, so its shape is different from other bones of the skeleton. This bone is the largest in human anatomy.

Hip joint

Pelvic structure

It is not for nothing that the pelvis has such a structure, because its functioning is especially important. It consists of two innominate bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. The pelvic bones are connected using joints to form a ring, in the middle of which is the pelvic cavity.

Before the age of fifteen or sixteen, the pelvic bone consists of not one bone, but three. They are called “pubic”, “sciatic” and “iliac”. The connection occurs with the help of cartilage. Over time, the three bones fuse into one and continue to function as one.

The hip joint is formed by the articulation of the femur with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone. This area has a different structure in the two sexes - the pelvic bones in women are wider than in men, and the pelvis itself is lower.

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Functionality

The bones of the pelvic girdle perform two main functions:

musculoskeletal, because the load of the entire body goes most of all to the pelvis;
protective, because thanks to the pelvic bone, the organs that are located in this part of the body are protected.

It is not for nothing that the human skeleton has such a structure, so the pelvic bones merged into one strong one to serve as a support for the entire body. In the center is the trochanteric cavity; this bone has a lunate surface; it connects the femur with the pelvis. In its center is the acetabulum; this point is the main one, because the load is placed on it the most. This is where the three bones fuse together after adolescence.

Bones of the pelvic girdle

The pelvis plays one of the main roles in the movement of people. Thanks to this structure, a person walks upright, can maintain balance, and the load is distributed evenly.

During damage to the pelvic bone, fracture or other disease, motor function is immediately impaired. The spine also rests on this area of the skeleton.

The pelvic girdle protects many organs. Behind the bones, which are highly durable, are the genitals, bladder, and part of the intestines. This protection is especially important during pregnancy. The combination of the sacrum with the pelvic bone occurs through joints that are located on the iliac and sacral parts of the pelvis. This type of connection is very strong, despite the relationship to the joints, because its movement is limited. Thanks to this, while carrying a child, the uterus will be maintained in the desired position.

Pelvis during pregnancy and childbirth

During pregnancy, changes occur in a woman's body, and most of all this concerns the pelvic bones.

In the early stages of excellent condition, metamorphoses are not yet noticeable. But as the fetus grows, the belly begins to grow. The expectant mother may begin to embrace discomfort as early as the sixth month.

Pain in this part of the skeleton is common during such a period. The biggest changes will be observed by the ninth month. After all, the pelvic bones begin to gradually prepare for the appearance of the unborn baby.

As a child increases in weight, it creates pressure on the pelvic bones and spine. If severe pain begins to bother you, it means that your body lacks vitamin D and calcium. Most likely, the doctor will prescribe a special vitamin complex and also tell you how to adjust your diet.

If the pain is tolerable, you can do the following to help alleviate the situation:

During pregnancy, changes occur in the pelvic bones

there is no need to stand on your feet for a long time and additionally load the spine and pelvis;
you cannot sit in one position, you should walk around a little and warm up, and the chair should have armrests;
Do not sleep on a very hard bed;
It’s worth reviewing your diet and introducing more foods that are rich in calcium (milk, cottage cheese, sesame seeds);
there is no need to overeat, which will lead to excess weight and additional stress on the pelvis;
wear a special bandage that will support the abdomen and reduce pressure on the pelvic bones and lower back.

Nature has designed the female body in such a way that it is specifically designed for the birth of children; the pelvis has a different structure from the male skeleton. It used to be that the pelvic bones could expand during childbirth, but this myth has been dispelled. If no complications arise, the baby passes through the pelvic girdle without problems.

A newborn, after birth, is examined by a pediatrician. Before the age of one month, a baby may be diagnosed with hip dysplasia. It can be treated with the help of massage courses and special diapers, which have good reviews.

Fractures of the pelvic bones

Such injuries are classified as severe skeletal injuries. Particular severity occurs due to large blood loss, possible damage to internal organs, as well as painful shock.

When the sacrum is fractured, the sacral nerve can be damaged, often causing urinary incontinence. X-rays, CT and MRI are used for diagnosis.

People get such injuries after falls, car accidents, being under the rubble of buildings or due to any other pressure. The most common injury to the pelvis is an acetabulum fracture. It accounts for 15% of all fractures of this type.

Symptoms of such fractures are deformation changes in the pelvic area, severe acute pain, hematoma and swelling. In thirty percent of victims, traumatic shock begins to develop. It is accompanied by heavy bleeding, compressive pain, as well as loss of sensitivity of some nerve endings.

During treatment, the patient is given an anesthetic complex and is also given fractional blood transfusions over two to three days. In order for the broken bones to heal, surgery is performed using Beler splints.

After fractures of this type, a long recovery of musculoskeletal function follows.

In elderly people, when osteochondral tissues lose their elasticity and their structure collapses, a dislocation or fracture of the femoral neck often occurs. This pathology is fraught with death. That is why it is recommended to carry out prevention and take medications containing chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine - active substances that promote bone tissue regeneration.

So, the pelvic bones perform a supporting and protective function. The pelvis, which connects the legs to the body, protects the internal organs and is also the basis of the locomotor system.

During pregnancy, women may experience pain in the pelvic ring. This indicates a calcium deficiency.

Fractures of the pelvic bones are one of the most severe types. They are often accompanied by damage to internal organs and heavy blood loss.

The pelvic bones are among the largest in the body, due to the supporting function they perform. The pelvic area contains joints that bear all the load when walking. In addition to supporting, the pelvic bones also perform protective and connecting functions. To know how the musculoskeletal system works, what its normal condition depends on, how the pelvic region interacts with other bones of the skeleton, it is necessary to briefly study its structure.

Anatomy of the pelvic bones

The pelvic bone consists of three parts, which are connected by cartilage until the age of 14–15, and by the age of 18–20 they completely grow together and ossify. They belong to the group of flat bone formations. This separate structure contributes to the stability of the skeleton and uniform distribution of the load. There are three departments:

ileal;
pubic;
sciatic.

The flat iliac bone is located above the acetabulum. The side part can be felt with your hands. The outer edge is a ridge to which the muscles of the peritoneum are attached. On the reverse side, the iliac bone forms an articulation with the sacrum and is called the sacroiliac joint.

The sit bones are located on the back of the pelvis. For comfort, the seats are protected by the gluteal muscles and subcutaneous fat.

The pubic region is located on the front side just below the acetabulum. In women, this bone tends to diverge to allow the baby to pass through soft tissue during birth. It consists of two branches that are connected in the middle by cartilaginous tissue, forming the pubic symphysis. In the third trimester, under the influence of hormones, cartilage and bone tissue soften, which allows the baby to pass through the birth canal.

The difference between the female and male pelvis is its width and lower location. The first signs begin to form in adolescence, when the girl begins menstruation. When ovarian function is suppressed and the production of sex hormones is insufficient, a girl’s pelvis can develop into a male type.

The articulation of all three bones forms the acetabulum or hemispherical cavity. The role of the acetabulum is to support the head of the femur, which is covered with cartilage tissue. Inside, the head is connected to the hemisphere by several ligaments. It is held externally by the acetabular labrum, which also consists of cartilage. The smooth surface ensures smooth interaction between the head and socket. A more stable position for the pelvic bones is provided by four ligaments: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior.

Functions

Pelvic organs in women

The ring of the pelvic bones performs a supporting function when walking, running, and sitting. At a speed of 1 km/h, the pelvic area experiences loads of 280% of a person’s body weight. At a speed of 4 km/h – 480%.

Inside the bone tissue there is red bone marrow, which performs a hematopoietic function in the human body.

The joint protects internal organs, the injury of which is life-threatening:

rectum;
genitourinary system - reproductive organs and bladder.

In women, the pubic bone covers the uterus and appendages, ensuring reliable bearing of the child during pregnancy.

The pelvic region is the center of gravity of the skeleton. It is connected to the spinal column and lower limbs. Damage to any part of the hip area affects the condition and function of the upper and lower extremities. It is important to maintain the health of the joint and surrounding tissues.

The structure of the pelvic bones provides protection from the mechanical effects of internal organs. When falling from heights or accidents, the bones are primarily injured. In severe cases, the lower intestine, genitals, and bladder are damaged.

The structure of the small and large pelvis

The structure of the human pelvic bones is divided into two sections: small and large. The pelvic region is located at the top - this is the widest part, formed by the flat iliac bones and the lumbar spine.

The pelvis is a narrow area at the bottom, shaped like a cylinder, in which the internal organs are located. The anterior walls of the pelvis are the pubic bones, the posterior walls are the sacral region, the ischial tuberosities and the coccyx. The transition of the large pelvis to the small pelvis has upper and lower passages formed by different bones.

Muscular framework

The abdominal, back and spinal muscles are attached to the pelvic bones on all sides. The lower limbs have their own muscular frame, which originates in the pelvis. Thus, the skeleton is completely covered with a protective layer in the form of muscles, which has a protective function and ensures joint mobility. Thanks to muscles, a person can run, walk, squat, jump, and bend over. The skeleton provides support, and the muscles balance a person in gravity. Young children's skeletal and muscular systems are not yet well coordinated, so they often fall while learning to walk.

The pelvic muscles are located on all sides, providing movement of the joint in all three planes. They are divided into two groups depending on the location of attachment: internal and external. The blood supply to the pelvic muscles comes from the internal iliac artery. Nerve sensitivity is provided by the lumbar spine.

Internal muscle group

Name	Where does it come from?	Where is it attached?	What functions does it perform?	Blood supply	Nerve ganglia providing sensitivity
Iliopsoas muscle	Iliac fossa	Femur - lesser trochanter	Bending, hip flexion while fixing the lower limbs	Iliopsoas artery	Lumbar spinal cord
Piriformis muscle	Surface of the sacrum	Greater trochanter – upper section	Hip abduction to the side	Sacral and gluteal arteries	Sacral section
Obturator internus muscle	Edge of the obturator foramen	Greater trochanter – medial surface	External hip rotation	Gluteal and obturator arteries	Obturator nerve

Pelvic muscles - external group

Name	Where does it come from?	Where is it attached?	What functions does it perform?	Blood supply	Innervation
Obturator externus muscle	Pubic and ischial bones from the outside	Trochanteric fossa	External hip rotation	Obturator artery	Obturator nerve
Gluteus minimus	Ilium, gluteal surface	Greater skewer	Abduction and rotation of the hip inward or outward	Gluteal artery	Superior gluteal nerve
Gluteus medius muscle	Gluteal surface of the iliac plane	Greater skewer	Hip abduction and rotation	Superior gluteal artery	Superior gluteal nerve
Gluteus maximus muscle	Surface of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx	Tuberosity of the femur	Hip and trunk extension	Inferior gluteal artery	Inferior gluteal nerve

The muscular frame provides stability to the bone joints, and therefore requires moderate regular loads in the same way as the ligamentous apparatus.

Pelvic joints and ligaments

There are three types of ligaments in the pelvic area:

iliofemoral - the densest and widest in the human body, its width reaches 1 cm;
circular ligaments that fill the joint capsule;
pubischial, located behind the acetabulum.

Each of these bundles has its own specific functions. The femoral-iliac joint ensures a level position in space and prevents a person from falling backwards. The pubo-ischial joint provides rotation and abduction of the legs to the sides. Circular ligaments made of collagen fibers fix the femoral head, providing it with a stable position in the acetabulum. Damage to the ligamentous apparatus entails displacement of the hip joint relative to the axis of the spine.

Support and movement

Normal walking puts a load on each hip joint that is 2 to 3 times the weight of the human body. It is important to stay in shape and avoid gaining extra pounds. When climbing stairs, the load increases 4–6 times. The wear and tear of cartilage tissue directly depends on how many kilograms a person weighs. When running, wear and tear occurs 10 times faster, so it is not recommended to engage in athletics if you are overweight.

For diseases of the hip joints, the doctor prescribes moderate exercise in the form of walking or exercising on an exercise bike. Swimming has a good effect, since in water the body weight puts less pressure on the joints.

The strength of the pelvic bones determines how prone it is to fractures. In older people, bone tissue loses calcium and becomes more fragile. Women are more susceptible to this process, since during menopause calcium is less absorbed due to a lack of estrogen.

Features of the structure of the pelvis

Obvious differences between the male and female pelvis begin to form in adolescence. In general terms, the hip joint develops during the earliest stages of embryonic development. From birth to 25 years, some areas of cartilage tissue are replaced by bone tissue. However, not all children have pelvic bones and joints that form correctly. There are many deviations that affect the structure of the entire skeleton. Also, disorders in the pelvic joint can be a consequence of problems in the spine.

In men

In boys, up to the age of three, the pelvic bones develop faster. By the age of 6, growth rates decrease.

The male pelvis is higher, but narrow. The ischial convexities are closer to each other. The lower part of the pelvis in men is narrower and smaller in size than in women. Sometimes there are congenital hormonal disorders that lead to the development of the pelvic bones according to the female type. This may be due to heredity or lifestyle, such as drinking large amounts of beer, which contains substances similar to estrogen. Regular drinking of beer and a sedentary lifestyle lead to changes in figure. May cause decreased sex drive and lead to liver and pancreas diseases.

Among women

The female pelvis is wider. The ischial tuberosities are located at a greater distance from each other than in men. After birth, the pelvic region of girls develops slowly, but by the age of 6 it catches up with the growth rate of boys and then grows faster. Full formation is completed by the age of 25 for girls and by 23 for boys.

The pubic bones are articulated at an angle of 90 degrees, while in men it is only 75. The lumen of the small pelvis is wider, which is due to the need to bear and give birth to children.

Anomalies in the development of the pelvic joint in women are associated with infancy and adolescence. With dysplasia, the acetabulum may be underdeveloped, which subsequently leads to joint dislocations and disability. A lack of sex hormones can make the female pelvis unsuitable for childbirth. In this case, the woman undergoes a caesarean section for medical reasons.

In children

The structure of the child's pelvis

A feature of the children's musculoskeletal system is the high strength of bone tissue due to the thickness of the periosteum. At the time of birth, not the entire apparatus is fully formed. Changes will occur until the age of 18. Complete ossification of the hip bones and joints will occur at 23–25 years of age. Babies have more cartilage tissue than adults, so their bones are more mobile. For congenital anomalies, up to three months of age, bones and joints can be stimulated to develop in the right direction. Sometimes the cause of underdevelopment of the head of the joint and the acetabulum is the incorrect position of the vertebrae and weakness of the muscle corset.

Nature has clearly thought out all the components of the human body. Each performs its own function. This also applies to the hip bones and pelvis as a whole.

The anatomy of the pelvis is very complex; part of the body here is the girdle of the lower extremities, surrounded on both sides by the hip joints. The pelvis performs many tasks in the body.

The peculiarities of its structure should be understood, especially since the anatomy of this area is very different in women and men.

Pelvic bones, anatomy

This section of the skeleton consists of two components - two nameless bones (pelvic) and the sacrum. They are connected by inactive joints, which are strengthened by ligaments.

There is an exit and an entrance, which is covered with muscles; this feature is most important for women, it significantly affects the course of labor. Nerves and blood vessels pass through many holes in the pelvic skeleton.

The anatomy of the pelvis is such that the innominate bones limit the pelvis from the sides and in front. At the back, the limiter is the coccyx, which is the end of the spine.

Nameless Bones

The structure of the innominate pelvic bones is unique, since they are represented by three more bones. Until the age of 16, these bones have joints, then they fuse in the area of the acetabulum.

In this area there is a hip joint, it is strengthened by ligaments and muscles. The anatomy of the pelvis is represented by three components of the innominate bone: ilium, pubis, and ischium.

The ilium is presented in the form of a body located in the acetabulum; there is a wing. The inner surface is concave and contains intestinal loops. Below is an unnamed line that limits the entrance to the pelvis; as for women, it serves as a guide for doctors.

On the outer surface there are three lines that serve to attach the muscles of the buttocks. A ridge runs along the edge of the wing and ends with the posterior and anterior superior ilium. There is an inner and outer edge.

Important anatomical landmarks are the inferior, superior, posterior and anterior iliac bones.

The pubis also has a body in the acetabulum. There are two branches here, a joint is formed - the pubic symphysis. During childbirth, it diverges, increasing the pelvic cavity. The pubic symphysis is strengthened by ligaments, they are called the inferior and superior longitudinal.

The third bone is the ischium. Its body grows together in the acetabulum, and a process (tubercle) extends from it. A person leans on it when sitting.

Sacrum

The sacrum can be described as an extension of the spine. It looks like a spine, as if it were fused together. These five vertebrae have a smooth surface at the front called the pelvis.

On the surface there are holes and traces of fusion, through which nerves pass into the pelvic cavity. The anatomy of the pelvis is such that the posterior surface of the sacrum is uneven, with convexities. Ligaments and muscles are attached to the irregularities.

The sacrum is connected to the innominate bones by ligaments and joints. The tailbone ends the sacrum; it is a part of the spine, including 3-5 vertebrae, and has points for attachment of the pelvic muscles.

During childbirth, the bone is pushed back, opening the birth canal and allowing the baby to pass through without problems.

Differences between the female and male pelvis

The structure of the pelvis and the anatomy of internal organs in women have striking differences and features.

By nature, the female pelvis is created for the reproduction of offspring; it is the main participant in childbirth. For a doctor, not only clinical but also x-ray anatomy plays an important role.

The female pelvis is lower and wider, the hip joints are at a wide distance.

In men, the shape of the sacrum is concave and narrow, the lower spine and promontory protrude forward; in women, the opposite is true - the wide sacrum protrudes forward little.

The pubic angle in men is sharp, in women this bone is straighter. The wings are deployed in the female pelvis, the ischial tuberosities are located at a distance.

In men, the gap between the anterior superior bones is 22-23 cm, in women it ranges from 23-27 cm.

The plane of exit and entrance from the small pelvis in women is larger, the opening looks like a transverse oval, in men it is longitudinal.

Ligaments and nerves

The anatomy of the human pelvis is structured in such a way that the four pelvic bones are fixed by well-developed ligaments.

They are connected by three joints: the pubic fusion, the sacroiliac and the sacrococcygeal. One pair is located on the pubic bones - from the bottom and from the top edge.

The third ligaments strengthen the joints of the ilium and sacrum.

Innervation. The nerves are divided here into autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatic.

Somatic system - the sacral plexus is connected to the lumbar plexus.

Sympathetic - sacral part of the border trunks, unpaired coccygeal ganglion.

Muscular system of the pelvis

The muscular system is represented by visceral and parietal muscles. In the large pelvis, the muscle consists in turn of three, they are in turn connected to each other. The anatomy of the pelvis represents the same parietal muscles in the form of the piriformis, obturator and coccygeus muscles.

Visceral muscles play a large role in the formation of the pelvic diaphragm. This includes the paired muscles that lift the anus, as well as the unpaired sphincter ani extremus.

The iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus muscle, and powerful circular muscle of the rectum (distal part) are also located here.

Blood supply. Lymphatic system

Blood enters the pelvis from the hypogastric artery. The anatomy of the pelvic organs suggests their direct participation in this process.

The artery is divided into posterior and anterior, then into other branches.

The small pelvis is supplied by four arteries: the lateral sacral, obturator, inferior gluteal and superior gluteal.

The circuitous circulation involves the vessels of the retroperitoneal space, as well as the abdominal walls. The main veins of the roundabout venous circle pass between the small and large pelvis.

There are venous anastomoses here, which are located under the peritoneum of the pelvis, in the thickness of the rectum and next to its walls.

During blockade of large pelvic veins, the veins of the spine, anterior abdominal wall and lower back serve as indirect routes.

The main lymphatic collectors of the pelvis are the iliac lymphatic plexuses that divert lymph. Lymphatic vessels pass under the peritoneum at the level of the middle pelvis.

Excretory organs and reproductive system

The bladder is a muscular unpaired organ. Consists of a bottom and a neck, a body and an apex. One department smoothly transitions into another. The bottom has a fixed diaphragm. When the bladder is full, the shape becomes ovoid; when the bladder is empty, it becomes saucer-shaped.

The blood supply operates from the hypogastric artery. Then the venous outflow is directed to the cystic plexus. It is adjacent to the prostate gland and lateral surfaces.

Innervation is represented by autonomic and somatic fibers.

The rectum is located in the posterior part of the small pelvis. It is divided into three sections - lower, middle, upper. On the outside, the muscles are represented by powerful longitudinal fibers. Inside - circular. The innervation here is similar to the bladder.

Reproductive system

The anatomy of the pelvic organs necessarily includes the reproductive system. In both sexes, this system consists of the gonad, canal, Wolffian body, sinus of the genital and urogenital tubercles, Müllerian duct, ridges and folds.

The remaining rudiments are reflected on the external organs.

Male reproductive system:

testicle;
seminal gland;
lymphatic system;
appendage of three sections (body, tail, head);
spermatic cord;
seminal vesicles;
penis from three calvings (root, body, glans);
prostate;
urethra.

Female reproductive system:

ovaries;
vagina;
fallopian tubes - four sections (funnel, dilated part, isthmus, part piercing the wall);
external genitalia (vulva, labia).

Crotch

The perineum is located from the top of the coccygeal bone to the pubic hill. Anatomy is divided into two parts: anterior (pudendal) and posterior (anal). The front is the genitourinary triangle, the back is the rectum.

The perineum is formed by a group of striated muscles that cover the pelvic outlet.

Pelvic floor muscles:

the basis of the pelvic diaphragm is the levator ani muscle;
ischiocavernosus muscle;
transverse deep perineal muscle;
transverse superficial perineal muscle;
constrictor muscle (urethra);
bulbospongiosus muscle.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/301750/anatomiya-taza-cheloveka

Human pelvic bones: anatomy, structure and functions

The pelvis is the part of the skeleton where the lower limbs and torso connect. The bones of the pelvis form the pelvic girdle.

There are two sections in it: the large (upper part) and the small pelvis (lower part).

The pelvic bone (os coxae) performs almost all the functions of the skeleton, and, above all, supporting, this is what explains its atypical structure. This is the largest bone in the human body.

The structure of the pelvis is different in men and women. It is related to childbirth

1 Anatomy and structure
2 Functions
- 2.1 Support and movement
- 2.2 Protection

Anatomy and structure

The structure of the pelvic girdle is determined by its important functions. The human pelvis consists of two nameless pelvic bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. With the help of joints, all these bones are connected into a ring that forms the pelvic cavity.

In the pelvic region there is a connection between the lower limbs and the body: the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone, forming the hip joint. The structure of this area has gender differences, this is associated with the reproductive function of women.

In women, the pelvis is lower and wider both in the transverse and longitudinal directions. The wings of the ilium and the ischial tuberosities in a woman are more turned to the sides. Many important and massive muscles of the body are attached to the pelvic bones.

The shape of the bones that make up the pelvis and their location can be seen in the photo below.

Functions

The function of the pelvic bones is supporting, which is why they must be as strong as possible, capable of withstanding high loads.

The human lower limb skeleton is divided into a belt, which consists of two pelvic bones, and a free part.

This division appeared in connection with the supporting function of this part of the skeleton as the main one, since these bones are massive, with strong joints.

The belt is represented by the pelvic bone, the free part consists of the following bones: femur, kneecap, lower leg and foot. The anatomy of the pelvic girdle suggests the following main functions of this part of the skeleton:

Supports and movements: the entire weight of the upper half of the body falls on the pelvis.
Protection: the pelvic bone protects the human internal organs located in the pelvic cavity.

Support and movement

Human anatomy provided for the creation of a high strength supporting element, this led to the fusion of the individual pelvic bones into a strong and massive bone.

In the center, on its outer surface, there is a depression - the acetabulum, necessary for articulation with the head of the femur (see photo).

This is the main point at which the pressure of the mass and movement of the upper part of the person is transmitted.

That is why its strength and area must be sufficient: it is wide in diameter, deep, with a steep edge. At this point, the three pelvic bones fuse together in adolescence - the ischium, ilium and pubis.

The pelvic bone in an adult consists of three fused bones - the ilium, ischium, pubis or pubis.

The pelvis is also directly involved in the movement of the body in space. It is its unique structure that determines a person’s upright posture; it holds the axis of balance and ensures the correct distribution of high loads.

No other animal has such a structure. The hip joint gives people the ability to walk; with its disorders and diseases, this function immediately suffers. This part of the skeleton also serves as a support for the spine.

Protection

The importance of the pelvic girdle from a protection point of view is difficult to overestimate.

Human anatomy is such that in the pelvic cavity there are a number of vital organs, reliably protected by strong bones: the bladder, almost all reproductive organs and a number of organs of the lower abdominal cavity, related to the digestive system of the body.

The protective function is of particular importance for women: the pelvic floor is involved in the process of bearing a fetus during pregnancy. The connection to the sacrum occurs through articular surfaces located on the iliac bones and on the sacrum itself.

And although this type of joint is classified as a joint, the movements in it are very limited, since these two bone structures are securely fastened together by a powerfully developed ligamentous apparatus. This structure helps women during pregnancy maintain the uterus in a certain position.

The pelvic area is an important part of the body, the health of which must be closely monitored and consult a doctor if you feel unwell or experience discomfort.

It is important to remember that timely detection of pathology in this area will protect a person from serious health problems, including complete immobilization.

Source: http://ProKoksartroz.ru/stati/tazovaja-kost

For any person, the structure of the pelvis is important. Anatomical features are necessary for correct diagnosis and examination. The pelvis serves many functions

All components of the human body are uniquely thought out by nature and clearly perform their functions, be it the structure of the femur or pelvis. This part of the body is a girdle of the lower limbs, which has hip joints on both sides.

This part of the skeleton is a kind of continuation of the spine and performs many tasks in humans. It is necessary to understand the structural features of the human pelvis, because, despite the similarities, its anatomy is different in women and men.

Building without details

There are two components in total - the sacrum and two nameless bones, which are also called the pelvic bones. They are connected by inactive joints, which are strengthened by ligaments.

There is an entrance and an exit, which is covered with muscles; these features are more important in women, since they influence the course of childbirth. There are many openings through which blood vessels and nerves pass.

With the help of the nameless pelvic bones, it is limited in front and on the sides. The rear limitation is the coccyx, which is a continuation of the spine.

Innominate bones of the pelvis

The structure of these pelvic bones is unique in its kind, since they are three more bones that have joints until the age of 16, and then fuse, which is confirmed by x-ray anatomy.

This joint fuses in the area of the acetabulum, the name of which is translated from Latin as vinegar. In the area of this formation is the hip joint, which in humans is strengthened by ligaments and muscles.

Components of the innominate bone:

ileal;
pubic;
sciatic

The ilium has a body located in the area of the acetabulum, as well as a wing. It has a concavity along the inner surface; the shape is due to the fact that intestinal loops are located here.

Below there is an unnamed line, which limits the entrance to the pelvis and serves as a guideline for doctors, this applies to women. There are three lines along the outer surface - the place of attachment of the gluteal muscles.

A crest runs along the edge of the wing, which ends with the anterior and posterior, superior iliac bones; it has an outer and an inner edge.

There are superior and inferior, anterior and posterior iliac bones, which are important anatomical landmarks in humans.

The second bone that has a body in the acetabulum area is the pubis. It has two branches and forms another joint - the pubic symphysis.

This formation is called a semi-joint, since it has some signs of a joint, movements are absent or in the form of sliding, but it diverges during childbirth, increasing the pelvic cavity.

The upper branch runs horizontally, and the lower branch runs vertically. Connecting to the ischium, they limit the obturator foramen.

The pubic symphysis is strengthened by ligaments, which are called the superior and inferior longitudinal.

Sometimes during childbirth they rupture, as shown by x-ray anatomy in the image taken.

The superior branch is the limiter of entry into the pelvic cavity in humans. The lower one limits the exit plane.

The third bone is the ischium, its body, it grows together in the area of the acetabulum of the hip joint. One process extends from the body, which has a tubercle; it is on it that a person leans while sitting.

The sacrum is a sacred bone

In ancient times, the sacrum was considered a sacred bone and therefore received its name in Latin - sacrum, which translates as sacred. This bone, without a doubt, can be called a continuation of the spine.

Outwardly, it resembles a spine, but one that has grown together. In humans, these are five vertebrae that have a smooth surface in front; in anatomy it is called the pelvic vertebrae.

Traces of fusion are visible on this surface, and there are also holes through which nerves enter the pelvic cavity of a person.

The posterior surface is uneven and has convexities characteristic of this part of the spine. These irregularities serve to attach muscles and ligaments.

The sacrum is connected to the innominate bones using joints reinforced by ligaments.

In front there is the most protruding part, which is the cape and serves as a guide for a person during an examination at an appointment with a gynecologist.

The sacrum ends with the coccyx, which is a part of the spine, and includes from 3 to 5 vertebrae. During childbirth, it is pushed back, allowing the baby to be born without problems. It also has attachment points for the pelvic floor muscles.

The difference between the pelvis

In a woman, the bone component and internal organs have some characteristics. The female pelvis performs important functions - it participates in childbirth. In this aspect, not only its clinical and x-ray anatomy, but also its shape is important for the doctor.

In women, the pelvis is wider and lower, the hip joints are located at a wider distance, and the bones do not differ in thickness. The shape of the sacrum in the male pelvis is narrower and concave, the promontory and lower spine protrude more forward.

In the female pelvis, the opposite is true: the sacrum is wide and does not protrude forward as much.

The shape of the pubic angle in men is sharp and ranges from 70 to 75 cm, in women it is more straight and ranges from 90 to 100 cm, the wings in the female pelvis are unfolded, and the ischial tuberosities are at a distance. In humans, the protrusions of the bone can serve as a guide. Thus, in women, the distance between the anterior superior bones ranges from 25 to 27 cm, while in men it averages 22-23 cm.

The plane of entry and exit from the pelvis in women is larger; the opening in women resembles a transverse oval at the top, while in men it is longitudinal.

And the volume is greater in the female pelvis, which is associated with childbirth. There are also features in the angle of inclination.

In the female pelvis it is 55-60 degrees, while in the male pelvis it is 50-55 degrees.

For the human pelvic bones, the size of the entrance and exit to the small pelvis matters. In gynecology, the entrance is considered to be the distance between the upper edge of the symphysis and the most protruding point of the promontory.

The exit is determined from the edge of the coccyx to the lower edge of the symphysis. The transverse dimensions are located at the top at the most distant points of the innominate line, the bottom ones are between the ischial tuberosities.

Based on the pelvic bones of a skeleton, one can easily determine the gender; this circumstance is used during excavations in archeology or during forensic medical examinations, when the task is to determine who it belonged to only from the skeleton.

The size of the pelvis is taken into account by obstetricians during childbirth and when planning it. If the dimensions are distorted or insufficient, then delivery is carried out surgically, through a caesarean section.

The dimensions of the pelvis are established and recorded in the pregnant woman’s chart when she first contacts the antenatal clinic. In men, the pelvis is not so important.

Perineal muscles

The exit from the small pelvis is called the perineum and is closed by muscles, which are important for a woman because they take part in the process of childbirth.

The male perineum, like the female one, is responsible for the act of defecation, urination and the function of the genital organs. The human perineum consists of the pelvic floor muscles, levator anus and external sphincter.

There are also several muscles that affect sexual function, promote erection, and narrow the entrance to the vagina, for example, the ischiocavernosus.

Organs that are in the pelvis

The structure of this part of the human body cannot be imagined without the pelvic organs.

In the pelvic cavity these are intestinal loops; during pregnancy, the uterus and the fetus in it are located here.

Also in the right iliac region on the right side of a person there is an appendix, although its location may vary.

Women and men have some features of the genital organs in the pelvic cavity.

Both sexes have a bladder and urethra, as do the rectum and part of the colon. Vessels, nerves, and some joint muscles pass near the spine.

Near the pelvic spine there are nerve plexuses and lymph nodes.

In the small pelvis of a man there is a prostate that covers the urethra, it consists of muscles, next to it are the seminal vesicles, as well as the vas deferens.

Among the pelvic organs, a woman has ovaries, consisting of muscles, fallopian tubes, the uterus, its cervix and vagina.

Moreover, the cavity of the woman’s genital organs communicates with the abdominal cavity, which is fraught with the spread of infection. The space between the organs is occupied by fiber.

In some cases, this tissue near the rectum becomes inflamed, causing paraproctitis.

Blood supply and nerve plexuses

The pelvic organs have their own blood supply and innervation extending from the spine. Nerves are presented in the form of plexuses, as well as individual nerves.

The most important in practice are the sacral and coccygeal nodes.

Some nerves leave the spinal canal and penetrate the pelvic cavity as independent ones.

There are also arteries and veins near the spine. The largest are the common iliac arteries extending from the aorta.

From them, on each side, an external one branches off, it goes to the thigh, and an internal one, which supplies blood to the pelvic organs, the iliac arteries.

The outflow of blood is carried out through the veins of the same name into the superior vena cava.

The anatomy of the pelvis is very complex; in addition to the fact that it is a container for internal organs, it also bears the load while walking and distributes it.

Any curvature of the pelvic bones in women can affect the success of childbirth and the ability to bear a fetus.

In representatives of both sexes, curvature, for example, after an injury, can cause lameness, pain or disruption of the pelvic organs; in such cases, it is anatomy that helps to determine the cause.

Knowing every detail of the structure of the pelvis allows you to make a diagnosis and understand the cause of the development of a particular disease.

In some cases, structural features are used for examination to establish gender.

Information about the structure of the pelvis is also required during examination and reading of x-rays.

Source: http://drpozvonkov.ru/sustavy/anatomy/stroenie-taza.html

Pelvic bone anatomy and structure in men and women

The largest bone in the human skeleton is the pelvic bone.

It plays a great role in the activity of the musculoskeletal system, connecting the body with the lower limbs.

Its complex anatomical structure is due to its diverse functionality and enormous load, and it exerts pressure on both sides.

Anatomical features of the pelvic girdle

The hip region consists of a pair of hip bones, which belong to the group of flat bones. They promote stability of the lower extremities, evenly distributing the load, which depends on body weight.

The male pelvic bones are united at the pubic symphysis, and together with the sacrum and coccyx form the pelvis. At human birth, both pelvic bones are presented as three separate parts, separated by cartilaginous formations.

Over time, they grow together to form one complete bone, and their articulation is called a deep hemispherical or acetabulum, which connects to the hip joint.

Due to the origin of the pelvic bone, it is usually considered to be a bone consisting of three parts.

Bones of the pelvis

The human pelvic bones are the most massive part of the musculoskeletal system, and the structure of the pelvic bone is determined by its supporting function. It consists of three different sections: the iliac, sciatic, and pubic.

The fusion of these areas begins during puberty. This happens precisely in those areas where the pressure on the pelvis is maximum. One of these areas is the acetabulum, in which the head of the femur is localized.

So after the articulation of these parts, the hip joint is formed.

The iliac part of the pelvis, consisting of the wing and body, is located above the acetabulum. One edge of the wing is presented in the form of a scallop, to which the abdominal muscles are attached. From the dorsal part of the iliac bone, its plane is united with the sacroiliac joint

The pubic bone is located under the acetabulum on the front side. It is presented in the form of two branches that connect at an angle. Between them there is a cartilaginous layer. All these elements form the pubic symphysis.

It plays a very important role during childbirth in women: when the fetus leaves the mother’s womb, the cartilage tissues are deformed, causing the pelvic bones to move apart. This contributes to the normal birth of a child.

This fact explains why the pelvic bone in men is much narrower than in women.

The ischium is located on the back of the pelvis, at the same level as the pubis, only on the opposite side.

The bone structure of this section has a tuberous surface, thanks to which a person can assume a sitting position. This area is covered with muscles and a fat layer, which softens the situation.

In addition, the hip region consists of the coccyx and sacrum, creating a ring-shaped pelvic cavity.

Pelvic joint

The hip joint performs very important actions, thanks to which people are able to walk, run, jump or perform other manipulations associated with this department.

Its development begins during gestation, when the tiny organism is just forming.

After birth, the hip joint is presented as cartilage, which begins to gradually harden and then bulge out to form a stronger bone structure.

The head of the femur is covered with cartilaginous flesh, and the neck of the femur connects directly to the bone itself at the acetabulum.

On the outside, the plane of articulation is covered with durable tissue, and on the inside it is reinforced by several ligaments that perform protective functions, helping to cushion the bones of the femoral joint during movement, and also protect the blood vessels inside the joint from damage.

The strongest ligaments in the human body are considered to be the iliofemoral ligaments, the diameter of which can be up to 10 mm.

They perform very significant actions: braking, during turning or extension movements.

The pubofemoral ligaments act similarly, but only in an extended position.

Main functions

The anatomy of the human pelvic bone is endowed with a complex structure and performs the following functions.

Supporting – to support the spine.
Protective - protects the internal organs of the hip girdle from external physical influences and damage: urea, intestines and reproductive organs. It is considered the most important function, as it protects the vital organs of the human body.
The hip region serves as the center of gravity of the musculoskeletal system.
Hematopoietic – promotes blood production, thanks to a large amount of red bone marrow.

Since the main function of the pelvis is protection, if it is damaged there is a risk of complications associated with damage to the internal organs of the pelvic girdle. Therefore, injuries to the hip region most often entail serious consequences.

How to maintain hip strength

The main method of preventing hip problems is body weight control. The larger it is, the greater the load on the pelvis. Experts calculated the load based on the person’s weight category.

For one extra kilogram, the load is 2 kg more than normal when walking, 5 kg when lifting, and when running or jumping - 10 kg. Thus, obesity contributes to rapid wear and tear of joints and the risk of osteoarthritis.

Therefore, playing sports prolongs the wear and tear of the joints of the pelvic area.

For pathological joint diseases or excess weight, doctors recommend doing simple exercises, walking or cycling more. Swimming is also good for your joints.

Moreover, during such sports there is no pressure on the pelvic joints. For fractures, after the bones have already healed, doctors advise gradually increasing the load.

This is done so that the joints become stronger and return to their previous levels.

In people of retirement age, bones no longer have such strength and are more likely to be injured. Therefore, to increase their strength, it is necessary to eat foods rich in calcium.

A large amount of this element is contained in dairy products, grains and legumes, walnuts, green vegetables, fish, and fruits.

In addition, patients may be prescribed medications that contain sufficient amounts of calcium.

Based on the information described above, it can be noted that a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition, sports or light exercise, contributes to the long-term functioning of the joints of the pelvic girdle. In addition, a sufficient amount of calcium in the body, required to strengthen bone tissue, will reduce the risk of injury.

Skeleton is...

The skeleton is dead, long dead...

So answered Kirum N., a 2nd grade student

Skeleton of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

The skeleton of the lower extremities is formed by the bones of the pelvic girdle and the free lower extremities.

The pelvic girdle, or pelvis, consists of three bones firmly connected: the sacrum, two massive pelvic bones (iliac and ischial), between which is located the third - the pubic bone, fused together after 16 years. The pubic bones are connected to each other using cartilage, inside of which there is a slit-like cavity (the connection is called a semi-joint). The pelvis includes coccygeal bone. There are large and small pelvises. The large pelvis is formed by the wings of the ilium, and the small pelvis by the pubic, ischial bones, sacrum and coccyx. The pelvis has an upper (entrance) opening, a cavity, and a lower opening, or exit.

The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, rectum and genital organs (in women - the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, in men - the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens). The pelvis in women is the birth canal. The female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis and shorter, which is of great importance for childbirth (the size of the male pelvis is 1.5-2 cm smaller than the size of the female pelvis).

The femur is the largest tubular bone in the human body. Patella(patella) has the shape of a triangle with rounded corners. It is adjacent to the lower end of the femur, is located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle and is part of the knee joint. There are two bones of the lower leg - the tibia and fibula. Tibia located on the inside of the tibia and is much thicker than the fibula.

The bones of the foot are divided into the bones of the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges. There are seven bones in the tarsus (calcaneus, supracalcaneal, or talus, navicular, cuboid and three cuneiforms). On the heel there is a calcaneal tubercle. There are five tarsal bones (tubular). At the lower end of the tibia there is a projection called the malleolus and an articular surface for connection with the supracalcaneus.

The bones of the toes are shorter than the corresponding phalanges of the fingers, and the big toe has two phalanges (the rest have three) and are not opposed, as in monkeys. The bones of the free lower limb are connected to each other using joints, the largest being the hip, knee and ankle. The greatest movement is possible in the upper foot (ankle) and lower foot joints, since the foot primarily serves as a support.

The bones of the foot are not located in the same plane, but form bends in the longitudinal and transverse directions: there are longitudinal and transverse vaults. The presence of arches protects (reduces) from shocks during various movements, i.e. the arches act as shock absorbers when walking and jumping. Some people experience flattening of the arches of the feet (apes do not have arches) - flat feet develop, which leads to pain.