Scientists of the whole world call the XXI century - a century of biomedicine. And this is quite explained, because this area of \u200b\u200bmedicine develops with an incredible speed. No wonder in recent years, scientists received 7 Nobel Prizes for opening in the field of cellular technologies! And this is not the limit, because the prospects for treatment with stem cells today look absolutely limitless! But first things first.
Historical reference
Stem cells opened Russian scientist Alexander Maximov in the distant 1909. It was he who became the founder of regenerative medicine. However, the first transplantation surgery was carried out much later, in the 70s of the last century. And let scientists still argue about the safety of the use of stem cells, by the beginning of the XXI century there were 1200 transplant operations for stem cells taken from the umbilical cord. In Russia, such treatment methods have been wary for a long time, and therefore the first permitted operation was carried out only in 2010. Today, our country has several clinics offering this method for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
What are stem cells and why they need
Stem cells are immature (undifferentiated) cells present in all multicellular organisms. A feature of such cells is their unique ability to share, forming new stem cells, as well as differentiated, that is, to turn into cells of certain organs and tissues. In fact, stem cells are a kind of backup stock of our organism, thanks to which the process of cellular update is carried out.
The use of stem cells in the treatment of diseases is a real breakthrough in modern medicine. Today there are reliable data that due to stem cells you can treat cancer, atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, autoimmune and allergic diseases, diabetes and endocrine violations, spinal injuries and brain. Stem cells improve the condition of the skin, bones and cartilage tissue, strengthen the immunity and strengthen the potency. Moreover, today there is a positive practice of treating Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson with these biological substances!
Moreover, stem cells allow once and permanently to get rid of severe ailment, which is much cheaper than from year to year to try to treat the disease with medical preparations. And this fact has long been confirmed by patients who, with the help of this method, got rid of rheumatoid arthritis and bronchial asthma.
Moreover, with the help of these biological substances today, infertility can be successfully treated. Specialists create cells that temporarily suppress the immune function of a woman, as a result of which the body does not reject the fruit. According to statistics, each second woman, resolved on such a way to fight infertility, pregnant and gave birth to a beautiful baby. As you can see, the scope of use of these amazing cells seems simply limitless!
The essence of treatment
Certainly, cell therapy is not a panacea from all ailments. Treatment with such cells has a number of contraindications and cannot be applied without a weighted approach.
What is the essence of this method? It turns out that miracle cells have two essential functions - they share themselves and activate the reproduction of other cell cells. The meaning of treatment is that when entering a painful organ, cells launch the work of the immune system and excrete bioactive substances that activate their own stem cells of the affected organ. As a result of the replacement of old cells to new and the regeneration process occurs, thanks to which the organ is gradually restored.
Varieties of stem cells
Medicine knows several types of miracle cells. These are fetal, embryonic, postnatal and many other immature cells. For treatment, hematopoietic (GSK) and mesenchymal cells (MSC) are most often used, which are produced from bone marrow, including pelvic bones, ribs, as well as fatty tissues and some other tissues having good blood supply. The choice in favor of these cells is not profitable. According to scientists, treatment with hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells is highly efficient and safe, and therefore the likelihood is excluded that they mutate and provoke the development of the tumor, which is quite possible in the introduction of fetal or embryonic cells.
But not a secret, with age, the number of stem cells in the human body is becoming less and less. For example, if the embryo has one cell per 10 thousand ordinary, then a 70-year-old person - one cell is 7-8 million in this way, only 30 thousand mesenchymal cells are distinguished daily into the blood of an adult. This is enough only to eliminate small violations, but is completely insufficient in order to protect against severe ailments or brake the aging process.
However, treatment with stem cells allows you to achieve the impossible. According to modern scientists, with the introduction of stem cells, the necessary "regenerative fund" is created to the body, thanks to which a person gets up and gets rid of diseases. Similar use of stem cells with doctors very much resembles a fuel refueling. Doctors are simply introduced into vein stem cells as if "fills" the body with high-quality fuel, thanks to which a person gets rid of diseases and lives longer!
On average, treatment of diseases implies the introduction of about 1 million cells into blood per 1 kg of weight. To fight with severe pathologies, the patient should be introduced 2-3 million stem cells per 1 kg of weight. According to physicians, this is a natural mechanism for treating diseases that will become the main method of therapy of almost all pathologies in the very near future.
Myths and reality
Despite the successes that biomedicine experts today have achieved, distrust of this method of treating diseases are still large. Perhaps the information about the known personalities, whose attempts to treat or rejuvenation of the body ended in the media. Doctors of a private clinics that have a license for treatment with such cells include these informational stuffing to "blow sensations", it is reasonably noticing that there are no information about the treatment and type of cells used in messages. Experts of scientific government agencies strongly refuse to comment on such rumors. Perhaps, precisely because of the lack of complete information, society and radiate doubts about the safety of such treatment.
Nevertheless, people who agreed on therapy with stem cells, and today are called "experimental rabbits." According to the head doctor of one of the clinics, conducting such treatment, Yuri Haifez: "Talk about our patients as experimental rabbits, simply incorrectly. I know about the cases of allergies on this material, but allergies were not caused by cells, but the nutrient medium that fell into the cellular culture. But I did not hear about one case of death after the introduction of such cells! ".
Supports a specialist and doctor of medical sciences Professor Alexander Teplashin. According to the scientist: "In Europe and the United States, they have already begun to realize all the benefits and the effectiveness that stem cells carry. That is why our specialists who have long been treating stem cells are extremely in demand in these countries. We still have distrust of this method of treatment, and it is very sad. "
Scientists pay attention to the fact that the disputes did not subsigh on the benefits and harm of antibiotics, but it is known that humanity would face, do not be these drugs. The same happens with stem cells. At the same time, experts notice that not all stem cells are suitable for therapy.
Question price
Another question does not give rest to the inhabitants. It seems that the treatment with cells has been underway for a long time, the technology has been thoroughly studied as the mushrooms grow new clinics conducted by stem cells. Why does therapy remain so expensive?
Experts meet that the cultivation of stem cells is a long-term process and quite expensive. In addition, the state does not finance such projects, which is why they develop much slower.
True and in this process there are progress. Today and in Russia there are cellular drugs, the cost of which is equal to the cost of traditional treatment. For example, a means for combating arthrosis is not more expensive than a gel intended for introducing into a sick joint. At the same time, the drug allows you to treat the joint, while the gel is struggling only with pain syndrome. Nevertheless, all components for growing stem cells in our country today are purchased in the United States.
If it is objectively talking about the cost of treatment, then the data of various sources are largely different. For example, according to the information of the Moscow Komsomol, the treatment with stem cells in Russia today fluctuates within 10 000-12,000 $.
At the same time, on the website of the Moscow Clinic "The newest medicine" it is said that the total cost of cell therapy or revitalization course will cost $ 30,000-32,000.
At the same time, a number of companies involved in the treatment of stem cells in Germany leads data according to which the full course of treatment will cost a patient at 9,000-15,000 $.
Stem cells - undifferentiated (immature) cells available in many species of multicellular organisms. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal, forming new stem cells, sharing through mitosis and differentiated into specialized cells, that is, to turn into cells of various organs and tissues.
The development of multicellular organisms begins with one stem cell, which is customary called the zygote. As a result of numerous division cycles and differentiation process, all types of cells are formed typical of this biological species. In the human body of such types of cells, more than 220. Stem cells are maintained and functioning in an adult organism, thanks to them, it can be updated and the restoration of tissues and organs. However, in the process of aging the body, their number decreases.
In modern medicine, human stem cells are transplanted, that is, transplanted in medicinal purposes. For example, the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells is performed to reduce the process of hematopoies (blood formation) in the treatment of leukemia and lymph.
Self-renewal
There are two mechanisms that support the stem cell population in the body:
1. Asymmetric division, at which the same pair of cells is produced (one stem cell and one differentiated cell).
2. Stochastic division: one stem cell is divided into two more specialized.
Where are stem cells come from
UK can be obtained from various sources. Some of them have strictly scientific use, others are used in clinical practice today. According to its origin, they are divided into embryonic, fetal, cord blood cells and an adult cell.
Embryonic stem cells
The first type of stem cells should be called cells, which are formed at the first few divisions of the fertilized egg (zygotes) - from each can develop an independent organism (for example, one-time twins are obtained).
After a few days of embryonic development, in the thread of blastocysts, embryonic stem cells (ESC) can be distinguished from its internal cell mass. They are capable of differentiate absolutely into all types of cells of an adult organism, they are able to unlimitedly divide under certain conditions, forming the so-called "immortal lines". But this source SC has shortcomings. Firstly, in an adult body, these cells can be spontaneously reborn into cancer. Secondly, a safe line of truly embryonic stem cells suitable for clinical use has not yet been allocated in the world. Cells obtained in this way (in most cases using animal cell culturing) are used by world science for research and experiments. The clinical use of such cells is impossible today.
Fetal stem cells
Very often in Russian articles embryonic crypts call cells derived from aborted fruits (fetus). This is not true! In the scientific literature, the cells obtained from the fetus tissues are called fetal.
Fetal UK is obtained from abortive material on the 6-12 week of pregnancy. They do not have the above-described esc properties obtained from blastocysts - that is, the ability to unlimited reproduction and differentiation into any type of specialized cells. Fetal cells have already begun differentiation, and, therefore, each of them, firstly, can pass only a limited number of divisions and, secondly, to give rise to not any, but rather defined species of specialized cells. This fact makes their clinical use more secure. Thus, specialized liver cells and hematopoietic cells can develop from fetal liver cells. Fetal nervous tissue, respectively, develop more specialized nerve cells, etc.
Cellular therapy as a type of treatment with stem cells originates precisely from the use of fetal IC. In the past 50 years in different countries of the world, a series of clinical works with their application were conducted.
In Russia, in addition to ethical and legal friction, the use of unverified abortive material is fraught with complications, such as patient infection with herpes virus, viral hepatitis and even AIDS. The process of allocating and receiving FGC is complex, this requires modern equipment and special knowledge.
However, with professional control, well-trained fetal stem cells have a huge potential in clinical medicine. Work with fetal SC in Russia today is limited by scientific research. Their clinical use has no legal framework. More and officially, such cells are applied today in China and some other Asian countries.
Cord blood cells
The source of stem cells is also placental and umbilical blood, collected after the child's birth. This blood is very rich in stem cells. Taking this blood and placing in the cryobank for storage, in the future it can be used to restore many organs and patient tissues, as well as for the treatment of various diseases, primarily hematologic and oncological.
However, the number of SC in the cord blood at birth is not large enough, and their effective application is usually possible, only once for the child itself under the age of 12-14 years. As matters, the volume of harvested SCs becomes not enough for a full-fledged clinical effect.
About cell therapy
Cell therapy is a new official direction in medicine based on the use of the regenerative potential of the stem cells of the adult organism for the treatment of a number of severe diseases, the rehabilitation of patients after injuries, the fight against premature signs of aging. Stem cells are also considered promising biomaterial to create biological prostheses of heart valves, vessels and tracheas, are used as a unique bioscope to restore bone defects and other plastic and reconstructive surgery purposes.
The mechanism of the rehabilitation effect of stem cells, scientists explain how their ability to transform into blood cells, liver, myocardium, bone, cartilage or nervous tissue and thus restore damaged organs, and through products of various growth factors to restore the functional activity of other cells (for the so-called Paraconne type).
For clinical purposes, stem cells are most often obtained from bone marrow and cord blood, also after pre-stimulation of blood formation, the number of stem cells can be distinguished from peripheral blood adult. In recent years, more and more reports on the clinical use of stem cells isolated from the placenta, adipose tissue, tissue of the umbilical rope, amniotic fluid, and even milk teeth pulps are appeared.
Depending on the disease, age and state of the patient, one or another source of stem cells may be preferable. For more than 50 years, hematopoietic (hematopoietic) stem cells have been used to treat leukemia and lymphoma, and this method of treatment is well known as bone marrow transplantation, although today is increasingly in hematological clinics of the world, hematopoietic stem cells are obtained from cord and peripheral blood. At the same time, for the treatment of injuries of the head and spinal cord, stimulating the healing of fractures and chronic wounds it is more expedient to use mesenchymal stem cells that are precursors of the connective tissue.
Mesenchimal stem cells are rich in adipose tissue, placenta, cord blood, amniotic fluid. Considering the immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cells, they are also used to treat a number of autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, etc.), as well as post-transplant complications (to prevent rehabilitation of the transplanted donor body). For the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including the ischemia of the lower extremities, the most promising is the umbilical blood, which contains a special type of so-called endothelial pregnor stem cells, which are no longer in any tissue of the human body.
What diseases can be cured with stem cells?
The treatment method with stem cells is successfully used in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma and other severe hereditary diseases, where traditional methods of therapy are ineffective.
The transplantation of cord blood is successfully used during most types of leukemia, including lymphoma, Hodgkin and Nevhodgkin, also in diseases of plasma cells, innate anemia, severe combined immunodeficiencies, congenital neutropenia, osteoporosis and many other severe diseases.
In the near future, stem cells will be applied to the treatment of stroke, myocardial infarction, alzheimer diseases, Parkinson, diabetes, muscle diseases, liver failure. Stem cells can give a positive effect and during a hearing impairment.
This year, the results of the study of scientists who applied stem cells in the treatment of children born with autism syndrome will be known.
"There are examples when the newborn saved his mother. A woman from Canada was diagnosed with leukemia during pregnancy, she could not find a donor, and the doctors were able to save the mother to the cord blood of a 31-week child. She is alive after 15 years and feels great, "he shared.
Today, scientists also work on the reproduction of stem cells in incubators so that their use has become a reusable.
Myths and True, about treatment with stem cells
Myth number 1. The use of cellular technologies is fraught with risk of infection with hazardous infectious diseases
The legislation clearly regulated the rules for the production of biomedical cellular products. In fact, they are very similar to the rules taken for pharmaceuticals and are based on the standard GMP requirements. That is, it is a very careful input control of the cell material - all cell samples are tested on HIV-1, HIV-2, hepatitis B and C. The next stage is the control of production, which must be absolutely clean. Then - control on the release of a battery of the cellular product, during which studies are added to such infections such as mycoplasma, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasm, all sexually transmitted infections. Thus, all risks of infection are reduced to zero.
Myth number 2. For cell cultivation, animal products are used, it means that they can cause allergies. The reaction can cause stem cells of another person (allogeneic)
Indeed, the standard cell culture technology (reproduction) implies the use of animal products (usually they are obtained from cattle organs). These products can provoke an allergic reaction. Therefore, they are now used only in laboratory conditions, and for cultivation of cells for treatment, reagents produced without animal components are used.
As for allergies on the actual cells, when treatment with its stem cells (autologous), for obvious reasons, can not be allergic reaction. And in order not to have a reaction to alien - allogeneic cells, try to lengthen the intervals between their introduction to 3-4 weeks. With allergic manifestations, the course of treatment is interrupted, but in fact, with the correct introduction of the drug, serious allergic complications are extremely rare.
Our experience suggests that with a properly selected treatment scheme, there are no allergic reactions to cellular components. For the safety net before proceeding with therapy, standard samples can be performed - the introduction of the drug in small doses to check the body's reaction.
Myth number 3. Stem cells can turn into tumor and provoke the development of cancer
More than 500 clinical trials have already been held in the world, the first phase of which is performed to verify security, and so far no data has been received on cancer danger, not a single tumor formation was recorded. Although theoretically risk is possible. Therefore, all the produced cells, both for autotransplantation and allogenic transplantation, are necessarily tested for tumor and oncogenicity.
Tumorogenicity assumes that the cells are independently transformed into tumor, and oncogenicity suggests that the cells that we have entered act on the cells of the recipient so that they are reborn. Therefore, they are necessarily checked by the same methods as in the production of pharmaceuticals - some of the drug is administered to a special animal (generous mice - that is not having its immunity) and if some tumor cell falls into them, the tumor is manifested. This is a standard testing method and today the most reliable. The law on biomedical products suggests that for any cellular drug it must be carried out.
When it comes to allogeneic transplantation, the risk of tumor development is even theoretically unlikely: the cells transferred from one person to another, although they do not turn back, but they do not live for a long time, they die in about a month. And it levels risks. And they provide the formation of a bone tissue, the formation of cartilage tissue, the anti-inflammatory effects, and the immunomodulatory effects are due to the fact that they stimulate their own patient cells.
Myth number 4. The use of cellular technologies can only be individual, and the cost of such treatment will not allow this method of mass, it means that it has no future
The production of cellular drugs for autotransplantation to a specific person will continue to engage in clinics like the "Pokrovsky Bank", this is indeed, will never be a task of commercial production. For big business, profitably produce only allogeneic drugs. It is convenient - you make the product and certify the whole game. Therefore, manufacturers are trying to solve the problem of producing a large number of stem cells from the so-called utilized tissues. That is, their receipt should not be accompanied by painful sensations and at the same time acceptable from an ethical point of view - we are talking, for example, about navel beams, placenta. Abroad, such enterprises already exist.
Myth number 5. Cellular technologies remain an area of \u200b\u200bexperimental medicine for so long due to the fact that evidence of their effectiveness has not been obtained.
This is not true. Many cellular technologies have already entered clinical practice, and their effectiveness is proved, both in theory and practices. The most clinical trials have been carried out and data on the use of stem cells in traumatology and orthopedics has been accumulated. Depending on the lesion, it leads to a complete or partial restoration of cartilage and bone tissue. Doctors see this effect well. Now in Canada, the third phase of clinical trials on the use of stem cells is completed in a different way - they are introduced into the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee joint and the cartilage cloth is restored. This is partly due to the fact that the cells populate the surface of the joint, in part - due to the fact that they stimulate their own patient cells, due to which the restored cartilage tissue consists not from transplanted alien, but from the patient's own cells. Similar studies were conducted in the Pokrovsk bank. We got very similar results.
The effectiveness of cellular technologies actually has a greater evidence base. But the results of their clinical use are very dependent on the doctor and from the biologist, which are treated - the use of this method of therapy, like any other, you need to learn. It is necessary to prepare correctly cells, very carefully calculate their number, timely defrosting and organize transportation so as to use for 8 hours ...
The Pediatric University has already been developed, and in the SZGMU. Mechnikov is preparing a training course on the use of stem cells. It will be our specialists to read it, we hope that the result for practitioners will be a complete understanding when, under what diseases and how to use cell therapy.
Myth number 6. Cell therapy - despair therapy, but it can be cured by all
It so happened that some doctors do not trust the treatment methods with stem cells, others, on the contrary, are confident in their omnipotence. But it is necessary to understand that regenerative therapy works only as an element of complex treatment - by traditional methods and methods of regenerative therapy itself. We always explain it to your patients.
In addition, regenerative therapy is not always able to fully cure a person, but the fact that it can almost always have to reduce the manifestation of symptoms or slow down the death rate. For many patients, this is very important. For example, for patients with 1-type diabetes. After a course of treatment, remission occurs by 0.5 years - a year, during this time some patients may even abandon insulin, slows down the progress of the disease, and the biochemical blood indicators are improved. But the disease does not disappear by the com. If, in the case of the bone fracture, the effect is visible at once (the man was removed not after 2 months, and after 3 weeks), then there is no explicit result, but the patient becomes easier.
Cellular technology, as any medical method, has its limitations. In addition, many factors become the argument "for" its use or "against" - the age of concomitant pathology, the nature of the disease, etc. And illusions often apply the same harm as despair.
How much is the treatment of stem cells?
At the moment, the cost of treatment with stem cells in Russia fluctuates within 250 - 300 thousand rubles.
Such a high price is justified, because the cultivation of stem cells is a high-tech process, and, accordingly, very expensive. Clinics offering stem cells at a lesser price do not have any relationship to cell biology, they introduce completely unknown drugs to their customers.
Most medical centers for this money are introduced 100 million cells per course, but there are also those that are injected for this cost 100 million stem cells per procedure. The number of stem cells on the procedure, as well as the number of procedures, is negotiated with the doctor, as the person older, the greater it is required stem cells. If a young blooming girl for maintaining the tone is sufficiently about 20-30 million cells, then 200 million may not be enough for a premature lady of the retirement age.
As a rule, this amount does not include the value of the procedure for obtaining stem cells, for example, fat fence. Clinics and institutions, practicing treatment with allogeneic (that is, other people's stem cells, argue that treatment with such stem cells will cost percent 10 cheaper than its own. If stem cells are entered by surgical, that is, an operation is carried out, you will have to pay separately for the operation.
Mesotherapy with stem cells will cost much cheaper. The cost of one procedure of mesotherapy in the Moscow clinic - from 18,000 to 30 000 rubles. In total, the course is made from 5 to 10 mezotherapy procedures.
What is cell rejuvenation? Now it is fashionable to be beautiful, slim, emit health. Just a few years ago, many made themselves injections of Botox, today a new direction in fashion - stem cells.
Detailed description
The most initial cells of the human body are stem cells. They are formed immediately after conception in a fertilized egg. The ability to become any cell is the basic distinctive quality, the so-called polypotency. Stem cells of the embryo, while he grows, form his brain, liver, stomach, heart. Even after birth in the body of the child, there are still very many of them, but every year they are becoming less, by the age of 20, human stem cells are practically absent. This is a scientifically proven fact. But adult these cells are also needed - they always replace those affected by any organ. Throughout the life of organs with diseases, it becomes much more, but stem cells are reduced, so a person becomes.
A bit of history
A breakthrough in cell biology occurred in 1998, when scientists were able to single out and clone the lines of embryonic stem cells. After that, cell biology began to develop in two ways:
1. Studies in order to treat severe diseases.
2. In clinical practice, the Revitalization procedure, i.e., rejuvenation of the body with stem cell injections in an integrated approach with other cosmetics.
How is the rejuvenation of stem cells?
Stem cells in cosmetic cabinets
There are no restrictions on the use of embryonic stem cells, so cell therapy is everywhere. Any cosmetic salon mentions stem cells in its price list. But in practice, this injection of exhausts from embryos tissues, and they can cause allergic reactions and even rejection. And if the procedure is not carried out in the laboratory, that is, the risk that the cellular material can be infected.
The body after applying the procedure for introducing stem cells
In Russia, the new technology of stem cell injection technology is actively experiencing in humans, in the West, almost all experiments are conducted on animals. Stem cells apply increasingly, but what effect will be in the future, it is not yet known. None of the scientists were able to give a forecast for 10-20 years ahead, because until the end, the scope of application was not studied. While the treatment with stem cells consider alternative medicine. What will happen next, let's see.
Where are stem cells from rejuvenation
Now in Russian cosmetic centers use several types of stem cells:
1. Embryonic stem cells. They are obtained from the liver, pancreas, the brain of aborted human embryos, and then cultured in the material, in composition similar to the serum. All the resulting biomaterial after checking for viruses is placed on storage in liquid nitrogen.
2. Cup cells of newborns, bone marrow man. Treatment of cord cells is particularly effectively between members of one family. In Russia, there is a branch of stem cells in which cord blood can be stored. The puncture of the bone marrow takes from the iliac bones of the pelvis of an adult, after which the multimillion colony is grown in the laboratory.
3. Stem cells isolated from adipose tissue.
Delayed reaction
Rejuvenation with stem cells is very popular.
Depending on the selected method, the effect of injections with cellular material begins to appear only after 1-3 months. And for some reason, doctors do not say about the visual effects of rejuvenation, they focus on improving patients' well-being. A person just pays money, he is injected, and he is waiting for changes for three months. In practice, the patient does not see special changes in the body, the face, but it feels that the body behaves differently: they darken the hair, the acuity of sight appears, it hurts for 5-6 hours.
Some patients noted that in a month they began to read without glasses, the overall fatigue of the body disappeared, wrinkles began to disappear. But those who talked about such changes after a month, usually did a comprehensive rejuvenation procedure, which included mesotherapy with smoothing skin injections. In all cases, patients were completely trusted with a clinic and doctors, no consequences in the future did not think. How much is the treatment of stem cells?
Price of youth
All researchers agreed that the effect of cell injection lasts a year, after this period, the procedure is better to repeat. As they say, if once in 1.5 years, contact specialists behind cell injection, then a person will be able to live as much as 150 years. In fairness It is worth saying that the rejuvenation of stem cells is a very expensive procedure, and to make it 1 time in 1.5 years very expensive. It costs minimally in 17 thousand euros, and this is if the patient is young, healthy and wants to just slow down the aging process. The older the person and the more diseases he has, the more expensive there are cell therapy, due to the fact that it will take more stem cells.
As it depends on age
If a young organism needs about 20-35 million cells to maintain a tone, then the lady of prenetscent age with a bouquet of disease may be insufficient and 200 million. According to experts, such a high price is justified, because the cultivation of cells is a process that requires knowledge and high technologies, and therefore very expensive. If you offer such procedures at a lesser price, then most likely these drugs are not related to stem cells.
True, state scientific institutions, there is cheaper injections, but the price still starts from 5 thousand US dollars. They use bone marrow stem cells. Also in scientific institutions use special cell growth factors - peptides. T. K. Stem cells with the introduction cannot find a damaged organ, indicate the path of proteins that include the work of the body's cell, forcing it to work and look for means of independent recovery.
results
Those patients who passed courses rejuvenation with stem cells in research institutes noted that after three weeks the fatigue disappeared, the tone of the body was increasing, visual acuity appeared, the wrinkles were slightly smoothed, men had an increased libido and improved potency. As can be seen, the results of therapy for the revitalization of the body and in cosmetic clinics, and in research institutes coincide, although they have absolutely different techniques.
A special cell growth protein factor is used in cosmetic cabinets - additional mesotherapy. All of these additional injections and procedures that go along with injections of stem cells, according to doctors, are aimed at the clinic to the clinic from the absence of the result of treatment with stem cells, since mesotherapy and additional proteins have long been known as an excellent and effective way to smooth wrinkles.
Specialists in cell therapy are silent about whether there were negative results or there was no result at all. And there are such cases, patients did not notice any changes even after 3-6 months, but neither the clinic nor the reimbursment of costs, since they do not guarantee that the body will find strength to recover.
Cellular technology. Their development in modern medicine
Despite the fact that there are positive results, doctors and the scientific community are extremely skeptical about such therapy. Many believe that, yes, the opening of stem cells and the possibility of their cultivation is the largest discovery in genetics since the decryption of the DNA structure, but it does not need to be used for all in a row, but only for the treatment of very serious diseases. Stem cells contain encrypted information about the whole body, which means that of them can be raised not only by the colony of cells, but even some organ.
Therefore, it is unacceptable to use this technology to extract profits, since it is not fully studied, clinical research and experiments are being conducted. Currently, in addition to cosmetic procedures, medical clinics offer both serious diseases of injections with stem cells. In the pricea it is written that diabetes, oncological diseases may be heal in injections. But there are no confirmed data on such recovery. On the contrary, there are opinions of specialists that the rejuvenation of stem cells causes cancer.
Positive effect
In the treatment of ischemic diseases, hormonal and immune diseases, some violations in development in children are perfectly helped stem cells. At the end of 2015, American scientists were saved by the life of a young man who received myocardial infarction. They took its same mesenchymal stem cells and introduced into the body. There are positive results of cell therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, arthritis, arthrosis, rheumatism. Of course, considering such scientific achievements, the injection of stem cells just look dimly for rejuvenation.
It is still leaving that the budget does not provide for an article of financing for the development of cell biology and the development of methods for treating severe diseases in leading research and laboratories of Russia. The private clinics are not engaged in developments, they tend to work in order to profit. Therefore, in Russia, cellular technologies are associated only with rejuvenation, in contrast to the West, where the studies of cellular technologies are actively funded in the treatment of severe diseases.
Clinics providing stem cell transplant services
In Russia, there are not many such centers, but the main center of obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology of the RAMS, and more precisely their laboratory of clinical immunology, head of Gennady Dryym, Commercial Institute of Stem Cell, also the group of the Pyramid Clinic, the leader is Alexander Teplin.
Stem cells together with peptide injections (growth factors) practices the Institute of Biological Medicine. They, according to the specialists of this institute, and activate the effect of stem cells.
Korchak - Cosmetology Clinic and Plastic Surgery - also has a stem cell therapy as one of the directions. Here is used cellular material of the 3-hinteroid embryo of a pig grown on a nutrient medium. 3 days before administration, the cultivation stop. Thanks to the "living" material, the effect of rejuvenation and rehabilitation is achieved in a couple of months and keeps for 1-2 years.
Injection placenta in the Japanese clinic Rhana is also called cell therapy, although it is completely different. They believe that the placenta is capable of rejuvenating the body, but it has a narrow circle of action: the removal of chronic fatigue syndrome and raising libido and sexual activity.
"Versag" is also a clinic that uses stem cells in its work. But it specializes in anti-aging programs, including comprehensive treatment.
In Russia, cell therapy in the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Clinical Immunology with Rams is actively used. Also for the treatment of diseases of the heart and cardioplasty in Vladivostok, Irkutsk, Tomsk and Novosibirsk, treatment and rehabilitation procedures of human stem cells are used. The use of their rejuvenation and cosmetic procedures in the clinics of St. Petersburg.
Serious clinic selection
In Russia, it is currently quite enough clinics offer rejuvenating procedures with stem cells. But it is necessary to understand whether these are the very cells. Often, simply cell material is used. Therefore, before you decide on the procedure, you need to make information about the clinic, about its specialization, whether she has a laboratory, if not, what they cooperate with how efficient they work, try to find patients with clinics that have already received these procedures .
Next, in the clinic itself, ask to provide a "cell passport", certifying that there are no viruses in stem cells. Before entering the cells, you must suggest a survey. Even if the procedure goes well, you can see the effect only after 1-3 months and not on your face or body, but in the general condition of the body. Feel cheerfulness, tide of strength. But this may not happen, since the clinics are usually not responsible for the effects of rejuvenation with stem cells. Guarantees neither the clinic nor the Research Institute.
- 1908: The term "stem cell" (Stammzelle) was proposed to wide use by the Russian histologist Alexander Maksimov (1874-1928). He described and proved the methods of his time hemopoietic stem cells, it was for them a term was introduced.
- 1960s: Joseph Altman and Gopal D. Das () presented the scientific evidence of neurogenesis in an adult body, the constant activity of brain stem cells. Their conclusions were contrary to the Dogm of Ramon-I-Kakhal that the nerve cells are not born in an adult body, and did not receive a wide publicity.
- 1963: Ernest McCalloh and James Till demonstrated the presence of self-renewable cells in the bone marrow of the mouse.
- 1968: The possibility of reducing hematopopits in the recipient after bone marrow transplantation is proved. The bone marrow transplantation is an eight-year-old boy leads to healing from the heavy form of immunodeficiency. The donor was a sister with a compatible set of leukocyte antigens (HLA).
- 1970: Fridenztein Alexander Yakovlevich allocated guinea pigs from the bone marrow, successfully cultivated and described fibroblast-like cells, which were subsequently the name of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.
- 1978: Hematopoietic stem cells were detected in the umbilical blood.
- 1981: Mouse embryonic cells were obtained from the embryoblast (inner cellular mass of blastocysts) by scientists by Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman and, regardless of them, Gale R. Martin. The introduction of the term "embryonic stem cell" is attributed to Gale Martin.
- 1988: Elenia Glukman held the first successful transplantation of the GSK of Pupov's blood to the patient, the patient anemia of Fanconi. E. Glukman proved that the use of cord blood is effectively and safe. Since then, bubbling blood is widely used in transplantology.
- 1992: Neural stem cells received in vitro.. The protocols of their cultivation in the form of neurosphere have been developed.
- 1992: The first nominal collection of stem cells. Professor David Harris froze the stem cells of the cord blood of his firstborn. Today, David Harris is the director of the world's largest bubbling stem cells.
- 1987-1997: In 10 years in 45 medical centers of the world, 143 bubbling transplants were held.
- 1997: In Russia, the first operation was carried out oncological patient in transplanting stem cells of cord blood stem cells.
- 1998: James Thomson and his staff from Wisconsin University in Madison brought the first line of human ESC.
- 1998: The world's first transplantation of autologous stem cells of cord blood blood to a neuroblastomy girl (brain tumor). The total number of transplantation transplantations carried out by this year exceeds 600.
- 1999: Journal Science Recognized the discovery of embryonic stem cells by the third majority event in biology after deciphering the DNA double helix and the human genome project.
- 2000: A number of articles came out about the plasticity of stem cells of a mature organism, that is, their ability to differentiate into the cellular components of various tissues and organs.
- 2003: The Journal of the US National Academy of Sciences (PNAS USA) published a message that after 15 years of storage in liquid nitrogen, stem cells of cord blood fully retain their biological properties. From this point on, cryogenic storage of stem cells began to be considered as "biological insurance". The global collection of stem cells stored in banks has reached 72,000 samples. According to data for September 2003, 2592 transplants of stem cells of cord blood blood cells were already produced, of which 1012 - adult patients.
- From 1996 to 2004, 392 transplants of autologous (own) stem cells were performed.
- 2005: Scientists from the University of California in IRVIN produced the injection of human neural stem cells with traumatic damage to the spinal cord, and were able to partially restore the ability of rats to move.
- 2005: A list of diseases, in the treatment of which the stem cell transplantation was successfully applied, reaches several tens. The focus is on the treatment of malignant neoplasms, various forms of leukemia and other blood diseases. There are reports of successful transplantation of stem cells for diseases of cardiovascular and nervous systems. In various research centers, research is carried out on the use of stem cells in the treatment of myocardial infarction and heart failure. International protocols of treatment of multiple sclerosis have been developed. Approaches to the treatment of stroke, Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases are searched.
- August 2006: Cell magazine publishes the Cadzutosi Takahasi and Bin Yamanak, dedicated to the method of returning differentiated cells into a pluripotent state. The era of induced pluripotent stem cells begins.
- January 2007: Researchers from Wake Forest University (North Carolina, USA) under the leadership of Dr. Anthony Atala from Harvard reported the discovery of a new type of stem cells found in amniotic fluid (spicy water). They can become a potential substitute for ESC in research and therapy.
- June 2007: Three independent research groups reported that mature mice skin cells can be reprogrammed into an ESC state. In the same month, scientist Shukhrat Mitalipov declared the creation of a primate stem cell line by therapeutic cloning.
- November 2007: in the journal Cell. Published a study of the Cussutoshi Takagashi and the Yamanaka "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mature human fibroblasts at certain factors", and in the journal Science An article "Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from somatic human cells" Junigna Yu, co-authored with other scientists from James Thomson's research team. It was proved that it was proved that it was possible to induce almost any mature human cell and to give it the properties of the trunk, as a result of which the need to destroy embryos in the laboratory disappeared, although it was prestundable to determine the risks of carcinogenesis due to the genome of the MUS and the retroviral transfer of genes.
- January 2008: Robert Lanza and his colleagues from Advanced CELL TECHNOLOGY. And the University of California in San Francisco brought the first ESC of a person without destroying the embryo.
- January 2008: Through therapeutic cloning, cloned human blastocists were cultured.
- February 2008: Pluripotent stem cells are removed from the liver and the stomach of the mouse, these induced cells closer to embryonic than induced stem cells bred earlier and they are not carcinogenic. In addition, the genes necessary for the induction of pluripotent cells are not necessary to be placed in a particular area, which contributes to the development of non-negligent cell reprogramming technologies.
- March 2008: For the first time published a study of doctors from the Institute of Regenerative Medicine (Regenerative Sciences Institute), devoted to the successful regeneration of cartilage in the human knee joint when using autologous mature MSK.
- October 2008: Konrad's clogging and her colleagues from Tubingen (Germany) brought pluripotent stem cells from spermatogonial cells of a mature eggs of man by cultivation in vitro. With the addition of phil (factor inhibition (suppression) of leukemia).
- October 30, 2008: Embryo-like stem cells are derived from human hair.
- March 1, 2009: Andreas Naga, Caesuke Kadzi and their colleagues opened a way of removing embryonic-like stem cells from ordinary mature cells using innovative "wrapping" technology to deliver specific gene genes in the aim of reprogramming without risks that occur when using viruses. The placement of genes into the cell is carried out using the electroporation.
- On May 28, 2009: Kim Gwance and his colleagues from Harvard stated that they managed to develop a method for manipulating skin cells to remove induced pluripotent stem cells, taking into account the individual specifics of the patient, arguing that it was a "final solution to the problem of stem cells."
- 2011: Israeli scientist Inbar Friedrich Ben Nun headed a group of scientists, which brought the first stem cells of extinct animal species. This is a breakthrough and thanks to him you can save the species that threatens the disappearance.
- 2012: Introduction of stem cell patients taken from their own bone marrow after three or seven days after myocardial infarction is, although a safe, but ineffective method of treatment, such is the results of a clinical study conducted with the support of the National Institute of US health. However, studies conducted by German specialists in the Cardiology Department in Hamburg showed positive results in the treatment of heart failure, but not myocardial infarction.
Properties
All stem cells have two integral properties:
- Self-renewal, that is, the ability to maintain a constant phenotype after division (without differentiation).
- Potency (differentiating potential), or the ability to give offspring in the form of specialized cell types.
Self-renewal
There are two mechanisms that support the stem cell population in the body:
- Asymmetric division at which the same cellular cell is produced (one stem cell and one differentiated cell).
- Stochastic division: one stem cell is divided into two more specialized.
Differential potential
Differential potential, or potency, stem cells is the ability to produce a certain number of different types of cells. In accordance with the potency of stem cells are divided into the following groups:
- Totipotent (Omnipotent) Stem cells can be differentiated into the cells of embryonic and extraerambrium tissues, organized in the form of three-dimensional related structures (tissues, organs, organs, organism systems). Such cells may be launched a full-fledged viable organism. These include fertilized egg, or zygote. Cells formed at the first few zygota fission cycles are also totipotent in most biological species. However, they do not include, for example, round worms, the zygota of which loses totipotency at the first division. In some organisms, differentiated cells can also comply dotipotency. So, the cut part of the plant can be used to grow a new organism precisely thanks to this property.
- Plipotent stem cells are descendants of totipotent and can be given to almost all tissues and organs, with the exception of extrahambrium tissues (for example, placenta). Three germinal sheets are developing from these stem cells: Etoderma, Mesoderma and Entoderma.
- Multipotent stem cells generate cells of different sores, but the variety of their species is limited to the borders of one embryo sheet.
- Oligopotent cells can be differentiated only in some, close by properties, cell types. These, for example, include cells of lymphoid and myeloid series involved in the blood formation process.
- Unipotent cells (predecessor cells, blast cells) are immature cells that, strictly speaking, are no longer stem, since only one type of cells can produce. They are capable of multiple self-reproduction, which makes them a long-term source of cells of one particular type and distinguishes from the notal. However, their ability to self-reproduction is limited by a certain amount of divisions, which also distinguishes them from true stem cells. The predecessors' cells include, for example, some of the myosatelitical acids involved in the formation of skeletal and muscle tissues.
Classification
Stem cells can be divided into three main groups depending on the source of their production: embryonic, fetal and postnatal (stem cells of the adult organism).
Embryonic stem cells
Clinical studies using ESC are exposed to a special ethical examination. In many countries, ESC is limited by law.
One of the main disadvantages of ESC is the impossibility of using autogenous, that is, its own material, during transplantation, since the selection of ESC from the embryo is incompatible with its further development.
Fetal stem cells
Postnatal stem cells
Despite the fact that the stem cells of the mature organism have a smaller potency in comparison with embryonic and fetal stem cells, that is, they can generate a smaller number of different types of cells, the ethical aspect of their research and application does not cause serious controversy. In addition, the possibility of using autogenous material ensures the efficiency and safety of treatment. The stem cells of the adult organism can be divided into three basic groups: hematopoietic (blood-forming), multipotent mesenchymal (stromal) and tissue-specific predecessor cells. Sometimes in a separate group, cord blood cells are distinguished, since they are the least differentiated from all cells of the mature organism, that is, they have the greatest potency. Underfloor blood mainly contains hematopoietic stem cells, as well as multipotent mesenchymal, but it contains other unique varieties of stem cells, under certain conditions capable of differentiable in cells of various organs and tissues.
Hematopoietic stem cells
Prior to the use of cord blood, the main source of GSC was the bone marrow. This source and today is widely used in transplantology. Hsk is located in the bone marrow in adults, including femoral bones, ribs, sternum mobilization and other bones. Cells can be obtained directly from the hips with a needle and a syringe, or from the blood after pretreatment by cytokines, including the G-CSF (granulocyte coloning factor), which promotes the release of cells from the bone marrow.
The second, most important and promising source of GSK is bipoting blood. The concentration of GSK in the cord blood is ten times higher than in the bone marrow. In addition, this source has several advantages. The most important of them:
- Age. Cord blood is assembled at the earliest stage of the body's life. GSC of umbilical blood blood is most active, since they were not negative exposed to the external environment (infectious diseases, unhealthy nutrition, etc.). The GSK of Pupov Blood is capable of creating a large cell population in a short time.
- Compatibility. The use of autologous material, that is, its own cord blood blood guarantees 100% compatibility. Compatibility with brothers and sistems is up to 25%, as a rule, it is also possible to use a cord blood of a child for the treatment of other close relatives. For comparison, the probability of finding a suitable stem cell donor - from 1: 1000 to 1: 1000 000.
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSK) - multipotent stem cells capable of differentiable in osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and adipocytes (fat cells).
Characteristics of embryonic stem cells
Stem cells and cancer
Use in medicine
In Russia
Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 23, 2009 No. 2063-p of the Ministry of Healthcare Development of Russia, the Ministry of Industrial Commission of Russia and the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia were instructed by the end of 2010. The draft law "On the application of biomedical technologies in medical practice" The use of stem cells as one of the biomedical technologies. Since the bill has caused the perturbation of the public and scientists, he was sent to refinement and was not accepted at the moment.
On July 1, 2010, the Federal Service for Supervision in Health and Social Development issued the first permission to apply the new Medical Technology FS No. 2010/255 (treatment with its own stem cells).
On February 3, 2011, the Federal Service for Supervision in Health and Social Development issued permission to apply New Medical Technology FS No. 2011/002 (Treatment of Donor Stem Cells of the following pathologies: age-related changes in the face of the second or third degree, the presence of a wound defect of the skin, trophic ulcers , Treatment of Alopecia, Atrophic skin damage, including atrophic stripes (striae), burns, diabetic foot)
In Ukraine
Today, the clinical trials are allowed in Ukraine (the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 630 "On the conduct of clinical trials of stem cells", 2007
