The pronunciation of words, in any language, is largely determined by the norms of syllabus. Having understood the main provisions, you will not only learn the rules of competent transfer, but also begin to better understand the language.
The practical necessity of slogan splitting
A syllable is a phonetic-phonological unit. Simply put, it stands out only during pronunciation, but does not play any role in semantic word formation. Therefore, this unit is called pronunciation.
The easiest way for native Russian speakers to understand the rules for dividing words in English is by analogy. The fact is that the norms for distinguishing syllables in both languages are similar. The main similarity of syllabary definition is the leading role of vowels, they are called syllabic.
A simple way of dividing a word is told in elementary school. The hand is brought to the chin, after which the word is pronounced. The number of touches of the chin of the hand determines the number of syllables.
Slogan rules in English
Depending on the sound the word ends with, open syllables and closed ones are distinguished. Open ones always end in vowels. In addition, when a syllable is formed with a long stressed vowel or a diphthong, it will also be open.
Closed syllables always end in a consonant. If the syllable is formed by a short vowel, it will also be closed.
The main feature of syllabic separation is the need to separate the word not from the beginning, but from the end. The rules for the division of the English language become clearer when studying specific examples.
1. As a rule, the number of syllables depends on the vowels used: po-ta-to.
2. The presence of one vowel already forms a syllable: a-bo-ut.
3. Two consonants on the border of a syllable are the basis for division into parts: po-et.
4. A word that has several vowels formed by a diphthong, ie. one sound, has only one syllable: like, it cannot be divided into parts.
5. The appearance of a consonant at the border of syllable division leads to its allocation in the second syllable: i-ma-gine, if several consonants appear at the junction, then the first one belongs to one syllable, and the rest to another: ab-sent.
6. Syllables are formed by the combination –er, located after w: flow-er.
7. The appearance of the letter l on the border of syllables refers it to the next syllable together with a nearby consonant: ta-ble.
8. Combinations of consonants ld and nd draw a syllable border before them: mi-ld, ki-nd.
Slogan making and its role:
1. Norms of correct transfer. It is thanks to the knowledge of the provisions of syllabus that you can competently divide words into parts that must be highlighted in the letter when wrapping between lines.
2. Criteria for dividing a word into components. In the English language there is no single standard of syllabus division, therefore morphological, phonetic or spelling principles of division can be used.
3. Development of the language. The ongoing processes of correlation of syllable morphology set new parameters for the division of words.
We have outlined the basic rules for syllabus in the English language. In general, they are quite simple and not particularly difficult to master. Although, everyone who seeks to improve their language and write competently, it is necessary not only to learn them, but also to understand them.
A short and clear course on slogan splitting
The English vowel system seems confusing at first glance. Of course, there are only 6 letters in the alphabet, and there are 20 sounds! But everything obeys certain rules that are not so difficult to understand. The whole secret is in the syllables into which each word is divided.
It is impossible to learn to read without knowing the basics of syllabus division, which consists in the number of vowels in a word. So, for example, a syllable is considered: a-tom, i-tem. The letter l + e and r + e, where “e” is not pronounced, is also a separate part of the word: ta-ble, ti-tle.
Types of syllables in English are divided into drums and unstressed.
Drums are formed into specific groups:
1st. Open
First of all, mentally we divide the word into syllables, then we look at which letter it ends with:
- a vowel at the end indicates an open syllable, which means it is pronounced like in the alphabet (“a” - hey, “o” - oh): see, go, he.
- if a word ends with "e", it is called a dumb e, then the syllable is also open: pale, sake, like.
2nd. Closed
Almost all English syllables ending in a consonant can be classified as closed (with the exception of the letter “r”): bag, fun, plan.
3rd. Syllable with the letter "r"
If after a stressed vowel there is “r”, which is not pronounced, then the vowel becomes long: firm, sport, car.
4th. Syllable with the letter "r" + "e"
The letter "e" is mute, it is not pronounced, as well as the "r". It is these letter combinations that are called diphthongs and triphthongs: parents, fire, pure.
Each vowel, depending on the open or closed syllable, is pronounced differently. All of them must be memorized and practiced using various phonetic exercises.
1st: Aa - - correspond to Russian "hey", Ee - - similar to an extended Russian "and", Yy - - to "ai", Ii - - "ay", Uu - - to an extended "u", Oo - - pronounced as " OU" .
Aa - make, Ee - we, Ii - time, Yy - type, Uu - tube, Oo - note.
2nd: Aa - [æ] - average of the sound of Russian letters "e and a", Ee - [e] - "e", Yy - [i] - "and", Ii - [i] - "and", –Uu - [ʌ] - "a", Oo - [ɔ] - reads like the Russian "o".
Aa - cat, Ee - bed, Ii - sit, Yy - system, Uu - cup, Oo - not.
3rd: Aa - - correspond to the extended Russian "a", Ee - [e] - "e", Yy - [ə:] reminds something in between the Russian "e and o", a little sound "ё", Ii - [ə: ] - a mixture of "e and o", a little from the sound "e", Uu - [ə:] - "e and o", Oo - [ɔ:] - extended "o".
Aa - car, Eee - her, Ii - girl, uu - cure, Oo - more.
4th:: Aa - [ɛə] - sounds like Russian "ea", Ee - - "ie", Yy - - "aya", Ii - - "aya", Uu - - "yue", Oo - [ɔ :] - long "o".
Aa - share, Ee - here, Ii - fire, Yy - tyrant, Oo - more.
Another type of syllable in English is unstressed syllable.
From the name it is clear that this is a syllable that does not fall under stress. Without stress, English vowels are read especially. So let's see:
Aa, Oo, Uu- read like a sound [ə]: a gain, c o ntrol, diffic u lt.
Ee, Ii, Yy- read as sound [i]: b e come, d e cide, cit y.
But:
- e + n + consonant = [ə] student
- e + l, n at the end = [-] (disappears, not pronounced) seven
- i + final l = [-] (disappears, not pronounced) pupil
- o + trailing n = [-] (disappears, not pronounced): lesson
A lot of? Yes? Training and training again. Gradually, you will easily notice open and closed syllables, develop phonetic intuition.
Hello dear friends! Today I will tell you about the types of syllables in English. Some readers will now close the article and say that they do not want to go deep into language learning. There is no need to rush. Only at first glance it seems that the British read completely differently from the way they write. In fact, there is logic everywhere. Knowing it will help you learn to read with confidence. So let's figure it out.
Why do you need transcription?
Many people no longer teach it at school and you do not have to memorize these incomprehensible symbols, but there is one secret. It is important to learn how to divide into syllables.
The rule is:
If there is a consonant behind a stressed vowel (except for r), then we give it to the next unstressed vowel, as in the word stu / dent. Pronounced u more clearly. The stress falls on it. Therefore, d goes to the second part. If there are two or more consonants after the stressed, the first one takes the stressed part of the word, and the second one is unstressed (pat / tern).
Doubt? Open the dictionary. The upper comma in the transcription indicates stress.
Open and shut
Now you need to know how to determine the type of syllable. Many of you taught at school, but few will say for sure what an open syllable means. This is the one that ends in a vowel.
Why is the letter r special?
Because she does not obey general rules, but dictates her own. In the third type, it stands after the letter under stress and makes it long. Pay attention to fur (fёёё), fork (fook), serve (syёёv). Syllable type 4 is similar to type 3, but there is still an e after the r. As in care, mere, more.
Let's put all the information in the table:
Therefore, I recommend subscribing to my blog and reading other articles. You will also receive as a gift, completely free of charge, an excellent basic phrasebook in three languages, English, German and French. Its main plus is that there is Russian transcription, therefore, even without knowing the language, you can easily master colloquial phrases.
Closed syllable. In a closed syllable, a stressed vowel is followed by one or more consonants (except for r); the vowel in a closed syllable conveys a short sound.
An example of words with an open type of syllables
- pen - [ pen] - pen
- cat - [ kæt] - cat
In English, there are four types of syllables, more on this. Types of syllables
Rules for reading vowels in open and closed types of syllables.
The most common reading rules for English vowels are the rules for reading them in four types of syllables.
The vowels i and y are, as it were, duplicating each other (in the sense of the rules for reading them). The letter y occurs mainly at the end of words, and the letter i is found in the middle of words and almost never at the end.
1 Alphabetical reading, i.e. pronunciation corresponding to the name of a letter in the alphabet, vowels have only in the second type of syllable, which is also called open, since it ends with a vowel.
2 A syllable becomes closed if the vowel is followed by one or more consonant letters.
3 In polysyllabic words, according to the rules of English syllable division, one consonant, finding itself on the border of syllables between the read vowels, departs to the next syllable. For example, in the word lad [ læd] guy, consonant d refers to the first and only syllable, "closing" it. In the word lady [ ˈLeɪdi] lady, the same consonant applies to the second syllable, and the first remains open.
4 If there are two or more consonants on the border of syllables, then at least one of them necessarily goes to the previous syllable, making it closed: splendid [ ˈSplɛndɪd] gorgeous, luxurious.
This also applies to cases where consonant combinations give only one sound: funny [ ˈFʌni] funny, funny ticket [ ˈTɪkɪt] ticket, coupon
The border of the syllables then runs as if directly over this sound. The preceding syllable becomes closed, although the sound itself belongs to the following syllable.
5 The letter x conveying two sounds is considered as two consonants boxer [ ˈBɒksə] boxer.
6 The final mute vowel e is used to indicate the openness of syllables ending with consonants made [ ˈMeɪd] made . The letter e at the end of a word is read only when it is the only vowel: be [ bi] to be .
7 Sound [ (j) u:] after sibilant, consonant [ r] and consonant combinations ending in [ l], pronounced [ u:]
- rule [ ruːl] rule, rule, power
- blue [ bluː] blue, light blue
- shoot [ ʃuːt] take off, shoot.
In other cases, [ juː]
- few [ fjuː] little, little
- use [ ˈJuːs] benefit, use, application
In American English, the sound [ juː] occurs much less frequently than in the British, which in the following transcriptions is denoted as [ (j) u:].
8 Syllables closed by a consonant r or letter combinations r + a consonant are separated into a separate, third type of syllable, with special reading rules. In disyllabic words, with several consonants starting with r, on the border of syllables, r goes to the previous syllable, the rest to the next (including rr cases):
- German [ ˈDʒəːmən] German
- porridge [ ˈPɒrɪdʒ] porridge .
9 Finally, if a vowel immediately follows the r that closes the syllable, an open syllable of the fourth type is formed. If one letter r stands on the syllable border in two-syllable words, then, according to the general rule of syllable division, it goes to the next syllable, but at the same time it is an indicator of the reading of the previous vowel according to the rules of the fourth type of syllables:
staring [ ˈSteərɪŋ] bright .
10 Rules for reading open syllables of types 2 and 4 have quite a few exceptions regarding polysyllabic words, in which the vowels in these syllables are read according to the rules of closed syllables.
11 The consonant r after vowels in syllables of the third and fourth types is not readable in British English. However, if the next word begins with a vowel, the trailing dumb -r or -re ceases to be:
to take care of [ təˈ teɪk ker əv] take care . In the American version, the consonant r is always read.
12 The vowels e, i, y and u in syllables of the third type give the same sound [ ə: ] , and their reading in syllables of the fourth type is easily obtained from the alphabet by adding the sound [ ə ] .
13 The vowel o in syllables of the third and fourth types is read the same [ ɔː ]
14 Combinations -er -re at the end of words that give the same vowel sound [ ə ] are considered as the vowel opening the previous syllable: meter [ ˈMiːtə] meter. The combination of letters -le at the end of words has a similar property: table [ ˈTeɪbl] table . Sonorous consonant [ l]... close in sound characteristics to vowels, acts in such cases as a syllabic vowel.
First, let's find out what is different open syllable in English from the closed one and, using examples, let's see how to correctly read the letters in a particular syllable.
Open syllable in English
If a word ends in a vowel, then it is an open syllable.
name - name
my - my
take - to take
You have probably already noticed that in almost all cases, the vowel e at the end of a word is mute (unreadable). Let's now take a closer look at how to correctly read vowels in an open stressed syllable.
In an open syllable, all vowels are read as in the alphabet. An exception is the letter y. There are 6 vowels in the alphabet. Let's look at each of them in the table below.
English vowels and examples of their pronunciation in words
Aa
name - name
lake - lake
say - to say
As you may have noticed, the last vowel in the English word is not readable. It only says that the first vowel in a word should be read as in the alphabet.
Ee
be - to be
me - me
settle - bench
In most prepositions, we pronounce the last vowel, as in the example with the preposition be (to be) and me (me).
Ii
nice - to be
like - me
line - bench
Oo
no - no
nose - nose
go - go, go
Uu
mute - mute
tune - tune
Yy
my - my
skype - skype
The vowel y in the English word conveys sound despite the fact that it has a transcription.
Closed syllable in English.
If a word ends with a consonant, then it is closed syllable.
pen - pen
good [ɡʊd] - good
sit - to sit
Let's analyze the rules for reading each vowel separately in closed syllable in English.
English vowels and examples of their pronunciation in a closed syllable
Aa
bad - bad
dad - dad
back - back
black - black
flat - apartment
The letter Aa in a closed stressed syllable is read like the sound [æ]. This sound is similar to something between the Russian A and E. In the examples, you can clearly hear how to pronounce this sound. Practice well before moving on to the next letter.
Oo
stop - stop
box - box
from - from, from
shop - shop
hot - hot
Letter Oo in a closed stressed syllable reads like the sound [ə]. This sound is similar to the Russian sound O, but in Russian, when we pronounce O, we pull our lips forward, in English, when pronouncing the sound [ə], the lips do not extend forward. In the examples, you can clearly hear how to pronounce this sound.
Ii
big - big
film - film
milk - milk
sit - to sit
fish - fish
The letter Ii in a closed stressed syllable is read like the sound [I]. This sound is similar to the Russian sound I. In the examples, you can clearly hear how to pronounce this sound.
Ee
best - the best
bed - bed
dress - dress
egg - egg
get - get
The letter Ee in a closed stressed syllable is read like the sound [e]. This sound is similar to the Russian sound E. In the examples, you can clearly hear how to pronounce this sound.
Uu
cup - cup
sun - sun
run - run
fun - fun
up - up
The letter Uu in a closed stressed syllable is read like the sound [ʌ]. This sound is similar to the Russian A sound, but in English it is more intense. In the examples, you can clearly hear how to pronounce this sound.
Yy
gym - gym
myth - myth
rhythm - rhythm
The letter Yy in a closed stressed syllable is read in the same way as the letter Ii. This sound is similar to the Russian sound I. In the examples, you can clearly hear how to pronounce this sound.
Useful
A diphthong is when one letter contains two sounds. For example, in the letter a, there are two sounds.
Open closed syllable in English: exercises
Now let's practice a little. Choose which of the sounds is present in the word.
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