Relevance of the research project
When justifying the relevance of the study in the Introduction section of the research work, it is necessary to decide why this particular problem needs to be studied at this time.
The relevance of research- this is the degree of its importance at the moment and in a given situation for solving a certain problem, task or issue.
Relevance of the research problem- this is the demand for studying and solving this problem in society.
Justification of the relevance of the study- this is an explanation of the need to study this topic and conduct research in the process of general knowledge.
Justification of the relevance of the research topic is a basic requirement for research work.
The relevance of the research topic is due to the following factors:
· filling any gaps in science;
· further development of the problem in modern conditions;
· own point of view on an issue on which there is no consensus;
· generalization of accumulated experience;
· summarizing and promoting knowledge on the main issue;
· raising new problems in order to attract public attention.
Relevance of the research work may be the need to obtain new data, test completely new methods, etc.
Often in a research project, the word “novelty” of the research is used together with the word “relevance”.
Examples of substantiation of the relevance of the research topic
1. Relevance: The topic is relevant due to the high decline in the birth rate in the village. Previously, in our village there was a custom to have many children; not having children was considered the greatest misfortune and was seen as a punishment.
2. It is difficult, very difficult, even for a moment to imagine that now on the deserted foothills of the right bank of the river the life of tens of thousands of people was once seething and seething. A life full of dangers, vicissitudes of fate, the life of explorers, warriors, diplomats, traders, teachers and workers. This city played a progressive role in the historical fate of the region. Our city had to experience and see a lot; it knew the glory of take-off and the bitterness of fall.
Therefore, researching the history of my city, its glorious page in history - current topic for study cultural heritage and local history of our region.
3. SMS was invented in the early 90s by specialists from a British company. In England, SMS is so popular that there is even a separate word for it: “texting” and a verb: “to text”. Popularity leads to good earnings. And behind the seeming cheapness of SMS there are enormous incomes of those who offer these services. The SMS industry is growing and growing. SMS can be sent by phone, via the network, via a PDA. Is it any wonder that the number of SMS-addicted people is increasing. And some even set records. Thus, recently a report appeared in the press that a resident of India sent almost two hundred thousand SMS messages in a month. Last October, Dr. Mark Collins suddenly became a household name. And all thanks to an unprecedented disorder - SMS addiction. That's why the study of this topic is relevant.
4. This is the call of the soul of a girl – a pupil of an orphanage. Every child left without parental care, who finds himself in a difficult life situation, no matter how warm and cozy it is in the orphanage, dreams of a loving, caring family, of a future and believes that the dream will come true. There are 4,375 orphans and children left without parental care in our region. Currently, 1,012 orphans and children left without parental care are being educated in educational and social institutions; 3,363 children are placed in foster families. Today, one of the priority forms of living arrangements for orphans is placing them in foster families. In the current situation, along with the concept of an orphan, the concept of a social orphan appears and is strengthened. A social orphan is a child who has biological parents, but for some reason they do not raise the child and do not care for him. Orphans, children left without parental care and who have not received a positive experience of family life cannot create a healthy, full-fledged family. They often repeat the fate of their parents, deprived of parental rights, thereby expanding the field of social orphanhood.
The problem of orphanhood today is the most pressing problem of modern reality our country.
5. The relevance of my research work lies The problem is that all children have a problem when they need to learn a large amount of information. And all children like to play, so I decided to turn the boring into interesting and exciting.
6. According to statistical data, there is a sharp deterioration in the health of children in Russia. 30-35% of children entering school already have chronic diseases. Over the years of schooling, the number of children with musculoskeletal disorders increases 5 times. There are many factors that influence such health problems. It is believed that a primary school student should not lift more than 1/10 of his own weight.
While studying the topic “Body Mass,” I did practical work: I measured the mass of different bodies, and I became very interested in why the mass is so different. The teacher suggested that I investigate this issue, check whether the backpacks worn by our classmates meet these requirements.
Since the health of a child is always of great importance and value for parents and society as a whole, my research work is relevant.
7. I believe that there is not enough research devoted to the study of dialectisms as a stylistic device. Special studies devoted to the study of dialectisms in the works of V.P. Astafiev is not there. That's why, I think my research project is relevant.
8. In the green zone of the village, the number of trees affected by insects and their larvae increases every year. There is a need to preserve, restore and expand the green area. Since red forest ants are the “orderlies” of the forest and can help preserve it, conducting my research is relevant.
Object and subject of research
· After the relevance of the research problem, write down in the introduction of the research work object and subject of research students.
· Object of study- this is what will be taken by the student for study and research. It does not have to be any inanimate object or living creature. The object of research can be a process or a phenomenon of reality.
· Usually the name of the research object is contained in the answer to the question: what is being considered?
· Subject of study- this is a special problem, individual aspects of an object, its properties and features, which, without going beyond the scope of the object under study, will be investigated in the work.
· Usually name of the research subject contains the answer to the question: what is being studied?
· Examples of the object and subject of research
| Object of study: | Subject of study: |
| magnet | properties of magnets |
| Mount Chatyrdag | legends and myths about Mount Chatyrdag |
| trigonometric equations and their systems | methods for selecting roots in trigonometric equations and systems |
| school students and teachers | SMS addiction |
| English sentences | ways and reasons for the arrangement of words in English sentences |
| family and tribal customs | native ritual |
| social orphans in a rehabilitation center | the process of social support and protection of orphans and children left without parental care |
| eye | properties and structure of the eye as an optical instrument |
| microclimate of classrooms | microclimate conditions in classrooms |
| a magnetic field | magnetic field in school classrooms |
Description of the object and subject of research
·
Let's consider several examples of the formulation of the object and subject of research.
· Example 1.
· Object of study: chips.
· Subject of study: the impact of chips on children's health.
· Example 2.
· Object of study: sterilized and filtered apple juices in aseptic packaging.
· Subject of study: iron and copper content in sterilized and filtered apple juices.
· Sometimes, instead of the phrase “Objects of research,” “Objects of observation” is better suited, for example:
· Example 3.
· Objects of observation: two seal pups brought to the zoo from the Baltic Sea coast.
· Subject of study: adaptation of seals to zoo conditions.
Purpose of the research work
Proper formulation of the goal in a project or research work is very important.
Purpose of the research work- this is the desired end result that the student plans to achieve as a result of his work.
The purpose is described to the student in the Introduction of the research paper in simple words and one or two sentences!
A simple scheme for drawing up the purpose of a research work (project):
1. Choose one of the words like:
study, investigate, find out, identify, define, analyze, establish, show, check, involve in a problem, justify, generalize, describe, find out, etc.
2. Add the name of the research object
Examples of research paper purpose statements
· Research names of the streets of our village and demonstrate street attractions.
· Investigate the main parameters of the microclimate of school classrooms.
· Study of the iron and copper content in the foods we eat every day.
· Study of the history and role of the city in the history of the country on its eastern borders.
· Explore and learn the legends and myths about the mountains, which are places of worship for the local people
· Explore the significance of plastic bottles in human life and nature.
· Explore the process of growing crystals from salt and copper sulfate
· To study the behavior of gray Baltic seal pups in enclosure conditions at the zoo.
· Study the problem of social orphanhood and how, in particular, these issues are resolved in our area.
· To study the diet of schoolchildren - high school students.
· To study the problem of the emergence of social orphanhood.
· Study the effect of a steam bath on health.
· Study the conditions of the Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children of our city, where social orphans live.
· Study the life of bees, their behavior, relationships and activities.
· Study the features of salt, its properties, qualities and uses.
· Explore different ways of selecting roots in trigonometric equations and systems.
· Study the force of friction and its impact on human life.
· Study the types of mushrooms and their importance in the environment.
· Study the features of the story “The Bashkir Mermaid” related to its folklore basis and the traditions of the natural school developing in it.
· Study economic phenomena such as inflation and deflation.
· Explore the use of numbers in proverbs and sayings.
· Study of schoolchildren's diet.
· Studying the nature of red forest ant settlements in our forestry and assessing the ecological state of the forest.
· Study of food additives in food products and their effect on human health.
· Reveal the influence of SMS mania on the human psyche.
· To identify the influence of the weight of a schoolchild’s backpack on his health.
· Identify the conditions necessary for the growth of spores of the mold fungus mucor.
· Identify patterns of phenomena...
· Define dependence on SMS among school students and teachers.
· Identify a manufacturing company that produces apple juices that meet the standards for iron and copper content.
· Determine the similarities between people and birds.
· Determination of the causes of poor posture in adolescent children.
· Determine the role of birds in people's lives.
· Determination of the quality of fast food products.
· Identification of products that do not contain harmful food additives and products that contain harmful food additives.
· To know the secret of the invisible and feel like a sorceress.
· Find out why the chameleon is considered an unusual animal.
· Find out what kind of bird attacked the sparrow, identify the characteristics of this bird.
· Find out why exactly the eagle is depicted on the coat of arms of Russia.
· Find out what the Sun is and show its significance in human life.
· To figure out secrets of creating animated films.
· Find out what properties magnets have and how people use them.
· Analyze the main methods and mechanisms for solving the problems of orphans and children left without parental care by the state.
· Analyze the features of the use of dialect vocabulary in the story by V.P. Astafiev "Last bow".
· Show content of nitrates and nitrites in food products.
· Show a reflection of the country's historical events in the work of my great-grandfather.
· Attract students' attention to the problem of maintaining eye health and good vision.
· Involve the problem of homeless animals in our city.
· Prove that there are predators among plants.
· Познакомиться with the history of the development of the village, its inhabitants, traditions, because Every year there are fewer and fewer inhabitants.
· Check: Is ice cream good or bad?
· Forecasting the likelihood of illness due to poor nutrition.
· Rationale justified use of computer slang and identification of its distribution in the speech of modern youth.
· Summarize material on the history of brands
· Install period of decay...
Research objectives
After formulating the goals of the project, we will indicate specific tasks to be solved during the research process.
Research objectives- these are all the successive stages of the student’s theoretical and experimental work from beginning to end.
To determine the objectives of the research work, you need to consistently answer the question: “What should I do to achieve the goal of the research?”
Objectives are written in the Introduction of the research paper immediately after the objective.
Usually research project objectives are listed and begin with the words: find out, study, carry out, find out, analyze, explore, determine, consider, find, propose, identify, measure, compare, show, collect, make, compose, summarize, describe, install, develop, get acquainted, etc. .P.
Examples of research paper problems
To figure out history of the creation and use of plastic bottles
Find out the significance of historical monuments related to the life of the city
Find out the historical significance of the people of the city who left their mark on the history of the region
Find out what a magnet and magnetic force are
Find out how people use magnets in life.
Explore chemical properties of plastic bottles
Study the activities of the Decembrists as the first explorers
Study the history of your native village
Study the history of animation
Learn the process of creating a cartoon
Learn historical information about salt
Study the composition of ice cream
Study morbidity from medical records
To study the problem of the emergence of social orphanhood
Learn ways to eat food
Study youth slang as a linguistic phenomenon
Study the requirements for a school backpack
Explore the range of school backpacks
Learn exercises to preserve and improve vision
Study the biography of my great-grandfather
Study information about inflation and deflation from various sources
Explore the effects of inflation
Study literary and scientific publications
Study literature about the life of bees
Study the conditions of the Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children of the city
Study scientific, methodological and reference literature on the issue of creating programs in the Borland Delphi programming environment.
Conduct survey of class students
Conduct experiments with salt
Conduct the "Spy Note" experiment
Observe the motor activity of seals
Conduct a chemical experiment to determine the presence and amount of iron and copper in apple juices
Conduct measurements of the main parameters of the microclimate of school classrooms
Conduct a qualitative analysis of fast food products
Conduct statistical research to identify the number of students and teachers using SMS
To assess the specific activity of Cs-137 decomposition of a number of food products.
To know what kind of bees are there and what do they do?
Find out the importance of salt in human life
Find out how old the candy wrapper is and who invented it
Find out where the candy wrapper can be used when the candy has already been eaten
Learn the history of ice cream
Find out the types of ice cream
Find out what properties magnets have.
Analyze results
Analyze the creative heritage of A.S. Pushkin
Analyze the ecological state of the mixed forest in the green zone of the village
Analyze the problem of ecological soil indication
Analyze the level of inflation in the Ukrainian economy since 2005.
Analyze the main methods and mechanisms for solving the problems of orphans
Research weight of schoolchildren's backpacks
Investigate the ecological state of the soil in the school area
Investigate the density of ant populations in the forest
Investigate the spread of computer slang among various social groups using interactive questionnaires and a testing program created in the Delphi programming environment.
Define calorie content of the food products being studied.
Determine the temperature regime of the ground part of the red ant nest
Determine the weight of schoolchildren's backpacks
Determine the artistic goal that guided the writer
Determine the most rational way to select roots for each type of task.
Consider importance of mushrooms in the environment
Consider possible vision defects
Consider different types of problems containing trigonometric equations
Consider examples of solving systems of equations where it is necessary to select roots.
Find information about salt
Find information about the benefits and harms of mineral water
Find features of a physiological essay in the text
Find a useful use for the item being researched
Find information about invisible people in scientific, fiction and the Internet.
Offer your own ways to improve soil health
Suggest possible replacements for instant foods
Offer recommendations for consuming juices in aseptic packaging
Suggest biological methods for controlling forest pests to improve its condition.
Reveal students with poor posture
Identify the influence of various food components on the functions of human organs
Identify the juices most consumed in our school using the rating system
Identify the reasons that cause the inflationary process
Find out the percentage of students in my school who have various eye diseases.
Measure background level of gamma radiation in residential premises
Measure the beta radiation flux density from operating TV screens and computer displays
Measure the main parameters of the microclimate of school classrooms.
Collect material about different types of mushrooms
Collect legends and myths about...
Collect material about the mold fungus mucor by studying literary sources.
Make a comparative analysis...
Draw a conclusion based on the results of the work.
Compile a short dictionary of the most frequently used words in youth computer slang
Make guidelines for solving equations.
Summarize the results obtained
Summarize information about inflation and deflation.
Describe a practical experiment
Describe aspects of the influence of SMS on the human psyche.
Establish the main causes of visual impairment.
Trace the literary connections of V. Dahl with Bashkiria.
Develop a resettlement plan for red forest ants.
Coordinate the plan with the forestry department.
Get new information about the mountains.
Get acquainted with the legends about the village.
Work out in detail the chemical methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of iron and copper.
Research methods
Research methods- these are ways to achieve the goal of research work. Sometimes students use the wording research methods or project.
The rationale for research methods is described in the Introduction to Student Research section. Often this section contains a simple listing of research methods.
In justification research methods you need to specify:
- research methods used in the research work;
- it is advisable to explain your selection of research methods, i.e. why these methods are better suited to achieve the goal.
At each level of work, the researcher determines research methods used.
Types of research methods:
Empirical level methods:
- observation
- interview
- survey
- survey
- interview
- testing
- photographing
- check
- measurement
- comparison
With these research methods specific phenomena are studied, on the basis of which hypotheses are formed.
Methods of experimental-theoretical level:
Experiment
- laboratory experience
- analysis
- modeling
- historical
- logical
- synthesis
- induction
- deduction
- hypothetical
These research methods help not only to collect facts, but to test them, systematize them, identify non-random dependencies and determine causes and consequences.
Theoretical level methods:
· study and synthesis
· abstraction
idealization
· formalization
· analysis and synthesis
· induction and deduction
· axiomatics
These research methods make it possible to carry out a logical investigation of the collected facts, develop concepts and judgments, make conclusions and theoretical generalizations.
Examples of recording research methods:
Example 1.
Research methods: observation, interviews, statistical analysis, study of the media, literature.
Example 2.
Research methods:
1. theoretical: theoretical analysis of literary sources, newspapers;
2. empirical: interviews, sociological surveys.
Example 3.
Research methods: theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, periodicals about the history of the city from the archives and funds of museums, libraries, excursions in the vicinity where historical events took place.
Example 4.
Research methods:
1. bibliographic analysis of literature and materials on the Internet;
2. taking temperature measurements;
3. system analysis;
4. isolation and synthesis of the main components.
Example 5.
Research methods:
- study and analysis of literature;
- survey of schoolchildren;
- taking measurements of the weight of the backpack;
- analysis of the received data.
Example 6.
Research methods:
1) First, we will draw up questions and conduct a survey. Then, knowing the energy value of foods, we calculate the amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates consumed by each student.
2) We will process the results of the survey we conducted using a computer program. Based on the data obtained, it will be possible to observe the dynamics of changes in the risk share of liver and gastrointestinal diseases.
In different industries, some research methods may have their own special names:
Example 7.
Research methods:
1. Scanning method: observing the motor activity of seal pups by recording the position of the animals in the pool and on land at regular intervals.
2. Method of recording individual behavioral manifestations: observing animal contacts and recording them with icons in a table.
3. Photography method.
4. Analysis of the obtained data.
Theoretical significance of the work
Description
Theoretical significance of the work– this is a disclosure of the theoretical significance (application) of the research work, a description of how the results obtained can be applied.
Theoretical significance of the research work
Usually description theoretical significance of the study you can start like this: “The theoretical significance of my research work is that the results of the research can be used in... for...”.
It is advisable, first of all, to focus on the benefits that your work will bring to the school.
Perhaps the results of the research work will summarize the collected information, tell people something new and interesting, help improve the environmental situation, improve attitudes towards animals and nature, etc.
Examples of describing the theoretical significance of the work:
Example 1.
The theoretical significance of my research work lies in the fact that, based on studying the topic of SMS mania, I identified the influence of SMS mania on the psyche of students and raised this issue at my school.
Example 2.
The theoretical significance of my research lies in the fact that many teenagers and others will probably pay attention to my research and draw conclusions, confirming them with actions.
Example 3.
Cellular workers should also think about it, since it is in their power to ensure a happy future for healthy children.
Example 4.
The theoretical significance of the research work is to generalize the theoretical ideas about the personality of the national hero.
Example 5.
The theoretical significance of my research work lies in the fact that it directly proves that the forest is not only a great miracle, but also a great benefit for people, it requires our constant care and attention, and needs careful treatment and protection.
Example 6.
The theoretical significance of my research lies in determining the role of school in the social development of a secondary school graduate.
Practical significance of the work
Description practical significance (value) of the research results should be present in the introduction of your research work if the results of your research can have useful practical applications.
Practical significance of the work– disclosure of the practical significance (application) of the research work, a description of how the results obtained can be applied.
Practical significance of the research work means it is necessary, and usually answers the question, why was this work done?
Usually description practical significance of the study you can start like this: “The practical significance of my research work is that the results of the research can be used in... for...”.
It is advisable, first of all, to focus on the benefits that your work will bring to the school.
Perhaps the results obtained will bring economic benefits, help improve the environmental situation, improve attitudes towards animals and nature, help in studying the topic at school, etc.
Examples of describing the practical significance of research work:
Example 1.
The practical significance of my research work lies in the fact that the work can be used in the school course “Social Studies”.
Example 2.
The practical significance of my research lies in the fact that, based on studying the topic of SMS mania, I developed a questionnaire to survey respondents.
Example 3.
The practical significance of my work: it can be used in the school course “Ethics and Psychology of Family Life.”
Example 4.
The practical significance of the work is that it can be used by schoolchildren to improve their educational level when studying topics in biology in the 9th grade.
Example 5.
The practical significance of the study is that it can be used by schoolchildren to improve their educational level, by a biology and physics teacher to explain topics and conduct an entertaining health lesson.
Example 6.
My work has practical significance because research materials can be used to prepare for lessons and to prepare for exams.
Example 7.
The practical significance of the study lies in drawing up recommendations for the consumption of certain food products containing food additives.
Description theoretical significance (value) of the research results should be present in the introduction of the research paper if the results of your research can have further useful theoretical applications.
Historical background on the research problem
The main part of the research work
Searching for the necessary information and knowledge to conduct research.
Selection of ideas and options, their justification and analysis.
Selection of material and methods for conducting research.
Selection of equipment and organization of a workplace for research (if this is experience).
Description of the stages of the study.
Safety precautions when performing work (if this is experience).
Conclusion
(brief conclusions based on the results of the research work, assessment of the completeness of the solution to the assigned tasks)
It consistently presents the results obtained, determines their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks formulated in the introduction, and provides a self-assessment of the work done. In some cases, it is possible to indicate ways to continue researching a topic, as well as specific tasks to be solved.
Used Books
After the conclusion, it is customary to place a list of literature used in the research work. Each source included in it must be reflected in an explanatory note. Work that has not actually been used should not be included in this list.
Applications
(diagrams, graphs, diagrams, photographs, tables, maps).
Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in appendices. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with the word “Appendix” in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one appendix in the work, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the No. sign), etc. the numbering of the pages on which appendices are given must be continuous and continue the general numbering of the main text. Its connection with applications is carried out through links that are used with the word “look” (see), enclosed together with the code in parentheses.
If you strictly adhere to the research plan, the work will meet all standards and requirements.
There is an accepted pattern for writing a research paper. It is the same for coursework, diploma, bachelor's, master's and dissertation papers. This scheme assumes the presence of the following parts in the work: content, introduction, a number of chapters (with at least two paragraphs per chapter), conclusion, bibliography, appendices.
The most formalized part of the work is INTRODUCTION. The introduction outlines research program– the researcher’s ideal plan of action, which is necessary both for understanding what, why, how And With using what to explore and to understand how to implement this research(plan of sequential actions). The introduction has a well-established structure:
Relevance of the research topic. This part of the introduction provides a rationale for why this particular topic or problem is being studied. It is important to formulate the relevance as specifically as possible, within the framework of the chosen research topic. Abstract general statements about the state of humanity and human knowledge, as well as discussions about the high significance of the direction chosen by the student and the importance of this work are undesirable. Revealing the relevance of the study, it is necessary to show what tasks face theory and practice, psychological and pedagogical science in terms of the chosen direction in specific socio-economic conditions, reflect what has already been done by previous scientists and researchers and what has not yet been fully studied, what new the perspective of the problem is revealed in the work.
Coverage of relevance should be laconic. There is no particular need to start describing it from afar. It is enough to show the main thing – the essence of the problem situation – within one (maximum two) for a course paper and two or three pages of typewritten text for a thesis.
It is enough to express the relevance of the topic of the course work in understanding the context of the research, the argumentation of interest in the chosen topic, and the problematization of the research topic.
The relevance of the topic of the diploma research, master's thesis can be revealed in three directions:
Social. A paragraph about the current social context in relation to the research problem. For example: “In the context of an ever-widening gap in the value orientations of different generations, it becomes relevant... such and such a problem, the disclosure of which will make it possible...”.
Theoretical. A paragraph about the scale of the theory of the issue. For example: “This problem was considered in the human sciences (or psychological and pedagogical sciences) from such and such a perspective (or aspect). However, the main attention was paid to this and not the question...”
Practical. A paragraph about the state of affairs in the practice of the problem under discussion. For example: “Analysis of practice shows that psychologists (children) are not familiar enough (do not have sufficient skills, do not always pay professional attention), and are increasingly faced with...” Or: “Disclosure of this problem will contribute to the development... in practice...”.
After the relevance of the study is briefly and at the same time described in detail, it is formulated research controversy. Contradiction is understood as a certain relationship between mutually exclusive, but at the same time interdependent and interpenetrating opposites within a single object and its states. In pedagogy and psychology, contradiction is understood as inconsistency, discrepancy between any aspects of a single object. For example: “In the current state of the issue, unresolved contradictions have arisen between such and such in theory... and such and such in practice...”.
The research begins with the formulation of a scientific Problems , which follows from the chosen Topics research. In a broad sense, a problem is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires study and resolution. In science, a contradictory situation appears in the form of opposing positions in the explanation of any phenomena, objects, processes and requires an adequate theory to resolve it. A research problem is a question that we plan to answer during the research process; it is what we are studying. It is easier to formulate the problem as an interrogative form of the topic. For example: the topic sounds like “Psychological characteristics of the role behavior of a woman in a single-parent family,” then the problem can be formulated as “What are the characteristics of the role behavior of a woman in a single-parent family compared to the role behavior of women in two-parent families?” Or the topic “Formation of a teacher’s professional identity in the process of university preparation” may involve a problem such as: “What are the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of a teacher’s professional identity in the process of university preparation?”
It is important to understand that the problem is not only about clarifying the topic, but about finding and concisely formulating a certain contradiction or unknown that needs to be resolved or clarified during the research.
Once the problem has been formulated, it is necessary to define purpose of the study. A goal is a imagined and desired future event or state, an ideal representation of the result of our action. The means necessary to achieve it are consistent with the goal. The goal is what the researcher intends to achieve in the process of work; what we want to clarify in the study. For example, “The purpose of the study is to identify, justify and experimentally test the conditions...”. The more specific the goal, the clearer what, how and by what means is planned to be achieved in the work. The phrase “The solution to this problem was the goal of the study” is also possible, which will avoid repeating the “reversal” of the problem.
Following the problem, it is determined object of study, and then subject of study.
Object of study- this is, as a rule, an area or sphere of phenomena, real psychological and pedagogical processes that contain contradictions and give rise to a problematic situation. By defining the object of research, the author designates the field of research.
Subject of study- these are individual aspects, properties, characteristics of an object; that side, that aspect, that point of view from which the researcher cognizes the whole object, while highlighting the main, most essential features of the object for research. By formulating the subject of the study, the author clarifies the question: what is being studied?
Subject is a narrower concept compared to the object of research. Reflecting on the subject of research, the student determines what relationships, properties, aspects, functions of the object are revealed by this research. The subject of the study must be consonant with the topic of the study.
Closely related to the object and subject, problem and purpose of the study research objectives. Objectives are the goal of an activity set in certain specific conditions. In research, tasks are specific questions or actions, the resolution or implementation of which brings one closer to solving the research problem and achieving the goal of the work. Understanding tasks is facilitated by searching for answers to the question: what needs to be done to achieve the goal, to solve the research problem? When formulating problems, it should be remembered that by solving them, a research program is actually set: give a description, determine the theoretical foundations of the study, identify, characterize, reveal the specifics of the phenomenon (make an assumption, select methods, develop a program, collect information, obtain data, compare data with each other according to such and such parameters, etc. - these are internal research tasks that are not classified as general).
Thus, each subsequent problem can be solved only on the basis of the result of solving the previous one. In total, it is recommended to set and solve at least three, but no more than five problems. After formulating the tasks, it is logical to move on to formulating research hypotheses.
Research hypothesis- a scientific assumption, an assumption that requires experimental verification and theoretical justification in order to become a reliable scientific theory. Hypothesis formulation is the most difficult and important stage of research design. The hypothesis largely builds the “author’s” logic for conducting the research.
The hypothesis contains a tentative answer to the question, which is presented in the form of a statement of the purpose of the study.
A hypothesis is a scientifically based assumption about the structure of the subject of research, the nature of its elements and their connections, the mechanism of functioning and development. A hypothesis contains factors that determine a particular phenomenon. Hypotheses must be tested during the study, but they can be either confirmed or refuted.
The hypothesis should not contain unspecified concepts; should not allow value judgments; should not include many restrictions and assumptions; must be verifiable using available equipment or methods.
There are different types of hypotheses:
1. descriptive:
· structural – an assumption about a characteristic set of elements in the object being studied;
· functional – an assumption about the form of connections between the elements of the object being studied;
2. explanatory - an assumption about cause-and-effect relationships in the object under study, requiring experimental verification.
Hypotheses can also be divided into:
· general – to explain the entire class of phenomena, deduce a regular nature from relationships at any time and in any place;
· private – to find out the reasons for the emergence of patterns in a certain subset of elements of a given set;
· single – to identify patterns of individual facts, specific events or phenomena;
· workers – an assumption put forward at the beginning of the study and not setting the task of final clarification of the causes and patterns. It allows the researcher to construct a certain system (grouping) of observation results and give a preliminary description of the phenomenon being studied that is consistent with it.
Besides , hypotheses can be divided into: basic (which constitute the basis of the study) and inferential (derived from the study and are a prerequisite for the following).
In exceptional cases, research (search work, historiographical, etc.) may not initially have a hypothesis, but this must be justified.
The next step is to understand theoretical and methodological basis of the study. Theoretical and methodological basis is one or more interrelated conceptual ideas, in line with which one’s own research is built. The methodological basis cannot be a simple list of names of scientists or theories that are discussed in the work. You should not put forward ideas from contradictory scientific paradigms or concepts as a methodological basis. The methodological basis of the study is the stated position on the basis of which particular research questions will be understood and interpreted.
The introduction also mentions: research methods in the form of a simple listing according to the principle from general (analysis of scientific literature on the problem, terminological analysis, survey, observation, narrative (descriptive) methods, etc.) to specific (methods used in empirical research); experimental research base– organization, enterprise, division (for example, school, university, company, etc.) in which research or experimental work is carried out; sample – the total number of subjects and detailed by differences significant for the study (gender, age, social groups; experimental and control groups, etc.).
It is possible (but not necessary) to highlight an item provisions for defense, which are “answers” to assigned tasks, formulated in the form of theoretical statements.
The introduction may note Theoretical and practical significance of the research– statements about what fundamentally new things have been revealed in this work, how and in what areas the research results can be used.
If the study was carried out in several stages, then a brief description of each stage of the study is given: in what time frame and what was done.
Actually the work is structured into chapters . The number of chapters in a course work is usually two (maximum three); in the thesis – two or three (if particularly necessary – four). If the work is structured into three chapters, then the following logic is reasonable: the first chapter is theoretical; the second – justification and description of research methods; the third is the presentation of the research results and their discussion. In a more abbreviated version: the first chapter is theoretical; the second is empirical.
CHAPTER 1. Theoretical part of the work. Review and analysis of the state of knowledge of this problem. This chapter provides an overview of the history of the study of the problem discussed in the work. This review can be structured by scientific areas and scientific schools, by historical stages of the development of science, by the development of ideas in foreign and domestic research, etc. In the first chapter, it is important to discuss the basic concepts, giving their essential characteristics, and theoretical positions in relation to the issues considered in the study. When analyzing the history of a problem, it is wise to emphasize unexplored aspects or controversial issues. As a result of the first chapter, a clear theoretical justification for the planned empirical research should be given, the conceptual apparatus should be formulated, and the logic of the research should be justified.
CHAPTER 2. Empirical part of the work. Contains justification and description of the research procedure and methods; characteristics of the sample, research space, collected materials; description of the progress of the experimental work, the main stages and logic of the research; description of the control and experimental groups; data processing tools. The chapter describes the results of an empirical study or experiment, their analysis and interpretation; conclusions are drawn.
It is important that the first and second chapters be meaningfully interconnected. The justification for the course of the research, the choice of methods, the logic of analysis and interpretation of data should follow from the theoretical justification of the empirical research.
In this section we will look at research plan students and its main sections for carrying out individual research activities at school, writing and designing a research project in order to develop the search, research and creative skills of children.
We will also describe in detail the contents of each item. research project plan schoolchildren and will give important explanations and recommendations that will help you correctly and competently plan and execute your research work.
We will try to give answers to questions and a plan for how to write a research paper, we will give an example of writing and completing an educational research paper, as well as each section of a student’s project. These recommendations will also be important for teachers to carry out research and project activities at school.
Research plan
An example and example of a student's research work plan is also a plan for individual research work, design and research work, an individual project plan, carried out under the guidance of a teacher of a certain subject, a teacher of additional education or a teacher in a preschool educational institution (kindergarten).
1. Title page of a research paper
3. Introduction of research work
In the Introduction of the research work, the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the object, subject of research and main problems are determined, the purpose and content of the tasks are formulated, and the novelty of the research (if any) is reported.
The introduction also defines research methods and substantiates the theoretical and practical significance (if there is a practical part) of the research work (project).
According to the plan, after the conclusion, it is customary to place in the text of an individual research paper a list of literature used in studying the material of the theoretical part of the study, conducting search work on the Internet or in archives.
Each source included in the list of references must be reflected in an explanatory note. Work that was not actually used in the research project should not be included in this list.
8. Applications
The application of the research work and project contains diagrams, graphs, charts, photographs, tables, maps. According to the plan, the application section is placed last in the work.
Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in appendices. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with the word “Appendix” in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading.
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RULES FOR PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
RESEARCH WORK
The presentation of the results of the work should demonstrate the ability of students to independently conduct research using modern methods, analyze the results obtained, compare them with literature data, and draw correct and well-founded conclusions.
Research structurework
Subject should be short, succinct, accurate and consistent with the main content of the work.
The structure of the research work consists of the following sections:
Chapter " Introduction"
This section provides a brief description of the current state of the problem, substantiates the relevance of the work being performed, its scientific and practical significance, formulates the goal and objectives, the object and subject of research, and puts forward a hypothesis.
The justification for the relevance of the chosen topic should be laconic and show the timeliness and significance of the topic, state the essence of the problem situation, and show the boundary between knowledge and ignorance about the subject of research. Next, we move on to formulating the goal of the work and specific tasks to be solved in accordance with this goal. This is usually done in the form of an enumeration (study..., describe..., establish..., identify, etc.)
There is one goal; several tasks (optimally 3-5). The goal is formulated briefly, in one sentence, and indicates the general direction of research. The goal must be related to the topic (correspond to the topic) and is often consonant with it.
The implementation of tasks is aimed at achieving the goal. Objectives clarify the goal. The formulation of tasks must correspond to the content of the work. Chapter headings are usually derived from problem statements.
A mandatory element of the Introduction is the formulation of the object and subject of the study. An object is a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is chosen for study. The subject of research is within the boundaries of the object and is part of it. The subject of the study determines the topic, which is indicated on the title page as the title.
Example
Topic: Zoobenthos river Vyatka under anthropogenic influence
Object: communities of benthic invertebrates of the river. Vyatka.
Subject: the structure of benthic communities and its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
If the formulation of the topic is figurative, then you should have a second, scientific title of the work.
An important element of research is a hypothesis - this is a position put forward as a preliminary, conditional explanation of a certain phenomenon or group of phenomena. This is a scientifically based assumption about the causes or natural connections of any phenomena or events of nature, society, or thinking.
Chapter " Reviewliterature"
Here the author must demonstrate knowledge of the main works on the issue under study, as well as the ability to work with literature: select the necessary sources, analyze and compare them. In a literature review, you need to show that the author is familiar with the field of study from several sources and is able to set a research problem for himself.
It is advisable to review works on the issues of the chosen topic, and not on the entire problem as a whole. You should not present everything that has become known from reading and is only indirectly related to the work.
At the end of this section, it is advisable to make a brief conclusion about the degree of knowledge and prospects for further research on this issue.
Sometimes the author, not finding the necessary information in the literature available to him, takes it upon himself to assert that the first word in the description of a particular phenomenon belongs to him, but this is subsequently not confirmed.
Literature review is of great importance while carrying out experimental work. An abstract paper consists almost entirely of a review of works, so sections in it are distinguished depending on the specific topic.
The sections described below are available in experimental work and studies of materials collected in the field.
Chapter" Material and research methodology"
At the beginning of the section, you should indicate the area of research, who and when (dates) collected the material, and list the objects of research (observations). In experimental work, the location of the experiment is noted.
Research methods, i.e. the techniques and methods used by the author in his work are determined by the objectives of the research and serve as a tool in obtaining factual material. These include both general methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, observation, measurement, comparison, experiment, modeling, testing, questioning, interviewing), and those that are applicable to a narrow range of tasks.
Methodology, in contrast to the method, represents specific instructions for performing diagnostics, processing data and interpreting results.
If used in work methodology was previously described in the literature, a reference is simply given to the relevant work without a detailed presentation. If changes are made to it, then they should be described in detail and the need for such a step should be justified. The same applies to the case when a completely original technique is used.
The section should list the instruments and instruments used and indicate the accuracy with which measurements of certain parameters were carried out.
Chapter " Characteristics of the study area"
This section is compiled using data from literary sources. It is especially important in such studies as geobotanical and similar ones. Then it should be quite detailed.
Chapter " Research results"
This is the main section, which is most often divided into several subsections, each of which corresponds to a specific task.
It presents in detail the results obtained, which, if necessary, are illustrated using tables, figures, graphs, diagrams, photographs, etc., and in which a comparison is made with information from the literature.
“As a result, we see (Fig. 3) that...” The rules for designing illustrated material are described below.
Working with tables, graphs, and diagrams makes it easy to notice certain trends, catch patterns, and draw conclusions.
At the end of each subsection, a brief conclusion is given, but the word “conclusion” is not mentioned.
If the material is large, then the comparative analysis of the data obtained is included in a separate section: “Discussion of the results.” In this chapter, the author must demonstrate the ability to think and draw conclusions from the data or facts obtained. Here the author has the right to agree with the opinions of other researchers or to object to them, as long as it is motivated.
The final materials are subjected to statistical mathematical processing. This can be done using both common computer programs such as Excel and Statistica, and those specially written for your work (which may become one of the tasks of the work).
Chapter " conclusions"
This section briefly (point by point) formulates the results, gives practical recommendations and outlines prospects for further research. If during the research it was not possible to obtain clear results (which happens all the time and is not a tragedy), then instead of conclusions it is written Conclusion, differing in somewhat more extensive reasoning.
The conclusion acts as an ending and includes a logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks. Here it is necessary to evaluate whether the author has achieved the goal, to what extent the goal has been achieved.
Chapter " Literature"
This section lists all used works in alphabetical order. If there are works published in a foreign language, then they are also written in alphabetical order after works published in Russian. All works are numbered in continuous order.
Chapter " Applications"
Auxiliary and additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part of the work are placed here. They are very diverse in content (for example, original documents, analysis protocols; in form: text, tables, graphs, maps, illustrations, photographs, etc.).
Each application must begin on a new sheet with the word “Appendix” in the upper right corner and have a subject heading. If there are several applications, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the No. sign). The application page numbering should be continuous and continue the general page numbering of the main text.
The connection between the main text and appendices is carried out through links that are used with the word “look”; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed together with the cipher in parentheses (see Appendix 5).
Decorresearchwork
Research work is carried out on white standard sheets of writing paper (A4 format) located vertically.
There are margins left on each sheet: on the right - 1 cm, on the left - 3 cm, on the top and bottom - 2 cm. The margins are not circled!
The total amount of work should not be too large. Optimally – 15-20 pages.
The text can be printed on a computer with a line spacing of 1.5 characters. The text on each sheet is written on one side only. Alignment to the width of text with word wrapping; in numbers tenths, etc. separated by a dot; the abbreviation in the text must be deciphered; Abbreviations, if necessary, are explained at first mention.
Pages are numbered, starting from the 4th, in the middle of the sheet in the upper margins. The first page is considered to be the title page.
When an animal, plant or microorganism is mentioned for the first time, the species name in Latin and the author who first described the species are indicated in parentheses. For example: “Swordtails were used as the object of study ( Xiphophourus helleri Neck.). In some cases, the authors' surnames may be written in the generally accepted abbreviated form: L. - Linnaeus, Pall. - Pallas, etc. Species and generic names of taxa are highlighted italics, authors of taxa are not italicized.
Botanical work must be accompanied by a herbarium.
Work structure
First l ist - titular. Contains the full legal name of the institution in which the work was performed, the title of the work ( IN CAPITAL LETTERS); Author's FI, class; Full name of the manager and consultant (if any), indicating the position and academic degree (if any), locality and year of work.
On second The contents of the work (or table of contents) will be placed on the sheet.
It contains all the headings and subheadings of the work. They must exactly repeat those in the text. The pages from which they begin are indicated.
All titles begin with a capital letter without a period at the end!
The last word of each heading is connected by an accent to its corresponding page number. The numbering of headings is done according to the indexing system (1.1., 1.2, …1.6.).
On third sheet - "Introduction", the volume of which in most cases does not exceed one sheet.
After the introduction, it starts from the fourth sheet main part ( the phrase “main part” is not indicated in the text! ) , including sections from “Literature Review” to “Research Results” or “Discussion of Results” inclusive.
The main part is written in continuous text with small intervals between sections and subsections. Each section of the main part is numbered. The numbering of subsections is double: first the section number is placed, then a dot, and after it the subsection number. Example: 4.1, 4.2, etc.
All subsections must have a title, which is reflected in the list of references.
After the main part, write on a new sheet conclusions(or conclusion), then, also from a new sheet, literature.
Illustrative material
Tables have continuous numbering and can be placed vertically or horizontally on the sheet.
On the right is written: Table (Number). Below in the middle is the name of the table. If it is taken from a literary source, then a link is given in parentheses after the title. If the results obtained and literature data are summarized in a table, then the reference is placed in the corresponding part of the table. Notes are provided below the table if necessary.
If the table does not fit on one sheet, then it is transferred to the next one(s). On the new sheet on the right it is written:
Table (Number) and after the number - in brackets (Continuation) or (End). The title in this case is placed only on the first sheet.
Drawings, graphs, diagrams, photographs, diagrams, etc. - all of them are designated as drawings (Appendix 6), which also have continuous numbering. Drawings are made with black paste or ink (not colored). All designations that the author needs to make in the drawing are marked only with numbers or icons.
Under the picture on the red line it is written: Fig. (number). Name. Legend: 1 - ..., 2 - ... etc.
For drawings borrowed from literature, a link is given after the title. If the reproduced drawing contains changes from the original, "with changes" is added to the link.
Links are formatted differently depending on the source. Sources may be: books and articles with one or two authors; books and articles that have more than two authors (in books, all of them are indicated on the title page, not to be confused with the editor!); books whose authors are large groups, which is usually typical for dictionaries, reference books, and school textbooks.
There are two ways to design links.
In the first case, the surname (or two surnames) without initials and, separated by commas, the year of publication are indicated in brackets. Examples:
“The generally accepted methodology was used in the work (Pravdin, 1966).” “A detailed review is devoted to this problem (Vogel, Motulsky, 1989).”
In another case, the author's surname is indicated in the text of the work. Then initials are placed in front of it, and only the year is written in brackets. An example can be written as follows: “The work used the methodology outlined by I.F. Pravdin (1966).”
Examples: "In a modern reference manual (Dawson and
al., 1991) there is information "or" In the work of F. Bloom et al.
Tori (1988) noted that...".
books (and year of publication). Two methods are also used here: the title of the book without quotation marks along with the year of publication is placed in brackets, or the title with quotation marks in the text and the year in brackets.
Example: “There is the following definition of the phenomenon studied (Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1989): ...”, or “In the “Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary” (1989) this phenomenon is defined as follows: ... ".
The long title of a book can be cited only once, and subsequently shortened. Thus, “Guide to the study of fish nutrition in natural conditions” (1961) will be designated:
"Guide..." (1961) or (Guide..., 1961).
If the text contains a verbatim quotation, then after the year, separated by a comma, you must indicate the page on which the quoted fragment is located.
When using several works of one author in a reference, after the surname, the years of publication are placed, separated by commas, from earliest to latest. For example: (Dubinin, 1966, 1985) or "... N.P. Dubinin, 1966, 1985...". If publications were published in the same year, then after the year of publication the letters are placed: (Schmalhausen, 1968a, 6).
"Most researchers (Schmalhausen, 1968 a, b, 1969, 1982; Mayr, 1974; Grant, 1980; Solbrig and Solbrig, 1982; Yablokov and Yusufov, 1987; Severtsov, 1990)" believe that... ".
When mentioning works published abroad and not translated into Russian, the surnames are written in the text in Russian transcription, and in brackets - in the original language plus the year of publication separated by commas: “In the article by F. Breeden and G. Stoner (Breeden, Stoner, 1987) ... "or simpler - just a link in brackets: "Research conducted by American scientists (Breeden, Stopper, 1987) showed ... ".
Registration of the list of references
There are certain bibliographic rules for various sources that should be followed. Each book or article is written on the red line in alphabetical order in the form of a list: first, works in Russian, then in foreign languages.
Different types of sources have their own rules, but they all include several required elements arranged in a certain sequence:
Title;
Output;
Quantitative characteristics.
Information about the authors is their last name and initials after it. Next, write the completely accurate title of the book, without quotes. The output data is separated by a dot and a dash and includes information about the place of publication, the name of the publisher and the year of publication. In books they are often listed on the back of the title page.
Place of publication is the city in which the book was published. Almost all city names are given in full. The exceptions are Moscow and Leningrad (St. Petersburg), which are abbreviated.
The name of the publishing house is indicated in the nominative case, with a capital letter and without quotation marks. It is separated from the name of the city by a colon. If the publisher is not indicated on the title or its back, this element of the description may be omitted.
The year of publication is separated from the publisher by a comma. After it there is a period.
The quantitative characteristic is separated by a dash and contains an indication of the number of pages. After the numbers indicating the number of pages, a lowercase letter “c” with a dot is placed.
The quantitative description of an article in a journal or collection is an indication of the pages on which it is published. This information is separated by a dash and then followed by the capital letter “C” and the first and last pages of the article in the publication are indicated through a dash. The information is closed with a dot.
Basic examples of designing a list of references:
For books indicate the surnames, initials of the authors (separated by a dot), the title of the book (separated by a dot and a dash), place of publication (separated by a colon), publisher (separated by a comma), year of publication (separated by a dot and a dash), the number of pages in the book (dot).
Glanz S.A. Medical and biological statistics. – M.: Praktika, 1998. – 439 p.
For articles in collections- surnames, initials of the authors (separated by a dot), title of the article (separated by a double slash), title of the collection (separated by a dot and a dash), place of publication (separated by a colon), publishing house or publisher (separated by a comma), year of publication (separated by a dot and a dash ), article pages.
Balushkina E.V. Chironomids as indicators of the degree of water pollution // Methods of biological analysis of fresh water. – L.: Zool. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1976. – P. 106–118 (dot).
For articles in magazines- surnames, initials of the authors (separated by a dot), title of the article (separated by a double slash), name of the journal (separated by a dot and a dash), year of publication (separated by a dot and a dash), volume, number or issue (separated by a dot and a dash), pages articles (dot).
Shcherbina G.Kh. Structure of macrozoobenthos of some lakes of Mongolia // Biology of internal. water – 2007. – No. 2. – P. 62–70.
In the case of a thematic collection of works the description of the source begins with the title (separated by a slash), then after the slash the editor is indicated (separated by a dot and a dash), then a description of the output data (separated by a dot and a dash), quantitative characteristics (dot).
Methodology for studying biogeocenoses of inland water bodies / Ed. F.D. Morduchai-Boltovskoy. – M.: Nauka, 1975. – 240 p.
Shalaev, I.K. Diagnosis of the subjective position of a junior schoolchild // http://www /asuimp/ru.
Structure and content of educational and research work (methodological recommendations for students and supervisors)
When participating in competitions for research and creative works, it is necessary to remember that the assessment of students’ research competence depends on the structure and content of the work, on the correct presentation of the results of their research. Often, due to non-compliance with basic requirements, works that deserve attention do not pass the qualifying competition. These provisions are suitable for writing student coursework.
Work structure (basic elements):
Title page;
Content;
Introduction;
Main part;
Conclusion;
List of sources;
Applications.
Choosing a research topic
Research topic – this is a collapsed (abbreviated) description of the studied property of an object or phenomenon.
Requirements for choosing a topic:
Theoretical and practical significance of the topic;
Compliance with cognitive abilities;
Availability of the material on the basis of which the research is organized;
The topic should be brief and expressive, clearly indicating the property of the object being studied. Selected according to the student's interests.
INTRODUCTION
This part of the work may contain:
relevance of the topic (or its scientific interest);
Objective;
tasks that must be solved in order to achieve the stated goal of the work;
the object, subject and methods of research are determined;
methods of achieving goals and objectives;
equipment list;
hypothesis (not for all types of work);
practical significance of the work;
a brief description of the structure of the work and the literature used in it.
All of the above constitutesscientific research apparatus . It is at the stage of its development that the student especially needs the help of a supervisor.
Relevance
Relevance - an important element of research, shows the importance and significance of studying this particular object or phenomenon. Shows the outlook and content of student motivation.
Relevance is why and why we study this particular problem.
Target
Target – uh then a compressed description of the intended (planned) result of studying an object (phenomenon)and a generalized description of the activity aimed at the object.
This is the expected result of the study.
Requirements for setting a goal:
The purpose of the work must be specific, clearly formulated in order to clearly highlight the question to which we want to receive an answer;
The target must be available for the specific study.
The goal should provide an idea of the intended outcome of the study.
It should be distinguished that goal and task are not the same thing:
The goal is significantly broader than the task;
The purpose of the work follows from the proposed topic, and the tasks correspond to the formulated goal.
Research objectives
Tasks – this is a brief description of the actions that must be performed to achieve the result outlined in the goal.
Tasks should answer the question: “What to do?”
Revealing it …
Definition it …
Compare it …
Analyzed at …
Consideration eat …
Introducing it … and etc.
Tasks should reveal the content and sequence of actions that are expected to be performed as part of the study.
Object of study
By defining the object of research, the question becomes clear:« What exactly are we researching?”
Subject of study
Item research – this is what we are studying in the object of study. Thisproperty of an object being studied.
Hypothesis formulation
Hypothesis – assumption of a cause-and-effect relationship between the studied property of an object and certain environmental factors.
A hypothesis can be expressed by a formula that includes two parts: “If” (description of a factor or state), “Then” (description of the nature of the connection, the expected consequence).
Equipment
A brief description of the equipment and materials needed to conduct the study. Or a list of them.
Methods
Methods - these are ways to obtain information about the object being studied.
MAIN PART OF THE WORK
Should include a literary review of the problem being studied (properties of an object, phenomenon) and a research part.
First chapter The work is usually purely theoretical (a general overview of the object or phenomenon being studied).
Chapter two (analytical, research) is devoted to the analysis of a historical period, industry, territory, a certain problem is identified and described. Study of the object.
In the third chapter (design) possible ways to solve the found problem are proposed.
Actually - research
Work with literature on the research topic;
Setting up the experiment and organizing the research;
Accounting for experimental data;
Mathematical processing of the received data;
Formulation of conclusions.
Research methodology
Method – a way to achieve a goal, a set of techniques.
Methods and techniques - this is, with the help of what and how we will explore.
Theoretical methods:
Practical methods:
comparative analysis of information from scientific literature,
modeling,
system analysis,
methodology for resolving contradictions,
design
design.
Observation
Measurement
Questionnaire
Interview
Testing
Conversation
Experiment
Research results
Statement of observations;
Results of experiments, measurements;
Comparison and discussion;
Diagrams, tables, graphs, drawings and other materials.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion - along with the introduction, an obligatory part of the structure of the work.
Here answers are given to all the tasks posed in the introduction, a general conclusion is drawn and a conclusion is given on the achievement of the goal of the coursework. The prospects for further work on the problem posed or the possibility of using the results of this work are determined.
In conclusion, the mainconclusions , clearly formulated in thesis form and usually numbered.
Conclusions must correspond to the tasks and their number. This is a description of the results of the research stages. Formulated briefly, concisely, specifically. The conclusions should be compared with the hypothesis, confirm it, or refute it.
APPLICATIONS
Applications is a visual representation of the results obtained.
Applications can be presented in the form of: diagrams, ttables, graphs, drawings, photographs, etc.
Application requirements:
1. Volume is limited to 10 pages (usually).
2. Each application on its own sheet. Signed in the upper right corner (Annex 1 etc. )
3. The number and name of the tables are signed above the table. The number and name of the drawings are signed under the drawing.
4. The material received in the application must be referenced in the main text of the work.
A student’s research competence should be understood as the ability to develop (model) a scientific research apparatus and predict its results. The structure and content of the work confirm these skills. They help present work publicly in the form of a report at scientific and practical conferences.
