Answer from Irina Kulyomina[master]
in politics, and it’s not like that
Answer from KATYUKHA ALCHEVSKAYA[master]
ab-, (abs-; lat. ab-, abs-) - prefix meaning “removal”, “deviation”; corresponds to the Russian prefix "ot-".
prefix anti- meaning opposite
bi-two, twice duality
Hyper... - 1. The initial part of complex words that adds meaning: exceeding
Derivatives with the prefix DE- (DEZ-) name the processes of destruction of what constituted the essence of the past: de-Sovietization - “liquidation or transformation of councils as bodies of state power”; deindustrialization – “the process of disaggregation and simplification of the structure of industrial production”; de-bureaucratization - “rejection of bureaucratic methods of management, destruction of bureaucracy,” etc. “In its functional role, the prefix DE- approaches negation,” notes V.V. Baranov, “but this negation differs from the negation expressed by the prefix NOT-.
Di... (Greek di...), prefix meaning “twice”
dis-
In ancient Greek: a prefix that denies the positive meaning of a word (dismenes “unkind”) or enhances the negative one (dispenthes “causing terrible suffering”).
In Russian, the meaning of the prefix dis is “naming the absence of something or the opposite of what is called a motivating word”; in addition, the prefix acquired the additional meaning of violation, difficulty, disorder of any system.
For example:
1. Borrowed words with this prefix: dyspepsia (digestion); imbalance, dysfunction, dystrophy.
2. Words formed in Russian: disqualification, disharmony, discomfort.
The prefix is productive in the Russian language (especially in scientific terminology) in the formation of adjectives and nouns.
inter-
(lat. inter between, among, mutually) a prefix meaning: location between structures, connection, interaction between them; corresponds to Russian “between”, “among”, “mutually”.
counter- (meaning “against”, it is always written together - although it means “against”, it obeys the basic law of spelling our prefixes!
Greek prefix "pan-" means "all", "universal. also "everywhere" everywhere" - in medicine
Poly- (poly-)
prefix denoting: 1. Large quantity; a bunch of. 2. The extreme degree of manifestation of any symptom. 3. Generalized; affecting various parts of the body.
re- "opposite action" or "reaction"
SAT...
A prefix as part of words that have the following meanings: 1) located below or under what is indicated by the base of the word, for example. : subcortical, subaqueous; 2) indicating subordination, the dependence of one action or object on another, for example. : chain of command, sub-inspector;
3) less in one or another parameter than what is indicated by the stem of the word, for example. : subgiant, subcontinent; 4) located near what is indicated by the stem of the word, for example. : suborbital, subtropics.
eks- (ek-)
In ancient Greek, the prefix had the meaning:
1) outward movements, moving away, removing (eksago “I’m bringing out”);
2) completion (eksidasko “learning”);
3) high degree of attribute (ekselos "very clear").
M. N. Slavyatinskaya notes that “most words with the prefix ex- are of Latin origin (ex-).” In Russian, the prefix is mainly used in the first meaning (the Russian prefix “iz-” is synonymous); There is a use of ex- in the meaning of “high degree of attribute.” The Greek prefix did not acquire new meanings in the Russian language.
Examples of words: ecstasy (from eks- “the highest degree of symptom”, “outward movement” and stase “strike”, riot, stop, transformation” - the highest degree of delight, inspiration); eczema (from eksemo “to spew out, spew out”; rash on skin, a disease with a characteristic rash); exergy (from ek-, eks- “highest degree of symptom” and ergon “work” - the maximum work that a thermodynamic system can perform), ectopia (literally “displacement” - congenital or acquired displacement of an internal organ or tissues with access to the surface of the body).
The console is productive in the field of medical terminology
Foreign (foreign language) prefixes in Russian and their meaning?
In the Russian language there are quite a lot of borrowed prefixes from other languages, and most of all from the ancient Greek and Latin languages -pro-, a, -an-, -dia-, -quasi-, -re-, -meta, -pan, -sub- from Arabic -al- - alchemy, algebra, many prefixes taken from modern European languages, most of all from English, German, French, -su-extra, trance and so on.
Foreign language prefixes entered the Russian language gradually. They are of Greek and Latin origin. Not all prefixes are used in modern language to construct verbal constructions; these are called unproductive and have several semantic meanings (for example, amphi-, ana-, apo-). Currently there are:
A- lack of quality (atypical, immoral)
anti- the same as the opposite meaning of the opposite (anti-monopoly)
amphi- double, all sides (amphibious, amphitheater)
ana- repetition, reverse action, separation (anachronism, suspended animation)
anti- opposite (anti-alcohol, dystopia)
apo- negation, absence, origin from something (apophysis, apocenter)
arch- highest degree (archivist, archimandrite)
bio- related to life (biology, biocenosis)
hyper- excess of the norm, analogue of super- (hypertension, hypersensitivity)
hypo- failure to achieve the norm (hypotension, physical inactivity)
dia- through movement (dialogue, diagonal)
dis-(dis-) de- (des/z-) separation, negation (dysfunction, disqualification, dismantling, deodorant)
inter- inside, between (international, interpretation)
infra- below, under- (infrastructure, infrasound)
kata-(kat-, kaf-) movement from top to bottom (cataclysm, catastrophe)
counter- against (counteroffensive, counterparty)
meta- intermediality, change of state (metagalaxy, metamorphosis)
pan- comprehensive (pandemic, pan-American)
pair- being nearby or deviating (Paralympic, parapsychology)
peri- near, near (perihelion, periarthritis)
fast- after (post-stroke, post-imperialism)
pro- continuation in time, preference (prolonged, prophase)
proto- original, main (protozoan, protodeacon)
re- renewal or opposite action (retransmission, reorganization)
syn-(si-, sig-, sil-, sis-, sim-) compatibility of action (symbiosis, synthesis, synergy)
sub- subordinate, not the main one (subculture, subordination)
trance- crossing, movement through (transgenic, transatlantic)
ultra- highest degree, ultra- (ultra-strong, ultra-modern)
the ex- outward or previous (exudate, ex-president)
epi- on top of something (epidermis, epigram)
extra- highest degree (extra-class, extra-fashionable)
The most common foreign language prefixes used in Russian are the following: super, ex-, hyper-, sub-, anti, hypo. Their meanings, respectively: very, substituting, expressing negation, containing little.
The prefix ex means former. Example: ex-chairman.
The prefix ultra means extreme. Example: ultramarine.
The prefix trans has the meaning through. Example: transatlantic.
The super prefix means better quality. Example: superman.
The prefix sub means under. Example: subtropical.
The prefix re means renewal. Example: restoration.
The prefix pseudo means imaginary. Example: pseudo-patient.
The prefix post has the meaning after. Example: post-Soviet.
The prefix poly means different. Example: polymer.
The prefix para has a meaning of approx. Example: parascience.
In the Russian language there are several dozen foreign language prefixes. These are mainly prefixes of Greek and Latin origin.
Prefixes of Greek origin
There are 20 of them in total. Here are some of them:
A-: absence of something, negation, opposite. For example: immoral, asocial.
Anti: the opposite. For example: antisocial.
Arch-: highest degree. For example: archdevil.
Hyper-: exceeding the norm. For example: hyperplane.
Hypo-: failure to reach the norm. For example: physical inactivity.
Prefixes of Latin origin
Some such attachments:
Extra-: over. For example: extrapolation.
Sub-: under something. For example: subtropics.
Inter-: between. For example: intercontinental.
Nowadays, quite a lot of prefixes have appeared in the Russian language, but not all of them are listed in dictionaries. For example, mega, milli, macro, giga, tera, kilo, centi - these prefixes are used primarily to denote quantities. But some carry over into other areas: mega discounts.
Here is a list of the most common foreign language prefixes, their meanings and examples:
There are quite a lot of foreign language prefixes in the Russian language. I will indicate some of them, the most common and often found in words.
Console A- expresses denial, the absence of any sign, quality, for example, illogical, asocial, immoral;
console ultra- means above, more, further: ultra-fashionable, ultra-modern;
console anti expresses negation: anti-people, anti-war;
console extra meaning above or beyond: extraordinary;
console hyper- over, a lot: hypersensitive, hyperactive;
console trance- between: transcontinental, transarctic;
console super- very: super attentive;
console hypo indicates a lack of something, a small dose: hypoallergenic, physical inactivity.
E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University
§ 2. Spelling of prefixes
Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus“attached in front”) is the part of the word before the root. In Russian words there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (bezdorozhny - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the forehead - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: A in the meaning of “not”, anti - “against”, archi - “very”, counter - “against”, pan - “all”, sub - “under”, trans - “through” and etc.
2.1. Spelling of immutable prefixes
Most prefixes in Russian are unchangeable, i.e. Regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written uniformly. The spelling of such prefixes should be remembered. For a list of unchangeable prefixes, see the table:
|
called out, stop, sediment, go numb |
||
|
get there, get there, guess |
||
|
belief, courtyard, cut, rely |
||
|
boil, gap, trick, grow |
||
|
In a special meaning: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language |
||
|
attack, cover, overtake |
||
|
wonder, prisoner, pick up, hammer |
||
|
OVER- (NADO-) |
bite, crack, inscribe, tear |
|
|
UNDER- (UNDER-) |
melt, sharpen, suggest, wait |
|
|
OT- (OTO-) |
give away, rest, move aside, open |
|
|
OB-(OBO-) |
trim, grind, wipe, go around |
|
|
V- (VO-) |
to your heart's content, to sew in, to cling to, to involve |
|
|
PRE- |
chairman, predecessor, predetermine |
|
|
RE- |
humus, overflow, distortion |
|
|
C- (CO-) |
move
|
There is no prefix in the words: |
2.2. Spelling of prefixes in ...z - ...s
In the Russian language there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z
And WITH
:
WITHOUT- / BES- , RAZ- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), IZ- / IS-, NIZ- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / THRASS-)
In..click; along the...walking; ..do; burn..burn.
The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:
2.3. Spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-
Words starting with pre- And at-, have different origins in the Russian language.
Some came from Latin. In such words the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, bonus, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with roots starting with pri (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Church Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their bookish character.
Finally, many words with pre- And at- are actually of Russian origin.
It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is clearly guessed.
|
Let's remember some cases: |
|
|
give shape, shine
|
betray a friend, dreams
|
2.4. Spelling of vowels in the prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.
Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: idleness, insignificant, worthless, worthless, draw.
2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of prefix and root.
Pere + skaz = retelling (-s-)
ras + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)
Remember:calculation (calc + even), but: calculate (calc + count);
uncountable (bes + s + even).
In words to tear apart, to tear apart, to ruin one 3 is written.
The adoption of foreign words into Russian ones has been going on for several centuries. This is due to the conquest and unification with new territories during the times of Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, etc. As a result of foreign borrowings, along with other words, we received foreign prefixes that have their own meaning. Foreign prefixes in the Russian language are found as often as parts of Russian origin. Most often they come from Greek or Latin.
The following foreign prefixes are often used: extra-, ex-, ultra-, trans-, super-, sub-, proto-, post-, pan-, counter-, infra-, inter-, dis-, dis-, dis- , de-, hypo-, hyper-, archi-, anti-, a-.
For a simpler understanding of these components of the word, it is necessary to establish their scope and meaning.
Extra-
Console extra- has a meaning similar to Russian out- And above- :
extra thin, extra ordinariness, extra polishing, extra sense, extra fashionable.
The psychic suggested that in this house there had previously been many ghosts that frightened the residents and instilled fear in them.
Prefix ex-
The prefix ex- indicates the predecessor, past tense:
the ex-spouse, the ex-continent, the ex-chairman, the ex-Prime Minister.
The ex-husband of the TV star made a very loud statement that he did not love his wife and married her for money.
Ultra-prefix
Console ultra- means further, more, beyond:
ultra sound, ultra revolution, ultra centrifuge, ultra microscopic, ultra violet.
Ultrasound is used in an ultrasound machine, which allows you to examine different tissues in the human body and, based on what you see, make an accurate diagnosis.
Prefix trans-
Console trance - has two meanings. The first is to move in space, the second is to be located outside the boundaries of something:
trance agency, trance aggressive, trance probe, trance plantation, trance letter, trance arctic.
The Transatlantic Alliance is a trade association of Western countries led by the United States of America.
Super console
Console super- has the meaning above, above, and is used to denote the ultimate quality or parameter:
super position, super aviation, super giant, super fashionable, super quartermaster, super series.
The Super Series is a significant event in American football that is attended by a large number of people.
Sub-prefix
Foreign language prefixes sub- used as often as Russian sub-, they have the meaning of a non-predominant feature:
sub stratosphere, sub rent, sub ordination, sub marina.
Sublease is the operation of renting an object that is already rented.
Prefix re-
Console re- can be used in two meanings. The first is to reproduce, repeat an action:
re vaccination, re fast, re translator
The second is in contrast:
re adaptation, re gress, re master, re emigrant re organizational, re innovative.
Prefix proto-
Proto- indicates a predecessor, source, highest, major or senior degree:
proto star, proto type, proto story, proto plasma.
A prototype is a kind of mock-up of a future product, which, after careful development, will be put into mass production.
Post-fix
Fast- similar to the Russian part of the word after-:
fast volcanic, fast apocalyptic, fast qualification, fast position, fast modernism.
A post-volcanic island formed in the ocean, on which many trees, shrubs and some representatives of the animal world immediately appeared.
Prefix pro-
Pro- indicates commitment to a certain point of view, involvement in someone’s interests:
about Soviet, about American, about rector, about imperialist.
Prefix pan-
Pan- indicates comprehensiveness:
pan Americanism, pan Arabism, pan Germanist, pan psychism, pan theism, pan thehistorical.
Prefix counter-
Counter- has a synonymous meaning to the Russian particle against-:
counter offensive, counter intelligence service, counter argument, counter-admiral, counter revolution.
A counteroffensive is a retaliatory offensive by troops that is designed to break the enemy’s offensive.
Prefix inter-
Console inter- used instead of the Russian part of speech between- , or used instead "inside" :
inter nationalism, inter prettified, inter puncture, inter No, inter face, inter position, inter granule.
Prefix dis-, dis-
Console dis- is used before consonants, and design - vice versa. They indicate the opposite and carry a negative meaning:
diz Uria, dis harmonious, dis skilled, dis proportional, dis functional.
Prefix de-
Console de- used before consonants, dez- placed before vowels. Indicates cancellation, destruction and negation:
de mobilization, de carbonation, de qualify, de ratification, de orientation, de information, de organization, de deactivation.
Infrastructure attachment
Infra- similar to the Russian part of speech under-:
infra structure, infra sound, infra microbiology.
Prefix hypo-
Hypo- is an antonym of a foreign language prefix hyper- , and denotes a decrease in the norm:
hypo vitaminosis, hypo kinesia, hypo tonia, hypo glossal.
Prefix hyper-
Console hyper- has the same meaning as the Russian prefix above- , which means excessive:
hyper function, hyper secretion, hyper market, hyper trophy
Hypersonic speed is a speed above the speed of sound, due to which an object can reach the desired point in much less time.
Arch prefix
Console arch- indicates the highest degree of an adjective or noun, has a qualitative meaning:
archi scammer, archi scientific, archi bishop, archi Mandrit.
Anti-prefix
Console anti- has a similar meaning to the Russian part of speech contra-, used to indicate the opposite meaning of a word:
Prefix a-
Console A- is intended to give a negative meaning to adjectives and nouns, it does not carry a qualitative meaning:
- symmetrical - A symmetric;
- moral - A moral;
- normal - A normal.
Prefix over-
Along with foreign language prefixes, the Russian part is also used above- , which denotes the highest degree of qualitative assessment of an object, is used with adjectives and adverbs with a sign of action. It consists of two parts: attachments With- and adverbs top , is an analogue of a foreign language super- :
above smart, above long, above spicy, above private, above power, above exactly, above profit, above lesson.
