Also known as the stress hormone. The stress hormone cortisol and its effect on the body. Endocrine system response to acute stress

Stress is a normal protective reaction of the body to the negative influence of external factors, which may include cold, hunger, injury, mental shock and much more. Stress and a person's hormonal state are closely interrelated. Under the influence of stress, a person’s hormonal state changes significantly, which can negatively affect his health. The production of stress hormone provokes a chronic state of stress in a person, and also causes other negative phenomena. It is necessary to monitor hormonal levels and promptly combat the development of stress.

Characteristic

What is the name of the stress hormone? This is cortisol, the main “stress hormone”. This hormone is produced by the adrenal glands. Increased production of cortisol occurs in stressful situations, during intense physical activity, during insufficient nutrition, or in case of urgent need for urgent action. If a person is hungry, the hormone stimulates an active search for food; in a state of shock, there is a stimulus for the brain and body to act more quickly. Active physical activity stimulates a sharp surge in the hormone, which gives a person explosive strength.

The hormone cortisol is normally produced by the body in an amount of 10 μg/dl; when a stressful situation occurs, it increases to 80 μg/dl. If a person develops a severe state of shock, then cortisol is released up to 180 μg/dl. The highest content of the hormone is produced in the morning, the lowest at night.

With an emergency increase in cortisol levels, the body tries to mobilize a reserve of quick energy, the sources for which are glucose and glycogen, but when their deficiency occurs, the breakdown of muscle tissue begins. It breaks down quite quickly into the necessary elements. Therefore, it is harmful for athletes to exercise excessively (more than 1 hour) and at the same time follow a low-calorie diet.

Cortisol is considered the main enemy of athletes. This is due to its increased production as a result of intense long-term training. In addition to cortisol, other hormones also influence the development of stress.

Stress hormones

We need to understand which hormones are involved in the regulation of stress. Several hormones take part in this process at once. These include:

Negative effects of stress

The stress hormone cortisol is produced in significant quantities during prolonged stress and chronic overexertion. The main harm of cortisol to the body is the deposition of internal fat on organs, as well as the deposition of adipose tissue. The stress hormone in women provokes the deposition of fatty tissue on the thighs, and in men mainly on the stomach and lower back.

Also, a high concentration of the hormone overloads the nervous system, which subsequently causes chronic stress. A person becomes more irritable and their metabolism deteriorates. Blood pressure periodically increases, which also negatively affects the body.

Prevention of negative influence

As for how to reduce the stress hormone cortisol in the body, a person should follow these rules:

proper nutrition aimed at producing insulin, growth hormone, endorphin, testosterone; increasing the calorie content of food and increasing the protein content;
maintaining immunity and body resistance to adverse external influences;
prevention of overexertion, stress, adequate sleep and rest;
playing sports no more than 45-60 minutes.

These measures will allow you to control the production of cortisol in the body and prevent its negative effects.

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Particular interest in the problem of stress resistance and the emergence of stress is due to the recent expansion of the sphere of activity of modern man, often taking place in quite extreme conditions and accompanied by a constant increase in mental and mental stress and a decrease in the share of physical labor.

Created by scientific and technological progress and civilization, hypokinesia (restriction of motor activity) and physical inactivity (reduction of strength loads) not only negatively affect the respiratory, circulatory systems, musculoskeletal system, metabolism, but also certainly lead to a decrease in the body’s reactivity and, as a result, - development of stress.

General the concept of stress means a strong adverse and negative effect on the body, as well as the psychological and physiological reaction of a person of various kinds to the action of an aggressor (stressor).

In morphological and functional terms stress is accompanied general adaptation syndrome, which has certain stages:

alarm reaction - the general resistance of the body decreases (“shock”), after which defense mechanisms are activated;
stage of resistance (resistance) - based on the tension in the functioning of all systems, maximum adaptation of the body to new conditions is achieved;
period of exhaustion - manifested by the failure of protective mechanisms, as a result of which there is an increasing violation of the interaction and coordination of life functions.

One of the criteria for the severity of stress is the severity of the signs (symptoms) of this condition, namely:

physiological manifestations - migraine (headaches), periodic increase in blood pressure, pain in the chest, heart, lower back or back, redness of the skin, atopic dermatitis, eczema, other skin diseases, development of stomach ulcers;
psychological reactions - loss of appetite, irritability, decreased interest in what is happening, inability to concentrate, increased excitability, anticipation of pain or possible troubles, depression.

Stress can be caused by individual factors related to events in personal life, work, and emergencies. In this case, the body reacts with the same biochemical changes aimed at relieving the tension that has arisen.

The main systems that implement stress changes in the body are the pituitary-hypothalamic-adrenal and sympathoadrenal systems, which are under the control of the higher parts of the brain and the hypothalamus, the intensive functioning of which is accompanied by the release of various hormonal substances called stress hormones. They, by mobilizing the physical resources of the body, help it cope with the super-task that has arisen, which has led to stress.

Main stress hormones and their features

During periods of stress in the body, the level of activity of its functional systems changes - cardiovascular, immune, genitourinary, digestive, etc. Therefore, stress hormones play a major role in maintaining this new status. In this case, the most active endocrine gland is the adrenal gland.

The adrenal cortex secretes into the blood four main groups of steroid stress hormones :

glucocorticoids (corticosterone, cortisol) - the hormone cortisol is produced in emergency or stressful situations, with lack of nutrition and intense physical activity. Once released, cortisol has a long-lasting effect, but persistently elevated levels can lead to memory impairment and the development of depression. Cortisol reaches its maximum level in the blood serum in the morning and lower levels at night. Cortisol is produced in large quantities during chronic overexertion, which can cause cravings for sweet or fatty foods. By its action, cortisol signals the body about the need to “deposit fat” to create an energy reserve in the “fight against the enemy.” Cortisol is undoubtedly one of the most important hormones, but during chronic stress, this hormone is produced in much larger quantities than necessary and that is when it becomes harmful. This hormone in excess can have a number of adverse effects: high blood pressure, decreased immunity, increased abdominal fat, decreased muscle tissue, and hyperglycemia. This usually leads to major problems such as increased cholesterol levels, diabetes, heart attack or stroke. Therefore, cortisol has also received the nickname “death hormone”;
mineralocortioxides (aldosterone) - a hormone necessary for normal kidney function, promote reabsorption (reverse absorption), which leads to water retention in the body and the appearance of numerous edema;
androgens (sex hormone, estrogens) – the higher the level of estrogen in a person’s blood, the more resistant he is to pain. This occurs due to an increase in the pain threshold;
catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine) – belong to the hormones of the adrenal medulla and are biologically active substances. Of these, norepinephrine and adrenaline are produced not only by nerve tissues, but also by the brain matter. Their effects in the human body differ somewhat, since in humans adrenaline makes up about 80%, and norepinephrine only 20%. Adrenaline has a powerful and intense effect, but wears off quickly compared to cortisol, so adrenaline is often involved in severe short-term anxiety and panic situations. Adrenaline in the blood increases already in the first moments of exposure to a stressor and, according to many scientists, can contribute to the development of cancer.

In addition to the adrenal glands, the stress hormone, which increases metabolism, accelerates chemical reactions and creates increased alertness, is also produced by the thyroid gland (thyroxine, triiodothyronine) and the anterior pituitary gland (prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone).

The hormone is of great importance, especially for the female body. prolactin. which supports the corpus luteum and controls the formation of progesterone. Under stress conditions, it is prolactin that has the strongest effect on metabolism and water regulation mechanisms in the body. In a state of depression, prolactin is produced uncontrollably and can lead to catastrophic consequences, especially in cases where the body has a predisposition for the development of cancer cells. Prolactin is a mobile hormone, since its concentration is easy to influence. At the same time, prolactin, the formation of which is pulsating in nature and increases during sleep, may depend on the use of certain medications (opioid analgesics, antidepressants, cocaine, estrogens, etc.) or oral contraceptives. Prolactin plays a special role in the production of milk in the mother during lactation. To keep prolactin normal, it is important to maintain a rest and work schedule, as well as avoid stress or try to form a healthy and correct response to stressful situations.

All these Stress hormones (especially cortisol, prolactin and adrenaline) prepare the body to the emergence of difficult situations through certain mechanisms, including increasing blood sugar or blood pressure to provide fuel to the muscles and brain. Thus, causing feelings of panic and fear, as well as making a person ready to confront any threat or run away from it.

The mechanism of action of stress hormones on the body

In response to a stressful situation, a state of confusion and anxiety arises in the human body, which are preparations for active action. Information about possible anxiety enters the brain, where it is recorded as nerve impulses, and then transmitted through nerve endings to the appropriate organs. As a result, a huge amount of stress hormones are released into the blood, which are carried throughout the vessels of the whole body.

During physical stress, norepinephrine is released predominantly, and during mental stress (rage, fear, anxiety), adrenaline is most often released. Both hormones have a certain effect, which is as follows:

norepinephrine causes an increase in diastolic and systolic pressure without accelerating heart rhythms, increases the intensity of heart contractions, inhibits diuresis due to constriction of the vessels of the kidneys, retains sodium ions in the blood, reduces the secretory activity of the stomach, increases salivation, and also promotes relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles;
adrenaline is an antidiuretic and has antispasmodic and bronchodilator effects. Unlike other hormones, adrenaline can cause pupil dilation and changes in carbon metabolism. Adrenaline's influence reflexively reduces the amplitude and frequency of breathing, the excretion of potassium and sodium ions in the urine, relaxes the walls of organs, inhibits digestive secretion and motor activity of the stomach, and also increases the contractility of skeletal muscles. Adrenaline is considered one of the most active natural stimulants of all body systems.

Cortisol and corticosterone affect body systems by:

converting amino acids into glucose in the muscles in order to provide the body with additional energy and relieve tension;
regulation of blood pressure and insulin metabolism;
control blood sugar balance;
anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the permeability of vascular walls, inhibiting inflammatory mediators and inhibiting other mechanisms that cause inflammatory reactions;
immunoregulatory effects - cortisol inhibits the activity of lymphocytes and allergens.

In parallel, the hormone cortisol can negatively affect the functioning of the brain as a whole, destroying neurons located in the hippocampus.

An important role also plays prolactin, which has metabolic and anabolic effects. influencing metabolic processes and accelerating protein synthesis. In addition, prolactin has an immunoregulatory effect, can affect behavioral reactions and is involved in the regulation of water-salt metabolism and mental functions. Prolactin’s influence is closely related to a woman’s reproductive panel

Stress hormones are secreted not only during periods of unfavorable conditions or situations. In a normal state, they act as a necessary component of endocrine regulation. However, their concentration in the blood increases many times during stress. At the same time, muscles are activated, and instantaneous breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins occurs.

http://amazingwoman.ru

Hello everyone, Olga Ryshkova is with you. Today we’re talking about a painful topic for many – chronic stress. The human hormonal system was formed in the process of its evolution and was finally formed by our ancestors, when their main occupation was hunting wild animals to ensure their existence. She adapted to the so-called acute stress, when it was necessary to mobilize the body’s forces here and now in order to overwhelm a mammoth and protect itself from a tiger.

What about now?

Is our hormonal system adapted for the normal functioning of our bodies in our time? After all, we depend on hormones at any age from birth to death.

The high pace and rigidity of our lives puts pressure on us and many of us are in a state of chronic stress. This is not the stress that evolution has prepared our hormonal systems for. It was formed in such a way as to bring the body into a state of readiness at the moment of instant, acute stress.

Endocrine system response to acute stress.

The endocrine system responds to acute stress by instantly releasing two stress hormones from the adrenal glands - adrenaline and cortisol. The task of these hormones is to immediately prepare us for physical and mental stress.

How do they do it?

Stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol affect all our organs and systems so that the heart rate increases, breathing intensifies, glucose moves faster from the blood into the cells, blood vessels narrow, blood pressure rises and blood flow accelerates. For what? To quickly drive nutrients to the muscles and brain.

What about chronic stress?

What can constant stress lead to? A state of chronic stress provokes constantly elevated levels of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol in the blood and can therefore lead to a number of diseases from headaches, sleep and digestive problems, heart disease, hypertension, weight gain, poor memory and concentration to stroke and cancer. Living in a constant state of stress and tension can make a person sick.

Cortisol in chronic stress.

The stress hormone cortisol suppresses the digestive system, reproductive system and growth processes. It also interacts with areas of our brain that control mood, motivation and fear. Chronic stress worsens mood, increases fear, and reduces motivation.

One of the effects of high levels of the hormone cortisol on the body is to suppress the immune system. Therefore, people who are in a state of prolonged stress are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases. They have a much higher risk of cancer, since the main barrier to tumor development – a good immune system – has been eliminated. In addition, high cortisol during chronic stress destroys areas of the brain responsible for memory.

Chronic stress in pregnant women.

Being in a constant state of stress during pregnancy can destroy the health of not only the expectant mother. Did you know that chronic stress destroys the health of a child already in the womb? Hormones, including stress hormones, easily penetrate the placenta into the child and every time he experiences the same stress that his mother is under. This is how the endocrine and nervous system is formed, which then throughout a person’s life has an increased sensitivity to stress. Stressful loads will have a greater impact on his physical and mental health. They say about such a person: “He has reduced resistance to stress.”

Chronic stress in young children.

Chronic stress in young children is a special topic that requires increased attention from parents. Children develop their own system of reactions to stress, which affects their adult life and can become a factor in the development of mental illness and, above all, depression. Children with high concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol withdraw into themselves and isolate themselves from their surroundings. This is a typical stress reaction and cortisol levels in these children are elevated.

The consequences of constant stress for a young child are serious. Major health problems will develop if a child’s cortisol levels in the body remain elevated for a long time. There are children who respond to a chronic stressful situation with a constant increase in cortisol in the blood. This happens with shy, repressed, touchy children. The influence of increased cortisol affects their health and they get sick more often than other children.

Parents should always think about situations in which their children may find themselves, ask themselves what to do, how to help, so that the little child understands that this situation is not dangerous or scary for him. And such a situation for a small child can be anything - scandals in the family, overly strict parents, a new person in the environment, trips to the doctor, a barking dog outside the neighbor’s door, etc.

We are waiting for help from medicine.

Whether we like it or not, we cannot ignore the world we live in, but we also don’t want to put up with the consequences of long-term stress. Our consciousness and our will cannot control the endocrine system. There is no such apparatus within us that would allow us to regulate the level of stress hormones, or any other hormones. Perhaps evolution will accumulate a sufficient number of positive mutations and create an endocrine system adapted to chronic stress. But this is a very long wait, and we have to cope with the problems of modern life now.

Science is working on this problem and is already finding some answers. Medicine is learning to control the hormones that have controlled us until now. Science knows a hormone that is produced in the brain in the hypothalamus and controls stress hormones. It is isolated and its chemical formula is known. If you're wondering, it's called corticotropin releasing hormone. It’s easier to call it the stress neurohormone.

Scientists have already learned to block it in laboratory mice. And now work is underway to create a medicine for people that should not just block the neurohormone of stress, this is unacceptable for us, but would keep it within acceptable limits so that a person experiences a level of anxiety that is adequate to the current situation. There is a real opportunity for us to obtain a medicine that will selectively block exactly those receptors that are responsible for chronic stress.

What to do while there is no cure?

If you don't want to get a bunch of diseases, take steps to control your chronic stress. The most effective thing is to remove its source from your life, for example, change jobs, or an annoying environment. But this is not always possible. Stressful situations have become a factor in our daily life - lack of money, conflicts in the family, uncertainty, transport, excessive workload, injustice, rude clients, noise, exams, illnesses of loved ones, etc. and so on. What to do in a state of constant stress? There are many methods to reduce its impact on the body:

Conflict resolution
Planning and decision making
Help from a psychologist
Prayer.
Autotraining, meditation.
Deep breathing techniques.
Yoga Nidra and other relaxation techniques
Hobby.
Reading novels.
Relaxing music.
Trips to nature and recreation.
Physical exercise.
Pets.
Humor.
Help from traditional and alternative medicine.

Hormones can kill and therefore deserve to be taken seriously about the consequences of their effects. If you found the article useful, share it with your friends on social networks.

Consequences of elevated cortisol levels

Against the background of a consistently high hormone level, the following changes occur:

Muscle mass decreases. The body begins to synthesize energy from muscle tissue, and not from carbohydrates and fats supplied with food.
Fat mass increases. Sugar can temporarily reduce cortisol. A person constantly craves sweets, which provokes overeating and weight gain.
The belly is growing. Elevated cortisol causes the accumulation of belly fat. These fats push forward the muscles under which they are deposited, forming a belly that gives the silhouette an apple shape.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops. Cortisol reduces insulin production and triggers the release of glucose due to the breakdown of muscle tissue. The result of these processes is a double increase in blood sugar.
Testosterone levels decrease. The higher cortisol, the lower testosterone drops.
The body's protective functions deteriorate. Cortisol exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect, the prolonged exposure of which begins to suppress the immune system.
The risks of cardiovascular pathologies increase. Against the background of high cortisol, the body works to the limit, which can cause a heart attack or stroke.
Osteoporosis develops. An increased concentration of cortisol impairs the absorption of calcium and collagen, slows down regenerative functions, and increases bone fragility.

There are four reasons for chronically high concentrations of the hormone in the body:

Starvation. When the body does not receive nutrients from the outside, glucose levels drop sharply and cortisol production increases.
Stress. Forces the body to use all available energy to get out of the current situation. Cortisol helps cope with this. And if in the short term this has a positive effect, then over a long period of time it is simply exhausting.
Sports activities. Any manifestation of physical activity introduces the body into a certain stress. The longer and more often the workout, the higher cortisol rises.
Coffee. Drinking a cup of this drink for several hours increases the concentration of cortisol by about 30%. If coffee and similar stimulants are drunk constantly, the level of the hormone goes off scale to the maximum. Stress and constant lack of sleep make the situation worse.

Signs of elevated cortisol

The following symptoms allow you to recognize a high concentration of the hormone:

Weight gain. When fat mass increases even with a carefully balanced diet and regular exercise, it means that cortisol levels are elevated.
Rapid pulse. Constriction of the arteries due to high cortisol increases the heart rate even at rest.
Constant nervousness. Being a stress hormone, cortisol provokes nervous tension.
Decreased libido and problems with potency. They are the result of a decrease in testosterone concentration against the background of high cortisol.
Disturbances in the intestines. The stress hormone destabilizes the absorption of food, which causes colitis, bloating, and diarrhea.
Frequent urge to urinate and sweating. Cortisol not only increases urination, but also increases the excretion of minerals and salts through the sweat glands.
Insomnia with depression. Nervousness and excess weight gain caused by cortisol adversely affect sleep and can cause depression.

To keep stress hormone levels under control, you need to:

Spend a maximum of 45-60 minutes training. An hour of physical activity is the optimal time to exercise to prevent a sharp increase in cortisol.
Consume carbohydrates withBCAAs. To minimize cortisol production, just drink a drink containing 5 grams of BCAA amino acids and 20 grams of any simple carbohydrates.
Eat a special diet. It is necessary to minimize the consumption of alcohol, coffee and other stimulants, and increase the amount of healthy fatty acids and low GI carbohydrates. This diet will reduce inflammation and the need for stress hormone synthesis.
Take supplements to lower cortisol levels. After anaerobic training, you can drink magnesium. Phosphatidylserine also reduces cortisol, but causes difficulties in determining the dosage.
Be able to withstand stress. Meditation and yoga allow you to develop this ability.
Laugh more. A great mood and laughter are factors that help significantly reduce stress hormone levels.

Conclusion

A high concentration of cortisol is fraught with the development of chronic depression, increased body fat mass, especially in the abdomen, and decreased testosterone. To reduce the concentration of the hormone, it is necessary to take a whole range of measures, which, first of all, involves combating stress.

We speed up metabolism with improvised means Getting rid of fat - basic rules

In response to even minor life problems, the level of cortisol, the stress hormone, increases in a person’s blood. In a more serious crisis situation, two more hormones are activated: norepinephrine and adrenaline. All three hormones have a powerful effect on the body, helping to cope with stress.

Role of the adrenal glands

The endocrine system is the first to respond to stress situations, releasing hormones into the blood. The action of hormones is aimed at mobilizing the body’s forces to solve the problem. The biologically active substances necessary for this are produced by the adrenal glands - paired glands located above the kidneys.

The adrenal glands produce hormones that act in two directions:

active substances synthesized in three directions, affecting metabolism;
hormones (reticular zone) acting on the reproductive system.

Cortisol, norepinephrine and adrenaline produced in the zona fasciculata help to overcome a crisis situation and cope with stress.

Adrenaline and norepinephrine

In situations of stress, adrenaline and norepinephrine act as follows:

speed up the heartbeat;
dilate the pupils;
increase blood pressure;
constrict blood vessels;
excite the nervous system;
disables the organs responsible for digestion;
enhance the conversion of glucose from glycogen.

As a result of such a complex effect, the muscles forget about fatigue, performance increases, activity increases, and the perception of the situation becomes more acute. In everyday life this phenomenon is called “second wind”. A person feels a general uplift and surge of energy.

If you look deeply, adrenaline is the hormone of fear, and norepinephrine is the hormone of rage. Their joint action is aimed at making a decision about the type of action at the moment of danger: “run or attack.” Often people in a stressful situation perform actions that are not typical for a person in a normal state. The effect of hormones is short-lived - no more than 5 minutes. Then their level decreases and returns to normal. However, if this does not happen, the body becomes severely depleted.

The action of this hormone differs from the direction of adrenaline and norepinephrine. If the action of hormones produced by the adrenal medulla is aimed at mobilizing the body's strength, then cortisol has an anti-stress effect. The amount of cortisol in the blood increases sharply during stress, blood loss, and shock, as the body adapts to the situation.

As a result of this effect, blood pressure and the sensitivity of the muscular layer of the heart to the effects of adrenaline and norepinephrine increase. Cortisol reduces the sensitivity of receptors when hormones rise to high levels.

Adrenaline, norepinephrine and cortisol increase glucose levels. Adrenal medulla hormones convert glycogen into sugar. The effects of cortisol are broader:

it forms glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds;
inhibits sugar utilization;
does not allow glucose to be broken down;
promotes the retention of chlorine, sodium and water;
promotes the removal of potassium and calcium.

Cortisol interacts with other hormones: it reduces the sensitivity of cells to the action of estrogens and androgens, delays the anabolic process, and inhibits the synthesis of growth hormones. Cortisol also has a suppressive effect on insulin, whose function is to lower blood sugar.

One of the features of the action of adrenaline and norepinephrine is that as a result of their influence, fat reserves are burned, as a result of which a person experiences hunger. The effect of cortisol is opposite: the breakdown of proteins increases, resulting in the accumulation of fat. Thus, being in a prolonged state of stress leads to the accumulation of body weight.

Cortisol, adrenaline and norepinephrine, immediately after being released into the body, have a positive effect on the immune system, as they can relieve inflammation and resist viruses and allergies. After some time, the level of hormones decreases, and accordingly the benefits of their action also decrease. In addition, the systems and enzymes of those hormones that were blocked by stress are inhibited, which can cause disruptions in the body’s functioning. First of all, there is a deterioration in the functioning of the nervous system, which affects the psyche. The person becomes irritable, restless, and reacts inadequately to the situation.

The cause of negative conditions is an increase in glucose, which leads to excess energy and the appearance of nervous disorders.

Long-term exposure to stress hormones disrupts the functioning of the cardiovascular system and causes a number of diseases of internal organs, including kidney failure.

Small frequent troubles that do not cause the release of adrenaline and norepinephrine, but lead to the release of cortisol into the blood several times a day, lead to obesity, since a person constantly feels hungry.

If stress becomes chronic, it can cause:

high blood pressure;
disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system;
bone fragility;
problems with the thyroid gland;
tissue destruction;
diabetes.

You need to know that there are no drugs to reduce the level of stress hormones. As a rule, doctors in situations of stress prescribe sedatives, which does not solve the problem itself.

General the concept of stress means a strong adverse and negative effect on the body, as well as the psychological and physiological reaction of a person of various kinds to the action of an aggressor (stressor).

In morphological and functional terms stress is accompanied general adaptation syndrome, which has certain stages:

alarm reaction - the general resistance of the body decreases (“shock”), after which defense mechanisms are activated;
stage of resistance (resistance) - based on the tension in the functioning of all systems, maximum adaptation of the body to new conditions is achieved;
period of exhaustion - manifested by the failure of protective mechanisms, as a result of which there is an increasing violation of the interaction and coordination of life functions.

One of the criteria for the severity of stress is the severity of the signs (symptoms) of this condition, namely:

physiological manifestations - migraine (headaches), periodic increase in blood pressure, pain in the chest, heart, lower back or back, redness of the skin, atopic dermatitis, eczema, other skin diseases, development of stomach ulcers;
psychological reactions - loss of appetite, irritability, decreased interest in what is happening, inability to concentrate, increased excitability, anticipation of pain or possible troubles, depression.

Stress can be caused by individual factors related to events in personal life, work, and emergencies. In this case, the body reacts with the same biochemical changes aimed at relieving the tension that has arisen.

The main systems that implement stress changes in the body are the pituitary-hypothalamic-adrenal and sympathoadrenal systems, which are under the control of the higher parts of the brain and the hypothalamus, the intensive functioning of which is accompanied by the release of various hormonal substances called stress hormones. They, by mobilizing the physical resources of the body, help it cope with the super-task that has arisen, which has led to stress.

Main stress hormones and their features

The adrenal cortex secretes into the blood four main groups of steroid stress hormones:

glucocorticoids (corticosterone, cortisol) – the hormone cortisol is produced in emergency or stressful situations, with lack of nutrition and intense physical activity. Once released, cortisol has a long-lasting effect, but persistently elevated levels can lead to memory impairment and the development of depression. Cortisol reaches its maximum level in the blood serum in the morning and lower levels at night. Cortisol is produced in large quantities during chronic overexertion, which can cause cravings for sweet or fatty foods. By its action, cortisol signals the body about the need to “deposit fat” to create an energy reserve in the “fight against the enemy.” Cortisol is undoubtedly one of the most important hormones, but during chronic stress, this hormone is produced in much larger quantities than necessary and that is when it becomes harmful. This hormone in excess can have a number of adverse effects: high blood pressure, decreased immunity, increased abdominal fat, decreased muscle tissue, and hyperglycemia. This usually leads to major problems such as increased cholesterol levels, diabetes, heart attack or stroke. Therefore, cortisol has also received the nickname “death hormone”;
mineralocortiokides ( aldosterone) - a hormone necessary for normal kidney function, promote reabsorption (reverse absorption), which leads to water retention in the body and the appearance of numerous edemas;
androgens(sex hormone, estrogens) - the higher the level of estrogen in a person’s blood, the more resistant he is to pain. This occurs due to an increase in the pain threshold;
catecholamines ( adrenalin, norepinephrine, dopamine) - belong to the hormones of the adrenal medulla and are biologically active substances. Of these, norepinephrine and adrenaline are produced not only by nerve tissues, but also by the brain matter. Their effects in the human body differ somewhat, since in humans adrenaline makes up about 80%, and norepinephrine only 20%. Adrenaline has a powerful and intense effect, but wears off quickly compared to cortisol, so adrenaline is often involved in severe short-term anxiety and panic situations. Adrenaline in the blood increases already in the first moments of exposure to a stressor and, according to many scientists, can contribute to the development of cancer.

The hormone is of great importance, especially for the female body. prolactin, which supports the corpus luteum and controls the formation of progesterone. Under stress conditions, it is prolactin that has the strongest effect on metabolism and water regulation mechanisms in the body. In a state of depression, prolactin is produced uncontrollably and can lead to catastrophic consequences, especially in cases where the body has a predisposition for the development of cancer cells. Prolactin is a mobile hormone, since its concentration is easy to influence. At the same time, prolactin, the formation of which is pulsating in nature and increases during sleep, may depend on the use of certain medications (opioid analgesics, antidepressants, cocaine, estrogens, etc.) or oral contraceptives. Prolactin plays a special role in the production of milk in the mother during lactation. To keep prolactin normal, it is important to maintain a rest and work schedule, as well as avoid stress or try to form a healthy and correct response to stressful situations.

All these Stress hormones (especially cortisol, prolactin and adrenaline) prepare the body to the emergence of difficult situations through certain mechanisms, including increasing blood sugar or blood pressure to provide fuel to the muscles and brain. Thus, causing feelings of panic and fear, as well as making a person ready to confront any threat or run away from it.

The mechanism of action of stress hormones on the body

norepinephrine causes an increase in diastolic and systolic pressure without accelerating heart rhythms, increases the intensity of heart contractions, inhibits diuresis due to constriction of the vessels of the kidneys, retains sodium ions in the blood, reduces the secretory activity of the stomach, increases salivation, and also promotes relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles;
adrenalin is an antidiuretic and has antispasmodic and bronchodilator effects. Unlike other hormones, adrenaline can cause pupil dilation and changes in carbon metabolism. Adrenaline's influence reflexively reduces the amplitude and frequency of breathing, the excretion of potassium and sodium ions in the urine, relaxes the walls of organs, inhibits digestive secretion and motor activity of the stomach, and also increases the contractility of skeletal muscles. Adrenaline is considered one of the most active natural stimulants of all body systems.

Cortisol and corticosterone affect body systems by:

converting amino acids into glucose in the muscles in order to provide the body with additional energy and relieve tension;
regulation of blood pressure and insulin metabolism;
control blood sugar balance;
anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the permeability of vascular walls, inhibiting inflammatory mediators and inhibiting other mechanisms that cause inflammatory reactions;
immunoregulatory effects - cortisol inhibits the activity of lymphocytes and allergens.

In parallel, the hormone cortisol can negatively affect the functioning of the brain as a whole, destroying neurons located in the hippocampus.

An important role also plays prolactin, which has metabolic and anabolic effects, affecting metabolic processes and accelerating protein synthesis. In addition, prolactin has an immunoregulatory effect, can affect behavioral reactions and is involved in the regulation of water-salt metabolism and mental functions. Prolactin’s influence is closely related to a woman’s reproductive panel

But in a more serious, crisis situation, two more hormones, adrenaline and norepinephrine, are activated simultaneously. Together they have a very powerful effect on the body and help it cope with stress.

Role of the adrenal glands

When a person finds himself in a stressful situation, the endocrine system reacts instantly and releases hormones into the blood, the main effect of which is to mobilize the body and help it overcome the problem. In this case, the main biologically active substances acting in this direction are produced by the adrenal glands, which are two paired endocrine glands located immediately above the kidneys.

The adrenal glands consist of two parts and produce hormones that act in three directions. Biologically active substances that are synthesized in the zona glomerulosa affect metabolism, and hormones produced in the zona reticularis affect the functioning of the reproductive system. Those that help the body overcome crisis situations and cope with stress are produced by the zona fasciculata (cortisol) and the adrenal medulla (adrenaline and norepinephrine).

Adrenaline and norepinephrine

In a stressful situation, adrenaline and norepinephrine increase and speed up the heartbeat, excite the nervous system, increase blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, dilate the pupils, and shut down all organs responsible for digestion to ensure maximum blood flow to the brain. To provide the body with the necessary amount of energy, hormones increase the conversion of glycogen into glucose.

As a result, tired muscles forget about fatigue, and a “second wind” opens: performance increases, mental activity improves, the situation is perceived more clearly, there is a general increase in tone and a huge surge of energy.

In this case, adrenaline is considered a hormone of fear, norepinephrine - rage, together they perform a function called “attack or flight”, which allows a person to quickly react, make a decision and take actions that he would not be able to take in a normal state. The effect of these hormones lasts no more than five minutes, then their level subsides and returns to normal. If this does not happen, their prolonged influence greatly depletes the body.

Functions of cortisol

Cortisol has a slightly different effect: while the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla mobilize all the body’s forces in order to cope with the situation, glucocorticoid (cortisol belongs to this group) has a strong anti-stress and anti-shock effect. Its amount increases sharply under stress, blood loss, injury, or in a state of shock: thus, the body adapts to the situation.

As a result, blood pressure increases, the sensitivity of the muscular middle layer of the heart and the walls of blood vessels to the effects of adrenaline and norepinephrine increases, while cortisone reduces the sensitivity of the receptors if the hormones of the medulla rise to very high levels.

Cortisol, like adrenaline and norepinephrine, increases the amount of glucose in the blood. If medullary hormones simply convert glycogen into sugar, the action of cortisol is broader: it promotes the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds, inhibits the uptake and utilization of sugar by peripheral tissue cells, and also prevents the breakdown of glucose. Cortisol promotes the retention of water, chlorine, sodium in the body and enhances the excretion of calcium and potassium.

Glucocorticoid actively affects the activity of other hormones. For example, it inhibits the synthesis of growth hormone, delaying anabolic processes and linear growth, and reduces the sensitivity of cells to thyroid hormones, as well as androgens and estrogens.

Because cortisol stimulates the production of glucose, it inhibits the hormone insulin, whose main function is to lower blood sugar levels and deliver glucose and other nutrients to all cells of the body.

Another difference between glucocorticoids is that if, as a result of the action of adrenaline and norepinephrine, fat reserves are burned, and a person feels hungry after the decline of these hormones, the opposite picture is observed here: cortisol increases the breakdown of proteins and promotes the accumulation of fat. If a person remains in a stressful situation for a long time, cortisol constantly remains at a high level, which contributes to weight gain.

Exceeding the norm

Although adrenaline, norepinephrine and cortisol have a positive effect on the immune system in the first seconds after release, since they have the ability to relieve inflammation, resist allergies, viruses, bacteria and other pathogenic organisms, if their levels do not subside after some time, all their benefits disappear.

They will continue to inhibit the activity of internal organs, systems, enzymes, hormones that were blocked in order for the body to cope with the situation. Over time, this will cause serious disruptions in the body.

First of all, the state of the nervous system will worsen, which will have an extremely negative impact on the psyche: the person will become irritable, restless, nervous, will cease to adequately perceive the situation, and will be susceptible to panic attacks.

The main culprit in this condition is the increase in glucose levels: hormones will continue to promote its production, while the action of insulin, the only substance that can reduce its level, will be blocked by cortisol. This will lead to an excess of energy in the body that will need to be thrown out, which will manifest itself in nervous disorders.

Prolonged exposure to adrenaline will disrupt the functioning of the cardiovascular system, provoke the development of kidney failure and other diseases of the internal organs. There will also be a decrease in body weight, constant dizziness, and the person will feel the need for constant action.

If we are talking about minor troubles that disrupt the functioning of the nervous system several times a day, but do not require large releases of adrenaline, cortisol predominates in the blood. It is the stress hormone that causes obesity, since under its influence a person feels a constant feeling of hunger (so the body replenishes reserves that have been converted into glucose).

Considering that cortisol blocks the work of many hormones that take an active part in the life of the body, if stress becomes chronic, this can provoke:

high blood pressure;
disruptions in the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems;
deterioration of the thyroid gland, which means a decrease in the synthesis of thyroid hormones and calcitonin, which take an active part in metabolism, which will lead to failures in all systems of the body;
hyperglycemia – increased blood glucose levels, the consequence of the disease is diabetes mellitus;
bone fragility;
decreased immunity;
tissue destruction.

You can accurately determine whether there is a hormonal imbalance in the body and how large its deviations from the norm are using a blood test for hormones. It must be borne in mind that there are no drugs aimed at reducing adrenaline or cortisol levels. Your doctor may prescribe medications designed to calm the nervous system. But this is recommended only as a last resort; gentler methods are recommended first.

Restoring balance

To restore hormonal balance and normalize the levels of adrenaline, norepinephrine and cortisol, it is necessary to eliminate stressful situations. If a person is unable to do this, it is necessary to take actions to reduce the load on the nervous system. Their concentration in the blood is reduced by sports or moderate exercise, long walks, and proper rest. Yoga exercises, contemplation, and auto-training help a lot.

Herbal medicine with appropriate herbs (mint, valerian, sage) has a calming effect on the nervous system. A diet rich in vitamins and minerals with an emphasis on vegetables and fruits and minimal consumption of meat is recommended, since animals experience extreme stress during death, which leads to the release of the corresponding hormones into the blood. It is also undesirable to indulge in foods with a lot of sugar, since the concentration of glucose in the blood is already quite high.

Doctors also recommend communication; this will help avoid depression, since a person, finding himself in a stressful situation, tends to withdraw into himself and minimizes communication with others. Talking with friends and acquaintances can often help reduce internal tension, even if they are unable to help.

Favorite activities: drawing, music, water procedures, hobbies help to put the nervous system in order and reduce the level of stress hormones. You cannot substitute concepts and give preference to smoking or alcohol: they will not bring any benefit, but will provoke the development of alcohol and nicotine addiction.

If you notice any symptoms of illness, contact your doctor. Copying site materials is permitted only if an active indexed link to our site is installed.

Stress hormone in the blood - I wanted the best, but it turned out as always

The stress hormone in the blood triggers the same reactions in the human body that caused our distant ancestors to fight or flee when confronted with predators or other environmental hazards.

For glands that produce hormones, several thousand years is not a long time.

So it is to them that we can say “thank you” for “slightly overacting” in response to stress factors.

Let's find out what hormones are produced during stress and what to do to effectively return the body to normal.

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Stress hormone cortisol

The steroid hormone cortisol is the most well-known stress hormone of all, responsible for this unpleasant condition.

Like all substances that our body produces, it is needed for some reason.

And here's why: at critical moments, cortisol takes control of fluid balance and pressure, extinguishes those body functions that do not play a big role in saving life, and improves the functioning of systems that can save us.

Thus, cortisol inhibits:

Don't give in to stress and let it control you

In brief moments of danger or anxiety, this does not matter, but the situation completely changes when you are under the influence of prolonged stress (which is practically the norm in modern life).

In this case, increased levels of cortisol in the blood significantly reduce the effectiveness with which the immune system fights infections and viruses.

Increases blood pressure to an uncomfortable level, increases the amount of sugar in the blood, causes sexual dysfunction, problems with skin, growth, etc.

Nutritionists note that the stress hormone cortisol causes the desire to constantly eat something high-calorie and sweet.

And they, in turn, contribute to the already long list of stress factors.

5+ Ways to Reduce Cortisol Production

Walking in the fresh air has a positive effect on the body

Fortunately, we are not hostage to the cycle of negative consequences that high levels of the stress hormone cortisol lead to.

Tips on how to reduce it will help you effectively restore normal functioning of the body.

So, to reduce hormone production by 12-16%, simply chew gum! This simple action helps you to distract yourself and relax.

Parts of the brain that are activated when the digestive system starts (and chewing is a catalyst for the process) reduce the load on the adrenal glands that produce cortisol.

If you prefer natural treats, eat a couple of spoons of honey with walnuts.

It will not only help your nerves, but also strengthen your immune system.

Tip: Use chewing gum rather than a small snack like a cookie or sandwich to avoid adding extra calories.

Chemical formula of cortisol

Meditation helps reduce cortisol production by about 20%.

In addition, regular relaxation practices reduce blood pressure and help distract you from difficult thoughts and stressful circumstances - at work, in your personal life, etc.

Any activity that brings your attention to the spiritual realm is, in principle, a great stress reducer.

You can choose what is closest to you:

A walk in nature, away from the bustle of the city
Meditative hand creativity
Attending a church service
Eastern practices: yoga, qigong, tai chi and others

An effective way to combat stress, and therefore the production of cortisol, is massage.

A relaxing session will literally physically help you shake off accumulated anxieties and increase the level of so-called happiness hormones in your blood: dopamine and serotonin.

Meditate to relieve stress

Advice: if you are a follower of an active lifestyle, do not forget about sports. It works in a similar way, while also improving your health and increasing your stamina. Running is a great choice.

Get enough sleep - or at least take the time to take a nap during the day. Sleep is of great importance in reducing cortisol levels in the blood.

Having gotten enough sleep, you are much more effective at solving your daily problems without allowing them to accumulate in a huge lump of stressful circumstances.

A little workout with dumbbells at home is a great way to get exhausted.

A cup of aromatic tea perfectly lifts your spirits!

A natural relaxant that you probably have at home is regular black tea.

Brew a cup of sweet, aromatic tea and give yourself a few minutes to relax and drink tea - it will help reduce the level of stress hormones in the blood by 40-50%, thanks to the action of flavonoids and polyphenols.

Tip: choose loose leaf tea instead of bagged tea - it contains many more beneficial substances.

And finally, the simplest recipe, which is also one of the most effective: listen to music!

A pleasant, positive, relaxing or energizing playlist promotes the secretion of dopamine and serotonin and reduces the production of cortisol.

Classical music is considered especially useful during times of stress, activating as many parts of the brain as possible and forming new neural connections - literally growing renewed nerve cells for you.

Music has a healing effect on the nerves

Adrenaline: what stress really is

Adrenaline as a stress hormone clearly hints to us about the nature of disturbing circumstances.

As you know from school curriculum, adrenaline is produced when you are scared.

It forces the heart and muscles to work more actively, and the brain to focus on one problem: how to escape from a threatening situation.

Is it worth fighting her? Is it worth running?

Under the influence of adrenaline, the body functions at its limit, also limiting your horizons, creativity and ability to relax.

Increased stress with prolonged exposure to this hormone leads to excessive fatigue, headaches: due to concentration on the problem, it seems that nothing but it exists in life.

How to calm down and say goodbye to adrenaline

To stop being afraid, you must first deal with the cause of fear.

Take a closer look at your life: what causes you distinct discomfort?

Stress factors can be:

Job
Personal life
Financial condition
Troubled situation in the area where you live
Health problems

If you are having difficulty identifying problem areas in your life on your own, talk to a partner, a trusted friend, or see a professional.

Often, fear is associated with experiences originating from childhood, and in order to completely get rid of this feeling, the help of a psychologist will be very useful.

Adrenaline is especially dangerous for pregnant women; in this case, resorting to outside help is necessary for the health of the baby.

Talk about your problems with your loved ones. It is important!

Advice: no need to be afraid of going to a specialist. Choose your doctor carefully and do not hesitate to have trial consultations with several of them to choose the one who inspires your trust and favor.

In addition, you can reduce the production of the stress hormone adrenaline with healthy sleep and a diet that excludes sweets, fatty foods and flour.

Stress hormone in women

There is another unexpected enemy in the female body, which under normal circumstances does not bring anything bad - prolactin.

Normally, it is responsible for lactation and naturally increases during pregnancy, after breastfeeding or after sex.

However, in a stressful situation, its production can increase, turning prolactin into a stress hormone.

Long-term exposure to prolactin on a woman’s body leads to problems with the reproductive system, menstrual cycle and ovulation disorders, decreased estrogen levels and “switching off” sexual desire.

The most dangerous disease that it can cause is diabetes.

Prolactin also inhibits the effects of dopamine, further preventing you from enjoying things that normally make you happy—and thereby increasing stress.

Normalization of prolactin levels

The main assistant in the fight against elevated prolactin levels is dopamine.

These hormones compete in a peculiar way in the body, and the activation of dopamine production inhibits the production of the female stress hormone.

Do what brings you pleasure, set aside time for hobbies and relaxation - this will be the first step towards normalizing your condition.

Don't be alone with your problems.

Proper nutrition is of great importance.

The necessary substances can be found in a variety of fruits and berries:

It would be useful to take vitamins, especially if stress overtook you in the autumn-winter period.

Save yourself from vitamin deficiency and help your body cope with anxiety!

How to prevent hormonal imbalance during stress

Knowing what stress hormones are called and how to effectively deal with their increased production in the body, you can quickly cope with a negative state.

However, it's even more important to know how to prevent hormonal imbalance so that you can fight stress before it consumes you.

The main rule is listen to your body.

Give yourself time to rest and relax, exercise, eat right and spend more time outdoors.

Find time to rest and recuperate

Don’t forget about communication, which helps the psyche unload and switch from anxiety to more positive experiences.

Take frequent rest breaks and use anti-stress toys to relieve tension.

Advice: choose meetings with people you enjoy. The company of repulsive individuals can only aggravate the condition.

Don't forget: you can manage your stress just as much as you can manage your pleasure. So don’t let him take over.

Be healthy and happy!

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Stress hormones and their regulation

Stress can be due to various reasons. These may be personal problems (breakup with a loved one, troubles with children, illness), or there may be external circumstances, for example, loss of a job. In such a situation, various biochemical processes occur in the human body, which can have a negative impact on health if their exposure continues for a long period of time. To neutralize the effects of stress, almost all systems of the human body are involved, but the endocrine system plays the greatest role. It is during its operation that various stress hormones are released.

The role of adrenaline in stress

When understanding which hormones are produced first, it should be noted that these are adrenaline and norepinephrine. They participate in the regulation of body processes at moments of peak nervous stress. They are responsible for launching built-in mechanisms that adapt the body to stress. They are released into the blood by the adrenal glands. Adrenaline levels rise sharply when experiencing anxiety, shock, or when a person experiences fear. Entering the circulatory system and spreading throughout the body, adrenaline leads to a rapid heartbeat and a person’s pupils become dilated. It must be taken into account that its long-term impact on human systems leads to the depletion of protective forces.

The release of norepinephrine is accompanied by a sharp increase in blood pressure. This stress hormone is also released at times of increased nervous stress or when a person experiences shock. From a psychological point of view, adrenaline is considered the hormone of fear, and norepinephrine - rage. Having different effects on the body, both hormones force its systems to work almost to the limit of what is possible and, thus, on the one hand, protect the body from stress, and on the other hand, help a person get out of a difficult situation. If the production of these hormones is disrupted, a person’s behavior in a stressful situation may be inadequate.

Mechanism of action of cortisol

Another stress hormone called cortisol and stress are almost inseparable. A sharp increase in hormone levels is observed precisely at moments of peak physical or emotional stress. This is a kind of protective reaction of the body. Influencing the nervous system in a certain way, this hormone encourages the brain to look for the optimal way out of the situation, it activates its activity as much as possible. If muscular effort is required to overcome a difficult situation, cortisol can give it an unexpected boost. It is the action of this hormone that explains the sharp increase in speed and the ability to climb trees in hunters who were running away from a bear. Or a sharp surge of strength in mothers who found themselves forced to protect their children.

The effect of cortisol is that the body finds sources of quick energy, which are glucose or muscles. Therefore, prolonged stress and, accordingly, maintaining high levels of cortisol for a long time can lead to muscle breakdown (after all, they cannot constantly supply a person with energy) and weight gain. The body requires restoration of glucose reserves, and the person begins to increase the consumption of sweets, which leads to an increase in body weight.

Effects of cortisol on the body

In a normal state, the stress hormone cortisol is not only not harmful, but also useful for the normal functioning of human vital systems. Thanks to it, the sugar balance is regulated, normal metabolism is ensured, insulin production in the required volumes and stable breakdown of glucose. Under stress, there is a sharp increase in cortisol levels. As described above, the short-term effects of peak hormone production may be beneficial, but when under stress for a long time, it is harmful.

A constant increase in cortisol levels in the blood leads to the following consequences:

High blood pressure, which negatively affects a person’s well-being and can lead to negative consequences, including a stroke.
Deterioration of the thyroid gland, which in the long term can lead to a decrease in insulin production and the appearance of diabetes mellitus.
A sharp increase in blood glucose levels, which, together with a deterioration in the functioning of the thyroid gland, can lead to disruption of the functioning of the main body systems.
Disruption of the functioning of the endocrine system as a whole, which can lead, among other things, to increased bone fragility and destruction of some body tissues.
Decreased immunity due to a malfunction of human vital systems.

Effect of cortisol on weight

Another negative effect of this hormone on human life is the formation of new fatty tissue. With chronic stress and constantly elevated cortisol levels, a person develops cravings for fatty and sweet foods. To constantly combat stress, the body needs reserves of fast energy - glucose and amino acids. The first is found in the blood and comes there as a result of consuming sugar or sweet foods, and the second component is in the muscles. It turns out to be a vicious circle. The body requires sweets, which consist of glucose and carbohydrates, glucose is consumed to combat stress, and carbohydrates are converted into fat and stored to create energy reserves. Moreover, it is quite difficult to eliminate such fat; it forms in the lower abdomen in men, and on the thighs in women. In these places it is very difficult to remove it even through physical exercise.

Moreover, the presence of high cortisol levels often interferes with weight loss. Firstly, the body gives signals that it needs additional nutrition, which leads to a feeling of hunger, which means that weight does not decrease. Secondly, under the influence of cortisol, muscles are broken down into amino acids, which are required for a protective response to combat stress. This leads to the fact that a person has no strength left for physical exercise. Thus, it is difficult for a person to lose weight, both through exercise and diet. To lose weight, you must first reduce the amount of cortisol in your body.

Prolactin and stress

The stress hormone prolactin affects women in most cases. This is due to the fact that it is associated with the implementation of the function of giving birth to children. The level of this hormone in women also increases sharply during periods of unexpected mental stress. Its negative impact is that with prolonged exposure it leads to disruption of ovulation, menstruation schedules, and therefore problems with conceiving a child. In addition, it can lead to various diseases of the female genital organs and reproductive system.

Prolactin also increases during pregnancy, which leads to various emotional outbursts in women. However, constant hormonal imbalance can subsequently lead to problems with breastfeeding. Therefore, if during pregnancy a woman experiences signs of depression, she should definitely do an analysis of the level of this hormone. A timely response and prescription of medications will contribute to the birth of a healthy baby and a positive mood for the expectant mother.

Constant stress in women, which means an increased level of prolactin in the blood, can lead not only to problems with pregnancy, but also to other critical consequences. Therefore, it is extremely important to learn how to deal with stress, look at life positively and avoid severe nervous overload.

Stress management

To avoid health problems caused by stress hormones, you need to learn to manage your mental and nervous state. There are a fairly large number of methods to combat stress and increase stress resistance. Some people spend time alone with themselves every day in a quiet, calm place, others go to an empty place and simply scream to throw out negative energy, and for others, the best anti-stress is going to a boxing gym. The main thing is to find your own way and actively use it. It is also necessary to remember that healthy and restful sleep is the key to a stable nervous and endocrine systems.

It is useful to play sports. At the same time, training should not be to the point of exhaustion, but simply sufficient. Excessively active sports can, on the contrary, trigger the release of cortisol and lead to weight gain, rather than a positive psychotropic effect. In general, participation in sports events and regular physical activity (especially in the fresh air) contribute to the production of endorphins by the endocrine system - hormones of joy and happiness, which significantly increase stress resistance.

It is useful to listen to good music, distribute tasks in advance, in order to eliminate the feeling that you have to do everything at the same time, but there is no time (this is one of the most common causes of stress). Massage, manual therapy, meditation, and breathing exercises also have a positive effect on the mental, nervous and endocrine systems.

So, when a person is stressed, complex biochemical processes occur in the body, which are accompanied by a sharp increase in the selection of special substances called stress hormones. On the one hand, they form a defensive reaction and help quickly find a way out of a difficult situation, but, on the other hand, with prolonged nervous tension, stress hormones lead to disturbances in the body and imbalance of its systems. The consequence of constant stress can be various chronic and incurable diseases. Therefore, you need to fight stress and learn to manage your emotional state.