The mobility of nervous processes is expressed in the speed of change of excitation and inhibition. In behavior, this is manifested in the speed of transition from rest to action, in the ability to control oneself, collect thoughts and begin to work actively.
The properties of nervous processes were established in the laboratory of I. P. Pavlov. Based on the study of various combinations of these properties, I. P. Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity. The characteristics of human behavior largely depend on them. They also influence the characteristics of active motor activity both during training and during the period of creative work of ballet dancers.
Temperament and its importance for ballet dancers. The type of higher nervous activity is the physiological basis of temperament. Temperament is a person’s excitability and receptivity to impressions. Temperament is the most general characteristic of human behavior and is a mental property of the individual. It influences all human actions and actions.
Externally, temperament manifests itself in speech, facial expressions, gestures, gait, speed and rhythm of movements, etc. It influences the mastery of the profession of a ballet dancer and the profile of his creative work. Character and classical dancers have different temperaments.
“Human Anatomy and Physiology”, M.S.Milovzorova
A person constantly achieves certain goals throughout his life. This is always associated with overcoming certain difficulties. In some cases, initiative is required, in others - power over one’s feelings, resistance to other people’s influence, etc., i.e., will and volitional qualities are manifested. They are especially important in the studies and creative activities of ballet dancers. High willpower...
Human mental abilities, like speech, have developed in the process of work and social life. The development of social work activities and speech has radically changed human thinking. By making tools, he acquired the ability to form concepts, think abstractly, and grasp the causes and consequences of phenomena. Therefore, a person can think about his actions in advance, before the activity itself, and realize why and for what he is doing...
Human behavior and character are not innate and unchangeable. They develop and change throughout a person’s life. Their development is influenced by the individual characteristics of the conditioned reflex activity of each person. Properties of nervous processes. Individual characteristics of nervous activity depend on the properties of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition: their strength, balance and mobility. The strength of nervous processes can be great and...
Type of higher nervous activity By strength By balance By mobility Type of temperament Strong Strong Balanced Mobile Sanguine Unrestrained Strong Unbalanced Mobile Choleric Calm Strong Balanced Sedentary Phlegmatic Weak Weak Unbalanced Sedentary Melancholic Each type of higher nervous activity corresponds to a certain temperament and is its basis. Correlation between types of nervous activity and temperaments. Strong type - sanguine - sociable,...
The similarity of the higher nervous activity of humans and animals. The basic patterns of higher nervous activity were established in experiments on animals. But for the most part, they are also characteristic of humans. In the human nervous system, the processes of inhibition and excitation constantly interact. Reflexes are inhibited and stimuli are distinguished. Conditioned reflexes begin to be developed in humans from the very first days of life. Animals have conditional...
Currently, in the laboratory for the study of types of higher nervous activity in humans at the Research Institute of Psychology, which was headed by Professor B.M. Teplov, material has been accumulated that elucidates the characteristics of the weak type nervous system. In the light of the data obtained, a weak type nervous system is not a bad nervous system, but a system with high reactivity (sensitivity). Due to increased reactivity in nerve cells, the supply of functional substances is quickly consumed. However, with a properly organized regime of work and rest, the supply of reactive substance is continuously restored, due to which high productivity of the nervous system of a weak type can be ensured. Research by Soviet psychologists V.D. Nebylitsyna, N.S. Leites and others confirm this point of view, first expressed by B.M. Thermal in the form of a hypothesis.
What are the functional advantages of a weak type nervous system?
It is very significant that type weakness, as special studies have established, expresses not only a lack of strength in the excitatory and inhibitory processes, but also the associated high sensitivity and reactivity. This means that a weak type of nervous system has its own special advantages.
According to Teplov and Nebylitsyn, a weak nervous system is also characterized by the sensitivity of the analyzers: a weaker nervous system is also more sensitive, i.e. it is able to respond to stimuli of lower intensity than strong ones. This is the advantage of a weak nervous system over a strong one. The value of this approach is that it removes the previously existing evaluative attitude towards the properties of the nervous system. At each pole, the presence of both positive and negative (from a biological point of view) sides is recognized.
What is the balance of nervous processes?
In the research of the school of Teplov and Nebylitsyn, the balance of nervous processes began to be considered as a set of secondary (derived) properties of the nervous system, determining the ratio of excitation and inhibition indicators for each of its primary properties (strength, mobility, lability, dynamism of the nervous system). Along with a new interpretation of the balance of the nervous system, a new term was proposed - the balance of nervous processes.
Is it possible to talk about the independent value of psychological characteristics of temperament?
In the history of the science of temperament, the question of the value of psychological types of temperament has been repeatedly raised. Aristotle, for example, considered the most valuable melancholic temperament, which predisposes to in-depth thinking. The German philosopher Kant preferred a phlegmatic temperament. A phlegmatic person, in his opinion, flares up slowly, but burns brightly and for a long time, is capable of showing great will and endurance, can achieve a lot without offending the essence of other people. It is possible that the personal temperament of these thinkers, of whom the first was melancholic, and the second was phlegmatic.
In some of his statements, I.P. Pavlov attached too much importance to the type of nervous system, and, consequently, to temperament. This is, for example, his assessment of the sanguine temperament as the most perfect, since the underlying one is strong; a balanced and mobile type of higher nervous activity ensures precise balancing of all environmental possibilities; Pavlov spoke of the weak type as a “disabled life type,” which can normally exist only in especially favorable conditions, in a greenhouse environment. It should not be forgotten that Pavlov's views relate mainly to animals, and not to humans. In addition, it should be borne in mind that his views on the value of types of higher nervous activity changed significantly as the relevant material accumulated in his laboratories.
What is the two-aspect nature of the psyche, its subject-substantive and formal-dynamic sides?
Another important issue in the study of temperament is the question of the relationship between the biological properties of a person, his organic basis, and the psychological “filling” of temperament. In the works of Teplov, Nebylitsyn, V.S. Merlin, the concept of two-aspect nature of the psyche was developed, the essence of which is to distinguish two aspects in the human psyche: subject-substantive and formal-dynamic.
Formal-dynamic characteristics of the psyche constitute the features and properties of the human psyche that underlie his activity, regardless of its specific motives, goals, methods, relationships and are manifested in the “external picture of behavior” (I.P. Pavlov). The dynamic features of the psyche are determined by the neurophysical properties of the human body.
The formal-dynamic features of the human psyche make up what we call temperament.
Is the evaluative approach to temperament types valid?
From the understanding of temperament as a formal-dynamic characteristic of the psyche, it follows that the axiological (“evaluative”) approach to it is illegal. There are no “good” and “bad” temperaments; each temperament in specific types of activity has both its advantages and disadvantages. Often a weak type of nervous system is assessed negatively. However, Teplov's research showed an important advantage of a weak type of nervous system - high sensitivity, which is absolutely necessary in activity situations that require fine differentiation of stimuli. V.S. Merlin specifically noted the equivalence of the “properties of the general type of nervous system” and the widest possibilities for compensating a person with different types of GNI for various types of professional activity.
How is temperament type related to personality productivity?
In reality, each temperament has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Thus, the liveliness, mobility, and emotionality of a sanguine person allow him to quickly navigate the environment, easily establish contacts with people, and do several things at the same time; but these same qualities often become the reason for his rash decisions, hasty conclusions, lack of patience, and habit of leaving things unfinished.
If a choleric person is able to develop great energy, work hard and hard, then he often lacks endurance and composure in a responsible situation.
The excessive calm and slowness of a phlegmatic person is good in circumstances where restraint and composure are required, but in other cases the phlegmatic person surprises others with his equanimity, which is similar to indifference.
The deep impressionability of a melancholic person serves as the basis for the development of such character traits as responsiveness, sensitivity, constancy in friendship; but the slight sluggishness of a melancholic person can be the cause of timidity and lack of self-confidence.
The initial properties of temperament do not predetermine what they will develop into - advantages or disadvantages. Therefore, the task of the educator should not be to try to transform one type of temperament into another (and this is not possible), but to, through systematic work, promote the development of the positive aspects of each temperament and at the same time help to get rid of those negative aspects that can be associated with a given temperament.
In what psychological properties of an individual does temperament manifest itself?
Temperament manifests itself in different areas of mental activity. It appears especially clearly in 1) the emotional sphere, in the speed and strength of emotional excitability. There are people who are emotionally responsive and impressionable. Even minor events find an emotional response in them. They respond warmly to events in public and personal life, and work with enthusiasm and passion. On the other hand, there are people with low excitability and unimpressive people. Only particularly important events cause them joy, anger, fear, etc. They approach everyday events without worry, work energetically and calmly.
Temperament also appears in 2) the speed and strength of mental processes - perception, thinking, memory, etc. There are people who quickly establish their attention, quickly think, speak, and remember. Others have a slow, calm course of mental processes. They are sometimes called slow-witted. They think slowly, speak slowly. Their speech is monotonous and unexpressive. Slowness is found in them in other mental processes, as well as in attention.
Temperamental differences also manifest themselves in 3) motor skills: body movements, gestures, facial expressions. Some people have fast, energetic movements, abundant and sharp gestures, and expressive facial expressions. Others have slow, smooth movements, sparing gestures, and inexpressive facial expressions. The first is characterized by liveliness and mobility, the second by motor restraint. 4) Finally, temperament affects the characteristics of moods and the nature of their changes. Some people are most often cheerful and cheerful; Their moods change often and easily, while others are prone to lyrical moods, their moods are stable, their changes are smooth. There are people whose moods change abruptly and unexpectedly.
How to diagnose temperament by its external manifestations?
To classify a student as a certain type of temperament, you should make sure that he has one or another expression, first of all, of the following traits:
1. Activity. It is judged by the degree of pressure (energy) with which the child reaches out to something new, strives to influence the environment and change it, and overcome obstacles.
2. Emotionality. She is judged by her sensitivity to emotional influences and her disposition to find reasons for an emotional reaction. The ease with which emotion becomes the motivating force of actions is indicative, as is the speed with which one emotional state changes to another.
3. Features of motor skills. They appear in speed, sharpness, rhythm, amplitude and a number of other signs of muscle movement (some of them characterize muscle motility). This side of the manifestations of temperament is easier to observe and evaluate than others.
On what basis is a psychological characteristic of temperament given?
The psychological characteristics of the main types of temperament follow from its psychological essence and are closely related to its definition. They reveal the features of emotional excitability, features of motor skills, the nature of the prevailing moods and the features of their change. The characteristics reveal the unique dynamics of a person’s mental activity, determined by the corresponding type of higher nervous activity.
Pavlov's teaching about the types of nervous activity is essential for understanding the physiological basis of temperament. Its correct use involves taking into account the fact that the type of nervous system is a strictly physiological concept, and temperament is a psychophysiological concept, and it is expressed not only in motor skills, in the nature of reactions, their strength, speed, etc., but also in impressionability , in emotional excitability, etc.
Each type of temperament has its own correlation of mental properties, first of all, different degrees of activity and emotionality, as well as certain features of motor skills. A certain structure of dynamic manifestations characterizes the type of temperament.
In accordance with this approach, criteria are identified for attributing one or another psychological property to temperament. Thus, V.M. Rusalov identifies seven such criteria.
The psychological property under consideration:
1. does not depend on the content of activity and behavior (is independent of meaning, motive, goal, etc.);
2. characterizes the measure of dynamic (energetic) tension and a person’s relationship to the world, people, himself, and activity;
3. universal and manifests itself in all spheres of activity and life;
4. manifests itself early in childhood;
5. sustainable over a long period of human life;
6. highly correlates with the properties of the nervous system and the properties of other biological subsystems (humoral, bodily, etc.);
7. is being investigated.
The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following basic properties: sensitivity, reactivity, activity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity, extraversion - introversion, emotional excitability.
How does temperament manifest itself in the emotional sphere?
Temperament is reflected in emotional excitability - the strength of emotional arousal, the speed with which it covers the personality - and the stability with which it is maintained. It depends on a person’s temperament how quickly and strongly he lights up and how quickly he then fades away. Emotional excitability manifests itself, in particular, in a mood that is elevated to the point of exaltation or decreased to the point of depression, and especially in more or less rapid changes in mood, directly related to impressionability. Each of these temperaments can be determined by the ratio of impressionability and impulsiveness as the main psychological properties of temperament. Choleric temperament is characterized by strong impressionability and great impulsiveness; sanguine – weak impressionability and great impulsiveness; melancholic – strong impressionability and low impulsiveness; phlegmatic - weak impressionability and low impulsiveness. Thus, this classical traditional scheme naturally follows from the relationship of the basic characteristics with which we endow temperament, while acquiring the corresponding psychological content. The differentiation of both impressionability and impulsiveness in terms of strength, speed and stability, which we outlined above, opens up opportunities for further differentiation of temperaments.
A person’s impressionability and impulsiveness are especially important for temperament.
A person’s temperament is manifested, first of all, in his impressionability, characterized by the strength and stability of the impact that impressions have on a person. Depending on the characteristics of temperament, impressionability in some people is more, in others less significant; For some, according to Gorky, it’s as if someone “torn all the skin off their heart,” they are so sensitive to every impression; others - “insensitive”, “thick-skinned” - react very poorly to their surroundings. For some, the influence is strong or weak - the effect that makes an impression on them spreads with great speed, and for others with very low speed, into the deeper layers of the psyche. Finally, depending on the characteristics of their temperament, the stability of the impression varies among different people: for some, the impression - even a strong one - turns out to be very unstable, while others cannot get rid of it for a long time. Impressiveness is always an individually different affective sensitivity among people of different temperaments. It is significantly connected with the emotional sphere and is expressed in the strength, speed and stability of the emotional reaction to impressions.
Another central expression of temperament is impulsiveness, which is characterized by the strength of excitations, the speed with which they master the motor sphere and turn into action, and the stability with which they retain their effective force. Impulsivity includes the impressionability and emotional excitability that determines it in relation to the dynamic characteristics of those intellectual processes that mediate and control them. Impulsivity is that side of temperament by which it is connected with desire, with the origins of will, with the dynamic power of needs as incentives for activity, with the speed of transition of impulses into action.
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Pageism
Pageism is a type of masochism in which a person can achieve sexual satisfaction only when performing the role of a servant.
Memory
Memory is one of the abilities of the cognitive system, designed to organize and store an individual’s previous experience. It manifests itself in the ability to preserve received impressions over time and subsequently reproduce mnemonic traces in the mind.
Memory disorder
Memory disorders are conditions characterized by a decrease or loss of an individual’s ability to perform mnemonic activities, the inability to remember, retain, recognize and reproduce received information. There are separate forms of memory disorders, including: amnesia (loss), hypomnesia (deterioration), paramnesia (the occurrence of deception).
Panic disorder
Panic disorder is an independent diagnostic variation in the course of anxiety states. Synonymous meaning of the terms: panic attack, episodic paroxysmal anxiety. Manifested by recurrence of panic attacks. In some cases it takes specific forms, for example: homosexual panic.
Panic state
A panic state is a psychological phenomenon that has a stable form. It manifests itself as the occurrence of acute panic anxiety in the form of short-term attacks and the appearance of confusion in one person or group of people. Often associated with agoraphobia.
Pantomime
Pantomime is one of the means of expressing the experiences of an individual and his relationship to something. Marks the appearance of expressive movements and gestures, changes in gait and posture. Helps illustrate the psycho-emotional state of the individual.
Paralytic syndrome
Paralytic syndrome is a psychopathological stable symptom complex caused by a combination of disorders of higher mental functions. It is characterized by total dementia, a persistent predominance of high spirits in a person, deep flaws in the personal constitution, loss of criticality, and behavioral defects.
Paralysis
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor function, loss of the ability to perform voluntary movements, resulting from damage to the nervous system of an organic or functional nature.
Paranoid psychopathy (paranoid personality disorder)
Paranoid psychopathy (paranoid personality disorder) is a separate form of constitutional personality disorder, in which a person develops overvalued ideas, egocentrism, rigidity and subjectivity of thinking.
Paranoia
Paranoia is a rare type of chronic psychosis, characterized by the gradual development of persistent systematized delusions, not accompanied by hallucinations, not associated with thinking disorders of the schizophrenic variant. As a rule, it manifests itself as delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy.
Complainant paranoia (litigious paranoia)
Complainant's paranoia, synonymous meaning: litigious paranoia is a pathological state of mind in which an individual tends to show dissatisfaction and make claims, starting endless legal proceedings. His complaints are based on real or imagined grievances, troubles or insults.
Parapsychology
Parapsychology is a designation for hypotheses and concepts unrecognized by official science, often contradicting the accepted canons, associated with attempts to explain certain mental phenomena, for example: extrasensory perception.
Parasuicide
Parasuicide is a suicide attempt that is different from true suicide and has a demonstrative effect. A peculiar form of blackmail aimed at achieving certain personal benefits.
Paraphasia
Paraphasia is a violation of speech function, manifested in the incorrect use of sounds, syllables or whole words in oral speech or the replacement of certain letters or speech structures in writing.
Paraphrenic syndrome
Paraphrenic syndrome is a variant of psychopathological delusional syndrome. It is manifested by the development in the individual of systematized delusional ideas of his own greatness, deliberate persecution or influence on his psyche from the outside.
Paresthesia
Paresthesia is a form of psychosensory disorder, expressed in the occurrence of abnormal skin sensations in a person in some part of the body, for example: numbness, tingling, “crawling sensations”. A frequent companion to diseases of the peripheral nervous system.
Pedology
Pedology is an independent branch of pedagogy and psychology that considers the development of a child comprehensively, taking into account all existing factors in a certain socio-cultural environment.
Pedophilia
Pedophilia is a type of sexual perversion in which an adult is sexually attracted to a child and is active in having sexual intercourse with him.
Experience
Experience is a special mental state of an individual, implying any type of experienced emotional sensations that are represented in a person’s mind and are a life event for him.
Transfer
Transfer - in psychology: an improvement or deterioration in the quality of performing or mastering a certain action, occurring due to the influence of the previous performance of another act. There are positive transfer (proactive facilitation) and negative transfer (inhibition).
Periodization of mental development of personality
Periodization of the mental development of the individual is a symbol for the principle of studying the mental sphere of a person in the process of ontogenesis. The principle is based on identifying specific stages of personality development, the presence of specific steps that an individual overcomes in his life.
Perseveration
Perseveration is a person’s tendency to obsessively cyclically repeat or reproduce any actions or movements, to persistently express the same ideas and stereotypical thoughts. There are sensory, motor and intellectual perseverations.
Personalization
Personalization is a process aimed at an individual acquiring ideas about the essence of people’s life activities, thanks to which a person can project himself in society as an individual. It implies the transformation of the psycho-emotional sphere and the development of personal structure as a result of the active activity of the individual.
Perfectionism
Perfectionism is a person’s desire for perfection, manifested in the desire to perform the chosen job perfectly, the need to appear before society in a specific form as a perfect person. With perfectionism, if a person is convinced that he cannot perform an action flawlessly, then he consciously refuses this activity.
Perception is a set of physiological, mental and psychological processes necessary for a person to obtain information about the world around him. It is common to view perception as two interrelated processes: sensation and sensory perception.
Pygmalionism
Pygmalionism is a form of sexual perversion in which a person is sexually attracted to images of the female body. With pygmalionism, sexual arousal and subsequent satisfaction occurs when contemplating or touching sculptural or pictorial images of a woman.
Plasticity of the nervous system
The plasticity of the nervous system is a property of the body that implies the ability to change the organization and functioning of the brain under the influence of significant changes in the external environment or internal factors.
Placebo effect
Placebo effect is the achievement of changes in the well-being of a sick person under the influence of a drug that is indifferent to the body, which actually has no effect on eliminating symptoms. Occurs due to appropriate self-hypnosis about the benefits of the product.
Sexual pluralism
Sexual pluralism is a type of deviant behavior in which an individual can achieve sexual satisfaction in the presence or participation in an intimate process of at least three people.
Behavior
Behavior is a purposeful system of sequential actions by a person, manifested through motor and mental activity. This activity, organized in a certain way, is aimed at bringing the individual into actual contact with the environment.
Borderline mental states
Borderline mental states are a separate group of pathological anomalies in the mental sphere, characterized by an insignificant degree of manifested disturbances that border on the conventional border between normal and pathological.
Nervous system mobility
The mobility of the nervous system is one of the characteristics of the activity of the nervous system, describing the speed of switching, the speed of occurrence and cessation of ongoing processes.
Subliminal perception
Subthreshold perception is the processes of sensation and perception that occur unconsciously, without control by consciousness, but which significantly influence the behavioral model of the individual.
Imitation
Imitation is one of the existing ways of assimilating universal human experience. It consists in the reproduction by one individual of certain actions or behavior inherent in another subject.
Teenage asceticism
Adolescent asceticism is a model characteristic of the period of adolescence, manifested in the teenager’s conscious refusal to carry out certain types of activities. The teenager stops taking part in and carrying out activities that, in his opinion, are a source of pleasure, for example: stops communicating with the opposite sex, refuses tasty dishes, switching to “ascetic” food.
Cognitive processes
Cognitive processes are an unchanging component of human activity, a set of activities in the mental sphere aimed at obtaining information about environmental phenomena and ensuring subsequent storage or reproduction. The structure of cognitive processes includes: imagination, perception, thinking, memory.
Gender identity
Gender identity is one of the components of personal identity, describing the process of experiencing and realizing one’s special gender identity. This aspect determines the understanding of the physiological and psychological characteristics of one’s gender, establishes a certain social role, typical for representatives of the male or female sex.
Sexual perversions (perversions)
Sexual perversions (perversions) are painful qualitative changes in the direction of sexual desire. Pathological disturbances in the ways an individual resorts to achieve sexual satisfaction.
Understanding
Understanding is a person’s ability to comprehend the essence of any processes that ensure the achievement of a certain result. Caused by a specific state of consciousness, which the individual interprets as an opportunity to create an adequate idea.
Pornography mania
Pornography addiction is a form of sexual perversion in which sexual arousal, the emergence of fantasies and subsequent satisfaction are achieved by viewing, reading and creating pornographic products.
Thresholds of sensations
Sensation thresholds are the main characteristic that describes the qualitative indicators of stimuli, the intensity of which determines the operation of the analyzers. There are three categories of sensation thresholds: absolute, differential, operational.
Post-traumatic exhaustion
Post-traumatic exhaustion is a term that describes the mental and physiological exhaustion of the body, which is observed as a result of an individual receiving significant trauma, both physical and emotional.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a pathological condition in which a disturbance in the processes of mental activity is determined after the individual has been in extreme situations that resulted in significant mental trauma.
Deed
An act is a component of human behavior that is a conscious, planned action for which a person accepts personal responsibility. The action is aimed at causing certain reactions in other members of society.
Potential personality abilities
Potential personality abilities are constructs that describe a person’s capabilities in his subsequent development. They appear every time the individual faces the need to solve new problems.
Needs
Needs are the objective needs of a person that motivate him to carry out certain forms of activity. An internal source of human activity that provides a connection between the individual and the outside world.
Praxis
Praxis is a collective term used to describe the voluntary, purposeful motor activity of an individual. Is an adequately coordinated activity controlled under the control of consciousness.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is one of the main terms of Gestalt psychology, used to describe the meaningfulness and completeness of Gestalts, as a result of which memories take a stable, laconic form.
Pre-senility
Pre-senility is a condition in which a significant decline in the intellectual capabilities of an individual is determined, a frequent precursor to senility.
Premonitions
Premonitions are a process that occurs in sensory analyzers, caused in response to external stimulation, but does not lead to the emergence of conscious sensations in a person.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a type of stereotypical negative ideas about a specific person, group of people, or a certain community. Expresses a person’s cynical, hostile or anxious attitude towards other members of society.
Performance
Representation is the presence in the mind of an individual of a visual image of some phenomenon or object that arose as a result of previous personal experience without the actual presence of the object.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a false, biased attitude, a negatively colored opinion that prevents the adequate perception of any objects or phenomena.
Habit
A habit is an automated act in human behavior, the implementation of which becomes a need when certain conditions occur.
Vocation
Vocation is a person’s inclination to perform any professional activity, the desire to be engaged in some profession. A vocation is accompanied by the individual’s conviction that he has the necessary natural abilities to engage in this activity.
Decision-making
Decision making is a stage of an act of will, which includes the emergence of new goals, the emergence of new motives, endowing something with new meanings and the subsequent choice of a method of action.
Recall
Recall is a complex reproductive process in which previously stored material is reproduced from memory, requiring not only effort, but also the presence of certain skills.
Adaptive reaction
Adaptive reaction – minor disturbances that manifest themselves under the influence of stress factors, but occur in a mild form and for a short time.
Proactive braking
Proactive inhibition is inhibition that acts forward due to the influence of previous events, creating difficulties in memorizing material.
Problem situation
A problem situation is a phenomenon in a person’s life that contains contradictions and does not have a clearly correct solution. A set of negative circumstances and unfavorable conditions in which an individual is forced to carry out his activities.
Provocativeness
Provocativeness is a property of an individual, manifested in the tendency to be the initiator of provocations when communicating with other people. It manifests itself in the individual’s desire to unbalance the interlocutor, to push another person to perform rash actions.
Projection
Projection is a psychological mechanism that involves a person’s unconscious attribution of traits, motivations, and experiences present in him to other subjects.
Procrastinator
A procrastinator is a personality type characterized by slowness in making decisions, a tendency to put off actions indefinitely, and a habit of putting off doing work. This habit leads to significant problems in life and various negative psychological effects.
Prolepsis
Prolepsis is an important construct for personality development, denoting the phenomenon when a person “sees” himself as he will be after a certain period of time. Original assumptions about what an individual will become as a result of the process of personal development.
The nervous system, together with the endocrine system, exercises control over all processes in the body, both simple and complex. It consists of the brain, spinal and peripheral nerve fibers.
NS classification
The nervous system is divided into: central and peripheral.
The central nervous system is the main part, which includes the spinal cord and brain. Both of these organs are reliably protected by the skull and spine. The PNS is the nerves responsible for movement and sensory. It ensures human interaction with the environment. With the help of the PNS, the body receives signals and reacts to them.
There are two types of PNS:
- Somatic - sensory and motor nerve fibers. Responsible for coordination of movement; a person can consciously control his body.
- Autonomic - divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. The first gives a response to danger and stress. The second is responsible for peace and normalization of the functioning of organs (digestive, urinary).
Despite their differences, both systems are interconnected and cannot work autonomously.
Properties of nervous processes
The classification of types of VND is influenced by the properties of nervous processes, these include:
- balance - the same occurrence of processes in the central nervous system, such as excitation and inhibition;
- mobility - rapid change from one process to another;
- strength - the ability to respond correctly to a stimulus of any strength.
What are signaling systems
The signaling system is a set of reflexes that connect the body with the environment. They serve as a step in the formation of higher nervous activity.
There are two signaling systems:
- reflexes to specific stimuli - light, sound (available in animals and humans);
- speech system - developed in a person in the process of work.
Evolution of the central nervous system
The evolution of the functions of CNS cells occurred in several stages:
- improvement of individual cells;
- the formation of new properties that can interact with the environment.
The main stages of phylogenesis that the nervous system went through are:
- The diffuse type is one of the oldest; it is found in organisms such as coelenterates (jellyfish). It is a type of network that consists of clusters of neurons (bipolar and multipolar). Despite its simplicity, the nerve plexuses, in response to irritations, give a reaction throughout the body. The speed at which excitation propagates through the fibers is low.
- In the process of evolution, a stem type emerged - a number of cells gathered into trunks, but diffuse plexuses also remained. It is represented in the group of protostomes (flatworms).
- Further development led to the emergence of the nodal type - some of the cells of the central nervous system are collected in nodes with the ability to transmit excitation from one node to another. The improvement of cells and the development of reception apparatuses occurred in parallel. Nerve impulses arising in any part of the body do not spread throughout the body, but only within the segment. Representatives of this type are invertebrates: mollusks, arthropods, insects.
- Tubular - the highest, characteristic of chordates. Multisynaptic connections appear, which leads to qualitatively new relationships between the organism and the environment. This type includes vertebrates: animals that differ in appearance and have different lifestyles, and humans. They have a nervous system in the form of a tube that ends in the brain.
Varieties
The scientist Pavlov conducted laboratory research for many years, studying the reflexes of dogs. He concluded that in humans, the type of nervous system mainly depends on innate characteristics. It is the nervous system, its properties, that physiologically affect the formation of temperament.
However, modern scientists argue that this is influenced not only by hereditary factors, but also by the level of upbringing, training and social environment.
Thanks to all the research, the following types of nervous system have been identified, depending on the processes of excitation, inhibition and balance:
- Strong, unbalanced - choleric. In this type, excitation of the nervous system predominates over inhibition. Cholerics are very energetic, but they are emotional, hot-tempered, aggressive, ambitious and lack self-control.
- Strong, balanced, agile - sanguine. People of this type are characterized as lively, active, easily adapt to different living conditions, and have high resistance to life's difficulties. They are leaders and confidently move towards their goals.
- Strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic. He is the opposite of sanguine. His reaction to everything that happens is calm, he is not prone to violent emotions, and I am sure he has great resistance to problems.
- Weak - melancholic. A melancholic person is not able to resist any stimuli, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. Characteristic signs: lethargy, passivity, cowardice, tearfulness. With a strong irritant, behavioral disturbances may occur. A melancholic person is always in a bad mood.
Interesting: psychopathic disorders are more common in people with a strong unbalanced and weak type of GND.
How to determine a person's temperament
It is not easy to determine what type of nervous system a person has, since this is influenced by the cerebral cortex, subcortical formations, the level of development of signaling systems and intelligence.
In animals, the type of NS is influenced to a greater extent by the biological environment. For example, puppies from the same litter but raised in different environments may have different temperaments.
Exploring the central nervous system and human psychology, Pavlov developed a questionnaire (test), after passing which, you can determine your belonging to one of the types of GNI, provided that the answers are truthful.
The nervous system controls the activity of all organs. Its type affects a person’s character and behavior. People with a common type are similar in their reactions to certain life situations.
The mobility of nervous processes, the speed of their occurrence and cessation, the ease of transition from an inhibitory process to an excitatory one. Outwardly manifested in the ability to quickly respond to stimuli, quickly calm down after strong excitement, and also easily switch to a state of excitement or, at the moment of excitement, quickly respond to inhibitory commands. Depending on this, nervous processes are mobile or inert. Most of the Newfoundland population, for example, is characterized by an inert type of nervous processes.
Trainer's Dictionary.
V. V. Gritsenko.
See what “Motility of nervous processes” is in other dictionaries: MOBILITY OF NERVOUS PROCESSES - one of the main functional properties of the nervous system, characterized by the speed with which the processes of excitation and inhibition replace each other; in case of good P. n. etc. such a change occurs quickly, in the case of low mobility slowly, with... ...
Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book
A property of the nervous system that expresses the relationship between excitation and inhibition. The concept of U. n. p., introduced by I.P. Pavlov, was considered by him as one of the independent properties of the nervous system, forming in combination with others (with strength and ... ... balance of nervous processes
- a property of the nervous system that expresses the relationship between excitation and inhibition. The concept of U.n.p introduced by I.P. Pavlov, was considered by him as one of the independent properties of the nervous system, forming in combination with others (with strength, and... ... mobility - one of the primary properties of the nervous system, consisting in the ability to quickly respond to changes in the environment. The property of P. was described and studied in the laboratories of I. P. Pavlov. At the same time, the basic methodological techniques for it were proposed... ...
Great psychological encyclopedia higher nervous activity - one of the primary properties of the nervous system, consisting in the ability to quickly respond to changes in the environment. The property of P. was described and studied in the laboratories of I. P. Pavlov. At the same time, the basic methodological techniques for it were proposed... ...
- Category. Neurophysiological processes taking place in the cerebral cortex and the subcortex closest to it and determining the implementation of mental functions. Specificity. As a unit of analysis of higher nervous activity... ... Higher nervous activity - activity of the higher parts of the central nervous system of animals and humans, “... ensuring normal complex relationships of the whole organism to the outside world...” (Pavlov I.P., Complete collection of works, vol. 3, 1949, p. 482 ), Unlike… …
Great Soviet Encyclopedia- (GND), integrative activities of higher education. departments center nervous system (CNS), which provides behavior, i.e. optimal adaptation of the body as a whole to external conditions. to the world. The structural basis of the GNI in all mammals (including humans) is the cortex... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
MEMORY AND ATTENTION DISORDERS- Memory is a mental process that performs the function of accumulating, preserving and reproducing experience (ideas), a person’s sensory and rational knowledge of the environment and himself, which ensures his differentiated... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
mental retardation- underdevelopment of complex forms of mental activity due to pathological heredity, organic damage to the central nervous system in the prenatal period or at the earliest stages of postnatal development (the emergence of intellectual... ... Defectology. Dictionary-reference book
CONFLICT PERSONALITY- – an accentuated personality, striving to resolve the contradictions of life and interaction through conflicting actions. K. l. is often the initiator of conflicts, and these conflicts are usually destructive in nature... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
