Slant in late 1991 on its state independence.

Actually, the Russian-Chechen war began on December 11, 1994 by the invasion of federal troops in Chechnya. This was preceded by a three-year process of removal of the Chechen authorities from Moscow, launched in the fall of 1991 under the leadership of the former general of the Soviet army of General Johahar Dudayev, elected by the first president of Chechnya. After the collapse of the USSR, Dudayev declared the independence of Chechnya from Russia, although he did not break all connections with Moscow, especially in the financial and economic sphere after the elimination of the boulder in October 1993, the Russian authorities tried to restore their control over the Chechen territory in the Northern North Super Area of \u200b\u200bthe Republic, not recognized The power of Dudayev, the Russians were created for the Russian money, armed with Russian weapons. On November 26, 1994, with the support of tanks with Russian crews, oppositionists tried to master the capital of Chechnya Grozny, but more than 70 Russian military workers were captured and captured by loyal Dudaev troops. They were released before the start of the full-scale Russian-Chechen war. Among the dead and prisoner tank workers were the officers of the Kantemirivsk division hired by Russian special services, in October 1993, having fired around the Moscow White House.

After the failure of attempts to overthrow Dudayev with the help of the Chechen opposition, a full-scale military operation was launched for several divisions of the army and internal troops. The number of groupings reached 60 thousand soldiers and officers, including elite airborne troops and the Moscow Division of Internal Troops (former Dzerzhinsky name). They were opposed by the regular Chechen army created by Dudayev, who called the militia and consisted of up to 15 thousand people. It was armed with tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry combat vehicles (BMP), artillery, machine guns and light small arms left for army warehouses after the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya in 1992. Part of weapons and ammunition Dudayev later managed to illegally buy in Russia. There were no combat aviation in Chechens, and all training aircraft, located on the airfield near Grozny, were destroyed before the invasion of the bombardment of Russian aviation.

Officially, in Russia, the war was called "Measures to restore the constitutional order in the Chechen Republic" and pursued the purpose of "Disarmament of illegal armed formations". Russian politicians and military were calculated that the fighting would not last more than two weeks. Defense Minister General Pavel Grachev Even on the eve of the invasion of Chechnya stated that Grozny could be taken in two hours with one Russian airborne regiment. However, federal troops met fierce resistance and immediately suffered large losses.

Chechens did not have aviation, repeatedly inferior to the enemy in artillery and tanks, but for the three years of independence managed to turn into professional fighters, and in terms of combat training and command, they were significantly superior to Russian soldiers, many of which were recently called into troops directly with operations from the Chechen side managed Head of the General Staff General Aslan Maskhadov, former Colonel of the Soviet Army. Chechen troops successfully combined the positional defenses with mobile, time spent on time from massive blows of Russian aviation.

Only on December 21, the federal parts came to Grozny and on the New Year's Eve 1995 went to the poorly prepared storming of Grozny. Chechens almost unhindered missed the people who arrived at the center of Grozny, and then began to shoot armored vehicles and infantry from fortified positions at the pre-targeted streets of the city. Fighters of the federal troops did not have plans of the city and almost did not focus in it, they acted disagreeable and actually without a single command. Part of them were destroyed, part was blocked in busy buildings, and only a little managed to break back. Up to 500 people got into captivity. Almost all Russian tanks introduced in Grozny were burned or taken by Chechens. Strengthened street fighting began when Russian soldiers slowly occupied the city, the house for the house, quarter of the quarter. In these battles, Chechens fought more skillfully, acting in small mobile groups whose commanders could independently make decisions in a rapidly changing setting without a solid line of the front. Only a few of the Russian commanders possessed these qualities. Aviation bombed Grozny and other cities and villages of Chechnya is not primarily in squares. From bombing, almost exclusively peaceful population suffered. The death of relatives and loved ones only strengthened the hatred of Chechen soldiers and officers to the federals. In Grozny, for the angry irony of fate, the victims of the bombs and shells became the first "Russian residents. The peaceful Chechen population mainly managed to leave the precipitated city and hide the relatives in the mountains, there was nowhere to go away. In March, Chechen troops left the Terrible. In April And May Russian army broke through in the foothill and mountainous areas in the south of Chechnya, mastered all cities of the republic. To win the time to move the regular army to the partisan war with hard-to-reach bases in the mountains, in mid-June, a detachment of 200 people under the command of one of the most famous Chechen field The commanders of Shamil Basayev, a former student, and now, made a raid to the Stavropol City of Budennovsk. Here, Basayev's soldiers seized to hostages to thousands of civilians, drove into the city hospital and threatened to destroy them if the cease-fire and the beginning of Russian-Chechen negotiations were announced. (On the day before, almost the whole family Basayev died under Russian bombs). The federal troops have taken an unsuccessful hospital assault, during which several dozens of hostages died. After that, Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin agreed to fulfill the requirements of terrorists, and also provided buses to terrorists so that they could reach Chechen Mountains with part of the hostages to guarantee security. In Chechnya, Basayev liberated the remaining hostages and was beyond the reach of Russian troops. In total, about 120 civilians died in the streets of Budennovsk and in the hospital. Basayev took his raid without the sanction of the Chechen command, but afterwards Dudaev and Maskhadov approved his actions.

The inhuman shares of Basayeva led, however, to the temporary cessation of bloodshed in Chechnya, while negotiations continued. In October, they were interrupted after the head of the Russian delegation commander of the internal troops, General Anatoly Romanov, was seriously injured as a result of an attempt (so far he is unconscious). The circumstances of this attempt carried out using the radio-controlled Fugas are not clear today.

After the breakdown of negotiations, federal troops resumed an offensive in the mountainous regions of Chechnya. They have repeatedly captured the city and settlements there, but it was impossible to keep busy positions for a long time, since Chechens blocked the supply paths. Russian parts are tired of the war. Their combat capability, and without that low, fell to a critical limit. Federal troops never managed to defeat the main Chechen forces. Maskhadov and Dudayev were able to preserve control over their main detachments in December Chechen forces were taken by the second largest city of the Republic of Guders, demonstrating their strength to Russia and the whole world.

At the end of December 1996, a detachment of about 200 people under the command of the son-in-law of Dudayev Salman Radueva, later produced into the generals, made a raid against the helicopter base in the Dagestan city of Kizlyar. The raid ended in failure, and the rust of the federal troops threatened the detachment. Then Raduyev, following the example of Basayev, captured hostages in the urban hospital. At first, he demanded the cessation of war and the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya, then, under pressure from the authorities of Dagestan, was satisfied with the promise of free pass to Chechnya under the cover of a living shield from the hostage. In January 1996, the border of Dagestan and Chechnya column buses with terrorists was fired by Russian helicopters. Raduyev and his people captured the police post from the fighters of the Novosibirsk Detachment of a special purpose (riot police) and occupied defense in the nearby Dagestan village of Pervomayskoye. The Raduyev detachment was besieged by internal troops and special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the security service of 2.5 thousand people. After a few days, the troops went to the assault, broke into May Day, but were discarded on the initial positions. Militia special forces, trained in the struggle with armed criminals, were poorly adapted for the maintenance of an ordinary street fight with the enemy division. Under the cover of the night, most of the Raduyevians with a part of the hostages managed to break away from the environment. Pervomaysky battle once again proved to Chechens weakness of Russian troops.

All attempts by Moscow to create the capable Chechen administration ended with collapse. In the last period, at the head of the pro-Russian government, the Dock Zingaev, the former leader of the Communist Party and the Chairman of the Chechen-Ingushetia Supreme Council, was overclosed on the initiative of Dudaev demonstrators in the fall of 1991. Trillions rubles allocated for the restoration of the destroyed economy of Chechnya were cleared by bankers and officials of different levels. The regional administration, without any real power, was unable to prevent the shelling and bombing of the Chechen seleniums by Russian artillery and aviation. As a result of Zvezaev, the inhabitants of which were previously in opposition to Dudayev were rapidly lost.

In March 1996, Basayev entered the Terrible for several days. "Terrorist No. 1" this time put on his fighters on passenger cars. At high speed, they moved through the streets, attacking federal checkpoints and commandands, remaining almost invulnerable. The Russian army could not do anything with Basayev, passively expecting when they leave the city. As it became clear later, the March raid Basayev was only a rehearsal of a larger operation.

In mid-April near the village of Yarysh-Mandan, a column of federal troops came to the ambush, which lost about 100 people who lost the dead. Chechens also did not suffer losses in this battle.

On 21 April 1996, Dudaev was killed as a result of an aviation rocket explosion, induced to the signal of his cell phone. The post of President of Chechnya was taken by Vice-President Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, a famous Chechen poet, but as a politician who was inferior to the popularity of Dudaev, Maskhadov and Basayev. At the end of May, during the arrival of Yandarbiev, an agreement on the cease-fire was concluded in Moscow. On the eve of the presidential election, the Russian leadership was interested in achieving at least a temporary world in Chechnya. It hoped that after the death of Dudayev, the resistance of Chechens will weaken and manage to approve the Government of Zvezaev in the country.

After the victory in the election of Boris Yeltsin, federal troops resumed an offensive in Chechnya and bombing of mountain villages. On August 6, the Chechen army entered the Terrible. This operation was developed by Maskhadov still in spring. However, the Chechen leadership postponed her holding time after the presidential elections in Russia, believing that the victory of Yeltsin for Chechnya would be the smallest evil. A few days before the operation in the special leaflets, the inhabitants of Grozny warned that in the very near future the fights will begin in the city and they need to be worse with water and food and do not go outside. However, the command of the federal troops did not give the meanings to these leaflets and was captured by surprise. In the city and its surroundings were located up to 15 thousand soldiers and officers of the army and internal troops and OMON fighters.

Initially, about 2 thousand Chechen militias took place in Grozny under the personal leadership of Maskhadov and Basayev (the latter directly commanded the Grozny group). By that time, Chechens had no armored vehicles and almost no artillery left. However, in combat experience, the ability to fight and the moral spirit, they far exceeded the soldiers of the federal troops who did not show any desire to die in the name of the "guidance of the constitutional order in Chechnya." Many Russian units actually occupied the position of armed neutrality, without filling the enemy, if he, in turn, did not attend their positions.

For the week, the fights Chechens captured most of the Terrible, blocking Russian troops in the main administrative buildings and the premises of the location and commanders. By that time, the number of Chechen group in Grozny increased to 6-7 thousand people, thanks to the transition to its side part of the part of the city police and the transfer of reinforcements from other areas of Chechnya. The counterattacks of the federal troops from the Hancale located in the Grozny suburbs and the North Airport were repulsed. Russian parts suffered large losses. Separate divisions of the federal troops to escape from the environment and obtain medicines for the wounded, resorted to the shameful practice of seizing hostages among civilians. According to some estimates, up to 200 units of armored vehicles were burned, and several infantry tanks and combat vehicles (BMP) Chechens managed to capture unscathed. As the Russian press wrote in those days: "Under the onslaught of scattered gangs, our troops left the city of Grozny." Chechen troops also liberated the city of Guders and Argun and caused a number of blows through federal parts in the foothills.

Commander of Russian troops in Chechnya, General Konstantin Pulikovsky demanded that the inhabitants of Grozny abandon the city in two days, going to expose it to massive bombings and shelling. In this case, the death would be inevitable not only about 2 thousand federal servicemen blocked in precipitated buildings and remaining without food, water and ammunition, but also a ten thousand citizens, who could not leave the city for such a short time. Urgently arrived in Chechnya Secretary of the Security Council of Russia, General Alexander Lebed, made the abolition of the order of Pulikovsky on the new storm of the Terrible. The swan was convinced of the full nonility of the Russian troops in Chechnya, as stated publicly.

At the end of August, in the Dagestan city of Khasavurt, he signed with the Chechen leadership of the agreement on which the cessation of fire was established, the federal troops, with the exception of two brigades, were displayed from Chechnya (independence supporters call the country of Ichkeria), and the definition of the political status of the republic was postponed for the period no later than the end 2001. Chechens, however, insisted on the withdrawal of all federal troops and refused to guarantee the safety of military personnel remaining in the vicinity of the Terrible Brigades.

On November 23, 1996, President Yeltsin signed a decree on the withdrawal from Chechnya until the end of the year of the last two brigades. When the federal troops left the republic, presidential elections took place there. Maskhadov won on them. His power spread to the entire republic. Local militia returned to the Nadecene region forced to abandon the power of supporters of Zvezaev. In May 1997, Presidents Yeltsin and Maskhadov signed a peace treaty between Russia and Chechney, where the parties have pledged to never use the strength or threat to its use in relations with each other. This means the recognition of Russia by Chechnya independent de facto. However, to recognize the Chechen independence of the de-Yura, that is, to officially agree that the Republic of Ichkeria is not more part of the territory of Russia and establish diplomatic relations with it as a foreign state, the Russian leadership is not yet ready. The story knows examples, when decades took place between the actual findings of independence and its recognition of the former metropolis. So, the Netherlands actually separated from Spain for 1572, but the Spanish monarchy recognized the new state after a number of wars only in 1607.

According to official data, in Chechnya, about 6 thousand Russian servicemen, border guards, policemen and security officers died in Chechnya. We do not have any total data on the irrevocable losses of the Chechen army today. One can only assume that due to the smaller number and higher level of combat training troops of Chechnya suffered significantly smaller losses than federal troops.

The total number of dead residents of Chechnya is most often estimated at 70-80 thousand people, in the overwhelming majority of civilians. They became victims of shelling and bombardments by the federal troops, as well as the so-called "stripping" - examined by Russian soldiers and employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs left by the Chechen formations of cities and villages, when peaceful residents died often from the bullets and grenades of federals. The largest "sweeps" were held in the village of Samashki not far from the border with Ingushetia.

The second Chechen war began after the invasion of the 1999 of the Chechen squads of Shamil Basayev and Hattaba in Dagestan, based on the promotion of local vachabits, residential buildings in Moscow and Buynaksk and the invasion of federal troops in September. The plan of this invasion, according to some reports, was developed in the spring of 1999. By the beginning of February 2000, the Russian army took possession of Grozny, which was practically erased from the face of the Earth. In February - March, federal troops penetrated the southern mountain areas of Chechnya, but could not establish effective control over them. The large-scale partisan war continues throughout Chechnya. By the end of 2000, Russian losses, according to official, probably significantly inequate data, amounted to about 3 thousand dead and missing. There are no reliable data on the loss of Chechen armed formations and civilians. It can only be assumed that civilians died several times more than the military.

There are a terrible term in the military lexicon - irrevocable losses. In operational reports, it is designated for killed military personnel. No one consider the dead civilians in the war. As a rule, with large-scale combat actions using aviation and artillery, they die ten times more than soldiers. However, the figures of the losses of military personnel in different reports sometimes differ as the sky and the earth. An example of this is the tragedy that walked on April 16 at the Mountain Road at the Chechen village Yarysh Marda.

AMBUSH

The rear column of the 245th consolidated motorized rifle regiment, for almost a year who fought in Chechnya has made a march. In its composition there were 199 people: 29 officers, 17 ensigns and 153 soldiers and sergeants, mostly contract soldiers. He headed the Department of Major Major Torrosov, the Department of Major Terrovets.

Immediately after the tragedy in the Duma, statements were heard that the column was almost unarmed. This is not true. All subordinate major terrosite has a regular weapon. And the ammunition was enough. After all, in Hancale, they loaded with cartridges and shells, flammable and military equipment under the string.

Accompanied cars tanks and infantry combat vehicles.

On the mountain serpentine ground intelligence in essence is useless. After all, an ambush on the dominant heights, the battle intelligence ward can only detect accidentally. You will not walk all the surrounding rocks on foot. Therefore, by the experience of Afghanistan in the air at a low height above the column, "turntables" are always born. From above, especially when there is no greens, everything can be seen as on the palm. But at that time went to the "peaceful" Shatoysky district, with the administration of which the corresponding agreement was recently signed.

According to the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District, in the ambush, Yarysh Marda had about 200 militants Shamil Basayev. Other sources say they operated people of the famous field commander Ruslan Gelayev. But everyone converge in one thing that Afghan Mujahideen was managed. Tactic was typical for that war. The place of ambushes from the tactical point of view is perfectly chosen. On the one hand, a steep breakdown and mountain river. On the other - almost sheer rocks.

By passing the intelligence, about 14.30, the militants blew up a controlled Fugas under the head tank and immediately from the grenade launchers were knocked out a pile machine with a radio station, as well as closing. The column was clogged on a fiery bag. In addition, without communication and management - Major Torrosov died after the first volley.

The execution of the columns continued almost three hours. We only came out of that fight only 8 - 12 motorized rifles.

Cargo "200"

How many zinc coffins or bodies, just wrapped in Foil (in Chechnya there are not enough coffins), they will bring the sadly famous "black tulips" in Chechnya. Black tulips are brought to their homeland, it is still incomprehensible. At first they reported on 93 killed, then the figure decreased to 76. And the Minister of Defense Pavel Grachev said that on April 16, 52 soldiers were killed.

True, in the village of Mulino of the Nizhny Novgorod region, where the 245th consolidated motorized rifle regiment was formed on the basis of the District Training Center, in other places of Russia, the Grozny Comfacist, only after April 16, 163 cargo "200" was sent - so on military jargon called the dead.

LOSSES

And what is the full list of those killed in Chechnya? At the meeting of the State Duma on March 15, 1996, First Deputy Head of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Colonel General Viktor Barynkin called the number of killed military personnel of the Ministry of Defense for all the time of fighting in Chechnya - 2134 people. The loss of militants - "within 15.5 thousand", more than 1000 Dudayevians were captured.

The biggest losses in the federal troops were from the tragic New Year's Eve until January 10 last year. Then in the Grozny "meat grinder" there were grinding more than 1,300 Russian soldiers. Prior to this, according to some reports, in the end of December 1994, over 800 Russian servicemen were killed.

Recently, the lion's share falls on the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to official data, the First Deputy Commander of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Lieutenant General Viktor Gafarov, in Chechnya for March 15, 1996 killed 423 servicemen of the internal troops, 157 people were missing. For more than more than 2 years, the internal troops lost more than 650 of their comrades in the Chechen war.

Less irrevocable losses are now at the border guards. In 1995, "green caps" lost in battles on the administrative border with Chechnya 27 people.

In Chechnya, unfortunately, representatives of almost all types and childbirth of the troops die. In addition, probably rackets and military personnel of military-cosmic forces. Children die not only from the working-peasant families. More than 10 sons of the generals were killed in Chechnya. The latter received news of the death of the Son - Senior Lieutenant - Corps Commander Lieutenant-General Kulikovsky.

So how many people in Chechnya died? Recently, the retired General Alexander Lebed called such numbers: 6 - 7 thousand people died for military personnel of the federal troops. Chechens, including civilians, 70 - 80 thousand. Loss loss is constantly growing.

In the photo: One of the last Russian residents of Grozny meets the Russian army

Perhaps the most authoritative expert on the losses among the civilian population in Chechnya today is Sergey Maxudov - the author of the book "Chechens and Russians: victories, defeats, losses", whose presentation has passed in the summer in Moscow. Alexander Babenishev (Maksudov - his pseudonym) now lives in the United States, but, as they say, a person in the topic is far from the first of his professional book about Chechen wars. After her release to the author, some human rights organizations were condemned, and some, on the contrary, were supported. Regardless of the political preferences, the book "Chechens and Russians" is perhaps one of the most complete generalizations of data for those who died in Chechnya.

I used various data for writing a book. And the official - from all the opposing parties, and the research of the Memorial Company, "the sources of documentalist are commented on our work of Alexander Babenyshev. - However, I do not always believe the latter. Stories here remains to be dealt.

Nevertheless, Babenyshev managed to analyze information about the number of Chechen people from the beginning of the XIX century to the present day. And the officially registered number of Chechens at the beginning of the nineteenth century was 130 thousand people. Let's remember this figure ...

A little more arithmetic. The estimated number of Chechens for 1859 is already 172 thousand (natural population growth is comparable to similar indicators in European Russia, Stavropol Territory and Georgia). Their losses during the Caucasian War for 16 years (in the period from 1859 to 1875) amounted to 27 thousand people, another 23 thousand were emigrated to the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Army from 1816 to 1864 lost 23 thousand killed in the Caucasus, 62 thousand wounded and 6 thousand dead from the Russian Academy of Sciences. The hustances carried big losses than regular troops - due to artillery fire, infantry kara tactics, and the bayonet was preferable to sabers in the near battle.

We continue to work with the calculator. The 1926 census says about the number of 395,248 people. By 1943 they are already 523,071. In 1958 - 525 060. In the minus, the years have passed since 1944 to 1948, when losses, including from deportation and participation of Chechens in war and uprisings (it was), exceeded fertility.

Well, the most interesting part of the study of Sergei Maksudov - the period from 1991 to 1997, on which the first war came, and the mass outflow from the republic (and partly the destruction) of the Russian-speaking population. Until 1994 - the facts of coercion of Russian leave Chechnya. With robbery, murder and rape. There are several hundreds of hundreds in the book. "Nobody specifically dealt with such information," Alexander Babenyshev writes. - The list provides data from various publications that do not fully apply for completeness, these are only individual examples, random elements of the general picture ... However, it can be assumed that the sample does not bad reflect the typical situations in which Russian residents found themselves at that time. "

Then the Russians became slaves - more than 10 thousand throughout Chechnya. Trading in slaves in the center of Grozny was an ordinary phenomenon, which the Chechen authorities looked through their fingers. The road to Georgia through Itum Kale (between the first and second Chechen wars) was Russian slaves. According to some estimates, there were 47 thousand!

On November 26, 1994, when the Russian army entered the Terrible, it was not a sadly famous New Year's assault. The nightmare of the Chechen war separated a little over a month ... But it was a nightmare for the Russian army, for Russian-speaking in Chechnya. The losses of peaceful Chechens were incomparable less!

Human rights defenders of the Memorial Even at the beginning of the first Chechen war counted 25 thousand dead civilians in Grozny and, extrapolizing this data on the entire Chechnya, began to talk about 50 thousand dead. In Western publications, this figure rose to 250 thousand dead Chechens in two wars (of which 42 thousand children allegedly). The speaker of the Parliament of Chechnya Cooker Abdurakhmanov once claimed that 200 thousand people were killed and another 300 thousand were missing. According to the calculations of Babenyshev for 200 thousand killed, 600,000 woundeds should have - the average ratio for hostilities - it means that each Chechen should have been either killed or was injured!

Counting "Memorial", according to Babenyshev, to put it mildly, unconvincing. The author of the book assesses the military losses of Chechens in 20 thousand people, another 8 thousand - the peaceful population. Approximately these are the loss of Russian servicemen and policemen - 25 - 30 thousand.

These figures are calculated mostly mathematically, - recognizes Babenyshev. - But, it seems to me, they are close to the truth.

Who won in the last Chechen war?

What are the results of these considerable losses? The political goals that the Russian and Chechen leaders set were practically implemented, although all participants were in a markedly worse position than before the start of the conflict. Russia retained Chechnya in its borders, but received a black financial hole absorbing huge money. In Russia, xenophobia is growing due to the fact that the young generation of Chechens, brought up in the last two wars, suddenly became often aggressively splashing into Russian cities.

But Chechnya received completely different fruits - she was de facto became free. Freed from the Russians. Russians are ousted not only with the ethnographic areas of the settlement of Chechens, they are expelled from the original Cossack lands - plains on the left bank of the Terek. Russian-speaking citizens are eliminated from political, social and even urban life. In the republic, a full Chechen control is established under the auspices of Ramzan Kadyrov.

With Moscow, Chechnya established peculiar relationships. Chechens do not call for the Russian army, they practically do not pay taxes. Russia also pays all Chechen expenses, supplies gas and electricity, the buildings are built in Chechnya and restore the buildings, the roads (luxurious!) Are reconstructed, pay salaries to officials, police, teachers and doctors. Pay pensions, scholarships, benefits ... It is noteworthy that with all this, residents of Chechnya do not feel sense of gratitude, considering huge money, coming to them from Russia, almost as a contribution, relying to winners, or compensation for recent (or centuries-old) suffering

Human losses in the first Chechen war

The first Chechen war was accompanied by large human victims among military personnel of the federal grouping of troops, activists of the Chechen armed formations and civilians of the republic. The beginning of the war, as a rule, is the introduction of Russian troops into the territory of Chechnya (December 11, 1994), and the conclusion is the signing of Khasavurtov agreement (August 31, 1996). The most bloody was the first period of war, from December 1994 to June 1995, and the main part of the victims falls on the assault of Grozny (January-February 1995). After June 1995, the fighting was sporadic. They were activated in the spring-summer of 1996 and reached the climax during the attack of Chechen militants on Grozny, Argun and Gudermes in August.

As in the case of many other military conflicts, the data of both parties on their own losses, enemy losses and victims among civilians differ significantly, and statistics on the death of civilians are very approximate. As a result of these circumstances, to call a more or less accurate number of human victims in the first Chechen war is not possible.

Losses of federal forces

Immediately after the completion of the war, the headquarters of the United States of the federal forces were then provided with the following statistics (October 13, 1996):

* dead - 4103
* Captured / missing / deserters - 1231
* wounded - 19,794

Thus, irretrievable losses at that time were estimated at 5334 people.

The updated data is given in the book "Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: a statistical study", published in 2001:

* dead - 5042
* missing - 510
* wounded, contudate, injured - 16,098

In general, the irrevocable losses of federal forces are 5552 people, including 3680 military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and 1872 people from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other departments. At the same time, the percentage of sky losses are very low: for the entire war died in various incidents and died of only 191 people, that is, about 4% of the total number of dead (in modern military conflicts, nebarean losses usually make up 10-20% of general).

According to the Union of Committees of Soldiers' Mothers, in 1994-1996 about 14 thousand servicemen died in Chechnya.

According to the sources of the sources of Chechen militants, the loss of federal forces in the first Chechen war amounted to up to 80 thousand people killed.

Losses of Chechen militants

According to the federal forces, on August 15, 1996, during the hostilities in Chechnya, irrevocable losses of illegal armed groups (that is, it is possible that not only killed, but also prisoners) amounted to 17,391 people.

Sources of Chechen militants report that the losses of their formations during the war reach 3,800 people dead. At the same time, Aslan Maskhadov in 2000 mentioned 2870 dead militants in the first Chechen war.

Losses of the civilian population

In January 1996, Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Rubanov, in an interview with Interfax information agency, said that there were no official statistics of victims among civil laws in Chechnya, there is only an assessment of human rights defenders - 25-30 thousand dead. In 1997, the on the eve of the signing of the Russian-Chechen contract, the head of the demographic statistic department of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, Boris Brui appealed to the International Committee of the Red Cross for estimates of the loss of civilian population of Chechnya (which confirms the lack of official statistics on this issue). The ICRC redested it to the Memorial Human Rights Center. Thus, subsequently published subsequently data of the State Statistics Committee on 30-40 thousand dead civilians in the first Chechen war are based on information of Russian human rights defenders.

At the same time, some agencies, apparently, had their own estimates of the numbers of the dead. At the end of 1995, in Article I. Rotary "Chechnya: long-standing trouble" (Izvestia. - № 204. - 27 November 1995. - P. 4) With reference to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, about 26 thousand were killed for the year of combat operations. A person, of these, 2 thousand Russian servicemen and 10-15 thousand militants, the rest are civilians (that is, from 9 to 14 thousand).

The assessment of Chechen militants is available from Aslan Maskhadov, in 2000 who spoke about 120 thousand dead.

Human losses in the second Chechen war

The second Chechen war, which began in 1999, was accompanied by large human victims among military personnel of the federal grouping of troops, activists of the Chechen armed formations and civilians of the republic. Despite the fact that the termination of the counter-terrorism operation in Chechnya was officially announced after the schedule of schedule on February 29, 2000, military actions continued after this date, leading to new human losses.

Losses of federal forces

According to official data, from October 1, 1999 to December 23, 2002, the total loss of federal forces (all power structures) in Chechnya amounted to 4572 people killed and 15,549 wounded. Thus, these figures do not include losses during combat operations in Dagestan (August-September 1999). After December 2002, they were published, as a rule, only the figures of the loss of the Ministry of Defense, although the losses of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were also.

Below are the well-known data on irretrievable losses by year. For example, 547 + 12 is 547 dead (combat and non-volatile losses) and 12 missing.

1999 547+12
2000 1297+13
2001 502+2
2002 463 or 485
2003 263 or 299 + 1
2004 174 or 162 84 or 118
2005 105 or 103 + 4 47 or 48
2006 57
2007 54
2008 12 (by June)

According to the Union of Committees of the Soldiers' Mothers of Russia, official data on human losses in the second Chechen war are underestimated at least twice (about the same way as it happened during the first Chechen campaign).

Losses of Chechen militants

According to the Federal Party, as of December 31, 2000, the loss of militants amounted to more than 10,800 people, and in another source, at the beginning of 2001 - more than 15,000 people. In July 2002, 13,517 were reported by the militants.

The command of the militants was evaluated from September 1999 to mid-April 2000 (the period of the most intense combat) loss of 1300 dead and 1,500 wounded. In an interview given in 2005, Andrei Babitsky journalist, Shamil Basayev voiced the figure of 3,600 people killed by militants for the period 1999-2005.

Losses of the civilian population?

USSR and Russia on the slaughterhouse. Human losses in the wars of the XX century Sokolov Boris Vadimovich

First Russian-Chechen War, 1994-1996

The invasion of Russian troops in Chechnya, which at that time was actually independent, but by anyone not recognized by the state, began on December 11, 1994. The purpose of the operation was to restore the supremacy of the federal center over the rebellious republic. Contrary to waiting, the troops met stubborn resistance. The Chechen capital of Grozny managed to take only on February 22, 1995, and from all other major cities, Chechen separatists were ousted only in June. Chechen formations switched to the partisan war. The fighting was completed in August 1996, when Chechen units were abused by the Russian troops, and on August 31, Khasavyurt agreements were signed on the termination of war and the readiness of the parties to solve the conflict in peaceful way. The question of the status of Chechnya was postponed until the end of 2001. By the end of 1996, all Russian troops were derived from Chechnya.

According to official data, the losses of the Russian army amounted to 3602 people killed, dead, missing and captured, including 538 officers. From this number, 78 people were missing or captured, including 26 officers. The losses of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were 1551 people killed, dead, missing and captured, including 197 officers. From this number, 187 people were missing, including 11 officers. The employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (policemen) died 311 people, including 134 officers and 1 civilian employee missing. In addition, another 36 more policemen were missing, including 8 officers. The losses of the FSB amounted to 47 people, including 39 officers. The Federal Border Guard Service lost 38 killed and dead, including 11 officers. 1 soldier of railway troops and 2 employees of the FAPSI, including 1 officer, were also killed.

On August 7, 1999, the second Russian-Chechen war began with the invasion of Chechen units to Dagestan, during which Russian troops occupied the whole territory of Chechnya. In the partisan form, this war continues until now, covering the territory of almost all the republics of the North Caucasus, with the exception of North Ossetia. To summarize its results, including losses, is still early. A total of 5528 people died and disappeared, including 1 civilian. 24 people, including 5 officers, returned from captivity alive. 486 - the remaining missing - the 279 unidentified corpses of servicemen who were held as of June 1, 1999 in the 124th Central Medical Laboratory of Identification Research of the Ministry of Defense.

4513 Russian servicemen, including 784 officers, were killed in battle or died at the stages of sanitary evacuation. 338 people, including 63 officers, died from wounds in hospitals. 191 people died of diseases and accidents, including 22 officers. The losses of injured, burnt, controversial and injured amounted to 16,098 people, including 2920 officers, and 35,89 people were ill, including 3821 officers. In total, total sanitary losses amounted to 51,387 people, including 6741 officers. It is not known whether in the official losses of the Russian troops of the loss of Chechen formations that fought on the side of the federal forces. Most likely, they are not included in Russian official losses.

There is a higher estimate of Russian irrevocable losses to the first Russian-Chechen war. The Union of Committees of the Soldiers' Mothers of Russia assesses the number of those who died and those who died in Chechnya in 1994-1996 of the Russian servicemen at 14 thousand people, including here as conscripts and contractors and officers. This assessment was obtained by extrapolation of the data obtained on individual Russian regions, on the entire set of recruits who served in Chechnya. Such an assessment cannot be particularly accurate and can both overestimate and underestimate the number of dead. Obviously, the victims of the Committees of the Soldiers' Mothers did not include the dead policemen and FSB and FAPSI employees. With the addition of irrevocable losses of these categories of servicemen, the total number of victims, if you use the assessment of the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers, should be increased to 14.4 thousand dead and missing. In addition, this number probably did not entered the losses of Chechen formations that fought on the side of the federal forces. Currently, it is impossible to say which of the estimates, official in 5528 dead and missing, or the assessment of the Union of Committees of Soldier Mothers Committees in 14.4 thousand dead and missing, closer to the truth. It is possible that the true figure of the victims is somewhere between the two mentioned estimates. The Union of Committees of Soldiers' Mothers draws attention to the mismatch of the data of the military authorities with the number of "funerals actually received in the regions; The data obtained from the CENTERS OF JEDEXPERTIZE IN ROSTOVA, indicating the incomprehension of officially recognized human losses for every day with the number of bodies entering the laboratory for identification; The imperfection of the human loss accounting system in Russia. Since the primary documents on Russian losses in the first Russian-Chechen war have not yet been published and unavailable to researchers, more accurately determine the size of these losses is not possible.

Reliable data on the loss of Chechens, both anti-Russian armed formations and civilians, no. In early 2000, the President of Chechnya Aslan Maskhadov said that 2870 military and militia and up to 120 thousand civilians were killed in the first Russian-Chechen war. Probably, the number of military losses is minimal and, most likely, is underestimated, since Maskhads hardly had information about the losses of all Chechen detachments, given the partisan nature of the war. The number of 120 thousand dead civilians seemed to be overestimated, with the reservation that there is no reliable data on the loss of peaceful Chechen population in 1994-1996 at our disposal.

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