from Greek. Psyche - Soul, Logos - Teaching, Science) - Science of the laws of the development and functioning of the psyche as a special form of vital activity. The initial material for psychology is the facts of internal experience - memories, experiences, volitional motives, etc. General psychology opens and explores the patterns of mental life (the problem of the body and soul, reality, consciousness, perception, memories, attention), applied psychology is engaged in mental problems and human spiritual development, issues of education and training (children's and youthful psychology), living together people (social psychology, psychology of the masses) and others. Research practice of psychology is inseparable from social, from public needs related to solving learning problems, education, personnel selection , stimulating the activity of the personality and the team. At the same time, as a result of contacts with other sciences, the psychology itself is enriched with new ideas and approaches that develop its content. The study of the problems of "artificial intelligence", computerization, on the one hand, creativity - on the other, becomes in the modern era, an important direction of psychology. Along with them, social psychology and psychology of management are developing rapidly, the tasks of the role of the "human factor" in the development of society are solved in the management processes.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
PSYCHOLOGY
from Greek. Psyche - Soul and Logos - Teaching, Science), Science of laws and mechanisms for the development and functioning of the psyche as a special form of vital activity, indirectly subjectively external. reality and active attitude towards it.
During the centuries, the phenomena studied by P. were denoted by the term "soul" and was considered the subject of one of the sections of philosophy, which is 16 V. Got a name. "P.". The nature of the soul and the nature of its ties with the body and external. The world was interpreted differently. Under it was understood either over a natural, disembodied principle, or the form of life of the same order of being, as etc. Phenomena of nature. On the development of P. throughout its history, social practice (in particular, medical and pedagogical) has a deep influence. This development is performed in the cultural system and is mediated by the achievements of both natural and societies. science Already in the era of antiquity, it was discovered that the psyche organ is a brain (Alk-Meon), the dependence of sensual perceptions from the impact of material processes on the senses (democritus), as well as differences in the temperaments of people from the body of the body (Hippocrates).
The problem of knowing himself and the importance of its orientation on arts. Values \u200b\u200bwere put by Socrates, his student Plato presented the soul as an intangible essence, independent of the body. Plato considered that the reasonable part of the human soul is directed to the specifics. Ideal objects, by which he opposed sensual earthly things.
The first holistic system of P. developed Aristotle, who rejected the Dualism of Plato, interpreted the soul as a way to organize a body capable of life as the activity of this body, inseparable from him. He approved holistic and genetic. The approach to the organization and behavior of living beings, developed an idea of \u200b\u200bthe levels of the evolution of their psyche, comparing, in particular, the undeveloped soul of a child with an animal. Aristotle owned many concepts included in the Osn. Foundation psychol. Knowledge: On the abilities, about fantasy (perceptions and ideas were delimited), about the difference between the reason theoretical and practical, on the formation of the nature in the process of committing a person's actions, associations and their physiol. mechanism, etc.
A new era in the development of P. opened scientists. Revolution 17 V. The principle was established a strictly causal explanation of the body's work, which appeared in the form of a device operating under the laws of mechanics. Some philosophers taught that all psychic are subordinate to these laws. Processes (T. Gobbs), others - only lower forms (R. Descart). The principle of mechanical. Causality has become the basis of the most important concepts of P.: Reflex as a natural motor reaction of the body in response to external. incentives; Associations as such a connection of phenomena, with a swarm of one of them entails others; The causal theory of perception, according to the swarm, it captures the impact in the brain. object; The doctrine of affects as products of body activities. In line with mechanism. Methodologies, these concepts were combined with dualism in a person's interpretation. The body, which only moves, was opposed to the soul, K-paradium only thinks. The new form of dualism was radically different from the Dualism of Plato, as the body was understood as an independent machine, the soul began to mean an individual, consciousness as a direct knowledge of the subject about the thoughts and states directly experiencing them. P. From the teachings about the soul becomes a teaching of consciousness or internal. The experience given in self-observation as a person's perception of what is happening in his own mind (J. Lok). This concept of consciousness as internally visible individuals mental. The phenomena defined the development of an introspective direction in P., associated with associanism, according to its GL. Explain, the principle is the association of these phenomena due to the adjacency and frequency of their combination.
In the association itself in the interpretation of associations as connections having a bodily basis (Locke, D. Gartley, J. Priestley), opposed the interpretation, which had the laws of associations to the properties of the most consciousness (J. Berkeley, D. Yum, T. Brown). Analytich has developed in the association. The approach to consciousness: it was assumed that from a small number of simple ideas gradually the whole mental is gradually. Human apparatus. This provision influenced the pedagogy, to solve the issue of how to form children. The mind representing at the birth of a "clean board", the experience of experiencing his writing.
Along with P. Consciousness in 17-19 centuries. Appeared P. unconscious. It rises to the philosophy of Labitsa, who attached an important role to the dynamics of unconscious views (perceptions), a special mental psycho is needed for awareness of the reasons. Activity - Apperception. This teaching was developed by I. Herbart, to-ry, using the experience of pedagogy (in particular, I. Pestalotski), put forward the concept of "apperceptive mass" as the reserve of unconscious mental mental. Elements from which depends on what kind of presentations will appear in consciousness. This mass is acquired in individual experience and can be formed by the educator.
To gray. 19th century The successes of neurophysiology and biology contributed to the emergence of the OSN. Concepts (categories) P., K-Paradise due to widely unfolding experiments. The work has gained the opportunity to be separated from both philosophy and physiology. The study of the functions of the senses organs led to the creation of psychophysics - a special section of P., using quantities, indicators and scales for measuring sensory processes (sensations). In the works of E. Weber and G. T. Ferehner was opened by the OSN. Psychophysic. The law, according to to-ry, the intensity of the feeling is equal to the logarithm of the force of irritation. Thus, I. Kant's opinion was refuted that the study of psychic. Phenomena can not achieve the level of science due to non-applicability in P. Mat. methods. Along with psychophysics, these methods have been used in experiments. Reaction speed studies (Gelmgolts, F. Donders), which became another important direction of P. question. The feeling from the structure of the body or from the exercise depends, led to a dispute between those who considered the psychic. An image of inborn (nitivism) or acquired thanks to the experience (empiricism). In the future, both concepts were revised: both about the natural organization and the experience. The introduction of Evolz ideas in P. ideas of Evolts was crucial for giving these concepts of new content. Biology (C. Darwin, Spencer), from the point of view of the psyche of the psyche began to be considered as the most important instrument of adaptation of the body to the medium. The body performed in the form of a flexible system, an inalienable factor in the development of a fooy in philogenesis and ontogenesis serve mentally. Functions. These functions now have been interpreted as the properties of the body aspiring to self-preservation, and not the functions of an affordable consciousness. This led to the idea that they are implemented by the type of reflex, i.e. Include perception external. Irritant, transformation of this perception in higher nerve centers and a response expedient effect of the organism in the environment. This required to introduce into P. An objective method. Turn it from science of consciousness into science on mentally regulated behavior. However, the solution of this task, for the first time delivered by I. M. Sechenov, was only possible subsequently. In the initial period of formation of P. as de. The disciplines in it dominated the introspective direction presented in the 70s. 19th century Two its leaders - V. Wyandt and F. Brentano. In 1879, WEDDT created in Leipzig, the first laboratory experiments. P., according to the sample of K-Roy, similar institutions began to occur. countries of the world. The subject of P. he believed immediately. The experience of the subject, the method - specially trained self-surveillance, allowing to identify with the help of the experiment the first elements of this experience - psychic. Processes, and the task - the discovery of laws, they proceed to-ry. It was believed that experiments. Study is available only the simplest processes, while complex (thinking) can be pozno only by analyzing the products of culture (language, myth, lawsuit, etc.) in the system of special science - ethnicology (psychology of nations, peoples, ethnic groups). WUNDT considered ch. Affairs P. Study of the structure of consciousness (by virtue of which his teaching is made by structuralism). Brentano, for the reason, the main acts or the functions of consciousness were the investigator of the functionalism in P. The problem of P. He saw in identifying acts of representing the object, judgment about him and its emotional assessment. To do this, it was assumed to use phenomenological. method. Although different from introspective, but also subjective, since it was believed that consciousness discovers its secrets only by his carrier. However, widely unfolded experiments. The work led beyond these ideas, allowing you to establish patterns and facts, the value of the to-rykh did not depend on self-surveillance. They treated the processes of memory, attention, work out skills (Ebbin-Gauz, J. Kettel, W. Brian, N. Harder, etc.).
Parallel developed. Industries P., where the objective and genetic, comparative-east are approved. Methods, as well as new methods of quantities, analysis. Differential P. occurs, studying individual differences between people (V. Stern, A. F. Lazur). For its purposes, the test method is being developed (F. Galton, A. Bina, etc.). The widespread dissemination of this method was due to the needs of practice - schools, clinics, production. The technique of processing data on individual differences and correlations between them (C. Spearmen) is improved. The concepts of mental age and the overall rigging are put forward. Create tests for career guidance and prof. Selection. The massive nature of testing prompted to move from individual tests to group, develop test standardization procedures.
In the practice of learning, along with tests that have become ch. Data use channel P. in school, apply in the interests of scientific. Justification of pedagogy and others. Methods P., in particular, the experiment (E. Meiman, A. P. Nechaev), Questionnaires (G. S. Hall), Objective observation (K. Gros), Clinics. analysis. Racing by P. with pedagogy went into spindle. directions. Project construction ped. Psychology on the principles of nature.-scientific. Knowledge of the child suggested P. F. Kapteyev. The role of muscle activity in the formation of children. The mind was lit by P. F. Forest Haft, to-ryom also belonged to the study of "School Types".
In the beginning. 20 V. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating specials is born. Complex science of children - pedology. Applied to children. The psyche, along with the direction, was explained to its development on the basis of the principles of Evolution. Biology, develop concepts focused on cultural-east. The approach and the confidence of the child dependence on social factors (N. Lange, T. Ribo, J. MFA). Learning children. The psyche undermined confidence in introspection ("inner vision") as ch. P. method, encouraged to rely on objective indicators of the structure, functions and development of the psyche. A deep impact on the change in the appearance of P., on its departure from the subjective method also had to achieve zoopsychology, East. and ethnic. P. (studying the psyche of the peoples standing for Split. East. Steps of cultural development). Following the systematization of ethnographic. Facts widespread developed by comparable experiments. Studies of perception, memory, thinking in children and adults living in the conditions of Razl. cultures. Appeal to genetically spoke. The levels of the development of the psyche exposed the imperfection method of logic. Installations of both structural and functional P. consciousness.
At the turn of 19-20 centuries. P. enters the strip of acute crisis, external. The appearance of a number of new schools was the emergence of a row. Their concepts reflected the requests for the logic of development of scientific. Cognition, the need to transform the OSN. Categories P., exit outside the version that mental. The processes begin and end in the consciousness of the subject. Naib The impact on the progress of P. Pred three schools: Beheviorism, Gestalt Psychology and Freudism. Biheviorism rejected a centuries-old tradition in the understanding of the subject P., offering it is not consciousness, but behavior as a system of objectively observed organism reactions on an external. stimpers. The problem of inclusion in the region of the real actions of the body in the environment was supplied for the first time I. M. Sechenov, who considered mental. The act is made according to the type of reflex and therefore includes along with the center. link (consciousness) as perception of signals going from outside, and response bodily actions. Further conversion of the concept of reflex was associated with the need to explain how the body acquires new forms of behavior. This task was allowed by I. P. Pavlov, the teaching of the Fundament on the conditional reflexes laid the foundation for the objective study of a wide range of psychic. phenomena (primarily the process of learning). V. M. Bekhterev nominated the concept of combinating reflexes, which, similar to conditional reflexes, are acquired, and not congenital. Thus, the most important thing for P. The concept of the experience gained a new content, since translated into natural. Language: Experience does not boil down to what captures and processes consciousness; It means the transformation of the real actions of the body. In the same years, with other positions, the variability of behavior in situations requiring actions for re-organism does not have a ready-made program, E. Torndayk was investigated. In order to explain these actions, he suggested the formula of "samples, errors and random success", K-paradium did not require an appeal to consciousness as a regulator of the body relations with the medium.
T about., Introduction in P. The category of behavior went with respect. sides. Beheviorism made it fundamental. Its boundedness was that the behavior was opposed to consciousness, the reality of which was rejected by the reality. For all subjective phenomena, a physical equivalent (for example, for thinking, since it is associated with speech, - the reaction of voice ligaments). The behavior of a person biologisi was, qualities, differences between him and animal behavior did not see. This reduced the value of the positive contribution of behaviorism into the development of Problems of P.
If behaviorism opposed the consciousness of the behavior, then Freudism is an unconscious psyche. The prerequisite for this was the achievements of pathopsychology in the study of neuroses, suggestion, hypnosis (A. Berkho, I. Bernheim, J. Shar-Ko), launching to clinically. material insolvency traditions. Interpretations of motivation as movable fully conscious motivations of human actions. Relying on the facts, hoped in the clinic of neuroses, 3. Freud concluded that the predetermination of all mental psycho. acts of energy of sexual deposits, which are irrational and hostile consciousness; The phenomena of consciousness serve for them the masking mechanism in the face of the opposing individual of the social environment. Bans from the last side, applying mental injury, suppress the energy of unconscious impositions, to-paradium breaks through by the workarounds in the form of neurotic. Symptoms, dreams, forgetting unpleasant, etc.
Representatives of GestaltPsychology (M. Vertheimer, V. Keler, K. Levin, K. Cooffka) sought to prove that the behavior is determined by the holistic resentful psychic. structures (gestaltami), which arise and change according to special laws. These structures were given a universal nature. They were considered the organizers of the psyche and behavior at all levels and in any form. Therefore, like Bich-Viorists, with K-Ry, they have a sharply half alarmed, Gestaltists did not see the qualitative differences of the human psyche from the animal.
All three main schools in P. appealed to children. The psyche, seeking to justify your concepts empiric. Material, learned in its research. A number of their concepts, identified facts and nominated problems stimulated the development of P., allowed to open the limited ideas. In particular, Gestalt Psychology showed the failure of the "atomistic" P., decomposing complex and holistic psychol. Education on Dep. elements; Beheviorism destroyed the concept that reduces the psyche to the phenomena of consciousness and ignoring real practices. Actions as the most important factor in the history of behavior. Question. On the role in this history of unconscious motivation, about complex relations between the Split. The levels of organization of personality with great sharpness put Freudism.
Dr. The directions of the period of crisis P. were Franz. Sociological. The school, Kraya relied on the ideas of E. Durkheim and explained mental. The properties of the individual of its inclusion in the system of social relations, and the "understanding" psychology of V. Dieltei, K-paradium opposed itself to the natural. P. On the grounds that the human soul can be understood only by correlating it with the values \u200b\u200bof culture (the causal explanation for it is not applicable). Both of these schools influenced the study of the problems of children. P. The first removed the development of psychic. Functions in a child from the process of his communication with other people, the second interpreted the development of the personality, based on the idea that it is determined by its reference. Classes of culture values.
In all these concepts, the need of scientific needs inadequately. P. Include in the system of its categories concepts covering the psychosocial relationship of the subject and its personal and meaningful experiences. The logic of development P. faced the task to overcome the splitness of its concepts, methods, explanatory principles for devoid of internal. Communication Fragments of knowledge. The integrity of P. as science lost. This gave rise to attempts to get out of the crisis by integrating ideas and categories, which were designed in various schools and systems opposing each other. The reflection of this trend was the inclusion of the previous schools in its original schemes of new concepts to avoid one-sidedness of these schemes. In behaviorism, the concept of "intermediate variables" (E. Tolman) is put forward to the fore. This direction was called non-versions. It has become a path to study the center. Physiol. The processes deploying between the sensory "entrance" and the motor "output" of the body of the body (K. Hull). This trend finally wins 50-60s., In particular, influenced by the experience of programming on a computer. The glance is changed and the role of her-rofizioli. The mechanisms, which are now considered as an integral component of the overall behavior structure (D. Hebb, K. Pribram). Attempts are being made to extend the objective method for the study of a sensually-shaped aspect of life, not reducing it to motor functions, as it was characteristic of early behaviorism. Freudism also undergoes transformation. Neofreedism arises - the flow of unconscious mental. Dynamics with the action of sociocul-tour factors (K. Horney, Sally-Van, E. From) and using psychotherapy not only for the treatment of neuroses, but also to deliver normal people from a sense of fear of a hostile social environment.
Along with the new variants of biheviorism and freduism, humanistic ("existential") P. (K. Rogers, A. Oil, Olport, etc.), arguing that the use of scientific. The concepts and objective moments of the study of the individual leads to its "dehumanization" and disintegration, prevents her aspiration for self-development.
Installation on the construction of an integrative psyche scheme. Activated operations of the school J. Piaget, K-paradise took into account the experience of Franz. Psychologists explaining the functions of an individual's consciousness of the inte-rioralization of mertine-perceptual relations, as well as the Freudian version of the antagonism between the attachments of the child and the need to adapt thinking to the requirements of the social environment, as well as the Gestaltist principle of the integrity of psychic. Organizations. These provisions with their own learning program can know. Processes, Piaget created an innovative theory of their development in ontogenesis.
In the USSR after Oct. The revolution was rearranged by P. on the basics of Marxism. In acute discussions, an adequate Marxist methodology for the idea of \u200b\u200bthe psyche as a brain function was developed, but qualitatively different from his physiol. Functions, about its conditional personality at the human level of the social environment, the need to introduce into P. objective methods, on the dialectics of the development of consciousness. These provisions defended K. N. Kornilov, P. P. Blonsky, M. Ya. Basov and others. Formation of owls. P. went taking into account the achievements of psychophysiol. Concepts I. P. Pavlova, Bekhtereva, A. A. Ukhtomsky, N. A. Bernstein and others. Ch. The task, the efforts of owls focused on the decision of the K-Roy. Psychologists, was to overcome the splitness of the concepts of consciousness and behavior. An attempt to approach this problem, nominated by the general course of development of world P., by simply connected the indicated concepts undertaken to Cornilov in the concept called by the reactology, turned out to be unsuccessful. A radical transformation of both concepts was required to integrate them into a new system. Such an approach has determined the formation of the largest in sov. P. School L. S. Vygotsky, among the achievements of K-Roy. Significant are cultural-east. The theory of the development of the psyche and developed by A. N. Leontiev the theory of activity. This school comes from the provision that mental. The human functions are mediated by its inclusion in the world of culture and real activities in it, W. h. communication activities. Between practical externally Activity, K-paradise of the former P. either generally seized from the study, or was reduced to reactions to incentives, and internal. Psychic. Activities there are intercourse. Along with the transformation external. Action in internal (mental) is deployed by the process of incarnation of the latter in objective forms, in particular products of creativity. The introduction of the category of activity made it possible to more adequately approach the problem of the biological and social in the development of a person's psyche, trace, as in the process of assimilation by the individual and East Individual. Experience is transformed by its initial biol. Needs, congenital ways of behavior and knowledge. Principle dialectich. The unity of consciousness and activity was the basis of the numerous. studies of owls. psychologists (S. L. Rubinstein, B. M. Teploye, A. R. Luria, etc.).
The dependence of human behavior from biol. and social factors determines the originality of its research in P., K-paradium develops in "dialogue" between data on nature and culture integrated into its own. Concepts.
The doctrine of consciousness as an active reflection of reality due to society.-East. Practice made it possible with new methodologies. Constitution to develop land. Problems of P., among which psycho-physiological (about the attitude of the psyche for its bodily substrate), psychosocial (on the dependence of the psyche against social processes and its active role in their implementation with specific individuals and groups), psycho-phracted (about the formation of the psyche in the process of real practical . Activities and dependence of this activity from its psychic. Regulators - images, operations, motifs, personal properties), psychodic (about the attitude of sensual and mental psychic. Images to the reality displays) and others. Problems The development of these problems was carried out on the basis of the principles of determinism (disclosure of declaration of phenomena by the action of the factors producing them), systematic (interpretations of these phenomena as internally related components of a holistic psychic. Organizations), development (recognition of transformation, changes in mental. Processes, their transition from one level to another , the emergence of new forms of psychic. processes). P. concluded a set of off. industries, many of the re-purchased will be available. status.
Already in the 2nd floor. 19th century Psychophysiology has developed, Kraaya explores physiol. Mechanisms implementing mental. Phenomena and processes. To gray. 20th century, relying on successes in the study of higher nervous activity, psychophysiology has reached a high level of development in both the USSR and in the MN. Cabin. countries.
Dr. Branch P. - Honey. P., K-paradium was originally focused on the practice of psychotherapy. Subsequently, it was differently differentiated to Honey. P., covering the issues of psychotherapy, psychohygienic, pathopsychology studying the mental psyche as a theoretical. purposes and in the interests of therapeutic psychiatric. Practices, and neuropsychology, decisive tasks of the localization of the defect with focal brain lesions and restoring disturbed functions.
Wide development received children. and ped. P., closely related to each other, since psychic. The development of the child occurs in the conditions of assimilation of the historically developed knowledge, skills and norms of behavior, and the process of learning and education should take into account age psychols. Features of students and the achieved level of development of their personality. Ped. P. also examines the process of learning adults. In addition, the age-related P. appeared, covering changes in psyche in all periods of life of the individual, including the aging period. T. about., Children. P. can be considered as a section of age P.
Development prom. Production delivered to P. The task of studying labor processes in order to increase their effectiveness by rationalizing the engine. operations, instruments of guns and machines to human capabilities, improvement of eco-logic. Conditions on the production and prof. Selection. In this regard, P. Labor stationed. In the context of automation, the production of information and processing of information, decision-making, and other mental psychic performed on the fore. processes; specialist. Research demanded issues of distribution of functions between a person operator and the machine and their coordination. Ing. P., which is important not only for the rationalization of automated automation. Control systems, but also for their design. With nach 60s. Cosmic folds. P., studying the peculiarities of human activity in the conditions of space. flights.
Study of psychol. Sport features, activity determines the subject of P. Sport.
One of the most important regions of P. - Social P., exploring the activities of a person in the teams - labor, training, etc., which have both formal and informal nature, as well as Split. Internal Structure. In the subject of social P. consists of the formation of interpersonal relations in the team, differentiation of functions in it (roles), questions of psychol. Compatibility of participants in collective activities and management of it. Social P. is closely related to the problems of human media impact and with P. speech communication studied by psycholinguistics. Unlike MN. Directions of Cube. Social P., psychologizing societies. Phenomena, edema. Social P. considers the processes studied by it as determined by objective relations in society, which are managed by the East laws. development. With socio-psychol. Problems are closely associated with some questions of P. Education.
In general P., a section dedicated to P. Tehn was also stood out. and art. Creativity that related P. with science and aesthetics.
As a special section, P. Personality, integrating facts and patterns of almost all regions of P., especially social and age P.
Differential integral. The processes that have turned P. in the "bush" of industries due to requests. Branches of practices encountered by P. with specific problems for each of them. These problems are, as a rule, complex and therefore are being developed. disciplines. The inclusion of P. into the composition of interdisciplinary research and participation in them is productive only when it enriches them inherent in her concepts, methods, will explain the principles. At the same time, as a result of contacts with other sciences P. herself enriched with new ideas and approaches that develop its content and categorical apparatus, which ensures its integrity as independent. science.
An important impact on the further development of P. provided in HTR transmission by electronic devices of some functions, which were previously a unique treasure in the human brain, - functions of accumulation and processing information, management and control. This allowed to be widely used in P. Cybernetich. and theoretical information. Concepts and models (who have received special distribution in cognitive psychology), which contributed to the formalization and mathematization of P., introducing cybernetic into it. Thinking style. Automation and cybernetization sharply increased interest in operational diagnosis and prognostics, efficient use and cultivation of those human functions, which cannot be transferred to electronic devices, primarily creative abilities that provide further scientific-tech. progress. The study of the problems of "artificial intelligence", on the one hand, creative activity - on the other, become in the Council. Epoch with important areas of P., along with them, research related to political is rapidly developing., demographic., Ecology. and others. Actual problems of modernity.
Lit.: Leontyev A.N., Problems of the development of the psyche, m.; Rubinstein S. L., Basics of general psychology, m.; its own, problems of general psychology, m.; Petrovsky A.V., History owls. Psychology, M., 1967; Experiment. PSYCHOLOGY, RED.-COST. P. Fress and J. Piaget, Per. with Franz., in. 1-6, M., 1966-78; Yaroshevsky M. G., Psychology in the XX century, m.; his own, history of psychology, m.; Yaroshevsky M. G., Anzheferova L. I., Development and Sovr. Condition Cub. Psychology, M., 1974; Smirnov A. A., Development and Sovr. State of psychol. Sciences in the USSR, M., 1975; Luria. R., about the place of psychology in a number of social and biol. Sciences, VF, 1977, No. 9; Piaget J., Psychology, Interdisciplinary Communications and System of Sciences, In the CN: Psychology, ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M., 1977; Ananyev B. G., man as a subject of knowledge, in his book: Eliminate. psychol. Proceedings, vol. 1, M., 1980; Volkov K. N., Psychology about ped. Problems, M., 1981; Psychol. Science and ped. Practice, K., 1983; Lomom B. F., Methodology, and theoretical. Problems of psychology, M., 1984; Petrovsky A. V., Yaroshevsky M. G., History of Psychology, M., 1994; Psycho-Logy: A Study of a Science, Ed. By S. Koch, V. L-6, N. Y., 1959-63; Classics in psychology, ed. by T. Shipley, N. Y., 1961; The Science of Psychology: Critical Reflections, ED. By D. P. Schultz, N. Y., 1970. M. G. Yaroshevsky.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
In academic definition, psychology - the science of the laws of the development and functioning of the psyche and mental activity of a person. Psychology studies internal, or rather the life of a person and the cause of the behavior of normal, mentally healthy people. Psychology is looking for scientific explanations why a person behaves anyway.
By successful definition V.P. Zinchenko, Psychology - Objective Science on the subjective world of man and animals. The general idea of \u200b\u200bpsychology, as a science, can be drawn up with the help of lectures by prof. V.V. Petukhova.
It seems that psychology is a invented area of \u200b\u200blife, with interest and understanding relating to inadequate human behavior. Psychology, as the phenomenon of our cultural life, appeared when we started to respond to inadequate behavior, not just as inadequate, stupidity and uncompatory, but as a decent respect and attention to the symptom, followed by something serious. That is why "psychology" do not understand and do not want to understand the people of the "old hardening", accustomed to live on the principle "must be done? - We take and do."
From the letters of readers: "At first, the douses seemed some kind of feat. However, I was lucky, I have a wonderful grandmother, who quickly returned me to reality. I complained:" I decided to start leaning cold water, but I don't know how I will do it " . Grandmother made a surprised face: "How? Yes, just! Take a bucket of water and pour out." "." - Everything, the whole "psychology" ended.
Similarly, a large number of businessmen seen in the psychologists who have plowing human weaknesses are sufficiently negatively negatively negatively negatively. A businessman is indifferent, I want a employee today to fulfill my working responsibilities or I do not want, he pays money only for being fulfilled, but for no - fine or dismissal. If your task is to do cold calls, it's not interesting for anyone, it's scary to do these calls or not scary. Do not call or call badly - we find another employee. And no psychology! Novice employees learn to this, serious positions are suggested. It took a sufficient amount of time so that businessmen felt the danger emanating from psychology, and psychologists understood that with the business you need to be careful: he has other philosophy and other laws.
Accordingly, the word "" has two different meanings: "psychological" as belonging to the science of psychology (psychological magazine, psychological education ") and" psychological "as relative to human psychology (psychological characteristics, psychological protection).
Many sites on the Internet are devoted to psychology as science. The most authoritative and popular see →
Science Psychology should be practical
Science make living people, and sometimes in very difficult conditions. Modern Russian psychology stands on the shoulders L.S. Vygotsky, S.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leontiev, P.Ya. Halperin and other courageous researchers who paved the road through the brutal wind. Having created an academic psychology, they laid the foundation of the scientific approach in psychology.
We need science, but today science should be practical. Now, when the current psychological practice has overtakes the theory, academic psychology should get out of its crystal castle and start mastering, to comprehend those fields that are already froning the efforts of psychological practitioners. We plan to do it yourself, we will be grateful for help in these studies from academic science. We are open to cooperation. See →
Psychology textbooks should reflect not only what colleagues-scientists think, but also that many years have been successfully made by colleagues. New psychology textbooks should be written alive, human language, as William James wrote, Abraham Masu and Victor Frank, as Julia Borisovna Hippenreiter and Boris Sergeevich Borkus.
In psychology there should be a soul, the focus of psychologists may have such topics as the mission and meaning of life, faith and hope, joy, responsibility, conscience. That's life. If psychology, like science, will not deal with these themes, it is out of life.
1.2. Place of psychology in the science system. Industry of psychological science
1.3. Methodological principles of psychology. Methods of psychology
1.1. How to understand the behavior of another person? Why do people possess different abilities? What is the "soul" and what is her nature? These and other issues have always occupied the minds of people, and over time, interest in person and his behavior constantly increased.
The rational approach to the knowledge of the world is based on the fact that the reality surrounding us exists independently of our consciousness, it can be examined by an experimental way, and the observed phenomena are quite explained from scientific positions.
Modern science man, firstly, is studied as a representative of a biological species; secondly, it is considered as a member of society; Thirdly, human objective activity is studied; Fourthly, the patterns of development of a particular person are being studied.
Psychology studies this inner world of human mental phenomena, conscious or not realized by him.
The word "psychology" translated from the ancient Greek literally means "science about the soul" (psyche. - "soul", logos. - "Concept", "Teaching"). In scientific use, the term "psychology" appeared for the first time in the XVI century. Initially, he belonged to a special science, which was engaged in the study of so-called spiritual, or mental, phenomena, that is, such that every person easily detects in its own consciousness as a result of self-surveillance. Later, in the XVII-XIX centuries. The area studied by psychology is expanding and includes not only conscious, but also unconscious phenomena.
Concept "psychology" It has both scientific and everyday sense. In the first case, it is used to designate the relevant scientific discipline, in the second - to describe the behavior or mental characteristics of individuals and groups of people. Therefore, in one degree or another, each person meets the "psychology" long before its systematic study.
Psychology - science on the patterns of the emergence, functioning and development of the psyche. The psyche can not be reduced simply to the nervous system. Mental properties are the result of the neurophysiological activity of the brain, but contain the characteristics of external objects, and not internal physiological processes, with which the mental occurs. The conversion of signals committed in the brain is perceived by a person as events playing outside it in the external space and the world. The brain distinguishes the psyche, thought is similar to how the liver allocates bile. The disadvantage of this theory is that they identify the psyche with nervous processes, they do not see qualitative differences between them.
Hence,objects Patriotic psychology is currently performing a system of mental phenomena of living beings (people and animals), as well as the psychology of large (public, ethnic, religious, etc.) and small (corporate, industrial, etc.) groups of people. In turn, hersubject are the patterns of formation, functioning and development of mental mental and psychological (socio-psychological) phenomena.
Objects and subject matter of psychology determine the scope of scientific tasks solved within its framework.
In this way,psychology is Science of psyche and mental phenomena. In order to answer this question, it is necessary to build a classification of mental phenomena. Mental phenomena (of course, in other levels of the organization) is also in animals. Therefore, psychology, studying a person, is interested in the psyche of animals: how it arises and changes in the process of the evolution of the animal world, in which the reasons for the differences between the human psyche from the psyche of other living beings.
In order to engage in any activity, communicate with other people to navigate the surrounding world, a person first needs to know him. Psychology is studying what properties of reality a person will know through mental processes - sensations, perceptions, thinking, imagination, etc. Psychology also considers the psychological features of various types of activities and communicate and their influence on the psyche.
Although mental phenomena obey general laws, they are individual for each person. Therefore, psychology studies the individual psychological features of people, their identities, motives of behavior, temperament and character. We will divide mental phenomena for three main classes: mental processes, mental statesand psychical properties of the individual.
Z.adami psychology is mainly reduced to the following:
Learn to understand the essence of mental phenomena and their patterns;
Learn to manage them;
Use the knowledge gained in order to improve the efficiency of those sectors of practice, at the intersection with which the science and industry have already been involved.
The system of mental phenomena studied by modern psychology.
Mental phenomena are a combination of all phenomena and processes that reflect the main content of the human psyche and who study psychology as science.
1 TO cognitive mental processespsychological processes related to the perception and processing of information are referred. They are divided into: cognitive, emotional, volitional.
2. Sub mental propertiespersonality It is customary to understand the most essential features of the person, providing a certain quantitative and qualitative level of human activity and behavior. Mental properties include orientation, temperament, ability and character.
3.Shic states are a certain level of performance and quality of human psyche function, characteristic of a specific point in time (lifting, depression, fear, vigor, despondency. And etc.)
The phenomena studied by psychology are associated not only with a specific person, but also with groups. Mental phenomena associated with the vital activity of groups and teams are studied in detail in the framework of social psychology.
All group mental phenomena can also be divided into mental processes, mental states and mental properties. In contrast to individual mental phenomena, mental phenomena of groups and groups have a clearer division into internal and external.
Collective mental processes, acting as the primary factor for regulating the existence of a collective or group, include communication, interpersonal perception, interpersonal relationships, the formation of group norms, intergroup relationships, etc. To the mental states of the Group include conflict, cohesion, psychological climate, openness or climacy of the group , panic, etc. Among the most significant mental properties of the Group include organization, management style, activity efficiency.
1.2. So, for a long time, being one of the sections philosophypsychology inevitably took fundamentally important theoretical provisions of the approach to solving problems from this science. Thus, philosophy is the methodological basis of psychology.
Obvious the relationship of psychology with natural sciences- biology, physiology, chemistry, physics, etc., with which you can explore the physiological and biological processes of the brain underlying the psyche.
Psychology bring together S. humanitarian sciences(sociology, history, linguistics, art historics, etc.) studying the interaction of the personality and its closest environment; Interest in the peculiarities of a mental, mental warehouse in various historical epochs; The role of the language in the cultural and mental development of man, the problem of creativity.
No less obvious connection of psychology with pedagogy.It is possible to effectively teach and educate only on the basis of the knowledge of the laws, according to which the human psyche develops.
Diverse communication of psychology with medicine.Common points of contact These sciences are found in studying the problem of violation of mental activities, the psychological substantiation of the peculiarities of the interaction of the doctor and the patient, the diagnosis and treatment of a number of diseases.
Interrelation of psychology I. technical Sciencesit manifests itself, on the one hand, in identifying the optimal psychological conditions of human interaction and machine, on the other, in the development of technical means, instruments for studying the manifestations of the psyche.
Modern psychology is located in a number of sciences, occupying an intermediate position between philosophical sciences, on the one hand, natural - on the other, social - with the third. It is explained by this by the fact that in the center of her attention there is always a person, the study of which is engaged and the above-mentioned science, but in other aspects. It is known that the philosophy and its integral part is the theory of knowledge (gnoseology) solves the question of the attitude of the psyche towards the world around the world and treats the psyche as a reflection of the world, emphasizing that matter is primary, and the consciousness is secondary. Psychology finds out the role that the psyche plays in the human activity and its development.
According to the classification of Sciences of Academician A. Kedrov, psychology occupies a central place not only as a product of all other sciences, but also as a possible source of explaining their formation and development.
Fig. one. Classification of A. Kedrov
The structure of modern psychology includes a wide range of industries of psychological science.
So, the features of the psyche of animals studies zoopsychology. The psyche of a person is studied by other industries of psychology: children's psychology studies the development of consciousness, mental processes, activities, the entire personality of a growing person, the conditions for accelerating development. Social psychology examines the socio-psychological manifestations of the personality of a person, his relationship with people, with a group, psychological compatibility of people, socio-psychological manifestations in large groups (the action of radio, press, fashion, rumors on various people's community). Pedagogical psychology studies the patterns of personality development in the learning process, education. It is possible to distinguish a number of industries of psychology studies the psychological problems of specific types of human activity: labor psychology considers the psychological features of human labor activities, the patterns of development of labor skills. Engineering Psychology studies the patterns of human interaction processes and modern technology in order to use them in the practice of designing, creating and operating automated control systems, new types of equipment. Aviation, Space Psychology analyzes the psychological features of the activity of the pilot, astronaut. Medical psychology studies the psychological peculiarities of the doctor's work and the behavior of the patient, develops psychological methods of treatment and psychotherapy. Pathopsychology examines the deviations in the development of the psyche, the decay of the psyche at various forms of cerebral pathology. Legal psychology studies the psychological features of the behavior of the participants in the criminal process (psychology of testimony, psychological requirements for interrogation, etc.), psychological problems of behavior and formation of the personality of the criminal. Military psychology studies human behavior in combat conditions.
1.3. Generally methodology Defines those principles that are guided by a person in their activities.
Domestic psychology as methodological distinguishes the following principles of materialistic psychology:
1. Principle determinismwhich is used to analyze the nature and essence of mental phenomena when considering the latter in relationship with the phenomena of the external world. According to this principle, the psyche is determined by lifestyle and varies with a change in external conditions, while being determined by the behavior and human activity.
2. Principle unity of consciousness and activitiesthe statement that consciousness and activity are in an inextricable unity, which is expressed in the fact that consciousness and in general, all the mental properties of a person are not only manifested, but also formed in activities. This principle allows, when studying activities, identify those psychological patterns that ensure the success of achieving its goal.
3.Cipp developmentthis means that the manifestations of psyche can be correctly understood if they are considered in continuous development as a process and result of activity.
Methodological principles are embodied in special empirical methods of psychology, with the help of which essentially important facts, patterns and mechanisms of psyche are revealed.
TO main methodspsychological research includes observation and experiment.
Observationas a psychology method consists in fixing the manifestations of mental phenomena in behavior based on their immediate perception.
Scientific observation is made with a strictly defined goal, predetermined situations and behaviors, which should be an object of study, as well as a developed fixation system and recording results. At the same time, it is important that several people participate in observation, and the final assessment should be a secondary observation. These measures are being taken to reduce the influence of the characteristics of the observer on the process of perception.
Distinguish the following types of observation:
non-standardized,when the researcher enjoys a common observation plan;
Standardizedin which the registration of facts is based on detailed observation schemes, predetermined samples of behavior.
Depending on the position of the observer, the observation is distinguished:
- includedwhen a researcher is a member of the group for which he observes;
- simplewhen behavioral features are fixed from the part. This is a passive method for obtaining psychological facts, since the researcher cannot affect the course of events or repeat them. With this method, it is difficult to establish the exact cause of the act, actions, as only the external manifestations are recorded. At the same time, the passivity of the observer allows you to study behavior in natural conditions, not distorting the natural course of events as a result of intervention, as it can occur in the experiment.
Experimentit differs from the observation primarily by the fact that it implies a targeted organization of a study situation; This allows us to relatively strictly monitor the conditions for its conduct, not only to describe psychological facts, but also explain the reasons for their appearance.
This dignity of the experiment often turns into a disadvantage: it is difficult to organize an experimental study so that the subject does not guessed about him. Knowledge of a person that the study of study, as a rule, causes stiffness of the subject, anxiety, etc., especially if the study is carried out in special conditions, for example in an equipped laboratory (laboratory experiment).
Therefore, a natural experiment is often used, in which the researcher actively affects the situation, but in forms that do not disturb its naturalness, for example, in the process of human labor activity.
In statementthe experiment check the availability of communication between certain facts or phenomena. Formingthe experiment implies an active, purposeful impact of the experimenter on the subject in order to form his psyche.
In addition to major psychology, auxiliary methods are distinguished:
interview- primary verbal information using a predetermined set of issues in the process of direct (interview) or indirect (survey) of contact between the researcher and the studied;
Tests- system of standardized tasks, allowing to measure the level of development of a certain characteristic of human-α-source, creative abilities, etc.;
Studying products- Quantitatively qualitative analysis of various documentary sources (diaries, video recordings, newspapers, magazines, etc.).
Depending on the tasks of a specific study, psychology methods are embodied in private techniques (for example, the observation method is implemented in a different way during the study of the labor collective and the study group).
The degree of reliability of the results of the application of the methodology largely depends on the conditions in which the study is organized (time of day, the presence or absence of extraneous noise, the manners of the behavior of the researcher, the well-being of the test, etc.).
Last updated: 19/08/2012
Question: What is psychology?
One of the most common questions asked by the newly student psychologists - "What is psychology?" The misconceptions formed by popular media, as well as various paths in the career of those who have a scientific degree in psychology, created confusion.
Psychology is at the same time an applied and scientific field, which studies the consciousness and behavior of a person. Studies in psychology are aimed at understanding and explaining how we think we act and feel. The practical application of psychology includes treatment of mental illness, improving productivity, self-help, ergonomics and many other areas affecting health and everyday life.
Answer:
Early psychology
The roots of psychology go into philosophy and biology. Discussions of these two sources rise to the ancient Greek thinkers, in particular, Aristotle and Socrates. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word PSYCHE, which means "soul" or "consciousness".
Separate science
The emergence of psychology as a separate and independent field of study in reality occurred when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first experimental psychological laboratory in Leipzig (Germany) in 1879.
The work of Wundt was to describe the components of thinking elements. This point of view was mainly based on the analysis of sensations and feelings with the help of self-analysis, which is extremely subjective. Vundt believed that properly prepared personalities would be able to correctly identify mental processes that accompany feelings, sensations and thoughts.
Schools Thoughts
Throughout the history of psychology, various schools were formed to explain human thinking and behavior. These schools thought became dominant at certain periods of time. Despite the fact that schools were sometimes perceived as competing forces, each contributed to the understanding of psychology.
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Psychoanalysis
- Behaviorism
- Humanism
- Cognitivism
Psychology today
Today, psychologists prefer to use more objective scientific methods for understanding, explanations and predictions of human behavior. Psychological studies are well structured, starting with the hypothesis, ending with its empirical check. Discipline is divided into two main areas: scientific and applied psychology. Scientific psychology is engaged in the study of various subtopics, including personality, social behavior and human development. Psychologists in this area produce fundamental studies aimed at expanding theoretical knowledge, the other researchers are engaged in applied research aimed at finding solving everyday problems.
Applied psychology uses various psychological principles to solve real problems. Examples of applied areas of psychology are judicial psychology, ergonomics and industrial-organizational psychology. Many other psychologists work in psychotherapists, helping people to overcome mental, behavioral and emotional disorders.
Methods of research of psychology
Since psychology leaves from philosophical roots, psychologists began to use more and more scientific methods to study human behavior. Modern researchers use a variety of techniques, including experiments, correlation analysis, Longitudinal research and others, for testing, explanations and predictions of behavior.
Areas of psychology
Psychology- Wide and diverse science. There was a large number of its sections. Here are several areas of research and psychology:
Pathopsychology - The study of abnormal behavior and psychopathology. This area is concentrated on the study and treatment of various mental disorders and is associated with psychotherapy and clinical psychology.
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The science of psychology appeared in the middle of the XIX century. She passed a long and difficult way to study the mental state of personality. With the help of this science, the character, attention, memory of man is determined. Many people like psychology. She helps to understand not only those around people, but also themselves. Psychology is very extensive. You can write about it and say a lot. In this article we will look at some important aspects of the psychology of social groups and personalities.
Psychology as science
Consciousness, attention, memory, will, the soul of a person is a whole science of personality. It is called psychology. Only thanks to this science, a person knows himself and others. Not everyone understands what psychology is. The definition is pretty simple. This is a science that studies behavior, thoughts, processes of both man and animal. Good knowledge of psychology helps to understand any personality. After all, everyone is interested, for example, that drives the child when he makes any incomprehensible action for parents. Or I want to understand what the inner world of your boss.
The psychology will answer all the questions relating to the soul of man. This science will help to correctly understand his beloved, child, director or subordinate. In order to sort it yourself or in a close person, some people attend a psychologist on their own initiative. Just because they want to be happy. However, someone is afraid to turn to a psychologist, and in vain. If you do not work, the specialist will definitely help you understand the problem and figure it out. So we figured out the question of what psychology is like science. Now you can figure out the subtleties of the person.
Understanding personality in psychology
Man is an individual. It is unlikely that someone will ask: "What is a person in psychology?". This is the youngest psychological science. She is very extensive. Let us dwell on the main thing.
No one even thinks that with a person you need to communicate loyally, even with a little child. He primarily a person who deserves a normal relationship. After all, one person may not pay attention to your words, the other, on the contrary, is missing through him even facial expressions, not the fact that words.
As you already guessed, psychology is directly related to personality. A man thinks, pays attention to you, knows how to hear, manages his emotions, character, feelings, etc.. All this is managed by personal psychology. The man heard bad or good news, respectively showed certain emotions at this time. Any unpredictability affects the mental state very much. Therefore, if you can not cope with you, you are setting something, try to start to understand yourself. Maybe you have experienced the other day or exceeded joyful emotions, switch to a good, positive, but a quiet book or just go stroll. It will help you to distract and deal in your inner world. Now you have an idea what personality is in psychology? It has some subsections: character, state of soul, attention, thinking, etc.
Memory presentation in psychology
Memory is some kind of a storage device that preserves, and over time, some events or facts voiced. It can be short-term or long-term.
Psychologists have identified several types of memory:
- Spectator - I saw and remembered.
- The auditory - heard, remembered, voiced through the time.
- Motor - memorization of movements.
- Tangible - memorization to the touch.
- Shaped - even after a certain time, seen the image seen in memory.
- Emotional - a person remembers the feelings experienced earlier.
In principle, everyone understands what memory is in psychology. This is a very complicated and heavy process. It is the memory that helps to transfer their own experience and knowledge to our children. This is the longest process. After all, not in vain grandmother, which is 80 years old, remembers his experience of that time when she was only 25 or 30. Quite often a person may not remember some events from his life. Basically it happens when the information has passed very painful, and memory erases this process at the subconscious level.
Manifestation of attention in psychology
If a person focuses on one object and oversees it, what does this mean? Of course, attention. Without this psychological aspect it would be difficult for a person to exist. Let's turn to the terminology to understand what attention is in psychology. This is the reaction of a living organism to external stimuli. When psychologists analyzed the analysis by type of attention, they concluded: there are selective attention (when it is possible to choose an object of attention), distributed (focusing at the same time on several objects), switchable attention (not constant). What happens to man when he chooses an object of attention? Take, for example, the child, who was shown a green square, and the educator asked: "What color?". Do you think he will answer essentially? Maybe. However, it will be more compulsory that it will be noted that this is a square, which has corners and so on. Attention will not be pointed only on color. Also with an adult man. For example, you will meet your old acquaintance, stop talking and in any case on some trifle you will distract your attention. Therefore, when conversing, you can miss an important detail. Attention can not be evenly distributed to each object. So functions our brain.
In principle, that attention in psychology has become clear. Just many are not thinking about such questions, and this is very important. Especially for parents who raise kids and are angry at them for inattention. Listen to psychologists.
Personality abilities in psychology
Many parents with the birth of a child understand that he needed to put on his feet. What does this mean? Rail by itself, and even give him a decent education. With preschool age, children begin to go to the section in order to understand what the abilities they have, and start developing them. It can be an art or music school, swimming, dance and MN. Dr.
The child can not from birth to take a brush in the hands and draw, but maybe he has a deposit to this. They must be developed. If parents go through, what only to them like them, the child will not be able to take advantage of its abilities. Therefore, it is necessary to provide your baby the opportunity to do what he likes. Only then it will have a chance to develop in the right direction and become a great artist or composer. Talent is absolutely every person. One parents were able to open it in early childhood, could not else.
Psychology Temperament
Character is the individual trait of every person. Under temperament, the behavior of a person is understood. I. P. Pavlov developed a very long time of temperament features and shared them on 4 types:
1. Sanguine - a cheerful man, does not delay his attention on one object. Sociable, but not staying for a long time in one place of work. Does not like monotony. The new situation for him is only a joy, he goes with pleasure to contact with unfamiliar people.
2. Phlegmatic - slow, calm, stormy emotions exhibits extremely rarely. Any business is suitable very thoughtful. Never make an invalid step. Nobody knows the true feelings of phlegmatics.
3. Choleric is very movable, emotions are always overwhelmed through the edge. It does not know how to restrain himself, can chain due to trifle. How quickly a choleric is taken for a new job, as quickly she will be bored. Sometimes surrounding hard tolerate choleric for its excessive mobility.
4. Melancholic is a passive person who does not like to be interested in anything new. Salmon feelings and emotions. Very quickly offended, it is upset, although it does not show it. He is closed and more prefers loneliness than noisy companies. Melancholics in the habitual setting feel calm, confidence.
In any work it is necessary to know the temperaments. So it will be easier to communicate with people.
Psychology of emotions
Very often, people do not know what feelings are. This is the emotional state of the human soul, which is expressed by certain body movements, failing or voice.
Since childhood, we hear about the cessation of emotions, that it is necessary to express their feelings less. However, psychologists claim the opposite. Everyone should be able to throw out emotions, and not accumulate them for years. What do diseases occur, mental disorders? From the fact that the person for years is holding back all his feelings and emotions in himself. You need to be able to express your opinion everywhere: at work, at home, in communicating with others. Thanks to the emotions, a person determines the need for himself all the necessary needs. Do not be afraid to flush your feelings and emotions out. That circle you need will accept you. Other prove nothing worth it. After all, health is more expensive.
The need for psychology
A person does not always guess what he needs. The need is that the personality is experiencing an acute need. There are 3 types:
1. Labor need - personality needs knowledge of the world, in work.
2. Developing need - personality learns, self-realizes.
3. Social need - a person needs communicating with friends, team, etc.
These are socigenous needs. The need ends when the goal is achieved. Then a person appears something else, what is the need. The need is the whole mechanism in the human psyche. In other words, the needs are a mental mental state of personality. Thanks to them, a person strives for his goal to achieve the desired, that is, it becomes more active, and passivity disappears almost completely.
It became clear to you what psychology is, the definition can now be given more accurate. The need, attention, memory, emotions is what is human psychology.
Social psychology as a science
Each person lives in a world where he has many relatives, friends, acquaintances, friends, colleagues, etc. For this, a person needs social psychology. Thanks to her, people know each other and relationships. Relations are developing not only between two individuals, but also between the whole groups. You probably guessed what social psychology is. Two sciences twisted in this subject. Sociology and psychology. Therefore, the relationship is not just being studied here, but such types are different: social, economic, political and many others. Social psychology in society allows you to take a certain place among people. Share in social psychology 3 types of personality:
1. Picnics - they adapt well in social medium. They seek to build relationships with the right people favorably. They know how to defend their interests without conflict.
2. Athletics - sociable, love to pay due attention, dominant personality.
3. Asthenics - it is not easy for them in society. They are not sociable, closed, restrained.
Every person is his own. Some love to be in the spotlight in society, others like more in the shade. You can do nothing with it. It is necessary to take the personality of what it is. About what social psychology is, you can write a lot. Since this is not a book, but only an article, the most important definitions and concepts are given.
