Polio. Polio vaccination Third polio vaccination of children

Poliomyelitis is one of the most dangerous viral infections that threatens young children and adults who are not vaccinated in childhood. It is transmitted through unwashed hands, water, food; multiplies in the intestine, and from it enters the lymph nodes and into the blood.

Only 20-30% of those who have recovered fully recover, 10% of patients die, the rest become disabled for life. Polio often leaves behind:

atrophy of the muscles of the extremities (the patient's arm or leg "dries up");
paralysis of the lower extremities;
curvature of the spine and bones;
damage to the facial nerve and other neurological disorders.

The Russian Federation is considered a “polio-free country”. However, the disease enters Russia with migrants from Africa or Central Asia, where epidemic outbreaks of poliomyelitis occur. This means that it will take a long time for Russians to abandon the polio immunization program.

They begin to vaccinate babies from the third month of life. In polyclinics, children are immunized according to the scheme of 3 months. - 4.5 months - 6 months - 18 months - 20 months, in paid vaccination centers the schemes are slightly different. If a child has always been injected only with a live vaccine, he will be given a revaccination at the age of 14, and if he lives in a "disadvantaged" region, he will be advised to repeat it every five years.

Vaccines for vaccinations and revaccinations

Immunization against poliomyelitis is carried out with two types of vaccines: inactivated (with a killed virus) and live, in which there is a weakened active polivirus. Vaccinations and revaccinations are done either by one of them, or using them in turn.

Live oral vaccine (French Polio Sabin Vero or domestically produced OPV) is dark pink drops that drip into the baby's mouth. They taste bitter-salty, so babies are injected with them on the root of the tongue, and older children - on the mucous membrane of the palatine tonsils. In these places there are accumulations of immune (lymphoid) tissue, but no taste buds. Sometimes the vaccine is given to babies in sugar or sugar syrup.

The usual dose is 2 to 4 drops, depending on the dosage of the vaccine preparation. If the baby spits out drops or spits up, the vaccine is given again. But if the child spits up a second time, the vaccine is stopped. The next dose will be given to the baby only after a month and a half.

The inactivated vaccine, or IPV, is part of the French Tetracoq, Imovax Polio, Pentaxym. It is injected into babies in the thigh or under the shoulder blade, older children in the shoulder. Both vaccines protect against all three known types of infection.

Vaccination and revaccination regimens

In state polyclinics, vaccinations are carried out according to the scheme "2 IPV (first, second vaccinations) - 3 OPV (third vaccination and both revaccinations)". The first three doses are given at intervals of one and a half months. Revaccination is done one year after the third dose and again after 2 months. In total, a child receives 5 doses of polio vaccine before the age of three.

In babies with low immunity and certain gut diseases, weakened live polioviruses can cause polio. The inactivated vaccine is safe, but it also builds immunity. Starting with IPV, when the time comes for OPV, the immune system will be ready to deal with live polioviruses. Therefore, the state program provides for combined immunization against poliomyelitis.

Depending on the wishes of the parents, the contraindications of the baby and life circumstances, it can be carried out according to other schemes. Such vaccinations are done for a fee at vaccination centers:

IPV only (injections). The first, second and third doses are administered with an interval of 1.5 months, a year after the third vaccination, a revaccination is given. Unlike the standard scheme, a baby under three years old receives not 5, but 4 doses of polio vaccine. The fifth vaccination, that is, the second revaccination, in this case is carried out after 5 years, but it is possible even earlier: when entering a nursery, kindergarten or before school. After such a scheme, it is not necessary to revaccinate a child at the age of 14.
Only OPV (drops). The first three vaccines - with an interval of 1.5 months, revaccinations - one year after the third dose and again after 2 months. In the future, the revaccination is repeated at the age of 14.

IPV only is much more expensive than OPV only. However, the course of IPV forms stable immunity in almost all children, if the timing of vaccination has not been violated. The inactivated vaccine can be given to weakened babies and is easier to dose. In addition, after the injection, the vaccine will completely enter the bloodstream - but the baby may spit out the drops or he will have an upset stomach and they will not have time to work.

Sometimes, before kindergarten or school, parents are required to receive the 5th vaccination (OPV), even if the baby was vaccinated in a paid center according to the “IPV only” scheme. After such a course, he does not need the fifth vaccination, but according to the requirements of the Russian calendar of vaccinations, he does! What to do? Will the dose of live vaccine harm a preschooler if he was vaccinated only with an inactivated one?

For children who received “only IPV” only at the request of their parents, it will not be superfluous to test their immunity. If the child is healthy, then IPV has already prepared his body to meet the virus, and OPV will only strengthen intestinal immunity. Babies with previous contraindications to OPV need to be examined, and not rush to "get vaccinated, because they said so in the kindergarten."

Scheme 3 - 4.5 - 6 - 18 - 20 does not mean that vaccinations are given on a day to day basis, although the more precisely the deadlines are met, the better. Vaccination can be postponed due to a cold, or even a more serious illness, the mother cannot always arrive at the clinic on time. There is nothing wrong with that, but the doctor must prescribe an individual immunization schedule for the baby.

The basic rule of vaccination and revaccination of "latecomers" is to start the course as early as possible, so that there is about a month and a half between doses. This interval can be longer, but in no case should it be less!

The interval between the third vaccination and the first revaccination (between the third and fourth doses) is one year, and when the schedule is badly lost - 6-9 months. These children are "credited" with three primary vaccinations and begin to carry out revaccination three months after the third dose. This is done so that the baby will receive all 5 (according to the clinic's scheme) doses of polio vaccine by the age of 7.

theherpes.ru

Revaccination Against Polio | CHILDREN IS HAPPINESS

The article was written by Alena 01/18/2014 4:34 PM

Tags: vaccinations

10 comments

Good afternoon, dear blog readers Children are happiness!

Vaccinations are the most talked about and controversial topic. And, as a rule, young mothers have a huge number of questions. Unfortunately, not all of our doctors are competent and cannot always answer all exciting topics. This also applies to such vaccinations as the vaccine ads and poliomyelitis. And if the first three vaccines do not have any questions, they are done on a schedule with an interval of 1.5 months and everything is clear, then the situation with revaccination is more complicated. Therefore, today I will tell you about revaccination against polio and dot the i's.

What is poliomyelitis, how it manifests itself, what the vaccine is and the complications after it, you can read in the article DPT + poliomyelitis. Today we will talk specifically about the timing of revaccination against polio.

There are 2 types of polio vaccines:

1. Live polio vaccine (it is also called polio vaccine in drops; vaccines - polio sabin vero, polio vaccine oral Russia) - AFP

2. Inactivated polio vaccine (included in the vaccines Tetrakok, Imovax polio, Pentaxim) - IVP

What is the difference? The fact that the inactivated vaccine contains "dead" strains of viruses, and the live - weakened, but active viruses. If a live vaccine is used, a vaccine-associated disease may occur in vaccinated children and children in contact with them. Of course, the probability is 1 in 3,000,000, but it is there. Therefore, after being vaccinated with a live vaccine, it is advisable not to play or contact with other children. Even the instructions contain a contraindication to the AFP vaccine - living with the vaccinated child of a pregnant woman or unvaccinated siblings.

The live vaccine is believed to be more effective in promoting intestinal immunity. But, on the other hand, it is not possible to accurately dose such a vaccine. First, the child can spit out or vomit droplets. Secondly, if a child suddenly has an intestinal disorder, then part, and maybe all of the vaccine will be released before they can start working. In the case of IVP, the dosage is more closely followed.

The difference, I think, is understandable. Now about the timing.

Revaccination of poliomyelitis terms: 3 months, 4.5 months, 6 months, 18 months, 20 months, 14 years.

This is a standard scheme that is indicated in all instructions for vaccines and which is prescribed in the vaccination calendar. But it often happens that the individual schedule shifts. There are many reasons for that - medical outpatients due to illness, left somewhere, could not. In this case, the first three vaccines should be done as early as possible in order to observe at least approximately an interval of 1.5 months. Of course, it is impossible to shorten the interval to less than 1.5 months; it is better to lengthen it.

If the schedule is followed exactly, then the revaccination is carried out at 1.5 years and the second after 2 months. If you vaccinate a child on an individual schedule, then the interval between the 3rd vaccine and the first revaccination should be 1 year. But if the schedule is severely violated, then the interval before the first revaccination can be reduced to 6-9 months. But this is not necessary at all, you cannot be forced to shorten the interval between vaccinations!

The fact is that doctors are forced to follow the system and they may require you to do a revaccination at 1.5 years anyway. We also faced this, our doctor assured that EVERYONE was given a revaccination at 1, 5 years. But this is not the case. It is their desire to put everything on schedule. It is up to you to decide whether to follow the doctor's lead or to require the advice of an immunologist so that he will paint you the correct scheme. And there are several schemes.

Polio vaccination schedules

1. Only OPV. In this case, the first three vaccines are given with an interval of 1.5 months, the first revaccination - one year after the third vaccine (in the case of OPV, the period before it can be reduced to 6-9 months) and the second revaccination - after 2 months. Total - up to 3 years 5 vaccinations against poliomyelitis.

2. OPV + IPV. The scheme is the same as the first one. Only different vaccines. The first two are IPV, the third and revaccination are OPV. This scheme is used in clinics and is free of charge. If you want other vaccines, use only OPV or only IPV, then you have to get the vaccinations for a fee at the vaccination centers.

3. IPV only. With this scheme, up to 3 years of age, the child receives only 4 vaccines. Intervals between three - 1.5 months, then revaccination a year later. And the second revaccination of IPV is carried out after 5 years.

It is up to you to decide which scheme to choose. The doctor cannot insist on shortening the interval or using any scheme. The only problem is if you do not agree to the scheme proposed by the state, you have to pay. You decide. I hope after this article you will have a clear idea of how you can get vaccinated and revaccinated against polio and you will be able to make the right choice.

Health to you and your children! All articles can be found on the Sitemap.

deti-eto-schastie.ru

Terms of revaccination against poliomyelitis

Revaccination against poliomyelitis is a procedure for re-administering a specific drug (vaccine) to create a tense lifelong immunity against this infectious disease. The Russian calendar of preventive vaccinations offers compulsory vaccination for all children of a certain age, however, the timing and drugs used may differ significantly.

Why vaccination against polio is necessary

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that is currently registered only in certain countries of the world and in the form of isolated cases. The poliomyelitis virus is transmitted to humans by airborne droplets and by household contact. The virus is very stable in the environment, it can persist for months in water, soil and on surrounding objects, so it is impossible to protect yourself from possible infection by observing sanitary and hygienic skills.

Experts from the World Health Organization emphasize that it is impossible to cure poliomyelitis - flaccid paralysis of the limbs and trunk remains with a person for life - however, it can be prevented. It is for this that the polio vaccination scheme has been developed.

What drugs are used

There are 2 variants of polio vaccine created in the world: live (drops) and killed (inactivated). Each of the vaccines has both advantages and disadvantages. Comparative characteristics for convenience are presented in the table

	oral live vaccine (OPV)	inactivated (IPV)
compound	all 3 types of virus	all 3 types of virus
peculiarities	contains a live but weakened polio virus, the so-called vaccine strain	contains killed polio virus
route of administration	drops that drip on the tongue	intramuscular injections
contraindications	not allowed for use with immunodeficiencies	only severe diseases of the central nervous system
possible risks	extremely rarely (1 case per 2.5 million doses) VAP (vaccine-associated poliomyelitis) is recorded	WAP never develops
storage conditions	required strict temperature control	stable even during long-term storage

In the Russian Federation, as in many other countries, not only monovaccines are successfully used, but also complex preparations, that is, containing 2 or more components. IPV is a component of such specific drugs as Immovax polio, Pentaxim, Tetrakok, Infanrix. There are several vaccine options available in public hospitals, however, the choice of a particular remedy is at the discretion of the doctor. In private vaccination rooms, the choice of a specific vaccine, after the conclusion of a specialist, remains with the patient.

What vaccination regimens are used

The timing of vaccination does not differ significantly, the main difference is which vaccine will be used.

According to this principle, there are three options when vaccination is given:

live vaccine only (OPV);
inactivated vaccine only (IPV);
two options (mixed scheme).

Mixed scheme

In the Russian Federation, a mixed scheme is most often used, involving vaccination (the initial stages of immunization) using an inactivated vaccine (IPV), and then switching to a live vaccine (OPV).

The mixed scheme of vaccination and revaccination includes the following stages:

at 3 months - IPV injection;
after 45 days, that is, at 4.5 months - IPV injection;
after another 45 days, that is, at 6 months - instillation of OPV;
after 12 months, that is, at 18 months - instillation of OPV;
after 2 months from the previous one, that is, at 20 months - instillation of OPV;
14 years - the last instillation of OPV.

You should adhere to certain time intervals between vaccinations. No vaccine (neither OPV nor IPV) should be given less than 45 days apart. The droplet vaccine can be substituted for IPV if OPV is not available.

Oral vaccine only (OPV) regimen

It was this scheme that was used for many years throughout the entire Soviet Union. At special enterprises, the mass production of oral polio vaccine was established, there was no need to purchase foreign funds for specific prophylaxis. Each time, 1 dose of vaccine is used (4 drops of trivalent or 2 of 3 types) The scheme, based on the use of only OPV, also includes 6 stages

The use of a live polio vaccine is convenient when performing a calendar of preventive vaccinations on a massive scale, for example, in a nursery, since it is much easier and faster to drip the drug in than to inject even with a disposable syringe.

Inactivated vaccine (IPV) only regimen

Such a vaccination scheme against poliomyelitis is used if a child is diagnosed with severe diseases of the nervous system or immunodeficiency, that is, in a situation where OPV is contraindicated. The parents of the baby can insist on using only IPV, but then vaccination will have to be performed only in a private vaccination office. An IPV-only vaccination schedule includes:

vaccination (with an interval of 45 days between injections)
age	3 months
	4.5 months
	6 months

As you can see from the table, the scheme of the first three doses of the vaccine does not differ: during the first year of life, the baby receives a full course of vaccination itself. At the same time, the first revaccination of IPV is carried out - at 18 months. The difference lies in the fact that the second revaccination against poliomyelitis is carried out at 6 years of age. The final dose is also given at the age of 14.

Possible deviations in the timing of vaccination

For technical reasons (inability to come to a medical institution, lack of a dose of vaccine) or if there are signs of an acute infectious disease, vaccinations may be postponed. You should not blindly follow the schedule if the child coughs or sneezes - there will be no benefit from this. However, the introduction of the vaccine should not be postponed for long. It is advisable that the child receives the prescribed 5 doses of vaccine before starting school.

Even for long periods of time, the actual vaccination is not repeated, only revaccination of poliomyelitis is carried out at a time that is as close as possible to the standard.

infectium.ru

Vaccination against polio in children: vaccination schedule, types of vaccines, reactions and complications

Poliomyelitis is one of the most dangerous and terrible infectious diseases in the world associated with the transmission of a virus that can affect the central nervous system with the development of paresis and paralysis.

Until recently, it was believed that Europe completely got rid of this infection, but in 2010, new cases of poliomyelitis were recorded, which again highlighted the need for routine vaccination among the child population. However, debate continues among parents about the safety and efficacy of the polio vaccine.

Should you be vaccinated against polio?

Many parents are still worried about the question, is it worth getting your child vaccinated against polio? The answer is clear: of course, yes. Poliomyelitis is a severe infectious disease characterized by the development of persistent paresis and paralysis, leading to the disability of the child.

At the same time, the number of vaccination reactions and complications are within acceptable limits. Any vaccination registered in Russia for the vaccination of children undergoes a thorough expert assessment and is absolutely safe if all the rules for proper vaccination are observed.

Despite the rarity of poliomyelitis, its outbreaks are constantly recorded in Europe and Asia, including isolated cases in Russia. In this regard, no child can be completely protected from this dangerous infection without vaccinations.

Live and inactivated vaccines: which is better?

In medical practice, there are two types of polio vaccines: live and inactivated. The live vaccine contains specially attenuated strains of the polio virus, which in no case can cause the disease itself. In this case, vaccination is carried out by instilling drops in the mouth.

The inactivated vaccine contains dead viruses and is given intramuscularly in the form of an injection. It is impossible to say unequivocally which vaccine is better. It is believed that, despite its convenience, the live vaccine in the form of drops is more suitable for older children, as babies may simply spit out the vaccine drops and not receive the necessary dose to develop immunity.

The second form in this regard is much more convenient - the injection is completely controlled by the attending physician. In this regard, for the initial stages of vaccination, it is recommended to choose an injectable form, and revaccination can also be carried out using drops.

For whom is polio vaccination contraindicated?

Children with congenital immunodeficiency or HIV infection are not vaccinated with a live vaccine. If there are patients with these diseases in the child's family, then the live vaccine is also not used;
Pregnancy of the child's mother or nearby residents, as well as the period of breastfeeding;
Allergic reactions to past vaccine administration;
Hypersensitivity to neomycin, streptomycin and polymyxin B. These substances are components of the vaccine;
Acute infectious diseases or chronic diseases in the acute stage. If there is any contraindication to routine vaccination, the child is additionally examined by a pediatrician, neurologist and other specialists as needed. After that, a verdict on the postponement of the production of the vaccine or the choice of its analogs is made collegially.

Polio vaccination schedule

Depending on the choice of vaccine, the vaccination schedule also changes. In the case of live oral vaccination, 6 vaccinations are given:

The first vaccination is carried out in the third month of the baby's life;
Second vaccination at 4.5 months;
The third vaccination at the age of six months;
The first revaccination in a year and a half;
Second revaccination at twenty months;
The third revaccination is indicated for an adult child at the age of 14 years.

When using an inactivated injection vaccine, the revaccination schedule changes:

The first revaccination is performed one year after the first vaccine was given. That is, if the first vaccination was delivered in accordance with the national vaccination calendar of Russia at 3 months, then the first revaccination is carried out at 15 months of age.
The second revaccination is carried out after 5 years;
The third revaccination is not used. If the terms of vaccination are violated, then the children are vaccinated at three years old and at 6 years old, respectively.

If the child is already more than 6 years old at this time, then it is enough to carry out just one vaccination to form stable immunity.

It is important to note that in order to reduce the total burden on the body, it is possible to simultaneously vaccinate with polio vaccine, DPT and hepatitis B vaccine. This allows you to reduce the total number of vaccinations without harm to the baby's health.

There is a widespread belief that within two months of being vaccinated with a live polio vaccine, a child is dangerous to everyone around him who has not received the vaccine. This opinion is only half true.

Yes, a child who has received a live vaccination releases into the environment the strains of the virus that were given to him in the form of drops. However, these strains of viruses are not capable of causing illness in the surrounding children, even those who are not vaccinated. They contribute to the formation of passive immunity in this category of babies.

What can happen after getting vaccinated?

Any vaccination against poliomyelitis and other diseases can lead to the development of vaccination reactions. This is the physiological reaction of the body to the introduction of foreign material, associated with the activation of the baby's immune system. Most often, vaccination reactions do not occur.

The following situations may occur:

A slight rise in body temperature up to 37.5-38 ° C;
Weak dyspeptic symptoms (regurgitation, increased stool frequency);
Headache and general weakness;
Redness and slight swelling at the injection site.

As a rule, all these symptoms go away on their own within one to two days. If this does not happen, then you need to contact your pediatrician.

Complications after vaccination should be considered a separate category. The term "complications" means a reaction of the body that is not physiological. It is important to note that most of the complications that arise are associated with a violation of the vaccine delivery procedure, its improper storage and other human factors. Possible complications include:

Allergic reactions (urticaria, Quincke's edema) to vaccine components;
The development of purulent inflammation at the injection site as a result of a violation of the vaccination technique or improper care of the baby.

Complications are extremely rare - one case per 100-200 thousand vaccinations. In this regard, most pathological reactions are not causally related to vaccinations. It is important to note that complications such as vomiting, coughing, and the appearance of a rash are not typical for polio vaccination and the use of DPT. These symptoms indicate the presence of another disease and have nothing to do with the fact of the vaccination.

Vaccination is the key to the successful eradication of terrible childhood infections, such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, etc. At the same time, it is the setting of vaccinations that protects the child from them, thanks to the development and formation of an immune response against these pathogens.

Anton Yatsenko, pediatrician, specially for Mirmam.pro

Poliomyelitis has always been and remains a serious viral disease, which, during its development, often leaves irreversible consequences. Activating in the body under certain conditions, the infection that has entered affects the nerve cells. This leads to the development of paralysis of varying severity. Mostly children are ill, but in the presence of aggravating factors, adults are also susceptible to the disease. Ultimately, poliomyelitis can result in disability and even death of the patient.

The causative agent is a representative of the intestinal group Poliovirus hominis. It has its own subspecies: strains I, II and III. Statistics show that the majority carry the disease in a mild or asymptomatic form. A pronounced picture with the presence of complications is recorded in 1-1.5% of children, mainly aged from six months to five years. From these facts, it is clear how important timely polio is.

What is the polio vaccine, what is it for and how it works

Vaccination schedule

To protect against poliomyelitis on the territory of Russia, a sequence of vaccinations was approved. Its sequence is as follows: first, two injections are given with inactivated drugs, then with a live vaccine. The procedures are carried out on a state basis and are free of charge. However, if the parents wish, as well as according to the available indications, it is possible to replace the vaccine with a "killed" vaccine, but in this case it will be paid for.

The polio vaccine is produced for children at the age of three months, four and a half, six months.

Revaccinations: at one and a half years, a year and eight months, fourteen years.

There are times when children or adults need an unscheduled immunization. This happens when traveling to regions that are unfavorable in endemic terms for the disease, and if a monovaccine was previously introduced.

Contraindications and possible complications

The most serious consequence is the infection of immunocompromised children who have received protection with a vaccine with an inactive but viable pathogen. Since the immune system of infants is still imperfect, specific immune protection is achieved with the use of IPV.

Attention! It is prohibited to carry out the initial series of vaccinations with OPV drops!

For IPV, contraindications are:

Acute infectious pathologies;
chronic infections during exacerbations;
individual allergic reaction.

Notes. The manipulation should be carried out after 1 - 2 months from the recovery of the child. In the presence of allergies, a consultation with a pediatric allergist is indicated.

OPV is contraindicated in the following situations:

if there is a history of neurological pathology;
at the first vaccination, complications of a neurological nature were observed;
the presence of tumors and immunodeficiencies;
if the baby has manifestations of an acute infectious disease.

Important! In order to avoid negative consequences, it is allowed to vaccinate only healthy children after a thorough medical examination and examination.

OPV has practically no complications, sometimes subfebrile condition and allergies occur, rarely diarrhea, which does not require treatment.

The injectable IPV is usually well tolerated, mainly causing a mild local reaction, but other consequences are also possible:

soreness and hyperemia at the injection site;
swelling of adjacent tissues;
subfebrile temperature;
lethargy and drowsiness;
irritability;
rarely - a general reaction of the body with seizures or anaphylaxis.

More than thirty years have passed since the time when, thanks to immunization, poliomyelitis ceased to be endemic in the Russian Federation. In preparing their child for such a procedure, parents should learn the pros and cons of vaccines. Of course, in polyclinics, domestic drugs are used free of charge. Their foreign counterparts in some way can surpass them in the quality of cleaning, cause less negative effects. You have to pay for their introduction. Which means to choose is up to you.

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by a virus (there are 3 types). The central nervous system is damaged, which often results in paralysis. If the work of the respiratory system is disrupted, then death.

Today the problem has been removed on a global scale, but only thanks to mass vaccination. There are still dangerous areas in Africa and Asia (by the way, Ukraine recently fired, which was a shock for Europe). In countries where the health care system is practically undeveloped, international organizations operate, but they cannot ensure full coverage of the territory.

Since it is not really possible to cure the disease, there is only one way out - vaccination.

Full immunity until the end of life, subject to the full course;
Passive vaccination. The introduced strain of the virus is secreted by the oral route for another 30 days, therefore, the surrounding people become infected with a weakened infection, developing immunity already in themselves;
Safety. The complication rate is negligible, however, despite this, the vaccine is constantly being improved. The goal of scientists is to eliminate side effects altogether;
Availability. The legislation of the Russian Federation provides for the free distribution of the drug in the required quantities for the complete vaccination of the population. This has been the case since the days of the USSR, and it remains to this day.

Types of vaccines and principle of action

Today in the world there are 2 types of vaccines that contain all 3 viruses.

OPV - Live Oral Polio Vaccine

Developed in 1955 by an American scientist. It is a red, bitter liquid composed of a live but very attenuated polio virus. It is introduced by instillation into the oral cavity (the root of the tongue in younger children, between the lip and gum in older children).

Depending on the concentration of a particular ampoule (manufacturers can vary this indicator), 2 to 4 drops are needed. It helped to defeat the disease on the whole continent in a fairly short time.

The virus enters the intestines, starting to multiply;
The immune system reacts to this process, producing antibodies on the intestinal mucosa and blood;
For about 30 days, the virus is actively shed by the oral route. Others become infected (passive vaccination). At the same time, the vaccinated person's chances of picking up a wild virus are reduced to zero. This is actively used in problem areas, using zero vaccination immediately after birth. She will not give immunity, but it will save the child from illness before the first vaccination;
A weakened virus cannot create problems for the immune system, so it is defeated. The next time, the immune cells formed in this way will work faster and more efficiently.

IPV - inactive polio vaccine

Developed in the same America, but a little earlier - in 1950. It is an injection liquid containing a certain amount of killed viruses of three types. Packed in disposable syringes (one dose per syringe). Inserted into the femoral tissue or shoulder. It is safer, but does not give a passive effect.

Killed pathogens are injected into the blood;
The body reacts to them accordingly - antibodies are produced;
In the intestine, the synthesis of immune cells does not occur.

This type of vaccine is approved for children with HIV, as it cannot cause illness even in a mild form.

Cavinton: what it is prescribed for and how it works can be found in our publication.

Learn how to relieve swelling in your feet in this article.

Polio vaccination schedule for children

In our country, there is a regulatory document - the national vaccination calendar, which describes in detail the procedure for compulsory vaccination of the population. It was compiled according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, but each government may vary slightly the timing and type of vaccines, so the schedule of different countries can vary significantly. Let's look at a few examples.

Russia

Our order is as follows:

The first two times, an inactive vaccine is administered, which is absolutely safe for the child. Then a weakened virus acts on the prepared organism to develop stable immunity.

But not everyone is allowed live vaccination, so there is a polio vaccination schedule using only the killed "infection":

The production of a live vaccine exists in our country, while IPV is completely imported. Therefore, officials of the Ministry of Health are in no hurry to follow new trends - to use exclusively a dead virus, since this will turn out to be quite expensive on a national scale.

At the same time, it has even been scientifically proven that in children vaccinated exclusively with IPV, stable immunity is formed in the same way as when using OPV.

Belarus

Our neighbors have one of the best medicine levels among the countries of the former Soviet Union, but the polio vaccination calendar is focused on the United States. IPV is used exclusively:

No cases of the disease have been recorded for the entire period of independence, so conclusions about the effectiveness of the system suggest themselves.

Germany

This country is taken as an example of good European medicine. So, the schedule (used exclusively by IPV):

2 months;
3 months;
4 months;
11 to 14 months;
15 to 23 months. This revaccination is optional and is prescribed if necessary by the decision of the family doctor;
From 9 to 14 years old;
From 15 to 17 years old.

In this country, the vaccine was developed, so it makes sense to familiarize yourself with their calendar (only IPV is used):

At the same time, there are no age restrictions for late arrival. There is only one rule - children under 18 must be vaccinated 4 times.

Response to polio vaccination

Complications are extremely rare here, much more often the child's body demonstrates a normal reaction, which many parents attribute to complications. What can a child have after vaccination?

No reaction;
Elevated temperature (up to 38 degrees) after 3 days and up to 14 days after instillation;
Upset stool for a couple of days;
1 case in two and a half million infections.

No reaction;
Local allergic reaction at the injection site;
Decreased activity and appetite for several days.

Hence the conclusion: the IPV vaccine is safer and guarantees complete immunity.

The myth that OPV gives stronger immunity has long been debunked, and our officials support it because of its economic feasibility (this applies to almost all CIS countries).

What to do if vaccination deadlines are missed?

There are many reasons you can miss your polio shot. For example, the most common:

The child was sick or was recovering from an illness;
Progressive allergic manifestations (acute period);
The local clinic simply did not have a vaccine (this is rare, but it also happens);
Negligence of healthcare professionals or parents, and many others.

You shouldn't give in to panic in such cases, nothing terrible happened. There is a certain order of actions:

First vaccination missed:
- Children under 6 years old do it twice with a break a month;
- After 6 years - once;
If the second vaccination is missed, then they just do it later and that's it;
The third and fourth also do not require any additional funds, the doctor shifts the schedule.

The basic rule is that the total number is 5 IPVs up to 14 years old, or 4 OPVs with two IPVs. An unscheduled revaccination is possible in the event of an outbreak of the disease, as was done in Ukraine, where in 2 months everyone was vaccinated in a row up to 12 years, despite the schedule.

Contraindications to vaccination

The child is sick with HIV or there are such patients in his immediate environment. Weak immunity can cause the disease itself, which is practically untreated;
A course of chemotherapy or drugs similar in effect is being given. In this case, the period is shifted by 6 months after the end of treatment;
The presence of a pregnant woman in the family;
There are infectious diseases (ARI, FLU, others) or an acute phase of a chronic illness. Vaccination is allowed after recovery;
Intolerance to several types of antibiotics:
- Streptomycin;
- Neomycin;
- Polymyxin B;
The manifestation of side effects after the previous vaccination (high fever, allergies, severe digestive upset).
The presence in the family of a newborn (or adult) who has not even been vaccinated with IPV. This contraindication applies to cases of routine OPV vaccination. This should be strictly monitored by parents.

You should not be afraid of the polio vaccine, problems with it are extremely rare, but the disease itself is one of the most severe on the planet.

An interesting explanation of the doctor about the polio vaccine is in the next video.

Polio vaccination schedule for children in Russia - vaccination and revaccination schemes

Immunization of the population, especially children, reduces the incidence rate and prevents many serious pathologies. Polio is a dangerous disease that can lead to death, which is why it is so important to give children vaccinations. When should vaccination be postponed? What drugs are there? Is there a risk of complications, and what to do if the time of the next vaccination was missed? Let's figure it out together.

Does my child need a polio vaccine?

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous acute disease of a viral nature. There are three types of viruses that cause the disease. Transmission of poliomyelitis occurs by droplet or fecal-oral. Pathogens enter the patient's body through personal contact with a carrier or a sick person, through food, drink or shared utensils.

The danger of the disease lies in the fact that it affects the patient's brain and spinal cord. The patient's muscles atrophy, paresis or paralysis develop, sometimes meningitis appears. In rare cases, the pathological process has an indistinct clinical picture without severe symptoms and severe consequences.

The causative agents of the disease survive well in the external environment, maintaining their viability for several months. It is possible to develop immunity to poliomyelitis naturally only after recovering from this dangerous disease. However, a person who has had the disease can still become infected again - if another type of pathogen virus gets into his body.

The only effective way to prevent poliomyelitis is the formation of artificial immunity through routine vaccination. You should not be afraid of complications during immunization - they occur infrequently, and the pediatrician will select the optimal vaccination scheme.

In what cases is vaccination contraindicated?

Despite the fact that polio vaccination is considered safe enough and prevents infection with a dangerous disease, there is a list of contraindications for vaccination. Conditions for which the child is not immunized or should be delayed include:

neurological disorders noted during previous vaccinations;
malignant neoplasms;
immunosuppressive conditions;
immunodeficiency;
severe allergy to the components of the vaccine;
exacerbation of chronic pathology or acute illness (with a weak ARVI, immunization can be carried out after the normalization of body temperature, in all other cases, the vaccine is given 4 weeks after complete recovery).

Varieties of vaccines and how they work

There are several types of polio immunization drugs. In their composition, they differ in complex agents containing several viral strains for a single administration, and monovaccines, which develop immunity only to polio.

The pediatrician selects the appropriate drug for the vaccination of a particular child, based on the individual characteristics of the organism and anamnesis.

How to decipher the abbreviation OPV? This is an oral polio vaccine. It was developed in the middle of the last century in the United States. Outwardly, the drug looks like a reddish transparent liquid, has a bitter taste. Contains in its composition a live virus-pathogen in a weakened state.

The vaccine is simply put into the mouth. Depending on the concentration, 2-4 drops are used: for adults - on the palatine tonsil, for babies up to 1 year old - under the root of the tongue. After the administration of the drug, it is required to refrain from eating for 1 hour. At this time, you should also not drink any liquid, including water.

Oral poliomyelitis vaccine contains chicken protein, therefore, people of any age who suffer from hypersensitivity to this component are vaccinated only with an inactivated vaccine. Among its components, chicken protein is absent, and the introduction is considered safer.

The inactivated polio vaccine, or IPV, was developed 5 years earlier than its counterpart. The IPV drug is dispensed immediately in a disposable syringe containing one dose of the vaccine. When comparing IPV to oral polio vaccines, there are several major differences.

Pentaxim is a foreign vaccine against 5 diseases, which include poliomyelitis

Complex preparations

A complex vaccine, in contrast to a monopreparation, contains strains of several viruses that cause various diseases. This option is more convenient because one injection forms immunity in children against several diseases at once. The French drug Pentaxim is considered the best in Europe. In addition to the polio virus, the vaccine also contains haemophilus influenzae and DPT.

Polio vaccination schedule for children in Russia

The timing of immunization of the population in Russia is determined by the national immunization schedule. In accordance with it, to ensure sustainable immunity to polio, children are vaccinated in several stages. For the first vaccination, the IPV vaccine is considered optimal, while OPV is used for revaccination.

In our country, two schemes of immunization are used. The first involves the use of OPV and IPV. The second one is chosen for babies for whom the administration of a live vaccine is contraindicated. Depending on the chosen scheme, the timing of vaccination is slightly different, as is the amount of vaccine administered.

The scheme of using drugs containing exclusively killed viruses is currently popular in European countries. It is considered safer and less likely to cause side effects. Parents can discuss the choice of the regimen with the pediatrician even if there are no contraindications to the administration of OPV.

What is the reaction to polio vaccines?

In the vast majority of cases, polio immunization is well tolerated by children. If there is an individual reaction of the body, this is considered a variant of the norm and usually does not require special treatment. With the introduction of an inactivated vaccine, the child may become anxious, appetite is disturbed, the temperature rises slightly, and a swelling appears at the injection site. Response to OPV:

mild diarrhea within 48 hours after vaccination (rare);
an increase in temperature to 37.5 in the second week after immunization.

Fever after vaccination is a normal reaction of the body

Very rarely, vaccination leads to the development of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). The complication occurs after the first use of the oral vaccine, in extremely rare cases - after revaccination. The risk group includes children suffering from AIDS or HIV, diagnosed with developmental defects, and critically low immunity.

It should be borne in mind that a baby vaccinated with an oral vaccine releases a polio virus into the environment within 8-9 weeks after vaccination. A person who takes immunosuppressive drugs or suffers from HIV, AIDS, in contact with a vaccinated child during this period, runs the risk of contracting VAPP.

The recommended dates are skipped for various reasons. In most cases, this is due to acute diseases, including acute respiratory viral infections, carried by the child. Also, the baby is often vaccinated according to an individual schedule that does not coincide with the generally accepted vaccination calendar.

The minimum interval between procedures, stipulated by the standard schedule, is 45 days, but its change in the direction of increase is quite acceptable. In this case, the baby's immunity continues to form.

If one of the vaccinations was not delivered within the timeframe stipulated by the national calendar, you will not have to start immunization from the beginning. When the child's health condition allows immunization to continue, he will receive the next vaccination in order. IPV and OPV are interchangeable drugs. If one vaccine cannot be given, your doctor will recommend another.

The risks of side effects due to the vaccination, which many parents fear, in this case are much lower than the likelihood of a baby getting polio with concomitant complications. Refusal to receive immunization automatically puts the child at risk for a dangerous disease.

Polio vaccine

The polio vaccine is a reliable way to prevent severe neurological infection. Poliomyelitis is a viral infection that leads to the development of paralysis, which causes disability for life. There are no drugs that work effectively against the polio virus. Therefore, the only way to reduce the risk of the disease is through vaccination.

In the world, the polio vaccine has been used since 1955, which has allowed many countries to get rid of this disease completely. The virus is no longer circulating in the Americas and Western Pacific regions. Today, only a few countries in Asia and Africa remain a source of infection (especially India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Afghanistan).

Polio vaccination schedule

Every country on earth has its own polio vaccination schedule. This is due to the varying degrees of risk of meeting the virus, starting from birth. In countries where polio cases are still regularly reported, the vaccine is given on the first day of life.

In Russia, the schedule for the introduction of the vaccine is as follows: at 3, 4.5 and 6 months (these three injections are called vaccination), then at 1.5 years, 20 months and 14 years (these three injections are called revaccination). Such a regimen is used with the introduction of an oral vaccine or with the combined use of oral and inactivated vaccines.

If only an inactivated vaccine is used as a vaccination, then the schedule is as follows: 3, 4.5 and 6 months (vaccination), then at 1.5 years and after 5 years (revaccination).

If, for some reason, the schedule for the introduction of the vaccine is violated (for example, due to the illness of the child), then the timing of the introduction of the vaccine is slightly shifted. The child receives the necessary dose for recovery and then as planned according to the calendar.

Types of vaccines

There are two types of vaccines: the Sebin live oral vaccine (OPV) and the Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Both contain all three naturally occurring types of polio virus (1, 2, 3). OPV is produced in Russia, IPV - in other countries, but it is approved for use in the Russian Federation (Imovax-polio). In addition, IPV is a part of the combined vaccine Tetrakok registered in Russia (simultaneous prophylaxis of diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis).

Live oral polio vaccine

It was created by Dr. Sebin in 1955. It contains a significantly weakened but live polio virus. It is a red liquid with a bitter taste. It is administered by instillation through the mouth in 2 (4) drops (depending on the concentration of the drug) through a special dropper pipette: in children under one year old, they try to get to the root of the tongue (there is less risk of regurgitation, since the root of the tongue does not contain taste ends), in the older age - on the palatine tonsil. If the child nevertheless spits up, then it is necessary to re-instill the same dose. An hour after instillation, you can neither eat nor drink. The vaccine strain of the virus, getting on the lymphoid tissue (in the area of the root of the tongue and palatine tonsil) and then into the intestine, begins to multiply there. The immune system responds by synthesizing antibodies, which form the body's defenses. Immunity is formed similar to that which is formed when the disease is "real" poliomyelitis. When the body meets a real polio virus, the existing antibodies are activated, and the disease does not develop (and if it does, then in a mild form, without paralysis).

In addition, children vaccinated with OPV shed the vaccine strain of the virus into the environment (sneezing, coughing, feces) for almost two months. The weakened virus spreads among other children, as if further "vaccinating" them. The circulation of such a virus strain displaces the wild (original from nature). It was thanks to this property of the live vaccine that the virus was eradicated on several continents.

Reaction to live oral vaccine

In response to the introduction of OPV, the following reactions can be observed:

an increase in temperature to 37.5 ° C from 5 to 14 days after vaccination;
increased frequency and loosening of stools within 1-2 days after vaccination.

These reactions are quite rare and are the norm (!). That is, this is not a complication that developed in response to vaccination, but simply a reaction of the body that passes on its own and does not require therapeutic measures.

A complication of OPV administration is the development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis. This is possible if the child was not vaccinated correctly, for example, was not completely healthy at the time of the vaccination or he has serious immunity disorders, diseases of the stomach and intestines, and developmental defects. In this case, the ingress of a live (albeit weakened) virus into the body causes the development of typical poliomyelitis, including a possible paralytic form. The risk is higher in response to the first dose, with subsequent doses the risk decreases. It should be noted that this is a very rare complication (1 in 1 million vaccinations).

Another complication can be the development of an allergic reaction.

Inactivated polio vaccine

This vaccine was created by Salk in 1950 by neutralizing the virus with formalin. That is, this vaccine contains a killed virus. It comes in the form of a disposable syringe with a content of 0.5 ml. It is injected intramuscularly into the thigh or shoulder. There are no special guidelines for behavior after injection, you can eat and drink immediately. Its introduction ensures the formation of antibodies in the blood, but does not in any way affect the natural strain of the virus (after vaccination, no one multiplies in the body, since the virus is injected killed, no competitor of "real" poliomyelitis is released into the environment).

It should be noted that both vaccines provide effective and lasting immunity against polio. There are simply some peculiarities that become the reason for using this or that type of vaccine.

Reaction to inactivated vaccine

A normal response to IPV administration is considered to be:

redness and slight swelling at the injection site (no more than 8 cm in diameter);
increased temperature in the first two days after vaccination, general anxiety, impaired appetite.

If an allergic reaction develops in response to IPV administration, it is considered a complication.

In general, IPV is safer than OPV, since it cannot cause the development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, it has an exact dosage (it is impossible to regurgitate like drops in OPV).

Contraindications for vaccination against poliomyelitis are:

acute infectious and non-infectious diseases at the time of the vaccination (in such cases, the vaccination is performed 2-4 weeks after recovery. After mild ARVI, in agreement with the doctor, it is possible to vaccinate immediately after the temperature has returned to normal);
exacerbation of chronic diseases (done during the period of achieving remission);
strong reactions (an increase in temperature over 40 ° C, edema and redness over 8 cm in diameter at the injection site) or post-vaccination complications (allergic reactions, vaccine-associated poliomyelitis) to the administration of a previous dose of the same vaccine;
pregnancy;
contraindication for OPV - primary immunodeficiency states (for example, HIV), tumors, immunosuppressive therapy (taking corticosteroids or cytostatics), the presence of immunodeficient patients in the family. These children should be vaccinated with IPV. IPV is also given to children whose mothers are pregnant again;
contraindication for IPV - history of allergic reactions to drugs such as Neomycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B.

In Russia, the following vaccination scheme is often used: the first two injections at 3 and 4.5 months are performed with IPV, and the subsequent ones with OPV. Thus, the risk of developing vaccine-associated poliomyelitis is reduced, because the live vaccine enters the body with already existing immunity.

The problem of vaccine prevention of poliomyelitis has not lost its importance today. Cases of this disease continue to be reported. Many parents in recent years have given up on vaccinations altogether, which can have serious consequences. To vaccinate or not to vaccinate? It is necessary to compare the possible risks: get a complication from the vaccine or get a serious infection? Everyone chooses for himself, weighing all the pros and cons. The main thing is, before making a choice, make sure that you are sufficiently aware of this issue.

What you need to know about the polio vaccine. Family doctor A.I.Baktyshev tells

Polio vaccine

The poliomyelitis virus in our time in some countries can lead to an epidemic. A vaccine was created several decades ago, but vaccinations have not completely eradicated the infection. For this, the immunization of the population in each country must be at least 95%, which is unrealistic, especially in developing countries with a low standard of living of the population.

When is the polio vaccine given? Who should be vaccinated? How safe is it and what complications await the child after vaccination? When can an unscheduled vaccination be given?

Why get vaccinated against polio

Poliomyelitis is one of the most ancient human diseases, which can affect up to disability, in 1% of cases the virus penetrates the central nervous system and leads to destructive irreversible cell damage.

Who should be immunized against polio? Everyone is vaccinated, no matter at what age to vaccinate. If a person is not vaccinated, he is at a high risk of infection and further spread of infection.

At what age do you get your first polio vaccine? They try to do it as early as possible. The first injection is given to a child at the age of 3 months. Why so early?

The polio virus is spread across the globe.
Immediately after birth, the child's mother's immunity remains for a very short time, but it is unstable, only five days.
A sick person releases the virus into the environment during the entire period of the disease, during complete recovery and for a long time after it. Vaccination relieves others of the possibility of infection.
The virus spreads easily through sewer water and food.
Virus transmission by insects is possible.
The disease occurs more often in children than in adults, due to the lack of immunity.

The long incubation period and many complications after the transfer of infection have led to the fact that in all countries, polio vaccination is the only effective measure to prevent the disease.

Polio vaccination schedule

The polio immunization schedule was developed many years ago and has not changed much in recent decades.

For the first time, a child encounters a polio vaccine at the age of three months.
After 45 days, the next vaccine is administered.
At six months, the child is given the third vaccination. And if before that time a non-live inactivated vaccine is used, then during this period it is allowed to be vaccinated with OPV (this is a live vaccine in the form of drops, which is administered through the mouth).
Revaccination against polio is prescribed at a year and a half, the next at 20 months, then at 14 years old.

When a child finishes school, he must be fully vaccinated against this dangerous viral disease. With this polio vaccination schedule, every baby is protected from the first months of life.

Unscheduled polio vaccination

But there are other situations when a person is additionally vaccinated or given unscheduled vaccinations against polio.

If there is no data on whether the child was vaccinated, he is considered unvaccinated. In this case, a baby under three years old is injected three times with the vaccine with an interval of one month and revaccinated twice. If the age is from three to six years, then the child is vaccinated three times and revaccinated once. And until the age of 17, they carry out a full course of vaccination.
An unscheduled polio vaccination is done if a person arrives from a country that is unfavorable in terms of epidemic indicators or is sent there. Vaccinate with OPV vaccine once. Those traveling are recommended to get vaccinated 4 weeks before departure, so that the body can promptly give a full-fledged immune response.
Another reason for unscheduled vaccination is an outbreak of a certain type of virus, if at the same time a person was vaccinated with a single vaccine against another strain of polio.

In total, a person normally receives about six times the polio vaccine in his life. How does the body react in this case and what consequences of vaccination against this viral disease can a person feel?

Side effects of the polio vaccine

How can a child react to a polio vaccine? In addition to the allergic one, to the components of the drug, as a rule, there are no more reactions to the vaccine. Vaccination is well tolerated by children and adults.

But unlike the body's reaction, complications to the vaccine do occur. Although they are rare, such situations are still possible.

Intestinal dysfunction or stool disorder. It happens to be vaccinated against polio in young children. For several days, the child may experience loosening of the stool. If the condition lasts more than three to four days and at the same time the baby does not eat well, does not sleep and is restless, it is necessary to inform the doctor about this. It is important to distinguish whether this was a vaccine complication or whether the child contracted an intestinal infection before the drug was administered.
The most troublesome side effects of the polio vaccine include VAPP or vaccine-associated polio. In rare cases, it can be caused by a live OPV vaccine. Such a complication may appear from 4 to 13 days after vaccination. Various manifestations of the disease are observed in one case in a million, and the paralytic form develops in one case per million. In this case, a person develops all the symptoms of poliomyelitis: the temperature rises, paralysis appears, pains in the back and muscles, decreased tendon reflexes, weakness, headaches.

How to deal with complications and reactions to the polio vaccine?

A common allergic reaction in the form of urticaria to the vaccine is eliminated by prescribing antiallergic drugs.
More serious complications of the vaccine in the form of intestinal malfunction or hives throughout the body require monitoring and more effective treatment in a hospital.
If VAPP occurs, then the treatment is the same as in the development of ordinary natural poliomyelitis; in order to avoid irreversible consequences, therapy should be carried out under the supervision of doctors in an infectious diseases hospital.

When is the best time to postpone the vaccination

Unfortunately, doctors in the clinic do not always have a free minute to fully examine the baby, make all the necessary notes and correctly instruct the mother about the behavior before and after vaccination. It's a shame, because some problems could have been avoided. Often, the parents of the child have to figure out on their own how to act correctly before and after vaccination. So, let's describe common mistakes that can be worked around.

The temperature after vaccination against polio is in most cases not a reaction to the vaccine, but a coincidence of circumstances when a child contracted SARS before or immediately after vaccination. To prevent this from happening - do not visit crowded places before and after vaccination for several days.
It is best to take a blood and urine test the day before the vaccination in order to avoid the administration of the drug during the period of the onset of the disease - according to the tests, the presence of an infection can be determined. But for the form, you need to go to the doctor without a child, so as not to meet with sick children.
Before and after immunization, it is not recommended to introduce new foods into the diet. Under a special ban - exotic and allergenic foods, unhealthy food (sweet dishes, chips, carbonated colored drinks), which often leads to allergic rashes on the body, and an additional irritant - vaccination, will contribute to this.
An examination by a doctor before vaccination is mandatory, an experienced pediatrician already at this stage will be able to determine whether it is now possible to vaccinate a child or not.
The most common question is - is it possible to walk after a polio vaccine? Doctors do not limit children in this, walks in the fresh air are necessary and useful even after the vaccine is administered, the main thing is that relatives do not run with the baby shopping, go with him, for example, to the pool or other similar places of large crowds.
Bathing after vaccination is not prohibited, and even, on the contrary, an evening exercise for a child is necessary, because it often calms children. Here you need to remember one rule - do not overdo it, 10-15 minutes is enough.

There is nothing special about behavior before and after vaccination, so it is important for parents to be patient and not forget the simple but effective recommendations.

Contraindications to the polio vaccine

Even after transferring polio, you need to be vaccinated against it, since a person could have had only one of the three types of viral infection. In addition to the simple reluctance of the adult himself or the child's parents, to carry out immunization, there is also a certain list of contraindications. In what cases is it really impossible to administer the vaccine, and when it can only be postponed for a while?

The following conditions are real contraindications for polio vaccination.

Pregnancy.
Complication of the previous vaccination, if various neurological manifestations have developed after the administration of the drug.
Any acute infectious disease or chronic in an exacerbation stage.
Immunodeficiency states.
Intolerance to antibacterial drugs that make up the vaccine (neomycin, streptomycin).

Can I get a polio vaccine for a cold? It is necessary to understand the cause of rhinitis. If this is a symptom of ARVI - no, the vaccination is temporarily postponed until complete recovery. If the runny nose is allergic or a reaction to changing weather conditions, the vaccination can be done.

Types of polio vaccines

There are two main types of polio vaccines: IPV (injectable form) and OPV (oral droplet). In the past, oral polio vaccine (OPV) was preferred. Is such a polio vaccine dangerous? - it has the following features:

it is a weakened live virus that normally does not cause disease;
the OPV vaccine contains antibiotics, they prevent bacteria from developing;
it is in the form of droplets, it is swallowed (injected through the mouth);
trivalent vaccination, that is, it protects against all strains of poliomyelitis;
in one case in 75 thousand immunized people, OPV vaccination can cause paralytic poliomyelitis;
in response to the oral vaccine, not only humoral immunity is produced (with the help of the immune system), but also tissue immunity.

IPV is a vaccine with an inactivated virus that is killed by formalin. It does not lead to the development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis.

In addition, vaccinations can be one-component, that is, against one type of virus or three-component, thanks to which they are vaccinated against all three strains of the disease at once. To make the task a little easier for doctors in recent years, manufacturing companies regularly supplement vaccines with many components. You can simultaneously vaccinate a child against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, whooping cough and other equally dangerous infections.

What are the current polio vaccines? - the names of the drugs are as follows:

"Oral poliomyelitis vaccine";
Imovax Polio;
"Polyorix";
Infanrix IPV - imported analogue of DPT;
"Tetracoc", which also contains protection against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough;
"Pentaxim", unlike the previous one, is also supplemented with a substance that protects against diseases caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b - HIB (meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media, septicemia, etc.).

What is the best polio vaccine? There is no perfect vaccine for everyone, each is selected based on the situation and the body's response. Free of charge in the clinic are vaccinated with domestic vaccines. Other drugs are administered at the request and ability of the parents. If the parents are really interested in the health of the child, it is necessary to consult in advance with the attending physician or infectious disease specialist about possible options and which vaccines are less complications.

Summing up, we note that polio is a terrible disease, the emergence of which can be excluded only by timely vaccination. Vaccination against this viral infection is generally easily tolerated even by young children. In addition, modern IPV vaccines are currently used for vaccination, which exclude the possibility of such a formidable complication as VAPP - vaccine-associated poliomyelitis.

How to properly vaccinate and revaccinate poliomyelitis

Only% of those who have recovered fully recover, 10% of patients die, the rest become disabled for life. Polio often leaves behind:

atrophy of the muscles of the extremities (the patient's arm or leg "dries up");
paralysis of the lower extremities;
curvature of the spine and bones;
damage to the facial nerve and other neurological disorders.

Vaccines for vaccinations and revaccinations

Vaccination and revaccination regimens

IPV only (injections). The first, second and third doses are administered with an interval of 1.5 months, a year after the third vaccination, a revaccination is given. Unlike the standard scheme, a baby under three years old receives not 5, but 4 doses of polio vaccine. The fifth vaccination, that is, the second revaccination, in this case is carried out after 5 years, but it is possible even earlier: when entering a nursery, kindergarten or before school. After such a scheme, it is not necessary to revaccinate a child at the age of 14.
Only OPV (drops). The first three vaccines - with an interval of 1.5 months, revaccinations - one year after the third dose and again after 2 months. In the future, the revaccination is repeated at the age of 14.

Breaking the schedule

Polio vaccination schedule

The danger of a viral infectious disease poliomyelitis lies in the fact that, firstly, to date, no drugs have been created to cure the patient, and secondly, the infection causes irreversible destructive changes in the central nervous system with the development of spinal life-long paralysis.

There are no age-related barriers for the disease, but the greatest danger threatens children in the first 6 years of life. A child can become infected not only without washing their hands before eating, but also through water, food infected with viruses. Poliovirus is characterized by sufficient resistance in the external environment and the preservation of its pathogenic properties for up to 4 months.

The virus is widespread throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks have been reported in underdeveloped countries. The only way to avoid the development of the disease is to get vaccinated against polio. If in each country 95% of the population were immunized, then this insidious disease could be completely eliminated, but this is unrealistic.

Each country has its own polio vaccination schedule. When compiling it, the likelihood of infection of the child with the virus from the moment of birth is taken into account. In some countries, where the incidence of poliomyelitis is constantly recorded, newborns are vaccinated against polio from the first day of life.

Who should be vaccinated?

The vaccine can be given to a person of any age. Persons who have not received polio vaccination are at high risk for infection, the development of the disease and the further spread of infection.

The best option is to vaccinate children already in the first half of life according to the vaccination schedule. But if for any reason the timing of vaccination was violated, then immunization against poliomyelitis is carried out according to an individual scheme.

Preparations for vaccine prevention of poliomyelitis

Two types of polio vaccines are used in the Russian Federation - inactivated (IPV) for injection, consisting of killed viruses, and a live vaccine of weakened viruses for oral administration in drops.

Experts believe that the immunity developed after receiving a live vaccine is more reliable, since it combines both humoral and local (tissue) immunity.

However, when OPV is vaccinated, there is a risk of complications in the child - the development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis (VAP), which can also lead to disability due to spinal paralysis, spinal column deformities, and muscle atrophy.

In addition, if a child is vaccinated with a live vaccine, then he can shed the virus and infect the surrounding children and adults. Given these negative qualities of the live vaccine, European countries do not produce or use it for immunization.

Russian polio vaccination schedule

The schedule of vaccinations for immunization against poliomyelitis for children in the Russian Federation underwent changes in 2011 due to the danger of bringing the infection from Tajikistan, where the outbreak was registered. According to these changes, vaccination against poliomyelitis is carried out by the combined use of inactivated and live vaccines.

Since 2002, only inactivated vaccine has been administered to children in the Russian Federation due to the fact that poliomyelitis has not been registered in European countries.

The Russian calendar of preventive routine vaccinations against poliomyelitis regulates the following terms of vaccination and revaccination:

vaccinate babies from 3 months. life with an interval of 1.5 months. three times: at 3 and at 4.5 months. inactivated vaccine, and at 6 months. - alive;
revaccination is carried out for children at the age of 18 and 20 months. and adolescents 14 years old.

The use of a live vaccine after 2 inactivated injections poses a lower risk of VAP development, since by this time the body has already developed antibodies that can provide protection against the vaccine strain of poliovirus.

But, since there are contraindications for the introduction of a live vaccine, in such cases, vaccinations should be given to children only with an inactivated vaccine.

Such contraindications are:

immunodeficiency state of the child. caused by any reason;
treatment with drugs that suppress the immune system, the child himself or his family members;
the presence of HIV infection in family members or cancer with treatment with immunosuppressants;
the presence of pregnant women in the family.

The scheme of vaccination of children when using only an inactivated drug: vaccination is carried out at the same time - at 3 - 4.5 - 6 months, and only two revaccinations - at 18 months. and 6 years old.

Types of vaccines for immunizing infants

Immunization of a child against poliomyelitis can only be carried out with an inactivated vaccine and at the request of the parents. The only difference is that the combined immunization regimen using the two vaccines is free of charge. And if only IPV is used at the request of the parents, then they will have to pay for the vaccination.

Compliance with the polio vaccination schedule for children contributes to the development of strong immunity against this neuroinfection. But in some cases, additional vaccinations are carried out when they are done regardless of the vaccination calendar.

Outside the schedule, immunization against poliomyelitis is provided in such cases:

In the absence of information about the vaccinations carried out. Children under 3 years of age are vaccinated three times with a monthly interval and then revaccinated twice. At 3-6 years old, a child is vaccinated 3 times, and revaccinated 1 time.
Additionally, people who have arrived from a country with an unfavorable polio situation are vaccinated once. People planning to travel to a disadvantaged region are also vaccinated outside the schedule. The vaccine is administered to them a month before the trip to obtain a full-fledged immune response.
Unscheduled immunization is also carried out when there is a threat of an outbreak of the disease in the territory of residence: for preschool children, primary school age and adults vaccinated with a single vaccine.

The strength of immunity can be checked in a laboratory by determining the titer of specific antibodies in the blood serum of a vaccinated child or an adult.

By vaccinating a child in accordance with the polio vaccination calendar, parents provide protection against dangerous diseases. You should not be guided by materials in the media (sometimes, not supported by reliable facts), and refuse vocational vaccinations.

Polio vaccination is one of the mandatory vaccinations according to the modern vaccination calendar. It is done as early as possible in order to protect the baby from possible infection with this disease.

In the modern world, outbreaks of poliomyelitis periodically occur in various parts of the world. To completely stop the disease, mass vaccination of the population of at least 95% is required. This is often not possible, especially in developing countries. One of the problems of vaccination inherent in our region is the refusal of the child's parents to be vaccinated due to fear of side effects and lack of awareness of the disease itself.

To minimize the risk of complications, it is enough to consult with a specialist on the question of which polio vaccine is best given to the baby in each specific case.

Why is polio dangerous?

Poliomyelitis is a very serious disease with serious consequences. There is no medicine in the world directly for treatment. The only way to protect yourself is by vaccination. The most effective feed is the "live vaccine" against poliomyelitis. This is not an intramuscular injection, it is dripped from a special pipette into the baby's mouth. When it enters the body, the immune system turns on a response, prepares antibodies to fight the disease.

There is another type of polio vaccine called IPV (inactivated polio vaccine). It is introduced into the body as a vaccine. All polio vaccines are called OPV or IPV. They are fundamental in composition, effects on the body and possible risks of complications. But more on that later.

Many infectious diseases, including polio, that cannot be treated can be prevented by vaccination. Before writing a refusal, if there are any doubts, it is worth weighing the pros and cons. Poliovirus is dangerous with irreversible consequences in the activity of the central nervous system, which is fraught with severe forms of disability. The child has no innate immunity against this disease. If it persists after birth, then it lasts no more than 5 days.

Types of vaccines

For the formation of specific immunity, babies begin to be vaccinated at an early age according to a certain scheme, according to the vaccination calendar approved by the MLO. The scheme implies a polio vaccine in the form of an injection and a drop (the so-called IPV and OPV).

What are these vaccines and what are their differences? A non-living, that is, inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is injected with a syringe. With the subsequent repetition of the injection after 45 days. After two IPV shots have been made, the child can be vaccinated with live polio vaccine (OPV) drops, which contain a significantly weakened virus.

Parents should check where they are vaccinated against polio. It is done in the leg (upper third of the thigh). The IPV vaccine can be included in other medications, for example, as a bonus to DPT.

Contraindications

Frightened by the possible complications of vaccination, parents often breathe a sigh of relief when the baby is given a medical challenge for health reasons. Often this is done completely unreasonably on the part of doctors, just to be on the safe side. If the baby has snot at the time of vaccination and there are no more other complaints about the state of health, then vaccination against polio is quite acceptable.

If with a runny nose there are other manifestations of inflammatory processes, for example, upset stools, fever, then it is better to postpone the injection.

the baby suffers from serious disturbances in the work of the central nervous system;
at the time of vaccination, there are signs of an acute viral infection;
the baby has manifestations of allergy (you should wait for the disappearance of its signs or the positive dynamics of relief if the child is a chronic allergic person);
"Questionable" clinical analyzes of urine and blood, made on the eve of the vaccination.

The instruction for a specific drug against poliomyelitis provides for its own characteristics of administration and possible side effects. In any case, the vaccine is administered only after the child is examined by the attending doctor, who assesses the child's health, weighs the risks, informs the parents and gives permission to vaccinate. At the same time, one should know that IPV is less reactogenic for a child, while OPV requires more careful attention to the state of the baby's health.

Pros and cons

Serious side effects from polio vaccination occur no more than 1 in 75,000. Usually both the vaccine and the live drops are tolerated without serious problems. Occasionally, there is a slight increase in temperature, upset stool. In this case, it is necessary to monitor the general condition of the crumbs.

It is necessary to contact the doctor if bad sleep is added to the above symptoms, the baby becomes restless, psychomotor disorders are noticed.

Parents who have heard that it is possible to get sick after vaccination have fears of vaccination. This risk really exists, because OPV contains, although weakened, but still live poliovirus, which, under favorable circumstances for it, can begin to develop safely in the body.

At the same time, the question arises, is it possible to get polio from a child vaccinated with a live vaccine? Yes, you can. For several weeks after vaccination, the child carries the infection. As a rule, all children in the family and in the kindergarten group are vaccinated at the same time so that other babies cannot get polio from someone who has been immunized.

At the same time, the positive aspects of mass vaccination of children mainly lie in the prevention of infection and resistance to epidemics.

Adverse Reactions

Most often, polio vaccine is easily tolerated. Acceptable reactions to the polio vaccine include mild fever, upset stools, and short-term general malaise.

If the reaction to the vaccination in a child is pronounced, accompanied by psychomotor disorders, you must immediately contact the doctor or call an ambulance.

After the introduction of the OPV vaccine, the baby is transferred to a mild disease. Therefore, he needs appropriate care, namely, drinking plenty of fluids, sleeping, eating according to appetite, walking in the fresh air.

Is the child contagious and for how long? Yes, and unvaccinated children can get infected from it for several weeks. At this time, it is better to refrain from being in a children's team.

Possible complications

The most serious complication after polio vaccination is infection with a severe course of the disease and, as a result, severe forms of disability. The thing is that the virus affects the structures of the central nervous system, making irreparable changes. For young children, this is much more dangerous than for adults, because the baby is in development, many systems are just being formed and improved. Irreparable consequences relate to delays in mental and physiological development.

But it is encouraging that, as a rule, the polio vaccine is tolerated without any complications. According to statistics, the probability of an unfavorable result when vaccinating with a live vaccine is not more than 1 case out of 75,000. With adequately prescribed therapy, severe forms of paralysis are most often avoided.

Do you have a fever after vaccination?

As with any vaccine, there may be a slight rise in temperature after polio vaccination. This is a natural reaction of the immune system to the penetration of the virus into the body. Such a reaction is more likely the norm than the absence of any manifestations on the part of the body.

Do not forget that vaccination is an opportunity to acquaint the body with the next type of danger and give it the opportunity to develop ways of protection.
The presence of antibodies in the blood, after a series of vaccinations, makes it possible for the human immune system to timely recognize the penetration of foreign microorganisms, fight the cause of the disease, preventing the spread of the virus and its vigorous activity.
How many vaccinations are given for polio?
One injection is not enough to form strong immunity against poliovirus. The current polio vaccination schedule for children involves several shots of the IPV vaccine, with an interval of 45 days, followed by the introduction of OPV (oral drops) followed by revaccination.
Komarovsky's opinion
Immunization of children around the world is carried out in order to stop the spread and even eradicate, in principle, many viral diseases. Poliomyelitis is one of the most dangerous diseases, the consequence of which is paralysis. There is a way to protect yourself from it - this is vaccination. In this case, the likelihood of unwanted complications is much lower than the likelihood of infection.
With routine immunization, either a killed or weakened live virus is injected into the body. The body in this case is able to independently cope with the disease and develop a stable immunity to it.
To reduce the likelihood of complications, vaccination is carried out according to a specific plan. First, IPV is injected into the body, and only after that they are vaccinated with the help of drops. Live drops are necessary to create reliable specific immunity.

Caring for your baby after vaccination
The risk of adverse reactions is significantly reduced with proper care of the child before and after vaccination:
The vaccine is administered exclusively in the absence of contraindications from the central nervous system.
It is unacceptable to vaccinate children during the acute phase of a viral infection, the presence of an inflammatory process.
It is forbidden to administer a live vaccine to a child who has just received antibiotic treatment without a recovery period.

To reduce the likelihood of an allergic reaction, it is possible to use antihistamines (after agreement with the treating doctor).
After vaccination, the necessary conditions are provided: cool humid air, sleep based on individual needs, antipyretic as needed, do not force feed the child, drink plenty of water, give the opportunity to walk in the fresh air.

By weighing the pros and cons of vaccination, each family makes the decision on which their child's future depends. The main advisor to parents in this matter is the doctor, whom the family trusts. But still, general recommendations are approximately the following:
Parents have every right to familiarize themselves with the instructions for the drug that the polyclinic offers (when it comes to the state program).
One vaccination is not enough to create reliable immunity against poliomyelitis; revaccination is imperative.

Do not be afraid to give your baby a "live vaccine" if it was preceded by at least 2 injections of an inactivated vaccine, and there were no negative reactions. Oral drops and inactivated vaccine go in tandem. Both are needed for a full course of vaccination.
In the absence of a threat of infection (for example, leaving or returning from an area where polio outbreaks are observed), vaccination during pregnancy is prohibited.

Vaccinations during pregnancy are a separate topic that requires mandatory consultation with a doctor on a case-by-case basis. The risks for the mother and the fetus, the benefits, are carefully weighed.

Caution for the Unvaccinated
Vaccination against the polio virus is carried out en masse, and in rare cases unscheduled. This is a necessary measure based on the characteristics of the vaccine and the course of the post-vaccination period.
By law, every family has the right to refuse vaccination. Refusal is made in writing. If parents decide to opt out of polio vaccination, they should know that:
An unvaccinated child can become infected while in a children's team, during mass vaccination. A live polio vaccine makes a child infectious for some time (2 weeks).
Parents and pediatricians have a common goal - the health of the child. At the same time, the doctor takes responsibility for informing the family about the benefits of vaccination, its risks, and the severity of the disease. Unfortunately, the informational component of an immunization campaign is not always carried out at the proper level. What is the reason for the refusal of vaccination.

The doctor is responsible for examining the child immediately before vaccination, assessing the state of immunity, predicting the consequences, and monitoring after vaccination.
It is not possible to achieve the required level of protection only with an inactivated vaccine. The use of the OPV vaccine can achieve the desired effect.
To allay fears and doubts, see your doctor. You should not give in to mass sentiments and categorically speak for or against. Each family makes independent, balanced decisions.

At first glance, the risk of being vaccinated outweighs the likelihood of infection. Indeed, we rarely hear about outbreaks of a particular type of virus. Routine vaccination prevents the spread of the most dangerous diseases. With the advent of vaccines, humanity has managed to overcome many ailments. That is why the current trends and propaganda to refuse routine immunization, approved by the Ministry of Health in each specific region, are alarming.

Polio vaccine: effectiveness, possible adverse reactions

There are two types of polio vaccines: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral live polio vaccine (OPV). Oral polio vaccine comes in the form of drops and is given by mouth. OPV contains live weakened viruses and promotes the formation of local immunity in the intestine; it is used, as a rule, in countries where poliomyelitis infection has not yet been completely eradicated (including in Russia and the CIS countries). Inactivated polio vaccine contains killed polio viruses and is injected intramuscularly or under the skin. Live vaccination against poliomyelitis is one of the most reactogenic and its use is associated with the risk of some adverse reactions.

What is polio?

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by a virus that lives in the pharynx and intestines. Typically, polio is transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, through stools, or secretions from the mouth and nose. Most people infected with polio do not show any signs of illness, but some (less than 1%) may develop paralysis, which can lead to disability or death.

Read more about polio in the Polio section.

What you need to know about the polio vaccine?

The characteristics of the Polio vaccine depend on the type of vaccination

Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

According to the national immunization calendar. The polio vaccination is administered at 3, 4.5 and 6 months, followed by the first revaccination at 18 months and the second revaccination against poliomyelitis at 20 months. The third revaccination against poliomyelitis is carried out at the age of 14.

The child should not be allowed to eat or drink for an hour after the administration of OPV. If the child vomits immediately after OPV, he should be given another dose of the vaccine.

Only vaccination will help protect your baby from polio!

Poliomyelitis is a terrible virus, dangerous in its consequences. Unfortunately, there are no specific drugs in science that can help fight the polio virus. The only defense is a timely vaccination.

Therefore, parents who care about the healthy future of their child should think about the need for vaccination against polio.

Poliomyelitis is a serious infectious disease, the reason lies in a virus that prefers to inhabit the pharynx and intestines of a person.

The disease is transmitted by contact - through secretions, household items. The virus, entering the body through the nasopharynx and intestines, through the blood reaches the nerve cells of the spinal cord and brain, which is fraught with paralysis.

Poliomyelitis is manifested by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and nasopharynx, masquerading as acute respiratory infections or intestinal infection. The incubation period lasts up to 2 weeks, in rare cases - up to a month.

After the disease, complications such as pneumonia, stomach ulcers, impaired lung function, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract may appear.

The polio vaccine was created only in the middle of the 20th century by American scientists. Only then was it possible to defeat the outbreak of this infectious disease with the help of a drug created on the basis of killed polio viruses.

Poliomyelitis can take three forms. In its mildest form (fever, malaise, runny nose, pain and redness in the throat, impaired appetite, diarrhea), the course of the disease cannot be distinguished from acute respiratory infections and intestinal infections.

A more complex form is manifested by the occurrence of serous meningitis.(the center of the lesion is the lining of the brain), manifested by fever, headache, vomiting. Brain damage can be judged by the tense neck muscles. If the chin cannot be brought closer to the chest, then this is already a cause for concern.

Is it possible to get vaccinated for a cold

Can I get a flu shot if I have a cold?

There is no consensus on whether you can get the flu shot for the common cold. Vaccination has about as many supporters as opponents. The opinions of experts on this issue also differ. Some believe that the vaccine should not be given, in view of the fact that after the beginning of the season, all people have already physiologically weakened immunity and vaccination further undermines it. In the autumn, several types of influenza are in circulation and they are mainly transmitted by airborne droplets. With an additional weakening of immunity through vaccination, you can protect yourself from influenza, but at the same time acquire a lot of other diseases.

Other experts are of the opinion that one should get vaccinated against influenza in any case, since this procedure does not cause complications after it is carried out, especially when it comes to using the most modern vaccines. Only local reactions are possible in the form of small redness of the skin at the injection sites, some painful sensations. Also, some disturbances in well-being are possible due to a slight runny nose. unpleasant sensations in the throat, a certain reaction in the form of an increase in temperature, but all these reactions take place within a few days after vaccination.

Can a child be vaccinated with a cold?

Most pediatricians disapprove of the idea of vaccinating children with a cold. They explain this by the fact that vaccination is a severe stress for the child's body and the possibility of sad consequences if the body is weakened.

If you correctly approach the issue of vaccinating children with a cold, you can prevent many diseases in them. Therefore, in the case of vaccinating children, it is necessary to beware of certain contraindications to vaccinations. Only in this case, the vaccination against the common cold for the child will be both effective and safe.

Vaccination against the common cold in a child is contraindicated in the following cases:

Polio vaccination - instructions, price, reviews, side effects, consequences, where to do, contraindications

There are two main types of polio vaccine: oral polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).

Let's try to answer a number of questions: whether to get vaccinated against polio, where is it done, is it needed, is it dangerous, and what is its main danger?

All parents someday find themselves face to face with the solution of this issue. However, not everyone knows that any of their actions are devoid of any meaning "in principle".

The fact is that a child vaccinated with a live polio vaccine (drops in the mouth) releases a live virus into the environment. It is believed that this virus is secreted for about 30 days, while "vaccinating", "immunizing", "infecting" all the surrounding children. As a result, a child who has not received the vaccine still gets the infection from the vaccinated child. And since there are many vaccinated children now, it is simply impossible to avoid contact with the virus.

The dangers of polio vaccination are still being discussed in medical circles, so this question can be considered open.

Polio vaccination calendar adopted in the Russian Federation:

the first vaccination is carried out in the third month of life;

second vaccination - 4.5 months;

third vaccination - 6 months.

Then the vaccination schedule is replenished with three repeated (control) revaccinations:

the first revaccination is carried out at the 18th month of life;

the second - on the 20th;

the third - at the age of 14.

These terms of vaccination are explained by the fact that the polio virus is extremely volatile, and it is quite possible for a child to be infected with a wild virus.

If the baby is immune to poliomyelitis, the wild virus will be squeezed out and will not allow the disease to develop.

The pediatrician, before giving the first vaccination, should tell the parents about how the vaccine is given, why it is given and which vaccine is best. By the way, the same applies to other types of vaccination.

The two types of vaccinations are very simple to distinguish:

Vaccination for a cold

Hello! You should not go for a vaccination with a runny nose. Before vaccination, the pediatrician requires the results of a clinical blood test and a general urine test, since the vaccine is stressful for the baby's body, he must be completely healthy during this manipulation. I recommend that you wait for a complete recovery, then get tested, contact the pediatrician with the results, and only after he assesses the child's health will he send you for vaccination. Do not forget about measures to prevent ARVI in a small child, he should not get sick, therefore it is necessary to use prophylactic antiviral drugs (for example, Viferon gel, oxolin).

The advice is given for informational purposes only. Based on the results of the consultation received, please consult a doctor.

Polio vaccine

The name of this serious infectious disease comes from the Greek words, translated into Russian, meaning "gray" and "spinal cord". It mainly affects the gray matter of the spinal cord, causing paralysis, pathological processes in the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and intestines, which are often mistaken for acute respiratory infections or intestinal infections.

The causative agent of poliomyelitis are poliviruses of the first, second and third types. The causes of outbreaks of epidemics in most cases are the first type of virus. The main risk group is children aged from six months to 6 years.

Since viruses are the causative agent of poliomyelitis, vaccination is the only effective prevention method.

Two types of vaccines are used for vaccination:

OPV is an oral live polio vaccine. OPV contains modified attenuated live poliviruses and is a solution for instillation in the mouth;

IPV is an inactivated polio vaccine. IPV includes killed pathogens. It is injected into the body by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.

Both the first and the second preparation contain all types of viruses, i.e. they prevent infection with all types of disease.

IPV is administered both separately and as part of a combined drug tetracock, a prophylactic agent against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. Polyemyelitis vaccine can be used concurrently with immunoglobulin.

Oral polio vaccine

OPV- a pinkish substance with a liquid consistency with a salty-bitter taste. It is buried in the mouth, and for children of the younger age category - on the lymphoid tissue in the pharynx, for older children - on the palatine tonsils, in which the formation of immunity begins.

Since there are no taste buds in these places, children do not feel bitterness, due to the irritating effect of which, abundant saliva may begin, provoking ingestion of the drug (if it enters the stomach, it is destroyed by the action of enzymes).

OPV is instilled with a disposable plastic dropper or syringe. The dosage is determined depending on the concentration of the vaccine used: 2 or 4 drops.

In case of regurgitation immediately after the instillation of the agent, the procedure must be repeated. With repeated regurgitation, no more attempts to administer the drug are repeated and the procedure is prescribed after 1.5 months.

After instilling OPV, the baby should not be given food or drinks.

Experts believe that the full guarantee of protection against poliomyelitis is a five-fold administration of a live vaccine. It is carried out according to the following scheme:

at the age of three months, then at the age of 4.5 and 6 months;

then revaccination is carried out: at 18 months, 20 months and at the age of 14.

The reaction of the child's body

Basically, there is no reaction from the body. In some cases, there may be observed:

subfebrile temperature in 5-14 days;

increased stool (in the younger age group) - disappears in a maximum of 2 days and does not require treatment.

How a live vaccine works

After entering the intestines, the live vaccine remains viable for a month and stimulates the formation of immunity. The process is similar to that which takes place as a result of a previous infection: protective proteins (antibodies) are produced on the intestinal mucosa and in the blood, which prevent the penetration of the wild virus into the body.

At the same time, special immune cells are synthesized that recognize and destroy polio pathogens.

In addition, “vaccine” viruses “settled” in the intestine prevent the penetration of “wild” viruses.

For this reason, in areas with a wide spread of the disease, to protect babies in the first month of life, vaccinations are made immediately after birth, in a maternity hospital. This vaccination is called zero, because it does not form a long-term immune defense.

Another advantage of a live vaccine is the stimulation of the synthesis of an antiviral substance in the body - interferon.

In rare cases (about 5%), an allergic reaction is observed.

The only serious complication is the development of VAP (vaccine-associated poliomyelitis) as a result of the administration of a live vaccine. Such cases are extremely rare (approximately one in 2.5 million). Infection with poliomyelitis due to vaccination can occur:

with the introduction of a live vaccine to a baby with congenital immunodeficiency;
an AIDS patient in the immunodeficiency stage of the disease;
in the presence of congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract.

Inactivated polio vaccine

IPV is produced in liquid form, packaged in 0.5 ml syringe doses.

The drug is administered by injection:

children under 18 - in the area under the scapula, shoulder (subcutaneously) or thigh (intramuscularly);
at an older age - in the shoulder.

There are no restrictions on food or drink after vaccination.

Primary course: 2-3 vaccinations with 1.5-2 months intervals.

The formation of immunity occurs already after the second injection of IPV, however, in some cases, additional vaccination is advisable to form a stable immune response - for example, when the child's immunity is weakened due to:

the presence of chronic diseases;
immunodeficiency states;
undergone surgery.

The first revaccination is provided one year after the third vaccination, and the second - after 5 years.

In rare cases (5-7%), general or local reactions may occur:

state of anxiety;
redness;
edema.

The principle of IPV action

After the vaccine is administered, the production of antibodies in the blood begins. Unlike OPV, vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine does not lead to the formation of antibodies on the intestinal mucosa and the synthesis of protective cells that recognize and destroy polio viruses. But the use of IPV never leads to infection with polio. It can be used even if the child has an immunodeficiency.

When using an inactivated vaccine, a local reaction may develop, which is not considered a complication.

Sometimes the following can be observed:

weakness
slight increase in temperature;
malaise.

In the presence of immunodeficiency or in contact with a patient, IPV is given instead of OPV.
The introduction of OPV is not indicated for the appearance of neurological complications as a result of previous vaccination.
IPV is not given in case of an allergic reaction to some antibiotics: streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, polymyxin B.
IPV is also contraindicated in the presence of a serious allergic reaction to the previous drug administration.

lechimsya-prosto.ru

All About the Polio Vaccine

All about the polio vaccine. There are two types of polio vaccines: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral live polio vaccine (OPV). Oral polio vaccine comes in the form of drops and is given by mouth. OPV contains live weakened viruses and promotes the formation of local immunity in the intestine; it is used, as a rule, in countries where poliomyelitis infection has not yet been completely eradicated (including in Russia and the CIS countries). Inactivated polio vaccine contains killed polio viruses and is injected intramuscularly or under the skin. Live vaccination against poliomyelitis is one of the most reactogenic and its use is associated with the risk of some adverse reactions. What is polio?

The characteristics of the Polio vaccine depend on the type of vaccination. Oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) According to the national immunization schedule, the polio vaccine is given at 3, 4. The third polio booster is given at 1. The child should not eat or drink for an hour after the administration of OPV. If the child vomits immediately after OPV, he should be given another dose of the vaccine. Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) Primary vaccination includes 2 (in cases of immunodeficiency states 3) injections of IPV with an interval of 1.5-2 months (the minimum age of a child at the first vaccination is 2 months).

One year after the last injection of the vaccine, the first revaccination is carried out. The second revaccination is provided in 5 years.

There are two main types of polio vaccine: oral polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The fact is that a child who has been vaccinated with a live polio vaccine (drops in the mouth) excretes c. There are two types of it: polio drops (live vaccine) and inactivated vaccine. The instruction for the oral vaccine provides for the dosage of the drug, depending on its concentration, in the amount of 2 and 4 drops. VACCINE POLIOMYELITIC ORAL 1, 2, 3 TYPES: instructions for use and reviews. Revaccination against poliomyelitis is performed at the age of 14. Instructions for conducting OPV. The difference is that the live vaccine does not provoke the development of the disease. Whereas the OPV vaccine contains live polio virus and is given by mouth. Description of the instructions for use of the OPV vaccine. According to the instructions, the OPV vaccine is intended for use in children aged three months to 14 years.

Polio can be caused by three different forms of the virus. Both vaccines (OPV and IPV) build immunity against all three forms of the virus. In the case of polio, immunity can form against only one form of the virus (which caused the disease). Therefore, in case of previous polio, it is necessary to continue vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Who shouldn't get the polio vaccine? In accordance with the general recommendations regarding contraindications and precautions for vaccination, OPV vaccination is contraindicated: In the case of a patient's immunodeficiency or contact with an immunocompromised person, it is recommended to give IPV instead of OPV.

Also, a live polio vaccine (OPV) should not be given to a person who has developed neurological complications as a result of the previous vaccine. IPV should not be given in the following situations: In case of a serious allergic reaction to antibiotics, neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin B.

In case of a serious allergic reaction to a previous polio vaccine. Both polio vaccinations (OPV and IPV) are contraindicated in pregnant women. Risks associated with polio vaccination.

The most reactogenic is the live vaccination against poliomyelitis. ADVERSE REACTIONS OF OPV In about 5% of cases, children may experience short-term diarrhea or allergies after polio vaccination. These reactions do not require any treatment and are not dangerous to children. In very rare cases (about 1 in 2.4 million), oral live vaccine (OPV) can cause polio infection. This usually happens if the vaccine is given to a child with a severe immune system disorder. For this reason, in countries where poliomyelitis has been eradicated, the use of IPV is recommended as part of routine vaccination. However, in the case of an increased risk of contracting polio (for example, traveling to certain countries and living in countries where there is a risk of contracting polio), the use of OPV is recommended, which creates stronger immunity.

In rare cases, after the administration of the vaccine, a mild local reaction to the vaccine develops, which is not a complication. In the vast majority of cases, the vaccine is well tolerated. Quite rarely, after vaccination against polio, there is a slight increase in temperature, decreased appetite, weakness and malaise. Such a reaction of the child's body to the vaccine is not dangerous and does not require treatment. Polio vaccination, like any other drug, can cause a life-threatening allergic reaction, so it is categorically contraindicated in case of allergy to antibiotics: streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, or a strong reaction to previous doses of vaccinations.

If a live polio vaccine is used, the instruction recommends that in case of vomiting or regurgitation in babies, repeat the vaccination. After this vaccination, you cannot eat or drink anything for an hour. Instructions for the use of poliomislitic oral vaccine 1, 2, 3 types. Polio vaccinations are allowed on the same day as vaccination. Contraindications Live polio vaccine is safe and areactogenic. Polio vaccine inserts. Poliomyelitis oral vaccine 1,2,3 types 2. INSTRUCTIONS *) for the use of oral poliomyelitis vaccines 1, 2, 3 types. Live polio vaccine is safe and areactogenic.

In this case, vaccination with a live vaccine is carried out once. It is advisable to get vaccinated 4 weeks before departure, in this case. Poliomyelitis vaccine instructions for use. The vaccine used to prevent polio consists of weak, live strains. The oral vaccine is for use in children.

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Polio vaccination - description, possible consequences, contraindications and reviews

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Vaccination against pneumococcal infection - description, vaccination schedule, reviews

Hello dear readers! Our children are our life and it is quite natural that we do our best to protect them from any troubles. However, this is possible only when you know the enemy by sight, or even better see him. It's another matter if he sneaks up unnoticed and strikes instantly.

This is what usually happens in the case of viral diseases. And if some of them are successfully treated, then others can, at least, leave them disabled, and, as a maximum, take their lives. This includes polio. There is an opinion that polio vaccination, the reviews of which every year are striking in their contradiction, can save the situation. But is it really so? We will talk about this today.

1. Vaccination against polio: what is it and why

Polio Is a dangerous and incredibly contagious disease, the virus of which, penetrating into the human body, multiplies in the pharynx and intestines.

Where does it come from? Most often, infection occurs by airborne droplets after contact with an infected person, especially if he coughs or sneezes, as well as through household items and water, where the pathogen can live for months.

There is an ailment all over the globe and, ironically, it most often affects children aged 10 months to 5 years. But the most interesting thing is that at first the symptoms of poliomyelitis are similar to the symptoms of a common acute respiratory disease and do not immediately attract the necessary attention.

Meanwhile, the virus itself is not asleep: from the intestines it enters the blood and nerve cells of the spinal cord, gradually destroying and killing them. If the number of affected cells reaches 25 - 30%, paresis, paralysis, and even atrophy of the extremities cannot be avoided. What else is this disease dangerous? Sometimes it can affect the respiratory center and respiratory muscles, causing suffocation and death.

In any case, today only pictures from the Internet tell about the consequences of polio. But all this is only due to the fact that in the 1950s two vaccines were created, which subsequently saved several continents from the disease. We are talking about OPV and IPV, which are also successfully used by modern medicine.

2. OPV vaccine against polio

OPV, or oral live vaccine- these are the same drops of red color with a bitter taste, which are introduced by instillation through the mouth. Moreover, babies are trying to get to the root of the tongue, where there are no taste buds, in order to exclude the possibility of regurgitation, and for older children - on the palatine tonsil. They were created by medical scientist Albert Sabin in 1955.

The principle of the vaccine is simple: the virus strain enters the intestines, where it begins to multiply. The immune system immediately reacts to its presence, synthesizing antibodies that can subsequently fight real polio. However, this is not the only benefit of this vaccine. The fact is that the children vaccinated by her release into the environment the weakened strain of the virus introduced by them up to 2 months after vaccination. This happens when you sneeze or cough. And that, in turn, is additionally distributed among other children, as if once again "vaccinating" them. And all would be fine, only the consequences of OPV vaccination against poliomyelitis are sometimes dire.

Consequences of the introduction of OPV into the body:

an increase in temperature to 37.5 C, which may not be recorded immediately, but on days 5-14;

changes in stool in 1 - 2 days (increased frequency or relaxation);

various allergic reactions;

development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis.

If the first reactions to the polio vaccine are considered the norm, then the latter is a real complication. The fact is that in case of violation of the rules of vaccination, the ingested virus provokes the development of ordinary poliomyelitis, which can result in paralysis. The IPV vaccine is another matter.

3. IPV vaccine against polio

The inactivated vaccine was created by Jonas Salk in 1950. It is a drug that is injected into the body using a disposable syringe. Where do you get the polio vaccine in this case? In the thigh or shoulder, the main thing is to intramuscularly.

The advantage of this vaccine is its relative safety. The fact is that it contains a killed virus. Once in the body, it also makes the immune system work, but since no one multiplies in this case, there is no risk of developing vaccine-associated poliomyelitis. And the reactions to its introduction are somewhat easier.

The consequences of introducing IPV into the body:

redness and swelling at the injection site (no more than 8 cm in diameter);

an increase in temperature in the first two days;

violation of appetite;

irritability, anxiety;

the development of an allergic reaction - it is already considered a complication.

4. When getting vaccinated against polio

It should be noted that the use of both types of vaccines is officially allowed in Russia. Moreover, vaccination can be carried out according to several schemes, depending on the chosen one.

At what age is OPV injected?, or polio droplets?

At 3 months three times with an interval of 4 - 6 weeks;

18 months (revaccination);

20 months (revaccination);

IPV vaccination schedule put to children aged:

Meanwhile, a mixed regimen is currently most often used, when both IPV and OPV are given to the same child. Thus, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of side effects associated with vaccination.

At the same time, he receives a dose of the drug in:

3 months (IPV);

4.5 months (IPV);

6 months (OPV);

18 months (OPV, revaccination);

20 months (OPV, revaccination);

14 years old.

How is vaccination done if for some reason it was not possible to follow the schedule? Here everything is decided by a pediatrician or an immunization specialist. True, if at least one vaccination was delivered, the vaccination does not start over, but continue.

By the way, along with children, adults are also vaccinated, for example, if they plan to travel to countries where outbreaks of polio are observed.

5. Contraindications to vaccination against polio

It is prohibited to administer live oral OPV vaccine to a child if:

detection of malignant neoplasms (tumors);

exacerbation of chronic diseases;

the presence of diseases in an acute form;

immunodeficiencies (HIV, AIDS);

neurological disorders;

the presence of developmental defects;

the presence of serious diseases of internal organs, in particular, the intestines.

Can I get a polio vaccine for a cold? It all depends on its nature. Nevertheless, as practice shows, it is not an absolute contraindication to vaccination.

Do not administer IPV to your child. only when:

if he is allergic to streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B;

the development of an allergic reaction to previous vaccinations;

the presence of neurological disorders.

6. Is it possible to get polio from a vaccinated child?

Unfortunately yes. However, this applies to completely unvaccinated children. That is why, in the case of collective vaccination with live vaccines (drops), those are sent to quarantine for 2 to 4 weeks.

Interestingly, there have been cases when the younger one became infected from the vaccinated older child, or even worse, pregnant women caught the virus. But in order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to especially carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene - wash your hands more often, if possible, do not use shared household items (toys, a pot, etc.)

We also suggest watching the video in order to finally decide whether to get vaccinated against polio. In it, Dr. Komarovsky touches on the issue of all enteroviruses, which include the causative agent of poliomyelitis:

7. Reviews of the polio vaccine

Have my daughter vaccinated (drops), mmm, all the rules. True, she complained of pain in the tummy, and the chair was speeded up for a couple of days.

I read a lot of bad reviews and wrote a refusal to polio. Now it was made in the garden, and we were forbidden to visit it for 60 days, so as not to get infected.

I gave my son a polio vaccine. A couple of days later, the symptoms of SARS began, they were treated, and then he began to limp. They were examined, the doctors said that everything was in order, and the son ended up leaving. But I still have a prejudiced attitude towards her.

What is polio vaccine? For some, this is a huge risk, which they consciously do not want to take. For others, it is the only way to escape a dangerous illness. However, when taking either side, it is important to weigh the pros and cons. Indeed, in this case, not only the health of the child, but also his life depends on your decision.

ADSM vaccination - what is it, why and when it is done

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Polio vaccination for children

Why is polio dangerous?

Poliomyelitis is a serious illness caused by a virus from the enterovirus group. It is transmitted from a sick person or a healthy carrier of the virus by oral or airborne droplets, and most often affects children under five years of age. From the gastric tract, microorganisms enter the central nervous system, affecting the gray matter and the motor nucleus of the spinal cord, and causing atrophy and deformation of the limbs, paralysis, contractures, etc.

The course of poliomyelitis can be different, depending on the form of the disease. The initial stage is usually characterized by fever, gastrointestinal disorders, fatigue, headaches, and seizures. In unvaccinated patients, the first stage of the disease passes into the second - the above symptoms disappear, but paresis and paralysis of the lower extremities and deltoid muscle, less often of the muscles of the trunk, neck and face appear.

Mortality from poliomyelitis occurs in 5-20% of cases from paralysis of the respiratory muscles, but even if the patient recovers, he is likely to remain disabled for life.

The main danger of the poliomyelitis virus is that the virus that causes the disease is very volatile, and also quite resistant to outside influences. So, in dairy products, it can persist for three months, in water - about four, and in the feces of a patient for about six months. It is for this reason that in the middle of the last century, the spread of poliomyelitis in Europe took on the character of an epidemic, which could only be stopped with the help of mass vaccination.

Polio vaccination

Polio vaccine

The polio vaccine is a special preparation that contains a killed or severely weakened virus-causative agent of the disease. After the introduction of the drug into the body, the virus begins to multiply, contributing to the production of antibodies. Over a certain period of time, the virus is eliminated from the body, and can provide the so-called "passive" immunization.

Today there are two types of polio vaccines: inactivated, which is given by injection, and live oral, a drug that is dripped into the patient's mouth. Both types of vaccination against poliomyelitis contain all known types of the virus (there are three of them in total), that is, they completely protect a person from the disease.

What vaccine is vaccinated in clinics?

For vaccination in public medical institutions and private offices, the inactivated vaccine Imovax polio of French production and a "live" domestic drug are usually used, as well as combined vaccines that protect against several diseases at once - for example, Tetrakok, Pentaxim, etc.

Changes to the vaccination schedule in 2011

Since 2002, the European Region, including the CIS, has been declared a polio-free zone. Therefore, for vaccination in almost all countries, including the Russian Federation, exclusively inactivated drugs were used. but in 2011, the Russian Ministry of Health decided to switch to a live vaccine.

The fact is that in 2010 an outbreak of the disease was registered in Tajikistan, bordering Russia. Thus, there were 700 cases of poliomyelitis, and 26 of them were fatal. Moreover, in Russia one person died from the "imported" virus, and experts declared the new poliomyelitis not ordinary, but "wild." It is the live vaccination of children against poliomyelitis that, according to doctors, should develop immunity to this strain of poliomyelitis in the child's body.

Inactivated drugs promote the production of antibodies that prevent microorganisms from entering the nervous system and prevent the development of paralysis. However, they do not significantly affect the circulation of the "wild" virus, so children who were vaccinated with the "killed" vaccines can transmit the "wild" virus to other children.

DTP and polio: should you do it together?

In our country, DPT vaccination and poliomyelitis are usually carried out together, with the exception of those cases when the child is vaccinated on an individual schedule. Immunologists say that joint vaccination against these diseases contributes to the formation of strong immunity and does not cause any harm to the body. Such vaccination can be carried out as two different vaccines (for example, Infarix + Imovax), or complex: Pentaxim, Infarix Hexa, etc.

However, due to the fact that the DPT vaccination itself is a fairly strong burden on the body, the decision on the joint administration of vaccines should be made separately in each case, after consulting with a doctor.

How and where is the polylmyelitis vaccine administered?

An inactivated polio vaccine containing dead wild polio viruses is injected intramuscularly into the thigh or subcutaneously under the scapula, and for older children into the shoulder.

A “live” vaccine is a pinkish liquid substance that is given orally to children. That is, for babies, the solution is dripped onto the tissues of the pharynx, and for older patients - on the tonsils. This is done so that the unpleasant taste of the drug does not cause increased salivation in the child (if the vaccine gets into the stomach leads to its destruction), vomiting or regurgitation. If this does happen, the procedure must be repeated.

Polio vaccination schedule

To date, the following vaccination scheme operates on the territory of the Russian Federation:

I vaccination (IPV) - 3 months

II vaccination (IPV) - 4.5 months. (not earlier than 45 days after the first one)

III vaccination (IPV) - 6 months (not earlier than 45 days after the second)

I revaccination (OPV) - 18 months.

II revaccination (OPV) - 20 months.

III revaccination (OPV) - 14 years

If the immunization schedule is violated for any reason, vaccination should be continued taking into account the vaccinations made and maintaining the minimum intervals between them.

Types of polio vaccines

Today, in the territory of the Russian Federation, the following monovalent and complex vaccines are used to immunize poliomyelitis.

Vaccine "Imovax polio"... Manufacturer - Belgium. The vaccine consists of three inactivated types of polio virus. The vaccine has a mild effect, and is approved for use at any age, including debilitated infants, children with low body weight, etc. Can be used in combination with other vaccines.

Vaccine "Poliorix"... Manufacturer - France. In terms of composition and mechanism of action, the drug is similar to the Imovax polio vaccine.

Vaccine "Pentaxim". Manufacturer - France. The vaccine protects the body from five diseases at once (DPT plus polio and hemophilic infection), is highly purified and is considered one of the best drugs in Europe.

Infanrix Hexa vaccine. Manufacturer - Belgium. The mechanism of action of this drug is similar to the action of "Pentaxim", but it should be noted that the pertussis component is represented in this case not by three, but by two antigens. That is, the side effects when using the Infanrix Hexa vaccine may be stronger.

Vaccine "Tetrakok"... Manufacturer - France. Combined DPT vaccine with inactivated ("killed") pertussis component. The drug does not contain a preservative (merthiolate), therefore it is considered safe enough for health.

As a "live" vaccine against poliomyelitis in Russia, the vaccine is usually used, which is produced at the Institute. Chumakov. This is a preparation containing three strains of the polio virus and a special stabilizer (magnesium chloride). Foreign-made OPV does not currently exist, since this type of vaccine is not used in European countries.

If we talk about inactivated polio vaccines, then they are safe for health, since the "killed" virus that they contain does not carry any risk of disease.

As for the transition to a "live" vaccine, then in society it caused a huge amount of controversy and discussion. This innovation was greeted with indignation by many parents, since a "live" virus after polio vaccination can cause the so-called vaccine-associated poliomyelitis in a child.

In rare cases, such a phenomenon is really possible, but if the vaccination schedule is observed (when the first vaccination is carried out with inactivated vaccines), the child develops immunity even before the "live" vaccine enters his body. In this case, the likelihood of such a complication tends to zero - according to statistics, out of 3 million children vaccinated with OPV, the development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis is recorded in only one case.

In addition, parents have every right to refuse to be vaccinated with a "live" vaccine and to give their child a polio vaccine with inactivated drugs, having paid their cost. It should also be remembered that children vaccinated with OPV pose a potential danger to the unvaccinated, therefore, all children in a family or in a team should be vaccinated on time or at the same time.

Immune response to polio vaccination

The immune response to polio vaccination is highly dependent on the type of vaccine. Thus, the body's response to a "live" vaccine is much stronger than to an inactivated one - in this case, after the first injection, 95% of children develop stable immunity.

How long does post-vaccination immunity last?

Vaccination according to the calendar (6 vaccinations) forms lifelong immunity to polio in the child.

Preparation for vaccination

Before being vaccinated against poliomyelitis, a child must be examined by a pediatrician who adequately appreciates his state of health. This examination should be taken especially seriously and carefully in anticipation of vaccination with OPV, that is, with "live" drugs. Persistent contraindications for the use of OPV include:

HIV, AIDS or any other immunity disorder;

Malignant neoplasms;

Neurological disorders due to previous polio vaccinations;

Taking drugs with immunosuppressive effects.

Besides, "Live" vaccines cannot be used by children who live with pregnant women.

In the above cases, there is a high risk of developing vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, so it is recommended to vaccinate such children with inactivated drugs (IPV). IPV has a slightly narrower range of contraindications:

Severe side effects from previous vaccinations;

Allergy to some antibiotics: kanamycin, streptomycin, polymyxin B, neomycin.

Finally, temporary contraindications for the administration of both types of vaccines are acute infectious or respiratory diseases, as well as exacerbation of chronic diseases. In this case, vaccination is postponed until the child's condition is normalized.

If immunization is carried out with an oral vaccine, after the administration of the drug, the child should not be fed or watered for an hour.

Read about the general rules for preparing for vaccinations here.

Response to polio vaccination can vary significantly depending on the type of drug and the child's health. The use of IPV is usually well tolerated, but in some cases, the following side effects are noted:

Increased excitability and nervousness;

The appearance of slight redness, swelling or infiltration at the injection site;

The temperature rises to 38.5 o.

Such phenomena, as a rule, go away on their own within a couple of days, and do not require a visit to a doctor. Normal reactions to OPV administration, which should also not cause much concern, include the following:

Minor gastrointestinal disorders;

Mild allergic reactions;

Nausea, single vomiting.

And here a child needs urgent medical attention when these symptoms appear:

Unusual lethargy or severe weakness;

Convulsive reactions;

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing;

The appearance of severe itching, hives, etc.;

The appearance of severe edema of the limbs and / or face;

Significant (above 39 o) temperature rise.

Read about post-vaccination steps to reduce the risk of complications here.

Polio vaccine. Injection or drops?

Read the full article "

In the summer of 2012, they fell ill with whooping cough in Sochi. The child was 2 years old, did not receive any vaccinations. But in addition to us unaccustomed, 5 children of relatives and my own sister who were vaccinated to the fullest fell ill. And if the doctors say that the vaccinated tolerate better than the unvaccinated, this is complete nonsense, my daughter suffered whooping cough easier than the others, and the hospital where we lay was full of children vaccinated with whooping cough. If the vaccine does not help, why subject the child's health to such a test as vaccination? There is a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, I do not remember the number on the payment of compensation to the parents of children in case of complications from vaccinations, the first of which is death, by the way, my sister is a microbiologist, she graduated from Moscow State University and said that death within 24 hours is a possible phenomenon after any vaccination. Now we are 3.5, gritting my teeth for the first time made IPV in order to go regularly to the garden, since I am 6 months old and I cannot cope with two children. But first of all, of course, I went through all the doctors, passed all the tests, behind our dysbacteriosis, teeth and sleep problems, if you prick only a healthy baby.

Hello! Our vaccination schedule was disrupted due to the fact that we were often sick. When we had been ill just recently up to a year, the doctor heard our heart murmurs (ultrasound showed: "the heart cavities are not dilated. The blood flow in the abdominal aorta is pulsating"), they said to do a second ultrasound at 1 year and 6 months (now 1 year and 2 months), if the valve does not close, then to the cordiologist. Is it possible to wait until a second ultrasound scan ?!

I read the reviews of moms who are against vaccinations! and I thought - what a fine fellow I am that I didn’t give my child ANY vaccinations! Now I foolishly thought about polio vaccinations, since the cub was transferred to another group because of the vaccinated child and he really doesn't like it, but I read the reviews and thought NO vaccinations - I'd rather take a vacation and sit at home with him.

REFINING! Thanks to the author only for "how the vaccination works", but most importantly, he did not indicate the composition and from whom these vaccinations are made, as well as serious consequences! After reading this article, you can WRONGLY conclude that vaccinations are safe. However, it is not. On this site you will learn about insecurity and complications: http://homeoint.ru/vaccines/malady/nmiller.htm

Thanks to the author of the article, doctors (Inga on 11/29/2008 and others), who are not afraid to talk about the lack of vaccinations for their children, Julia (04/01/2009) for Kotoka and Chervonskaya, I heard about them. I give a link to Chervonskaya's cognitive lectures:

there you will also find answers on how to act in the absence of BCG.

In the absence of BCG for children under 14! For years, fluorography cannot be done, to confirm the absence of tuberculosis there is a blood test, I don’t remember the name, it is done in paid laboratories.

And also, when the pediatrician found out that my eldest son refused to be vaccinated, she said that she would be deprived of the bonus. Now it is no secret that doctors get money for THIS.

1) Wrote a refusal from all vaccinations, incl. Mantoux reaction, before the age of 18 in the children's clinic signed by the head of the clinic, one copy. transferred to the d / s. They were forced to write every 6 months, but not one document does not regulate these terms, the dispute was resolved once and for all.

2) APPLICATION to kindergarten (in case of refusal to admit).

1) Art. 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (on the right to education, including preschool education);

2) Article 5, Part 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation on Education (on the possibility of obtaining education by citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of health status, beliefs and other factors);

3) Art. 32 (on consent to medical intervention) and Art. 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens";

4) Art. 5 (on the right to refuse vaccination) and Art. 11 (on vaccination with the consent of parents of minors) of the RF Law “On immunization of infectious diseases”.

The law does not prohibit an unvaccinated child from attending a childcare institution, except for a temporary refusal to admit in the event that a quarantine has been declared in the childcare institution for a disease, preventive vaccinations for which are included in the national immunization schedule, for the duration of this quarantine.

I also draw your attention to the fact that the illegal prohibition of my child to attend kindergarten will cause me material damage, so I reserve the right to file a complaint with the relevant authorities and organizations to take measures to suppress your illegal actions, including in court with a claim for compensation moral and material (compensation for wages not received due to forced absence from work) damage.

I ask you to find an opportunity to solve the problem of placing my child in a child care institution.

4) If it doesn't work, go to the Education Department, then to the Prosecutor's Office.

The child must be protected from everything from which he can be protected. So spoke the great pediatrician Tour! Vaccine prophylaxis is a must!

I wrote a refusal from all vaccinations after we had a complication after the first DPT and polio. The first DPT and poliomyelitis were done when we were 6 months old, and my son, who had been actively rolling from back to stomach and back, suddenly became immobile and began to twitch his right leg in a strange way. His physical development stopped abruptly, could not sit, did not crawl. The neurologist confirmed my fears that this was a reaction to the vaccine, and the pediatrician tried to deny it. She said that we did not properly prepare for the vaccination, and the fact that he does not sit is the result of the fact that I probably did not give him vitamin D. And they all unanimously said that this was not scary, and the neurologist did not even give me a challenge for the next vaccinations, so she wrote a refusal herself. They gave us a referral for a massage, put us on the line at the clinic back in May, we are still waiting. I found a nurse and they gave us a massage at home. She showed us what exercises we need to do. Thank God at 10 months. the sonny began to crawl to sit. But I went through very terrible minutes and days, I was very worried and reproached myself for having done these vaccinations. And after polio, a huge lump formed on the leg, which did not dissolve for almost 2 months. Again, I was accused that I was not holding the cotton ball well after the injection. These are the doctors. I advise all mothers to think very well before vaccinating their child. And a nurse told a case when a one-year-old girl stopped walking after being vaccinated against measles.

Daughters 3.7, children are vaccinated against Polio OPV in the kindergarten, we are suspended from visiting the kindergarten for 60 days. We are not vaccinated, only in the hospital we did BCG and for Hepatitis, which I regret!

I wrote a refusal of all vaccinations that a child needs from the moment of birth. Now we are a month and a half. The pediatrician looked at me as if I was abnormal. I read a whole book about vaccinations, disease statistics, side effects (numbers, facts, real stories). If vaccinate one hundred percent of the entire population of the world and take into account all the side effects, including infertility and deaths, then the population of the earth would decrease from 7 billion to 1 billion in a certain number of years. Isn't it easier to strengthen a child's immunity from all diseases than to inject numerous vaccinations from all sorts of diseases and an even greater number of their strains? There are cases when after contact with a patient with AIDS, the disease did not occur. It's all about immunity. The number of those who were once vaccinated, nevertheless, became ill with what they were vaccinated from. What is the point of being vaccinated then? What is the difference in distance? The sperm cell alone gives pregnancy. So viruses, it is not necessary to enter the body in a crowd, it is enough to get one and with weak immunity it can successfully multiply there. Immunity is the plasticity and strength of the membranes of phagocyte and leukocyte cells, which provide the body is protected from viruses, the permeability of these cells in the tissue and the speed of movement in the body. Even if you pump a child with vaccinations, but do not provide a full-fledged balanced diet, which will provide the body with sufficient building material for cells of phagocytes and leukocytes, then there will be no sense in vaccination (if she generally helps). It's like putting on a riot policeman super-trained with a bunch of weapons against the enemy, but at the same time blindfold and chaining him to the place where he stands. Then any little girl kicks him off. I'm not a doctor. But I know in my Republic about the list of children who have become disabled after vaccinations, so I refused them. I took care of my health long before my pregnancy. Aw, I have not even had colds for several years, the entire pregnancy ended up with excellent analyzes, gave birth to a baby according to the children's health table of 9 points, there is no allergy to anything, some colic, we are gaining weight well, we are developing well ahead of the curve.