What is parenchyma and its effect on liver function. What is liver parenchyma? Parenchyma consists of

Buy cheap medicines for hepatitis C

Hundreds of suppliers bring Sofosbuvir, Daclatasvir and Velpatasvir from India to Russia. But only a few can be trusted. Among them is an online pharmacy with an impeccable reputation, Main Health. Get rid of the hepatitis C virus forever in just 12 weeks. High-quality drugs, fast delivery, the cheapest prices.

The term parenchyma is understood differently by specialists in different fields. For biologists, this is the loose internal tissue of plants that fills trunks and stems. In medicine, parenchyma is epithelial cells, functionally active, forming the basis of glandular organs. The thickness of the parenchyma determines the condition of the kidneys; in the liver, it thickens when the functioning of the organ is disrupted.

Translated from Greek, parenchyma is a mass that fills space. It is enough to take any plant. The stems have a dense outer shell, bark and loose core, along which moisture with nutrients rises, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other substances no longer needed by the plant descend.

The human internal glands have a similar structure, but more diverse. Stroma is the outer dense tissue that consists of identical cells in all organs. The underlying parenchyma looks loose against its background, and in each organ it has its own functions and meaning. Only in the spleen the hematopoietic cells of the parenchyma and stroma are the same. The gland actually does not have a dense protective shell.

Parenchyma is a collection of cellular elements of an organ that perform its specific function

What is parenchyma? It is a tissue whose cells perform the main functions of an organ - a gland. Under a microscope it can be seen that each cell is surrounded by small capillaries. It is through them that the necessary substances enter for processing, and through the blood vessels oxygen, amino acids, and minerals useful for the body leave.

Parenchyma cells in organs make up various parts of the total volume of the organ. The largest number of cells in the glands:

• spleen;
• liver;
• kidneys;
• prostate;
• ovaries;
• lungs;
• pancreas.

Kidney parenchyma

In medicine, these organs are called parenchymal, since most of the tissues in them are parenchyma.

If you look at the glandular organs under high magnification, you will see how trabeculae extend inward from the outer stroma - dense bridges dividing it into sectors - nodes. The space in the nodes is filled with loose tissue - parenchyma.

It is impossible to give the same description to parenchyma cells from different organs. It has general characteristics:

• tightly connected to the stroma;
• loose;
• surrounded by a large number of vessels.

Stem of parenchyma under a microscope with scattered veins

In the spleen it produces blood, in the lungs it saturates it with oxygen, in the kidneys it takes in lymph, salts and toxins, and creates urine. It represents different types of fabric:

• epithelial;
• hematopoietic;
• nerve cells.

Epithelial completely fills the liver. In the kidneys, it is located in a layer of 11–25 mm under the membrane, filling the space between the glomeruli and calyces.

Hematopoietic parenchyma is present in the spleen; the organ consists almost entirely of it. The nodes of the nervous system are created from nerve cells.

In the human body, the most common painful changes in the parenchyma occur in:

• liver;
• kidneys;
• thyroid gland;
• prostate gland.

Changes in the parenchyma are not an independent disease. This is a consequence of a pathology that has already arisen in the organ.

The most common occurrences in the kidneys and liver are:

• tumor;
• tissue diffusion;
• reactive changes;
• kidney amyloidosis;
• accumulation of salts - calcification;
• thinning;
• cyst.

Benign tumors are diagnosed as adenoma, oncocytoma, angimylioma. They have no symptoms in the early stages, just like cancer. A regular x-ray does not show changes in tissue. Only in the liver do the rays penetrate less well when the tissue becomes denser.

Diffusion of parenchyma occurs as a result of viral infections, disturbances in the functioning of the liver and endocrine system. Diffusion occurs against the background of diseases:

• pancreatitis;
• hepatitis;
• cirrhosis;
• urolithiasis disease;
• fatty infiltration;
• formation of kidney stones;
• diabetes.

The cause of diffusion - thinning of the layer in the kidneys - is age. After 55 years, for a person, a parenchyma size of 11 mm is the norm.

Amyloidosis occurs in the kidneys when protein-carbon metabolism is disrupted. Proteins of the amyloid group are deposited in tissues. Its accumulation causes renal failure, the death of nephrons - the working cells of the kidneys, and their replacement with connective tissue.

Reactive tissue changes are often accompanied by pain. They arise as a result of inflammation and can be accompanied by an increase in blood glucose levels and dyspepsia - disturbances in the functioning of the stomach, slow digestion of food.

Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in the kidneys and bladder. Pathology appears as a consequence of acute forms of diseases:

Calcification – accumulation of calcium salts in the kidneys and bladder

External symptoms include sand in the urine, swelling, and lower back pain. Cystitis often occurs in women.

Thinning – drying out, shrinkage of the kidneys and liver occurs when the body is intoxicated with drugs. This is usually a consequence of an overdose or improper therapeutic treatment. Compression of the organ can occur due to an infectious disease.

A cyst is a benign formation, a growth of thin tissue with serous fluid inside.

A regular x-ray is not able to show changes in the parenchyma in the image. It only denotes the outline of the organ and dense skeletal tissue. During fluoroscopy, a contrast agent is used. It is injected into the blood vessel immediately before it enters the kidney or is drunk by the patient, and after a certain time, when the composition reaches the kidney, pictures are taken and the dynamics of the kidneys are observed on the screen.

The contrast agent is not absorbed into the blood and reflects x-rays. As a result, the image clearly shows the size of the pelvis, cups, the thickness of the parenchyma and deviations in its shape and size.

The disadvantage of fluoroscopy is the high dose of radiation. Currently, it is rarely used, since there are other safer diagnostic methods:

MRI is a modern diagnostic technique that has significantly expanded the capabilities of doctors in identifying various diseases.

When examining the kidneys and liver, changes in the echogenicity of the parenchyma, changes in tissue density, and the formation of lacunae and tumors are recorded. Since these changes are a consequence, it is necessary to examine the patient and determine the cause of the pathology.

Changes in the parenchyma are caused by other diseases. They are mainly caused by a virus. The patient is prescribed antibiotics, a gentle diet, reduced exercise or rest in a hospital setting. At this time, the patient is examined, the localization of inflammation and viral infection is determined.

After clarifying the diagnosis, treatment of the detected disease is carried out. Parenchyma cells are capable of regeneration and self-healing. In most cases, after eliminating the cause of the pathology, they are restored to normal volume.

Malignant tumors require immediate surgical intervention. Chemotherapy and, if necessary, surgery are carried out in oncology.

Liver tissue recovers slowly with intensive therapy. After eliminating the focus of the viral disease, long-term restorative therapy of the liver parenchyma is carried out. It includes a diet that excludes spicy foods, spices, and animal protein.

One of the causes of tissue destruction is the liver fluke. It infects the body, penetrates the bile ducts and drinks blood, making passages in the liver tissue. Regenerative anthelmintic therapy also includes drugs that strengthen the immune system and herbs.

Source: pochke.ru

The most interesting:

CHEAP MEDICATIONS FOR HEPATITIS C

Hundreds of suppliers bring medicines for hepatitis C from India to Russia, but only IMMCO will help you buy sofosbuvir and daclatasvir (as well as velpatasvir and ledipasvir) from India at the best price and with an individual approach to each patient!

When we talk about the different types of tissues in animals and humans, we usually indicate the presence of epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues. However, few people know that some organs of living organisms have special accumulations of basic functioning elements called parenchyma. This is also a kind of fabric that has certain properties and functions. In this article we will tell you what parenchyma is and what diseases may be associated with it.

Meanings of the term

The term parenchyma can have two interpretations. If we are talking about plant parenchyma, then we are talking about homogeneous accumulations of soft tissues in the plant body, which fill the space between other tissues and serve to accumulate water and nutrients, as well as to support the plant stem.

If we talk about the parenchyma of animals, then we are talking about the tissue that makes up the main part of most organs and is responsible for their normal functioning. The parenchyma of the kidneys, liver, thyroid gland and other organs is especially often mentioned in medical articles.

Diseases

The most common parenchymal problems occur in the kidneys and liver. In this regard, mention should be made of such parenchymal pathologies as:

• Parenchyma tumor is the occurrence of malignant (cancer) or benign (oncocytoma, adenoma, angiomyolipoma) formations in internal organs, usually in the kidneys.
• Diffuse changes in the parenchyma are changes in tissue density that can be associated with diseases such as acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty infiltration, urolithiasis, kidney stone formation, pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, etc.
• Parenchyma cyst is the appearance of a benign, thin-walled neoplasm, usually from serous fluid.
• Thinning of the parenchyma leads to a decrease in the size of the organ under the influence of past infections and incorrectly selected medications.
• Parenchyma calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in various organs, resulting from a previous disease (for example, due to tuberculosis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, etc.).
• Reactive changes in the parenchyma are changes in tissue under the influence of the inflammatory process, which can be accompanied by pain, dyspepsia and increased blood sugar levels.

As can be seen from the above examples, changes in the parenchyma do not cause the appearance of diseases, but are their consequence. To avoid such changes, it is first necessary to establish and eliminate the cause of their occurrence. For diagnosing the parenchyma of various organs, the most effective methods are ultrasound, computed tomography, x-ray, screening, etc.

Parenchyma cells, as a rule, have rounded outlines, however, they are also elongated. In plants, water and minerals move through the walls of such cells. In different parts of the plant, the parenchyma can change and acquire specialized properties. These cells include the epidermis, a thin covering tissue. It consists of a single layer of cells and covers the entire primary body of the plant. The main function of the epidermis is to protect plants from drying out and from the penetration of pathogens.

Assimilation parenchyma is a specialized tissue containing a large number of chloroplasts (chlorophyll-bearing cells of the leaf, stem, bark). Its main function is to carry out the processes of photosynthesis. Plant parenchyma cells provide support for the organs in which they are located. This property is especially important for the stems of herbaceous plants. Unspecialized parenchyma cells remain metabolically active; many processes important for the plant organism take place in them. Through a system of intercellular spaces filled with air, it passes between the external environment and living cells. Parenchyma cells also serve as nutrient storage.

Parenchyma in the human body

The parenchyma also plays an important role in. It is the main functional tissue of parenchymal organs: liver, spleen, lungs, pancreas and thyroid gland. It consists of connective tissue stroma and specialized cellular elements. Parenchyma can be formed by various types of tissue: epithelium (glands), hematopoietic tissue (spleen), nerve cells (nerve ganglia). The lung parenchyma is part of the apparatus that carries out external respiration. It consists of pulmonary acini. The pulmonary acini begin with a terminal bronchiole, which branches successively into respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs, making up the alveolar tree. External respiration occurs in the lung parenchyma, one of the elements of which is the diffuse exchange of gases.

Kidney parenchyma cells are a specific tissue that performs the main function of this organ. The spleen is also a parenchymal organ. Its parenchyma is a collection of lymphoid cells. Another organ, the liver, consists entirely of parenchymal tissue, which is made up of hepatocytes. The pancreatic parenchyma is a multi-structured tissue, which consists of numerous irregularly shaped lobules and round cellular areas (islets of Langerhans). Diseases of the parenchyma include numerous benign and malignant neoplasms with different structures. Among them, renal parenchyma cancer is quite common, accounting for about 90% of all cases of tumors of this tissue.

PARENCHYMA

PARENCHYMA

(new Latin). In botany: the pulp of a plant. In anatomy: cellular tissue, cellular plexus.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

PARENCHYMA

spongy pulpy substance of the internal organs of animals (liver, spleen, kidneys, etc.); in botany, a tissue consisting of roundish, thin-walled cells that fills the space between specialized cells.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

PARENCHYMA

animal or plant tissue; in particular: porous substance of the liver, kidneys, etc.

A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .

Parenchyma

1) specific tissue of an animal organ that performs the main function of this organ; is opposed to the supporting frame of this organ, consisting of connective tissue;

2) the main tissue of plants, consisting of thin-walled, polyhedron-shaped living cells of more or less the same size in all directions; n. participates in various life processes.

New dictionary of foreign words. - by EdwART,, 2009 .

Parenchyma

[gr. near, near + poured, spilled] – 1) anat. specific tissue of an organ that performs its main function; is opposed to the supporting frame of this organ, consisting of connective tissue; 2) bot. plant tissue consisting of cells more or less equally developed in length, width and thickness; found in all plant organs

Large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing House "IDDK", 2007 .

Parenchyma

(re), s, and. (German Parenchym Greek para near, around, with + enchyma poured, spilled; textile).
1. biol. Specific fabric of some kind. animal organ ( eg liver, lungs, etc.), performing the main function of this organ.
2. bot. The main tissue of plants.
Parenchymal- related to parenchyma 1, 2, parenchymas.

Explanatory dictionary of foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998 .

See what "PARENCHYMA" is in other dictionaries:

PARENCHYMA- (correctly pronounce parenchyma) (from the Greek para about, near and en cheo I pour, I fill). In the present time, this word has lost the meaning of the term, but is still used descriptively and in a microscope. anatomy in the same sense as in antiquity.... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Chlorenchyma Dictionary of Russian synonyms. parenchyma noun, number of synonyms: 2 tissue (474) chlorenchyma ... Synonym dictionary

- (from the Greek parenchyma lit. poured next to each other), 1) in plants the main tissue is made up of cells of more or less the same size; carries out assimilation, selection and other functions. Types of parenchyma: absorptive, assimilation (chlorenchyma), ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PARANCHYMA, soft tissue consisting of unspecialized thin-walled CELLS of a rounded shape or cells with obtuse angles, often with spaces between the cells. It is one of the main tissues of plant stems, leaves and fruit pulp.… … Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

- (from the Greek parenchyma, lit. poured nearby), in animals P. is called. the main functioning tissue of certain organs of the liver, spleen, other glands, lungs, etc. In plants, P. main. the fabric, inside the cut are highly specialized. (conductive, mechanical)… … Biological encyclopedic dictionary

parenchyma- Main fabric; in animals this is the main functioning tissue of the internal organs, in plants the main tissue within which highly specialized conducting tissues are differentiated; plant parenchyma tissue can return to... ... Technical Translator's Guide

- (from the Greek parenchyma, literally poured nearby) 1) the main tissue of plants, consists of cells of more or less the same size in all directions. P. cells form homogeneous clusters in the plant body, filling the spaces between... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (ancient Greek παρέγχυμα, literally poured next to): in medicine, the totality of the main functioning elements of an internal organ, limited by the connective tissue stroma and capsule (for example, the epithelium of the liver, kidneys, lungs, etc.).;... ... Wikipedia

- (from the Greek parenchyma, literally poured next to each other), 1) in plants, the main tissue is made up of cells of more or less the same size; carries out assimilation, selection and other functions. Types of parenchyma: absorptive, assimilation (chlorenchyma) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Parenchyma parenchyma. Main fabric; in animals this is the main functioning tissue of the internal organs, in plants the main tissue within which highly specialized conducting tissues are differentiated; plant parenchyma tissue can... ... Molecular biology and genetics. Dictionary.

Parenchyma is the cells that fill the glandular organs; they have a different structure. Their composition is different and different from each other. A “bag” of stroma forms around the parenchyma. Together they form a single whole.

Translated from Greek parenchyma (that which is inside), they have their own composition. The glands are filled with epithelium. Nerve nodes are neurons. Diffuse changes in the parenchyma - what does this mean? This is what our article is about.

Pancreas

A person has organs that consist of internal filling (parenchyma) and connecting (stroma). Its basis is glands, divided into particles by connective tissue. All this is in a special “bag”. Its functions:

1. Production of enzymes for the digestive system (gland juice).
2. Hormones (insulin) enter the bloodstream and take part in all body processes.

Diffuse changes

It is monotonous in its composition. Inflammations and infections modify its structure, and connective and adipose tissue appears. The cause of diffuse transformations of the pancreatic parenchyma can be:

1. Increased blood sugar.
2. Inflammation of the gland.
3. Diseases of nearby organs (liver, gall bladder).
4. Various neoplasms and tumors.
5. Uncontrolled consumption of alcohol and nicotine, unbalanced diet.
6. Stressful situations, overwork, fatigue.
7. Genetic failures. Age.

Echogenicity

• Normally, the parenchyma is homogeneous during ultrasound examination.
• There should not be any formations in it.
• Clear shape with smooth contour.
• Size - 35/30/25 mm.
• The length of the duct is about 2 mm.

If there is an increase in volume and uneven edges, we can talk about a low-quality tumor. Increased obstruction is inflammation of the duct (chronic pancreatitis).

Echogenicity is increased. As the indicators increase, the organ seems to thicken, moisture leaves it, and various formations appear in the tissues - fibromas, lipomas, tumors. Moderate diffuse changes, a decreased rate, indicate an inflammatory process or tissue swelling. The principle of echogenicity is the reflection of ultrasonic waves. Its indicator depends on the amount of liquid.

Gland uniformity. Diffuse changes in the pancreatic parenchyma can manifest themselves in its composition. Enlargement of the organ, blurred edges, heterogeneity are signs of severe inflammation.

It causes diffuse hardening and the formation of cysts filled with blood or dying cells. Their size is not constant, it changes depending on the swelling. During inflammation, purulent cysts and cancerous tumors appear.

Reactive Changes

The pancreas and bile duct have a single duct. Their parenchymas are closely connected, when inflammation occurs in the liver or gall bladder - this causes allergies, and reactive changes in the composition of the gland occur.

With pancreatitis - impaired enzyme production, pain, diabetic manifestations (increased sugar). Diffuse modifications promote transformations throughout the entire organ, without the appearance of any formations or stones. This is one of the most common manifestations of pancreatic disease.

Signs of diffuse changes in the liver parenchyma

What are the dangers of such modifications? First of all, you need to know that this is a hematopoietic organ, consisting of many small capillaries filled with blood. Bile ducts pass through it, delivering bile.

Organ pathology can be determined by echo signs. They undergo changes over time - this is a constant process. If the functioning of an organ is disrupted under the influence of unfavorable conditions, its cells (hepatocytes) transform their structure.

It begins to accumulate fatty and connective tissue. The composition of the liver changes, dying cells, and other factors can form various cysts and hemangiomas. Signs of hepatomegaly (enlarged liver volume) appear.

Diffuse changes can be pronounced or weak. Minor ones occur during colds and infectious diseases. Signs and symptoms:

1. Unpleasant nagging pain in the liver area after eating.
2. It protrudes from under the rib, increasing in size.
3. Bitter taste in the mouth.
4. Skin rashes on the body, yellowing.
5. General weakness, irritability.

These signs are a reason to consult a doctor. Changes in the structure of an organ can cause serious illnesses:

Causes of diffuse changes:

• Bad habits. Alcohol, nicotine.
• Unbalanced diet. Fried, smoked, salted food.
• Diabetes of the second type. Hormonal disbalance.
• Constant use of medications.

Our liver is able to cleanse the body of harmful substances, provided they are received within acceptable limits. When poisonous components are constantly supplied, for example alcohol, or in a shock dose (mushroom poisoning), she is not able to cope.

Then the pancreas and liver work in “emergency mode,” causing diffuse transformations of these organs.

Focal

There are several such liver lesions:

1. Cysts are of various types.
2. Tumors (benign, cancerous).
3. Mechanical damage.

During an ultrasound, changes in the organ are determined. What is it if echogenicity is increased? Increased is a pathology that is characterized by dystrophy. Blood circulation in the liver is impaired, it does not receive enough nutrients, fatty tissue grows, and its volume increases.

There are many reasons for this condition. It could be:

1. Alcohol damage.
2. Diabetic deposits.
3. Taking certain medications.

This pathology requires medication, diet, and lifestyle changes.

There are three types of lesions:

• Steatosis - when the increase is due to fat deposition.
• Fibrosis – scar formation, disruption of organ function.
• Cirrhosis is the destruction of the liver.

If treatment is not started in time, the third stage will quickly occur.

Spleen

It is another hematopoietic organ. Its stroma consists of muscle (reticular) tissue, which forms small loops. They are filled with blood cells and macrophages.

This part of the spleen is called the red pulp, it occupies almost the entire organ, if white - these are leukocytes that produce antibodies - this is the parenchyma of the spleen.

Thyroid

Produces hormones to maintain the functioning of all organs and is equipped with a large number of blood vessels. This is necessary so that hormones quickly enter the blood. It consists of two lobes; the thyroid parenchyma contains thyrocytes. They produce a hormone, without which serious disruptions in the functioning of the body occur.

Diffuse modifications of the thyroid parenchyma are detected by ultrasound examination. Its echogenicity changes, the reflection of waves from the organ also transforms. What happens in the shares is determined using additional analyses.

Causes of diffuse modifications:

1. Lack of iodine.
2. Incorrect hormone production (increase, decrease).
3. Environmental impact (increased background radiation).
4. Inflammatory processes.

Modifications in the structure of the gland lead to various goiters (endemic, mixed, diffuse). How does this manifest itself? What signs occur? Symptoms of thyroid diseases:

• Change in structure, increase in volume, appearance of lesions.
• Deterioration in general health (weakness, drowsiness, irritability).
• Dry skin and hair.
• Distracted attention, inability to concentrate.

Lungs

Their parenchyma is formed by a large number of alveoli and a vascular network. The cells are filled with air and take part in gas exchange. Diseases of the parenchyma include:

1. Pneumonia.
2. Pulmonary edema.
3. Airway obstruction.
4. Neoplasms.

Inflammatory processes, smoking, and harmful working conditions lead to diffuse changes in the organ.

Brain

Its parenchyma is separated from the vascular part by a special BBB barrier. It ensures exchange between the brain and blood. In case of injury, tumors, or inflammation, a breakdown occurs, which leads to serious consequences.

Disruption of the parenchyma, which consists of neurons (nerve cells), can lead to loss of vision, hearing, mental disorders, and severe headaches.
The brain is an organ that is not fully understood. Its inner part is considered the most unpredictable.