Sports calendar and individual competitive practice.
Unified sports calendar– a systematic list of competitions planned and officially approved by sports organizations in chronological order, indicating the dates, location and type of competition.
Calendar requirements:
1) regularity (which would allow athletes to start multiple times throughout large cycles of the training and competitive process);
2) consistency in the distribution of competitions of different ranks (competitions of a lower rank precede competitions of a higher rank);
3) proportionality of the intervals between prestigious competitions and the time to achieve sports form;
4) stability of the calendar (expressed in the firm guarantee that its approved main points will not be revised unless absolutely necessary, as well as in the traditional reproducibility from year to year of what is justified by the case and does not contradict the trends in the development of sports).
Individual competition system. Unlike the general sports calendar, in the individual plan of an athlete’s competitive performances it is necessary to display not only certain points of the unified calendar, but also the features of a system of competitions adequate for the athlete. And it always needs to be built individually. Namely, in relation to the athlete’s level of preparedness, his goals, the possibilities of implementing them, the selective version of the training system, individual characteristics of response to training and competitive loads, characteristics of the life activity regime, and other individually differing circumstances.
When building an individualized system of sports competitions, as well as when optimizing the entire training and competitive process within the framework of annual or other large cycles, it is necessary to ultimately be based on the laws of managing the development of sports form (as a state of optimal readiness of an athlete for achievements) in their individually determined variants manifestations taking into account the specific conditions of sports activity.
Only decisions should be made that would:
In the first period of the cycle (preparatory) – the formation of sports form,
In the second period (the period of the main competitions) - its preservation and implementation in sports achievements,
In the third period (transitional) - creating favorable preconditions for the beginning of a new cycle of sports form development.
In the preparatory period of a large training-competitive cycle, especially when fundamental comprehensive training of the athlete is provided, competitions are given a mainly preparatory character. The content, forms, number and frequency of competitions here must be regulated in such a way as to promote the development of sports form. At the beginning of the preparatory period, they often strive to compete not in the competitions themselves, but in modified competitive exercises (runners - in running over shortened distances), in other special preparatory and general preparatory exercises. In complex types of competitive activity, modified (versus standard) competition conditions are introduced. Towards the end of the period in many sports, for sufficiently trained athletes, it may be advisable to serially use preparatory-training competitions, alternating in a compact mode with recovery intervals. This regime can extremely powerfully stimulate an increase in the level of training, the development of competitive performance and the realization of the athlete’s achievement potential.
During the main competitions the system of all athlete’s activities is focused on ensuring effective performance in official competitions, improving and maintaining the sports form necessary for this. In principle, this period should be the most intense with competitions. When it is very long (lasting several months - 4-5, sometimes more), it includes main competitions in both halves, with the most important of them coming at the end.
During the transition period In most cases, there are no official competitions. Informal, mostly recreational or demonstrative events often happen here.
Sports tactics. Tactical training of an athlete and its features in various sports.
Purposeful ways of using technical techniques in competitive activity to solve competitive problems, taking into account the rules of competitions, positive and negative characteristics of preparedness, as well as environmental conditions are called sports tactics.
Each sport leaves a certain imprint on the tactics of competitive struggle, so the interpretation and definition of this concept in different sports may differ to a certain extent from each other. For example, in team sports tactics is defined as the organization of individual and collective actions of players aimed at achieving victory over the enemy.
In general, the meaning of tactics is to use the methods of competitive activity in such a way that they allow the athlete to realize his capabilities (physical, technical, mental) with the greatest efficiency and overcome the opponent’s resistance with the least cost. Sports tactics should be based on the compliance of the tactical plan and behavior of the athlete during the competition with the level of development of his physical and mental qualities, technical readiness and theoretical knowledge. In addition to the choice of methods, techniques and actions, it includes the rational distribution of forces in the process of performing competitive exercises; the use of techniques of psychological influence on the enemy and masking intentions.
Tactics can relate to competitive, starting (battle, duel, fight, start, etc.) and situational goals.
Various options for tactics of competitive activity can be solved with different composition of participants:
Individual athletes in individual sports who have their own individual tasks and are not associated with other team members (martial arts, cyclic sports, complex coordination and speed-strength disciplines). This tactic applies to individual;
A group of athletes who have common tasks and perform the same functions and the same work during competitive activities (group exercises in rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, crew rowing, relay running, team racing in cycling) - this tactic refers to group;
A team of athletes who have common tasks, but perform different functions in competitive activity (game) - goalkeeper, defensive line, middle line and attack. This tactic applies to team
Depending on the specifics of the sport, the qualifications of the athlete, the situation that arose in the competition, we can distinguish: algorithmic, probabilistic and heuristic nature of tactics.
Algorithmic tactics involve performing actions in a strictly planned sequence according to a pre-drawn plan. This is typical for sports with minimal variability in tactical decisions (throwing, weightlifting, rowing, speed skating, etc.).
Probabilistic competitive tactics involve “deliberate and impromptu” actions, in which only a certain beginning is planned; options for continuing actions depend on the specific reactions of the enemy and partners, the situation developing in the competition.
Heuristic tactics are based on the impromptu response of athletes depending on the situation that has arisen during a competitive match.
The success of competitive activity is associated with many factors, including the level of preparedness of partners and rivals and their morphometric data.
In a number of sports, especially in sports games, boxing at the professional level, there is even specially organized “reconnaissance”, which consists of regular observation and video recording of the performances of prospective opponents, assessing their level of preparedness and developing recommendations for constructing competitive tactics.
Sports and tactical training - a pedagogical process aimed at mastering rational forms of wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. It includes: studying the general provisions of the tactics of the chosen sport, refereeing techniques and competition regulations, the tactical experience of the strongest athletes; mastering the skills to build your tactics in upcoming competitions; modeling the necessary conditions in training and control competitions for practical mastery of tactical formations. Its result is to ensure a certain Level of tactical preparedness for an athlete or team. Tactical preparedness is closely related to the use of various technical techniques, methods of their implementation, the choice of offensive, defensive, counterattack tactics and its forms (individual, group or team).
The practical implementation of tactical preparedness involves solving the following tasks: creating a holistic idea of the fight; formation of an individual style of conducting competitive struggle; decisive and timely implementation of decisions made thanks to rational techniques; and actions taking into account the characteristics of the enemy, environmental conditions, refereeing, the competitive situation, one’s own condition, etc.
High tactical skill of an athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, and mental preparedness. The basis of sports and tactical mastery is tactical knowledge, abilities, skills and the quality of tactical thinking.
There are two types of tactical training: general and special. General tactical training aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for the success of sports competitions in the chosen sport; special tactical training- to master the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.
Tactical training The athlete is aimed at mastering sports tactics and achieving tactical mastery in the chosen sport. Tactics is a set of forms and methods of wrestling in competition conditions.
There are individual, group and team tactics. Tactics can also be passive, active and combined (mixed).
Passive tactics -- This is a predetermined provision of initiative to the enemy in order to take active action at the right moment. For example, a finishing “throw” from behind in running, cycling, counterattack in boxing, fencing, football, etc.
Active tactics -- This is imposing on an opponent actions that are beneficial to oneself. For example, running at an irregularly changing speed, the so-called jerky running, sudden transitions from an active offensive fight in boxing to a slow one. Frequent changes of techniques and combinations in football, handball; achieving a high result immediately in the first attempt, race, swim - in long and high jumps, throwing, cycling, swimming, etc.
Mixed tactics includes active and passive forms of competitive struggle.
An athlete’s tactics in competitions are determined, first of all, by the task that is set before him. All the variety of such tasks can ultimately be reduced to four:
Show the maximum, record result.
Defeat your opponent no matter what the result is.
Win competitions and at the same time show the highest results.
Show a result sufficient to advance to the next round of competition - quarterfinals, semifinals and finals.
The solution to any one of these tasks in the competition will determine what tactics the athlete or team will choose. There are 4 tactical forms of competitive struggle:
1. Record tactics. In cyclic sports, the tactics of leading during the competition are most often used. The athlete takes on the role of leader long before the finish line and tries to maintain the advantage until the end of the competition. This tactic can unbalance the main competitors, make them nervous, and change their tactical plans.
There are two options for leadership tactics:
Leading at a uniform speed when covering a distance - in running, swimming, rowing;
Leading with changes in speed and pace over the course. The tactics of breaking records with a uniform pace were successfully demonstrated by such famous long-distance runners as P. Bolotnikov, N. Sviridov (USSR), R. Clark (Australia). A brilliant example of the use of “ragged running” tactics are the victories of the remarkable runner V. Kutz at the 1956 Olympic Games over such famous finishing masters as the Englishmen G. Pirie and K. Chataway.
Most world records in endurance sports are set over even distances. This is explained by the fact that, from a physiological point of view, an uneven operating mode, compared to a uniform one, causes increased energy consumption. Therefore, it is used only by fairly well-trained athletes.
2. Tactics for winning competitions regardless of the results shown. This tactic is usually used in final competitions, as well as when the sporting result shown cannot affect the final distribution of places between the main competitors. Any of the tactical techniques must be carefully prepared during the training process.
When solving this complex problem, as a rule, the athlete:
strives to achieve maximum performance and break away from opponents at the beginning of the competition (“breakaway tactics”) - develop maximum speed in the first half of the distance; jump to the maximum length or height in the first qualifying attempt; perform well the most difficult exercise in the first part of compulsory or free programs in gymnastics;
saves strength for the decisive finishing spurt (“finishing spurt tactics”). After the start, he immediately takes a place behind the leader and closely monitors all competitors or stays in the leading group, preparing to make a maneuver at any moment;
deliberately changes the speed, tempo of movements, individual tactical techniques and their combinations during the competition (“tactics of wearing down the opponent” - sharply changes the speed over a distance in running, swimming, skiing, carries out multiple episodic explosive attacks in boxing, fencing), often changes technical techniques, thereby putting the opponent in a difficult position, etc.
3. Tactics for winning competitions with high results. This is a fairly rare tactic. It occurs when places in competitions are determined without finals, i.e. according to the results shown in various races, attempts, swims - in speed skating, weightlifting, swimming.
When solving this problem, two situations are possible:
when the main competitors have already started and the athlete knows their result;
when the main competitors start in subsequent races and swims.
In the first case, the athlete must show a result higher than that of his main opponent (“tactics of beating the opponent’s result”):
a) go the distance according to the opponents’ schedule with a small margin - in running, swimming, rowing, etc.;
b) lift a barbell that weighs more than a competitor;
c) throw a projectile over a greater distance;
d) score more goals, score more points - in football, handball, wrestling, etc.
In the second case, the athlete strives to show high results in the first attempts (“first strike tactics”, “breakaway tactics”).
4. Tactics for entering the next round of competitions. Some athletes show high results in preliminary competitions, spending a lot of effort, and in the finals, without having time to rest, they significantly reduce their achievements and lose. Other athletes save too much energy in the preliminary part of the competition and ultimately do not make it to the finals. To avoid these mistakes, you must:
Know how many athletes (teams) make it to the finals.
Have an idea of the strength of your opponents.
Be able to show results sufficient to reach the semi-finals and finals.
In the practice of sports, when solving this tactical problem, the athlete (team) strives to:
Show a result sufficient to advance to the next stage of the competition (“tactics of rational distribution of forces during the competition”).
Show high results at every stage of the competition (“tactics of maintaining psychological advantage and invincibility”).
Types, tasks and means of tactical training for an athlete
General tactical training is aimed at teaching the athlete a variety of tactical techniques. Special tactical training is aimed at mastering and improving sports tactics in the chosen sport.
In the process of tactical training, the following main tasks are solved:
Acquisition by an athlete of knowledge on sports tactics (about its effective forms, development trends in selected and related sports).
Collecting information about opponents, the conditions of upcoming competitions, the competition regime, the socio-psychological atmosphere in this country and developing a tactical plan for the athlete’s performance at the competition.
Mastering and improving tactical techniques of competitive struggle.
Formation of tactical thinking and abilities directly related to it - observation, quick wits, creative initiative, anticipation of the enemy’s tactical plans, the results of his and his actions, the speed of switching from one tactical action to another depending on the specific situation of the competition and the enemy’s actions.
Mastering techniques of psychological influence on an opponent and masking one’s own intentions.
Specific means of tactical training are physical exercises, i.e. motor actions used to solve certain tactical problems.
There are three main phases in tactical actions:
perception and analysis of the competitive situation;
mental solution of a tactical problem;
motor solution of a tactical problem.
They can model individual tactical techniques or holistic forms of competitive tactics. Depending on the stage of preparation, these exercises are used:
a) in easier conditions;
b) in difficult conditions;
c) in conditions as close as possible to competitions.
Knowledge of tactics is the basis of creative thinking when solving individual and collective problems.
The athlete must know:
competition rules, features of their judging and conduct; conditions of the competition and your opponents;
the basics of tactical actions in sports, their dependence on physical, technical and volitional readiness; the main features of the tactics of your sport, etc.
All means, methods and forms of conducting competitive struggle are set out in tactical terms.
Tactical plan -- this is a program of basic actions for individual athletes or a team. It is compiled in the process of preparation for the competition and is finalized by the time the competition begins.
The tactical plan has the following sections:
The main task that is set for an athlete or team in these competitions.
The general form of tactical combat is active, passive, combined.
Distribution of forces throughout the competition, taking into account the competition mode.
Distribution of forces during each performance (graph of the speed of passing the distance, tempo of the game, battle, duration and nature of the warm-up).
Possible switching from one type of tactics to another, directly during the competition due to possible changes in tasks.
Ways to disguise your own intentions (actions).
Data about opponents, strengths and weaknesses in their preparation.
Data on competition locations, weather, refereeing of upcoming competitions and spectators.
The tactical plan has main sections: a) main task; b) the general form of tactical fighting (offensive, active-defensive, defensive) and its variant in relation to the conditions of these competitions. In sports games, in addition, it is necessary to provide for a game system, combinations, and private techniques in the interaction of players. In other sports - the possibility of using group tactics and individual combinations and techniques; c) distribution of forces taking into account the intensity, duration and nature of loads and rest - competition mode; d) distribution of forces during each individual performance (speed graph, conditional graph, tempo of the game, duration and nature of the warm-up); e) possible switching from one tactic (or system) to another tactic (system) during the competition due to possible changes in the tasks and situation of tactical combat; f) ways and methods of masking one’s own intentions; g) data about the enemy, weaknesses and strengths in his preparation (physical, tactical, technical and volitional) and corresponding methods of attack (individual and group) and counteraction (active-defensive and defensive); h) data on competition venues, weather, judging, spectators, etc.
In sports games, in addition to the general tactical game plan of the team, a tactical plan can also be drawn up for individual players. Such a plan can be based on an analysis of the balance of forces of a combative pair (attack and defense).
The plan for the upcoming competition is drawn up by the athlete and the coach jointly, since the growth of the athlete’s tactical skill is impossible without his active participation in the preparation of tactical plans for the competition.
Under sports tactics should be understood methods of combining and implementing motor actions that ensure effective competitive activity in a chosen sport, leading to the achievement of a set goal in specific competitions.
Tactical training – the ability of an athlete to competently structure the course of competitive struggle, taking into account the characteristics of the chosen sport, his individual abilities, the capabilities of his opponents and the existing external conditions.
The level of tactical preparedness of athletes depends on their mastery of:
1) means of sports tactics (techniques and methods of their implementation); specific means and methods of tactical training are tactical forms of performing special preparatory competitive exercises - these are the so-called tactical exercises. What distinguishes them from other training exercises is: 1) the mindset when performing these exercises is focused on solving tactical problems; 2) in the exercises, individual tactical techniques and situations of competitive struggle are practically modeled; 3) in some cases, the external conditions of the competition are also simulated;
2) types of sports tactics (offensive, defensive, counterattack);
3) forms of sports tactics (individual, group, team).
In the structure of tactical preparedness, concepts such as tactical knowledge, abilities, and skills should be distinguished.
Tactical knowledge – represent a set of ideas about the means, types and forms of sports tactics and the features of their use in training and competitive activities.
Tactical skills – a form of manifestation of the athlete’s consciousness, reflecting his actions based on tactical knowledge. The ability to unravel an opponent’s plans, foresee the course of development of competitive struggle, modify one’s own tactics, etc. can be highlighted.
Tactical Skills – these are learned tactical actions, combinations of individual and collective actions. Tactical skills always act as a holistic action in a specific competitive or training situation.
Tactical Thinking – this is the thinking of an athlete in the process of sports activity under conditions of time shortage and mental stress, directly aimed at solving specific tactical problems.
Tactical readiness structure follows from the nature of the strategic tasks that determine the main directions of competitive struggle. These strategic objectives may be associated with the athlete’s participation in a series of competitions in order to prepare for and successfully participate in the main competitions of the season and thus be of a promising nature. They can also be local, associated with the participation of an athlete in individual competitions or in a specific fight, swim, game, etc.
The basis of the tactical preparedness of individual athletes and teams is:
Possession of modern means, forms and types of tactics of temporary detention facilities;
Compliance of tactics with the level of development of the temporary detention center with the optimal structure of competitive activity for it;
Compliance of the tactical plan with the characteristics of a particular competition (opponents, state of competition venues, nature of refereeing, behavior of fans, etc.);
Ensuring the relationship between tactics and the level of excellence of other aspects of preparedness - technical, psychological, physical.
The specificity of the sport is the decisive factor determining the structure of the athlete’s tactical preparedness.
Thus, in cyclic sports, the use of a wide variety of options for overcoming the competitive distance can lead to success:
For example, in long-distance running, marathon running, long-distance running (800-1500 m), the most effective is to cover the distance evenly, providing the greatest efficiency.
The tactics of sprinters, sprint swimmers (50 and 100m), etc. are largely determined by the power, capacity and mobility of the alactic and lactate energy supply processes. Athletes with great power and capacity of the alactic process usually develop very high speed in the first part of the distance. The high power and capacity of the glycolytic process require the use of tactics associated with a high level of speed in the middle and end of the distance.
For athletes specializing in team sports and martial arts, making tactical decisions has the following features:
1) activity under conditions of an acute time limit - no matter how correct any decision is, it has tactical value only if promptly implemented, in strict accordance with the competitive situation;
2) the vaguely sequential nature of decisions - after each decision the situation changes and requires a new decision, often radically different from the previous one;
3) perception of a large number of elements of the tactical situation, which are structured into a dynamic system in accordance with the prediction of the most likely development of the tactical situation;
4) choosing a tactical solution from several options that are quite close to one another, and the ability to make a leap through intermediate and insignificant options;
5) retention in operative memory and mental ranking of elements of a tactical task, changing the plan for solving it directly during a motor action.
A special problem of tactical training in sports games is the development of such technical-tactical and corresponding training structures that would use the strengths of each player and smooth out his shortcomings. In this case, in the process of training and competitive activities, it is possible to satisfy both individual and collective needs, to ensure high performance of the team, which will be strong both in collective play and in using the strengths of each player. The practical implementation of this strategy requires the analysis of individual components characteristic of each athlete (Physical and technical-tactical preparedness, mental qualities, authority and position in the team, etc.) and group components, reflecting the capabilities of the team, its position in the competition system, its goals and objectives etc. In accordance with this, a team structure is formed, including the positions, role and status of each player.
The next stages are team unification, during which technical and tactical interactions between players and game units are formed, and the team process, in which issues of technical and tactical interaction between players of the entire team are resolved to effectively solve team and individual problems. With a rational structure of the process, the achievement of both team (effectiveness and stability of performances) and individual goals (satisfaction, effectiveness) is ensured (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1 Team training strategy
2. Tactical training of the athlete. Features of tactical training in various sports.
Sports tactics as a subject of study and improvement. Sports tactics in its perfect form is the art of wrestling. In general, the concept of “sports tactics” covers all more or less appropriate ways of conducting a competition by an athlete (individual tactics) and a sports team (team tactics), subordinated to a specific plan and plan for achieving a competitive goal. The meaning of an athlete’s (team’s) tactics is to use such methods of conducting a competition that would allow them to realize their capabilities (physical, mental, technical) with the greatest efficiency and overcome the opponent’s resistance with the least cost.
The starting point in sports tactics is the general tactical concept - the principle of conducting a competition, developed, as a rule, before the competition as the main line of organizing actions, interactions (in team competitions) and overcoming the opposition of opponents on the way to achieving a competitive goal. The general tactical plan, for example, of a stayer runner may be to strive to ensure a uniform distribution of forces at a distance, most favorable for achieving a record result, or to use spurts and other methods of fighting at a distance, which, although they do not guarantee a record result, but can contribute to victory over rivals due to the fact that they put them in a difficult position; The tactical plan in sports games often comes from the desire to impose on the opposing team an unfavorable manner of playing the game, etc. The plan is specified in a tactical plan, which is a list of sequential tasks and proposed methods for solving them. A tactical plan and plan is a kind of initial model of the athlete’s (team’s) tactics in the upcoming competition. The feasibility of sports tactics primarily depends on them - if they are developed taking into account the real capabilities of the athlete (team), reflect the peculiarities of the conditions of the competition (including the capabilities of opponents) and are based on a correct forecast of the likely outcome of the fight.
The tactical concept and plan, no matter how carefully they are developed, are inevitably adjusted during the competition in relation to the actual competitive situations that develop. Therefore, the practical elements of sports tactics should be considered not only as ways to implement a pre-planned tactical line, but also as ways to solve tactical problems that arise directly in the process of competition.
The practical elements of sports tactics in most cases are:
firstly, appropriate ways of combining and transforming (variing) competitive actions, determined by the logic of the competition (for example, combining and varying defensive, counterattacking and attacking actions in martial arts and sports games, depending on the actions of the enemy);
secondly, methods of rational distribution of forces during competitive exercises and during their reproduction during the competition;
thirdly, methods of psychological influence on an opponent and masking intentions (for example, demonstrating confidence and general readiness for the competition even before it begins, in the warm-up, or, on the contrary, masking one’s capabilities until the decisive moment, imitation and facial techniques during the fight, giving the opponent a misleading impression of the intended actions).
Most tactical problems in a competition are solved through the technique of competitive actions. This means that the main elements of sports tactics are nothing more than a combination of sports equipment with an appropriate way of using it, corresponding to a specific competitive situation, i.e. they are tactical forms of using sports equipment. It should be borne in mind that the elements of tactics are always larger than the elements of technology: the former include the latter as their components, combining them in a certain order - in the form of expedient methods of conducting a competition (techniques of attacking and defensive actions, for example, in a boxer's match are included in as a technical basis for attack and defense tactics, but tactics in this case is not reduced to technology, but is a form that expediently combines individual technical techniques). This is the unity and difference between tactical and technical training.
Features of tactics in various sports are determined primarily by the specifics of contacts between participants in the competition, the relationship of factors that determine sports achievements, complex and varied tactics are characterized by sports and martial arts. It is no coincidence that they are called tactical sports. A specific feature of tactics in sports is the direct contact of opponents, expressed in their physical impacts on each other (boxing, wrestling, ice hockey, etc.) or in impacts mediated by sports weapons or objects (fencing, ball games, etc.) .
Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills that are formed as a result of learning intellectual operations and motor actions that form the basis of sports tactics. These are, in particular, the skills and abilities of developing tactical ideas, plans, processing information, assessing competitive situations and making decisions, as well as motor skills and abilities necessary for successfully solving tactical problems during competitions. An athlete's tactical prowess relies on both skill and skill, but the way the competition is conducted as a whole appears to never develop into a skill (a stable, automated form of behavior). In other words, tactical skills are formed in relation to individual operations (techniques) and their combinations, but in general they are combined not according to the type of rigid stereotypical connections, but according to the type of flexible variable connections characteristic of complex motor skills.
In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. Its main qualities are expressed in the athlete’s ability to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate, and process information essential for solving tactical problems in competition, to foresee the opponent’s actions and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find, in the shortest possible way, among several possible solutions, the one with the greatest would likely lead to success. There is no doubt that these qualities are needed in any sport, although their “contribution” to sporting achievements is obviously different in different sports. As has already been emphasized, the role of operational tactical thinking is especially great in sports games and martial arts, where it is often a decisive factor in victory. And not only “all other things being equal.” Facts show, for example, that a fencer who has a highly developed ability to foresee the actions of an opponent turns out to be a winner even when he is inferior to his competitors in the development of elementary psychomotor abilities - the speed of a simple motor reaction, etc. (V.S. Keller).
TOPIC: TACTICAL TRAINING OF ATHLETE
Lecture outline:
1. Characteristics of tactical training
2. The concept of types, tasks, forms and nature of tactics
3. Tactical training methodology
4. Tactical plan, its content and method of preparation
Literature: 1. Platonov, in OS; 2. Kuramshin, Yu. F. TiMFK; 3. Kholodov, Zh. K., Kuznetsov, V. S. TiMFViS; 4. Volkov, I. P. OTiMST; 6. Matveev, TS
Sports tactics- methods of combining and implementing motor actions that ensure effective competitive activity, leading to the achievement of the set goal in a specific start, series of starts, competition.
Tactical training - This is a process aimed at mastering rational methods of wrestling in specific competitive activities.
Tactical training comes down to the rational distribution of an athlete’s forces during competitions and the appropriate use of technology to solve specific sports problems, to increasing efficiency in interactions with teammates or to quickly switching from one system of tactical actions to another. Tactical training involves the preliminary development of one’s actions and their subsequent implementation in competition conditions. Tactical training is formed based on the athlete’s functional capabilities, technical excellence, mental readiness, and level of competition.
High tactical skill of an athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, and mental preparedness. The basis of sports and tactical mastery is tactical knowledge, abilities, skills and the quality of tactical thinking.
The basis of tactical skill is the following concepts:
Tactical knowledge – a set of ideas about the means, principles, types and forms of sports tactics and the features of their application in the training and competitive activities of the chosen sport.
Tactical skills – a form of manifestation of the athlete’s consciousness, reflecting his actions based on tactical knowledge. The ability to unravel an opponent’s plans, foresee the course of development of competitive struggle, modify one’s own tactics, etc. can be highlighted.
Tactical Skills – these are learned tactical actions, combinations of individual and collective actions.
Tactical Thinking - this is the thinking of an athlete in the process of sports activity under conditions of time shortage and mental stress, directly aimed at solving specific tactical problems.
Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills and abilities. In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. It is characterized by the athlete’s ability to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate and process information essential for solving tactical problems in competition, to anticipate the actions of an opponent and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find, in the shortest way, among several possible solutions, the one that would most likely lead to success.
Factors that determine the content of tactics:
1) specifics of the sport
in cyclic sports– preliminary drawing up of a schedule – the speed of overcoming distance segments, taking into account one’s own condition, the composition of opponents, meteorological conditions and the objectives of the competition; athletics throwing, jumping, weightlifting– the desire to technically perform exercises perfectly, to perform a certain part more intensively – the results shown during the struggle in attempts; sports/art gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating, water– tactics comes down to changing technical techniques, elements of a sports exercise, and finding means of greater expressiveness of movements; martial arts and sports games- thoughtful and unexpected tactics for the opponent - attack (attack) and defense, reconnaissance, maneuvering, various deceptive movements (feints); all-around – tactics change depending on the results achieved by the athlete and his opponents in certain types of all-around.
2) tasks assigned to the athlete or team;
3) level of preparedness - the state of preparedness of the athlete himself, his physical data, level of development of physical fitness;
4) the number of mastered skills and abilities in tactical warfare;
5) knowledge of their correct use in various situations;
6) psychological stability when performing tactical techniques under the influence of disruptive factors;
7) the ability to quickly assess an emerging situation;
8) the quality of technical execution of tactical actions, coordination of their actions with partners;
9) the peculiarity of the actions of opponents (height and weight data, behavioral characteristics, which are most affected in sports such as martial arts, sports games (for example, the actions of a boxer will depend on whether the opponent is fighting in a left-sided or right-sided stance), from his height, arm length.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF TACTICAL TRAINING:
General tactical training is aimed at teaching the athlete a variety of tactical techniques, i.e. mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for success in sports competitions in the chosen sport.
Special tactical training is aimed at mastering knowledge and tactical actions, their improvement, necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent. In this case, all aspects of the athlete’s preparedness, his “sports form” should be taken into account, which is the basis for solving the assigned tactical task, namely: using the current situation of wrestling, external factors, fan activity, stress conditions, etc.
In the process of tactical training, the following are decided: MAIN GOALS:
1. Acquisition by an athlete of knowledge on sports tactics;
2. Creating a holistic idea of the competition (the conditions of the upcoming competition, the competition regime, the socio-psychological atmosphere in this country);
3. Studying the main rivals, the strengths and weaknesses of their preparation. Gathering information about opponents;
4. Development of a plan for an athlete’s performance at a competition, individual tactics, based on readiness, including all aspects of readiness (functional, technical, mental, physical);
5. Mastering and improving tactical techniques of competitive struggle;
6. Formation of tactical thinking and abilities directly related to it - observation, quick wits, creative initiative, foreseeing the enemy’s tactical plans, the results of his and his actions, the speed of switching from one tactical action to another depending on the specific situation of the competition and the enemy’s actions;
7. Maximum use of your advantages and opponent’s weaknesses;
8. Mastering techniques of psychological influence on an opponent and masking one’s own intentions.
TYPES OF TACTICS
- Offensive(attack);
- Defensive(protective);
- Counterattack(a combination of defensive and attacking actions taking into account the emerging situation).
- Active tactics - this is imposing on an opponent actions that are beneficial to oneself. For example, running at an irregularly changing speed, the so-called jerky running, sudden transitions from an active offensive fight in boxing to a slow one. Frequent changes of techniques and combinations in football, handball; achieving a high result immediately in the first attempt, race, swim - in long and high jumps, throwing, cycling, swimming, etc.
- Passive tactics - this is a predetermined provision of initiative to the opponent in order to take active action at the right time. For example, a finishing “throw” from behind in running, cycling, counterattack in boxing, fencing, football, etc.
- Mixed tactics – includes active and passive forms of competitive struggle.
By the nature of the tactics:
- Individual(used by one athlete);
- Group(using several groups of athletes with different actions);
- Team(with the participation of several athletes).
Varieties of tactical schemes:
ü algorithmic (prepared in advance and strictly executed regardless of the situation);
ü variation (the athlete uses several tactical schemes);
ü heuristic (without special development of tactical schemes taking into account one’s own experience - new);
ü impromptu tactics (according to the current situation).
The tactics of athletes in competitions is determined, first of all, by the task that is set before them. The solution to any one of the tasks in the competition will determine what tactics the athlete or team will choose.
Forms of competitive struggle:
- Record tactics. The main task: to show the maximum, record result. The athlete takes on the role of leader long before the finish line and tries to maintain the advantage until the end of the competition. This tactic can unbalance the main competitors, force them
get nervous, change your tactical plans.
- Tactics for winning competitions. Main task: defeat your opponent. Usually used in final competitions : "breakaway tactics" , “finishing spurt tactics” saving strength for the final throw , “tactics to wear down an athlete.”
- Tactics for winning competitions with high results. The main task: to win the competition and at the same time show the highest result.
- Tactics for entering the next round of competitions. The main task: to show a result sufficient to advance to the next round of competition - quarterfinals, semifinals and finals.
By specific means Tactical training consists of tactical methods of performing specially preparatory and competitive exercises, the so-called tactical exercises used to solve certain tactical problems.
Depending on the stages of preparation, tactical exercises are used:
a) in easier conditions;
c) in swing conditions close to competitive ones;
b) in difficult conditions.
To master action tactics, the entire range of verbal, visual and practical means and methods of preparation can be used.
In cyclic sports- repeated execution of exercises in accordance with the tactical scheme and with constant monitoring of the effectiveness of motor actions. This takes into account the speed and time of passing segments and distances; pace of movement, distance,
the nature and magnitude of the efforts being developed.
In sports games and martial arts- the basis of practical methods of tactical training is the principle of modeling the activity of an athlete in competitions.
These include:
Ä Training method without an opponent
Ä Method of training with a fictitious opponent (auxiliary equipment and devices are used: training devices, dummies, etc.)
Ä The method of training with a partner is the main one for mastering action tactics.
Ä Method of training with an opponent - developing the ability to use one’s capabilities in various tactical situations created by an opponent in conditions of information and time deficit, rapidly changing situations.
The largest volume of means and methods of tactical training in the macrocycle occurs at the end of the preparatory and competitive periods. At the first stage of the preparatory period, only individual components of tactics are improved. Tactical training occupies an important place at the stage of immediate preparation for the main competitions. The level of technical skill, physical and mental preparedness formed at this stage allows us to move on to working out tactics in its closest approximation to the conditions of the upcoming competitive activity.
All means, methods and forms of wrestling are outlined in tactical terms.
Tactical plan is a program of basic actions for individual athletes or a team.
It is compiled in the process of preparation for the competition and is finalized by the time the competition begins.
The tactical plan has the following sections:
1. The main task that is set for the athlete or team in these competitions;
2. The general form of tactical combat is active, passive, combined;
3. Distribution of forces throughout the competition, taking into account the competition mode;
4. Distribution of forces during each performance (graph of the speed of the distance, tempo of the game, battle, duration and nature of the warm-up);
5. Possible switching from one type of tactics to another directly during the competition due to possible changes in the tasks and situation of tactical combat;
6. Ways to disguise one’s own intentions (actions);
7. Data about opponents, weaknesses and strengths in their preparation;
8. Information about competition venues, weather, refereeing of upcoming competitions and spectators.
In sports games, in addition to the general tactical game plan of the team, a tactical plan can also be drawn up for individual players. Such a plan can be based on an analysis of the balance of forces of a combative pair (attack and defense).
The plan for the upcoming competition is drawn up by the athlete and the coach jointly, since the growth of the athlete’s tactical skill is impossible without his active participation in the preparation of tactical plans for the competition.
