Information flows in logistics and their classification. Logistics material flows

^ Flood concept

Stream is one or many objects perceived as a single integer, which exists as a process at a certain time interval and measured in absolute units. The flow at certain points in time may be a margin of material resources, incomplete production or finished products. A number of basic parameters characterizing the flow are distinguished: its initial and end items, the geometry of the path (trajectory), the length of the path (trajectory measure), the speed and time of movement, intermediate points, intensity.

Flow parameters characterize the number of objects that are available at a particular point in time and are measured in absolute units. There is a close relationship between static reserves and dynamic flow characteristics.

Flow and stock categories are widely used in macroeconomic models, though without such an in-depth and detailed study, which is necessary in logistics. Flows and stocks in logistics are a special case of generalized economic categories, however, as logistics patterns are a private manifestation of general economic laws. In a number of economic research, the difference between the flow and the reserve is far from obvious.

The main parameters characterizing the flow: its initial and end items, geometry of the path (trajectory), path length (trajectory measure), speed and time of movement, intermediate points, intensity.

Logistics operation and logistics function

The logistics operation is any action that is not subject to further decomposition aimed at converting material and related flows (loading, unloading, marking, information collection, information transmission, etc.).

Logistic operations with material flows in the field of treatment are operations of loading, unloading, transportation, configuration, warehousing, distribution, incineration.

Logistics operations with material flows in the field of production are reduced to the placement of orders, warehousing management, choice of equipment, producers and suppliers, planning and dispatching the production process, accounting and management of reserves.

Logistics operations with information flows are reduced to the creation of information systems and implementation within these actions to collect, storage, processing and transmission of information concomitant material flows initiating these threads and controlling them.

Logistics operations with financial flows are reduced to carrying out vality analysis at all stages of economic activity, to compile budgets for the entire program and the length of its individual missions and operations with material and information flows, as well as to the control of expenses and reserves expressed in monetary form.

The logistics function is one of the basic concepts of logistics, which can be defined as a set of logistics operations aimed at achieving the goals set to the logistics system or its elements (links). Most scientists and specialists in logistics to the main (basic) logistics features include supply, production and sales (distribution). The overall list of logistics functions is quite wide: management of orders, stock management, transportation, storage, cargo operation, package, service, etc.

^ Main types of streams

Material flow is products (various products, details, inventory and material values), considered in the process of application to it of various logistics (loading, unloading, sorting, etc.) and / or technological operations (cutting, forging, melting, assembly etc.) and attributed to a specific temporary interval.

Financial flow is a directed movement of financial resources circulating in the logistics system, as well as between the logistics system and the external environment necessary to ensure the effective motion of a certain ingredient flow. From this definition it follows: the logistics financial flow is not just a movement of financial resources, but their directional movement; The focus of the movement of financial resources in the logistics is determined by the need to ensure the movement of the corresponding freight flow.

Information flow is an ordered set of messages circulating in the logistics system between the logistics system and the external environment necessary to control the streaming process. There is in various forms (speech, on paper or magnetic media, etc.).

The flow of services is a special type of activity that satisfies public and personal needs (transport, wholesale and retail, consulting, information, etc.). Services can be provided by people and equipment, in the presence of customers and in their absence, to be aimed at satisfying both personal needs and the needs of organizations.

^ Logistics system

The logistics system is a combination of elements (links) in relations and connections among themselves and forming a certain integrity intended for flow control.

The logistics system link is a functionally separate object that is not subject to further decomposition within the construction of a logistics system that performs its local target associated with certain logistics functions and operations.

Logistics system links can be three main types: generating, transforming and absorbing material and related information and financial flows. Often there are mixed links of the logistics system, in which these three main types of units are combined in various combinations. In the links of the logistics system, material (information, financial) flows can converge, branch, crushing, change their content, parameters, intensity, etc. As the logistics systems, enterprises of material resources, manufacturing enterprises and their divisions can act as links of the logistics system. , trade, intermediary organizations of different levels, transport and expeditioning enterprises, stock exchanges, banks and other financial institutions, enterprises of information and computer service and communication, etc.

^ Logistics chain

The logistics chain is an ordered multitude of physical and / or legal entities that carry out logistics operations to ensure consumers with specific products. It is also a sequence of technological and logistics operations in any production under a single control.

In the logistics chain, i.e., the chains at which commodity and information flows from the supplier prior to the consumer are held, the following main links are allocated: the purchase and supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products; storage of products and raw materials; Production of goods; distribution, including sending goods from a warehouse of finished products; Consumption of finished products. Each link of the logistics chain includes its elements that together form the material basis of logistics. The material elements of logistics include: vehicles and their arrangement, warehousing, communications and management.

The logistics system naturally covers both frames, that is, those workers who perform all consistent operations and lead the system as a whole.

The formation of a logistics chain can be carried out purposefully through legal merger and absorption of firms. The formation of such a chain may also occur through voluntary cooperation of various services, divisions and firms, which is properly legally and organizationally issued.

Rules of Logistics

Seven logistics rules are distinguished:

1. The product must be needed to the consumer.

2. The product must be appropriate quality.

3. The product must be in the required quantity.

4. The product must be delivered at the right time.

5. The product must be delivered to the right place.

6. The product must be delivered with minimal cost.

7. The product must be delivered to a specific consumer.

6 Basic Methodological Logistics Principles

Modern logistics theory in a conceptual plan is based on: system analysis methodologies; cybernetic approach; research of operations; Economic and mathematical modeling.

At different economic levels, various methods are used to solve specific problems, including software target planning, functional and cost analysis, macro and microeconomics, prediction, modeling, etc.

The scientific base of logistics is:

Mathematics (probability theory, mathematical statistics, theory of random processes, mathematical theory of optimization, functional analysis, the theory of matrices, factor analysis, etc.);

Study of operations (optimal programming, game theory, theory of statistical solutions, mass maintenance theory, reserves management theory, network theory and graphs, etc.);

Technical cybernetics (theories of large systems, forecasting, general management theory, theory of automatic regulation, identification, information, etc.);

Economic Cybernetics and Economics (theory of optimal planning, methods of economic forecasting, marketing, systemic analysis of the economy, strategic and operational planning, optimal pricing, simulation modeling, universal quality management, personnel management, distribution, sales management, business, finance, accounting, management, management projects, investment management, social psychology, economics and organization of transport, warehousing, trade, etc.).

The complexity and diversity of the complex of economic and mathematical scientific disciplines, located at the junction of the economy, mathematics and cybernetics, led the following main principles of logistics:

1. System approach.

It is manifested in the consideration of all elements of the logistics system, often evil-quality and heterogeneous, as interconnected and interacting to achieve a single goal of management. A distinctive feature of this approach is to optimize the functioning of non-individual elements, but the entire logistics system as a whole.

2. The principle of integitivity

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It characterizes the peculiarity of the logistics system to achieve target results based on the quantitative and qualitative relationships of the components of its elements.

3. The principle of integrity

Means bringing the control influences to all structural elements of the logistics system based on the information support to achieve the objectives of the system. Also, it means the initial assessment of the logistics system as a single integer, consisting of interacting, often varietary and heterogeneous, but compatible orientation to the final results of the logistics system of elements.

4. The principle of logistics coordination.

Means the need to achieve the agreed, integral participation of all links of the logistics system when managing material, information and financial flows in the process of achieving the target function.

5. The principle of global optimization.

It is necessary to harmonize the local objectives of the functioning of elements (links) of the system to achieve the optimum of the entire logistics system when optimizing its structure or control it.

6. The principle of efficiency.

It assumes the ability of a logistics system at a given level of development of market relations, production technologies and the peculiarities of the subjects of this system to achieve a fundamentally possible minimum of logistics costs.

7. The principle of total costs.

Indicates consideration of the entire combination of the costs of managing material and related information and financial flows in the logistics chain. In this case, the criterion of a minimum of general logistics costs is one of the main in the optimization of logistics systems.

8. The principle of concreteness.

Indicates a clear definition of the final result as a goal of moving the flow in accordance with the technical, economic and other requirements that ensure the implementation of the movement with the lowest costs of all types of resources.

9. The principle of sustainable adaptation.

The logistics system should be resistant to operate with permissible deviations of parameters and external environmental factors (for example, with oscillations of market demand for final products, changes in the terms of delivery or purchase of material resources, transport tariffs, etc.). In this case, the logistics system must adapt to new conditions by changing the functioning program, parameters and optimization criteria.

10. Principle of flexibility

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Allows you to implement the principle of sustainable adaptation by embedding the mechanisms into the logistics system, which makes it possible to predict the trends in the state of the external economic environment and develop adequate actions.

11. Principle of complexity

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It assumes the implementation of control over the implementation of tasks facing various logistics structures of direct and indirect participants in the movement of resources and products that constitute a single logistic chain in order to coordinate their actions.

12. The principle of infrastructure formation.

Means the requirement to ensure the logistics process of technical, economic, organizational, legal, personnel, environmental subsystems.

13. Principle of reliability

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Means ensuring the reliability and safety of flow traffic, reservation of communications and technical means to change if the trajectory of the flow movement; widespread use of modern technical means moving and controlling movement; Increasing the speed and quality of information flow and improving its technology.

14. The principle of constructiveness.

It provides for ensuring the dispatching of the flow, as well as the operational adjustment of its movement and the careful detection of parts of all production and sales operations in order to continuously track the movement and change of each flow object.

15. The principle of universal quality management.

It requires ensuring the reliability of the functioning and high quality of each element of the logistics system to ensure the overall quality of goods and services supplied by end users.

16. The principle of preventiveness.

Provides the focus of logistics management mainly on preventing deviations, imbalances, and not just to find a possible elimination of their negative consequences.

^ 7 Modeling logistics systems

The study and prediction of the behavior of logistics systems in practice is carried out through economic and mathematical modeling, i.e., descriptions of logistics processes-in the form of models.

Under the model in this case it is understood as the display of the logistics system (abstract or material), which can be used instead of studying its properties and possible behaviors.

When building such models, the following requirements must be followed:

The behavior, structure and functions of the model must be adequate to the simulated logistics system;

Deviations of the model parameters in the process of its operation from the corresponding parameters of the simulated logistics system should not be out of the framework of the permissible modeling accuracy;

The results of the study of the model and its behavior should reveal the new properties of an simulated logistics system that are not reflected in the source material used to compile this model;

The model must be more convenient than its real analogue - logistics system.

Compliance with these requirements allows you to realize qualitatively new modeling capabilities, namely:

Studying at the design stage of the logistics system to determine the feasibility of its creation and application;

Conducting a study without interfering in the functioning of the logistics system;

The determination of the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof the volume of material flows and other parameters of the logistics system without the risk of destruction of the simulated system.

All models of logistics systems are divided into two classes: isomorphic and homomorphic.

Isomorphic models are full equivalent to all the morphological and behavioral features of the simulated system and are able to completely replace it. However, it is practically impossible to build and explore the isomorphic model due to the incompleteness and imperfection of knowledge about the real system and the insufficient adequacy of methods and means of such modeling.

Therefore, almost all models used in logistics are homomorphic, which are models similar to the displayed object only in relationships characteristic and important for the simulation process. Other aspects of the structure and operation in homomorphic modeling are ignored.

Homomorphic models are divided into material and abstract conceptual.

Material models are found in logistic management of limited use, which is associated with difficulty and high-cost reproduction on such models of the main geometric, physical and functional characteristics of the original and the extremely limited possibilities of varying them in the process of working with the model.

Therefore, abstract conceptual models are mainly used for logistics, which are subdivided into symbolic and mathematical.

Symbolic models are built on the basis of various, certainly organized signs, symbols, codes, words, or arrays of the numbers depicting the original studied. To build similar models, such symbols or codes are used, which are unambiguous, not allowing the possibility of various interpretation manner, represent the simulated structures and processes. For example, for the language description of the models, specially constructed dictionaries (thesaurus) are used, in which, in contrast to conventional sensible dictionaries, each word has only one definite value.

Information obtained by using symbolic models is inconvenient to process (although it is possible) for further use in logistic management systems. Therefore, mathematical models were the greatest distribution in the process of creating and operating logistics systems. Mathematical modeling is analytical and imitation.

A feature of analytical models is that the patterns of structure and behavior of the modeling object are described in an acceptable form with accurate analytical ratios. These relations can be obtained both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical approach is applicable only for simple components and systems that allow strong simplification and a high degree of abstraction. In addition, checking the adequacy of the obtained analytical description is difficult, since the behavior of the simulated object is not defined in advance, and just should be clarified as a result of modeling. To determine this behavior, this analytical description is drawn up. Analytical description can also be determined by conducting experiments on the object under study. Simulation modeling has a more versatile approach.

The simulation model is a computer reproduction of deployment in the operation time of the simulated system, i.e., reproduces its transition from one state to another, carried out in accordance with uniquely defined operating rules.

The computer is simulated during a managed process with subsequent analysis of modeling results to select a final decision.

Imitation models belong to the class of descriptive models. In this case, the machine simulation is not limited to the development of only one version of the model and its one-time operation on the computer. As a rule, the model is modified and adjustable: the source data varies, various rules of action of objects are analyzed. Tests of the model are carried out in such a way as to check and compare among themselves various structural variants of logistics systems. The imitation is completed by checking the results obtained and issuing recommendations for practical implementation.

Imitation models are widely used to predict the behavior of logistics systems, in the design and placement of enterprises, for training and training personnel, etc.

A description in the form of mathematical models of economic (logistic) processes is made by economic and mathematical methods. Algorithmic methods allow you to implement models in which communication between the input and output parameters of the described component, the speeds of their change and the speeds of changing these speeds (i.e. accelerations).

These methods are divided into economic-statistical and econometrics.

The first use descriptions of characteristic elements based on mathematical and economic statistics. The second is based on the mathematical description of the occurrence of economic processes. For example, the overall wage fund is definitely mathematically connected with the number of operating and distribution of discharges.

Euristic methods are not rules for the transformation of some source provisions, but a set of typical solutions that provide an optimal, but well-efficient procedure for obtaining descriptions suitable for further constructing models.

Heuristic methods are divided into methods for researching operations and methods of economic cybernetics. The latter, in turn, are divided into methods of the theory of economic systems and models, methods of the theory of economic information and methods of the theory of control systems.

The economic and mathematical model is the mathematical model of the investigated economic object (system, process), i.e., a mathematically formalized description of the investigated economic object (process system), reflecting nature, certain essential properties of a real economic object and processes occurring in it.

The main for the study of an economic and mathematical model is its target function. The extreme value of this function for a particular model corresponds to the best managerial solution for the simulated object. Descriptions of such a model are also limiting the values \u200b\u200bof its parameters, which are set in the form of a system of equalities and inequalities. In this way, these or other properties of the simulated component are formal.

^ 8 Expert Methods in Logistics

The described principles and methods for modeling logistics systems are aimed at eliminating an intuitive approach to developing management solutions and make them more objective.

However, the long-term practice of creating and successfully exploiting logistics systems shows that it is as a result of the creative intuitive activities of individuals and teams that the task of building a complete and adequate model of the logistics system is solved most effectively.

As a result, methods based on the use of experience, qualifications and creative potential for management and various manufacturing processes have been widely used in Logistics. All these methods are the common name of expert.

For the implementation of such methods, experts are carried out accordingly selected specialists. Experts who are entrusted with examination should have the necessary professional qualifications and form their assessments independently of each other and from external influences.

Examination can be individual and group, as well as internally or in absentia.

The key is the question of the number of experts attracted and the level of qualifications of specialists belonging to this group. Obviously, a large number of insufficient competent people attracted cannot be compensated for the absence of their required qualifications. On the other hand, a decrease in the number of group of experts (in the limit, expert judgment can make one person) leads to an increase in the role of random factors, subjectivism and bias. Therefore, the selection of experts and the formation of groups of them should be expedient to carry out an individual volitional decision, but as a result of the work of special groups on the management of expertise.

Activities for the formation of expert groups can also be attributed to expert methods. The following methods are used to select experts:

Documentary - based on the analysis of the questionnaire and other types of documents containing more or less objective information about people to which they relate;

Experimental - based on the analysis of the experience of experts during previous examinations;

Self-assessment, which is carried out in relation to the considered examination of candidates for the group created.

Expert groups formed in this way should be tested for the ability to make competent and independent judgments. After the formation, audit and approval of expert groups, they are attracted to work on the assessment of situations that develop in a real logistics system. At the same time, it is necessary to choose and suggest experts to assess the factors characteristic of the analyzed situation. The following methods are also known: direct assessment, including: Pallecent; pair comparison; consistent comparison; ranking.

Single-stage survey;

Multi-step questioning;

Feedback surgery;

Interview;

Discussions.

Then there is a method for processing the results of expression by experts on the merits of the situation. For such a situation, methods of processing random variables adopted in mathematical statistics are applied. In case of discrepancy between the values \u200b\u200bof the estimates obtained as a result of statistical processing, the solution is usually accepted by the "voting". However, it should be remembered: most are not always right. Therefore, the conclusions obtained on the basis of such "voting" should necessarily relate to common sense.

For expert methods in the logistics there is a broader application field than an assessment of the current situation in certain components of the logistics system. We are talking about expert methods for the formation of heuristic strategies for making management decisions, i.e., the systems of the heuristic rules for the development of such solutions.

According to these rules, it is necessary to submit the original and forecast situations in the form of a set of some indicators available for awareness and analysis (factor presentation of the situation). Such factors are considered to consider the probability of winning, the size of the winnings, the probability of losing, the size of the loss, as well as the risk size. These issues should be solved by expert groups.

You can operate the factors of the situation in different ways. Depending on this, the internal and external heuristic strategies distinguish.

The internal heuristic strategy is that the consideration of each situation as a single whole

By analyzing the intensity of the factors that they acquire in this particular situation. The strategy can be implemented in two versions.

The first option is to compare the potential values \u200b\u200bof the factors determining the situation - the values \u200b\u200bof the winnings and loss, the values \u200b\u200bof the probability of winning and losing and possible risk.

The second version of the internal heuristic strategy is that the internal values \u200b\u200bof these factors are compared with previously appointed limit or regulatory quantities. For example, the management strategy should be such that the risk value does not exceed the specified limit, and the potential gain at the same time did not fall below the predetermined value.

The results of such comparisons, the established values \u200b\u200bof the limits, as well as the conclusions from these comparisons and decisions on actions taken on the basis of these conclusions, are developed on the basis of expert assessments by the person or groups of decision makers.

The external heuristic strategy is that there are a comparison of the same indicators in two potential situations. This makes it possible to compare the consequences of two possible options for action and choose more desirable. However, this strategy leads not only to simplify the comparison and choice process itself, but also to its formalization. This is due to the fact that there is a comparison of the same type of indicators with other things being equal. For example, the volumes and terms of payments are compared with the amounts and terms of payments with a different control version, the size of the risk - from the size of the risk, etc. The secondary parts, as well as the indicators that remain unchanged for various options for the management strategy are pre-excluded from comparison processes. To achieve greater objectivity, such a comparison and choice is advisable to carry out expert methods.

^ 9 Material flows

Material flow is products (in the form of goods, details, inventive material values), considered in the process of an application to it of various logistics (transportation, storage, etc.) and / or technological (mechanical processing, assembly, etc.) of operations and related to a specific temporary interval.

The material flow, considered not in the time interval, and at the moment it is a material reserve.

Logistics material flows are characterized by the following parameters:

Nomenclature, range and amount of products;

Overall characteristics (total weight, area, linear parameters);

Weight characteristics (total weight, gross weight and net);

Physico-chemical characteristics of cargo;

Characteristics of containers or packaging, vehicle (carrying capacity, cargo capacity);

Conditions of the contract of sale (transfer to property, supplies);

Terms of transportation and insurance;

Financial (value) characteristics;

Conditions for performing other operations of the physical distribution associated with the movement of products;

Quantitatively material flow is expressed by indicators such as intensity, density, speed, etc.

The following features are allocated. Classification of material flows:

1. In relation to the logistics system, the internal (non-logistic) flows and external flows in the logistics system are distinguished from the external environment (input) and emerging from the logistics system to the external environment (weekends).

2. In relation to the link of the logistics system, material flows are divided into input and weekends.

3. According to the nomenclature, material flows are divided into single-product (single) and many foods (multi-axis). Under the nomenclature is understood as a systematic list of groups, subgroups and positions (species) of products in physical terms (pcs., T, m3, etc.). It is used mainly for statistical reporting, accounting and planning.

4. According to the assortment, material flows are divided into single-allortional and multiacesal. At the same time, under the assortment is understood as the composition and ratio of products of a certain type or name, differing among themselves in terms of quantity, types, sizes, brands, external trim and other features.

The range is group, species and intraspecova. The detailed range of products of ferrous metallurgy is also called the assortment, forest and woodworking industry - the assortment.

5. In the process of transporting goods, it is classified according to the type of transport, the method and conditions of transportation, the overall, weight and physico-chemical characteristics of the goods, methods of slaughter, etc.

Mass flow is a flow that requires transportation by a group of vehicles, for example, a whole railway composition of many cars, column trailers, etc.

A large stream is a flow that requires several cars or trailers, etc.

The average stream is a stream formed by single cars, trailers, and so on.

A small stream is a flow of cargo, smaller than a lifting capacity of a single vehicle, and can be combined with other minor flows.

Heavy threads are threads formed by high density loads and, therefore, occupying with the same weight smaller volume. These include streams formed by cargoes with a mass of one place during water transport of more than 1 tons, and with rail transportation - 0.5 tons.

Lightweight flows are streams formed by loads with low density, and therefore, with a given volume determined by dimensions allowed for this vehicle with a small weight. In such streams, 1 tons of cargo takes more than 2 m3.

Oversized flows are cargo flows, the height of one place of which is more than 3.8 m, width - more than 2.5 m, length is greater than the length of the load.

The bulkways form flows that require special vehicles: bunker cars, containers, trailers, etc., are usually transported by bulk, for example, grain.

The bulk goods form flows that do not require special rapidation, and for which it is allowed to keep, death, etc., for example, ore, coal, etc.

Self-leveling loads are liquid or semi-liquid loads fill in tanks and in other bulk vehicles.

Tarn-piece and piece goods have a variety of physical and chemical properties. They can be transported both in a specific container (boxes, bags, etc.), and without packaging, pieces (long loads, hire, etc.). Differences of cargo data - in units of measurement. The unit of measuring piece goods are pieces, carno-piece - the number of containers - bags, boxes, rolls, etc.).

6. According to the degree of determinism of the flow parameters, deterministic and stochastic material flows are distinguished. The deterministic is a stream with fully known (deterministic) parameters. If at least one parameter is unknown or is a random variable (process), then the material flow is called stochastic.

7. According to the nature of the movement in time, continuous and discrete material flows are distinguished. First include, for example, raw materials and materials in continuous production (technological) processes of a closed cycle, flows of petroleum products, gas, moved by pipelines, and so on. Most of the streams are discrete in time.

^ 10 Financial flows

In the process of moving from one economic entity, a combination of certain commodity values \u200b\u200bcan be considered as a corresponding commodity flow, the movement of which is due to the implementation of a number of logistic operations.

In a market economy, an increase in the efficiency of traffic flows is achieved mainly by improving their financial services. This in turn necessitates the need to allocate and examine logistics financial flows corresponding to the movement of commodity values: all types of material benefits, services, capital and intangible assets.

Financial flow is a directed movement of financial resources associated with material, information and other streams both within the logistics system and outside it.

Financial flows occur during the compensation of logistics costs and costs, attracting funds from sources of financing, compensation (in monetary equivalent) for the products sold and services rendered to the participants of the logistics chain.

The mechanism of financial maintenance of commodity flows is currently the least studied logistics area.

Financial flows in one form or another have always existed with any ways to organize entrepreneurial activities. However, as practice has shown, the greatest efficiency of their movement is achieved when the logistics principles of managing material and financial resources have been applied, which led the emergence of a new economic category - a logistics financial flow. Consequently, logistics financial flows are created and used to ensure efficient movement of commodity flows. At the same time, the specificity is primarily in the need to maintain the process of moving in space and in the time of the corresponding flow of inventive and inventory-intangible values.

Logistic financial flows are inhomogeneous in their composition, direction of movement, appointment and other signs, which necessitates their classification. In each particular case, it is necessary to establish its own composition of the classification features of logistics financial flows, for the classification of financial flows in logistics, such signs are used mainly as attitudes to the logistics system, purpose, method of transferred value, form of calculation, type of economic relations.

In relation to a specific logistics system, external and internal financial flows are distinguished.

The external financial flow proceeds in an external environment, that is, beyond the boundaries of the logistics system under consideration, the inner exists within the logistics system and is modified by performing a number of logistic operations with the corresponding commodity flow. In turn, external logistic financial flows in the direction of movement are divided into:

The incoming financial flow (enters the logistic system under consideration from the external environment);

The exit financial flow (starts its movement from the logistics system under consideration and continues to exist in the external environment).

By appointment, logistics financial flows can be divided into the following groups:

Financial flows caused by the purchase process of goods;

Investment financial flows;

Financial flows on the reproduction of labor;

Financial flows associated with the formation of material costs in the process of industrial activities of enterprises;

Financial flows arising in the process of selling goods.

According to the method of transferring the advance payment for goods, logistics financial flows are divided into financial resources:

Related to the movement of fixed assets of the enterprise (here includes investment financial flows and partially financial flows associated with the formation of material costs);

Conditioned by the movement of working capital of the enterprise (financial flows arising in the procurement process, distribution and sales of goods, as well as during the reproduction of labor).

Depending on the calculation forms used, all financial flows in logistics can be differentiated into two large groups:

Cash - characterizing the movement of cash financial resources;

Information and financial - due to the movement of non-cash financial resources.

In turn, cash financial flows are divided into flows of cash on ruble calculations and according to currency calculations, and information and financial flows include non-cash financial resources for payment order calculations, payment requirements, collection orders, documentary letters and settlement checks.

By type of economic relations, horizontal and vertical financial flows are distinguished. The first reflect the movement of funds between equal entities of entrepreneurial activities, the second - between the subsidiaries and parent commercial organizations.

The main purpose of the financial service of commodity flows in logistics is to ensure their movement of financial resources in the necessary amounts, on the necessary deadlines, using the most efficient sources of financing. In the simplest case, each commercial stream corresponds to its only financial flow.

The parameters of financial flows are indicators of well-being and sustainability of enterprises, indicate the effectiveness of logistics activities, they are necessary when planning and organizing relationships with counterparties. For example, when drawing up a budget for the current year, the size of the upcoming revenues and necessary investments is predicted, calculate the indicators of profitability and profitability, which are necessary in the preparation of financial statements, justifying the attraction of investments and loans, the conclusion of contracts and agreements.

The parameters of financial flows determine on the basis of information on conditions, timing and nature of the relationship between the participants in the logistics process, data on resource parameters and the motion of material flows. The main flow parameters are the volume, cost, time and direction.

The flow rate is indicated in its documentary, electronic or other accompaniment in monetary units.

The cost of the flow determine the costs of its organization, and the time characterizes its availability.

The time and direction of the financial stream is determined in relation to the organizing enterprise. There are incoming streams and outgoing. For example, a prepayment is an incoming flow, supply payment - an outgoing stream.

Time and volume of revenues and investments, the cost of credit funds is calculated in all directions of cash flow from the enterprise in the direction of other participants in the logistics process: to consumers and suppliers, between warehouse, port and custom terminals, in the logistics nodes of transport streams. In this case, the directions of the resulting flows are determined, the other characteristics necessary for controlling flows.

Additional characteristics can be determined based on the specifics and needs of a particular enterprise and its place in the logistics system.

Financial parameters largely determine the economic viability of enterprises, their stability in the market, tie strength with suppliers and consumers.

Basic requirements for financial flow parameters in the logistics system:

Sufficiency - the presence of the required amount of financial resources to meet the needs or coating of an existing deficit;

Optimization of financial costs based on the coordination of the volume and movement of all types of resources;

Consistency of financial flows with the movement of all other types of streams in the logistics system and in other economic systems;

The adaptability of the parameters and the structure of financial flows to the peculiarities of the logistics system and the types of counterparties;

Compliance of the time of the coming of financial resources The moment of the emergence of the needs of them, reducing temporary gaps;

Reliability of resource attracting sources;

Adaptation of financial flows to changes in the external and internal environment;

Compliance of financial flows information.

^ 11 Information flows

The information flow is a message flow in speech, document (paper and electronic) and other forms, accompanying the material or service flow in the logistics system under consideration and is intended mainly to implement the control influences.

Information flows arising from external influences on the appropriate environment tolerate information (messages) from its sources to its consumers. These streams may have an important self-importance for the operational management and development of strategic solutions, and may correspond to material and manage them. The difference in the velocities of material and information flows can in the presence of compliance lead to a temporary shift between them.

For information flow processing, modern logistics systems are in their composition information logistics center. The task of such a center is the accumulation of the data obtained and their pragmatic filtering, i.e., the transformation into information needed the length of the logistics tasks. At the same time, the connection of the center with sources of information may be one-sided, bilateral and multilateral. Modern logistics systems use the last communication method.

Thus, logistics operates with numerous indicators and characteristics of information flows: the nomenclature of transmitted messages, data types, documents, data arrays; intensity and data transfer rate; special characteristics (bandwidth of information channels, protection against unauthorized access, noise immunity, etc.).

There is no isomorphy between the informational and material flow (i.e., unambiguous compliance, synchronization in the occurrence time). As a rule, the information flow is either ahead of material, or lags behind it. In particular, the origin of the material flow is usually a consequence of information flows during, for example, negotiations on the sale and sale of goods, drawing up contracts, etc. Typical is the presence of several information flows accompanying material flow.

Information flows in the logistics are formed in the form of flows of arrays of electronic data, in certainly decorated paper documents, as well as in the form of flows consisting of both these types of information quanta.

These information includes:

Telephones and faxes;

Overheads coming together with the goods;

Information on the receipt and location of goods in warehouses;

Data on transport tariffs and possible routes and transport types;

Changes in dynamic stock status models;

Libraries of control programs for technological equipment with numeric software and catalogs of these libraries;

Various regulatory and reference production information;

Changes in the dynamic models of the market and in its segmentation;

Current information on production facilities;

Current information about suppliers and producers;

Changes in dynamic portfolio models of orders;

Current information about incomplete production;

Data on output plans;

Current accounts on warehouses;

Data on volumes and types of finished products;

Data on the actual sales of products to consumers;

Data on financial streams.

Thus, the information created, stored, circulating and used in the logistics system, can be recognized useful if it is possible to include it in the current production and sales processes.

For the successful and efficient implementation of logistics management based on information flow analysis, certain factors and prerequisites are needed, namely:

Availability of relevant information characteristics of the process;

Adequate level of systematization and formalization of the logistic management process;

Organizational forms and system of logistics management methods;

The ability to reduce the duration of transient processes and operational receipt of feedback on the results of logistics activities.

The information flow is determined by the following parameters:

1. The source of occurrence.

3. Transmission rate, i.e., the number of information transmitted per unit of time.

4. total volume, i.e., the total number of information forming this stream.

The transfer rate in the theory of information or in various fields of communication technology is usually measured in bodles (one baud corresponds to the transmission of one bit per second). In practical activity, the speed of the information flow can be determined by the number of documents or a duty-based basis in all documents transmitted or processed per unit of time. Accordingly, the total amount of information flow can be measured by a total number of documents transmitted or processed or the total number of documents contained in them.

The information flow can function in the same direction as the corresponding material flow, or it can be directed towards the "own" material flow. The direction of the information flow may in some cases have nothing to do with the direction of movement of the corresponding material flow. For example, components comes from producer to the input warehouse, and the corresponding accounts are in the accounting department.

If orders are satisfied for the supply of raw materials, materials and components, an information flow formed by these orders, decorated in the form of documents, is directed to the side opposite to the appropriate material flow. It occurs before this material flow. In other words, this information flow precedes the material stream initiated by it.

Involutions, overhead and necessary operational documentation form an information flow, moving in the same direction as the corresponding material flow and simultaneously with it.

The information flow, moving towards the material, may not only be preceding as already described above, but also behind. For example, the flow of information formed by documents on the results of acceptance or failure in acceptance of cargo, various claims, warranty documents, etc.

Thus, information flows may be ahead, lagging behind or be synchronous with appropriate material flows. Each of these types of information flows can move in the same direction as the corresponding material stream, to be consecisive to him or to move to the direction that does not coincide with it.

Each type of information flow is characterized by its F combining these two qualities. Accordingly, the following varieties of information flows can be called:

Leading with the coinciding direction;

Advanced counter;

Advanced, differing in the direction;

Synchronous with the coinciding direction;

Synchronous oncoming;

Synchronous, differing in the direction;

Lagging with the coinciding direction;

Lagging oncoming;

Loose, differing in the direction.

Thus, a variety of information flows are those connections that are combined into a single whole different functional subsystems. In each of these functional subsystems, material flows are being implemented corresponding to the objectives provided by these subsystems. Information flows combine these subsystems into a single whole, so that the individual objectives of each subsystem are subject to the overall goal of the entire production and sales complex. This is the main concept of logistics.

Based on controlling information flows, you can make horizontal and vertical integration.

Horizontal information integration allows us to provide interconnected information all material flows, ranging from the receipt of raw materials, materials and components, and to finished products entering consumers. This achieves that all control influences in the functional subsystems and the consequences caused by them are linked to the general objectives and the overall strategy of the entire production and sales system.

Vertical information integration can cover all levels of the hierarchy of the production and sales system straight (directed from top to bottom) and inversely (directed upwardly directed) connections. As a result, it is possible to quickly receive reliable information about the progress of the supply of raw materials, production, assembly, testing and delivery of products to consumers. The presence of such an information system with vertical relationships allows you to correctly evaluate, to make the necessary adjustments in a timely manner and thereby influence the processes of procurement, production, assembly, testing, storage and forwarding. Such operational management will allow us to correctly take into account the results of marketing research in the determination of the nomenclature and volume of products, to organize satisfaction of specific orders, as well as to ensure the maintenance of the required level of quality.

Summarizing said, it can be noted: objective and adequate information is used for logistics control twice and doubly.

The first time of information flows are used to create a logistics management system, its development and implementation.

The second time of information flows are used for adequate management within the framework of the already established logistics system.

Anyway, information flows in logistics should be formed, responding to the following questions:

What caused the need for this information (and not by anyone the corresponding task is set);

What internal information you can count on how full it is and reliable;

What real output data can actually get how and what secondary information can be reliably used;

What technique, personnel and resources can be applied when creating and using information flows;

What are the requirements for the degree of efficiency of the information received, to its durability.

Types of information flows circulating in logistics systems have some difference from all other types of streams. The difference consists in the very object of movement - the exchange of information between different links of the logistics system.

^ 12 Service threads

Service flows - service flows (intangible activities, a special type of product or product) generated by the logistics system as a whole or its subsystem (link, element) in order to meet external or internal consumers of business organization.

The international standard ISO 8402: 1994 determines the term "service" as the results of the direct interaction of the supplier and the consumer and the internal activities of the provider to meet the needs of the consumer.

Service - Service Process - Supplier's activities needed to provide services.

The importance of logistics services has recently been especially increasing, which is explained by many reasons. Among them, social programs taken by governments of various countries, the development of the services industry and the concentration of it in an increasing number of companies and the working working-age population, the focus of many firms on the final consumer, the development of the concept of universal quality management in the service industry.

A large number of links of the logistics system and logistics intermediaries are service enterprises in which services are inextricably linked with the product distributed to the market and sold at different parts of the logistics chain. Such links include various transport companies, wholesale and retail merchants, distributors companies, etc. At the same time, the cost of services can significantly exceed the direct costs of production.

In recent years, the prerogative of logistics is and managed service flows, as most companies produce not only finished products, but also provide related services. In addition, the logistics approach was effective for enterprises providing only services (transportation, freight forwarding, cargo processing, etc.).

In the West, the concept of "service response logistics" - SRL is widely used, which is defined as the process of coordinating the logistics operations necessary to provide services to the most effective way in terms of costs and satisfying consumer requests.

The SRL approach is often the main strategic element of the management of many foreign firms providing services. Critical elements of this approach are to receive orders for services and monitoring services. Like material flows, services flows are distributed in a specific delivery environment (for finished products - in the distribution network), in which there are links of the logistics system, logistics channels, chains, etc. This network should be constructed in such a way that with maximum Effective satisfy customer requirements to service level. Examples of such networks can serve as networks of maintenance stations and service points of the automotive firms, networks of pre-sale and after-sales service of most firms producing industrial electrical goods, and so on.

There are still no effective ways to assess the quality of service services, which is explained by their features compared with product characteristics. Such features (characteristics of service flows) are:

1. The complexity of the service specifications of the service firm and their assessment by the buyer.

2. The buyer can be a direct participant in the service provision process.

3. Services are consumed at the same time when they turn out to be, i.e. cannot be stored or transported.

4. Buyer, purchasing services, never becomes their owner.

5. The quality of the service can not be tested until the buyer's payment is paid.

6. The provision of services often consists of a system of smaller (subservice) actions, and the buyer assesses all these actions.

These characteristics and features of the services play an important role in the logistics process. It is very important to take into account the fact that the quality of services in the logistics is manifested at the time when the service provider and the buyer are found "face to face." At the same time, two situations may arise: if there are no special problems when communicating to the consumer, the supplier can really convince the buyer in their high quality. If problems arise, the situation, as a rule, cannot be corrected, no matter how in fact the service has or has a service.

Assessment of the quality of services in the analysis and design of logistics systems should be based on the criteria used by buyers of services for these purposes. When the buyer evaluates the quality of services, it compares some of the actual values \u200b\u200bof the quality assessment parameters with the values \u200b\u200bof these parameters expected, and if the expectations are the same, the quality of services is recognized as satisfactory.

For each parameter of the quality assessment of services, there are two quantities (conditional) - expected by the buyer and actual. The difference between these two values \u200b\u200bis called the discrepancy (mismatch) and evaluates the degree of customer satisfaction with the quality of services. In Western Economic Literature, this discrepancy is often called the term "gap" (GAP).

The quality of services in the logistics will be determined by the degree of discrepancies between the expected and actual parameters, although, of course, the evaluation estimate will be subjective. The quality assessment parameters are ::

Tangibility - the physical environment in which services are provided (interior of the service company, office equipment, equipment, appearance of personnel, etc.);

Reliability - clarity in meeting deadlines (for example, in physical distribution delivery of goods at the specified time and place);

Responsibility - the desire of the staff of the service company to assist the buyer, guarantees the fulfillment of services;

Finished - possession of the necessary knowledge and skills, the competence of the staff;

Availability - ease of establishing contacts with a service company, convenient for the buyer, the time of service services;

Safety is the lack of risk and distrust by the buyer (for example, ensuring the safety of cargo in physical distribution);

Politeness is the correctness, courtesy of staff;

Understanding with the buyer - sincere interest in the buyer, the ability of the staff to enter the role of the buyer and knowledge of its needs.

Consumer expectations in assessing the quality of services are based on:

Speech communications (rumors), i.e., the information on the services that buyers will learn from other buyers;

Personal needs. This factor relates to the identity of the buyer, its requests, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe quality of services and is associated with its character, political, religious, public and other views;

Past experience, i.e., this kind of service has already been in the past;

External messages (communications) - information received from radio service providers, television, from the press (advertising in the media).

To rationalize logistics management in the promotion and sales of goods, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bfirst, it is necessary to correctly evaluate the quality parameters of the quality of services, and secondly, to build management in such a way as to minimize the discrepancies between the expected and actual levels of the quality of services.

For this, various methods of estimates are used, such as the questionnaires of buyers, expert assessments, statistical methods, etc. The difficulty lies in the fact that most of the quality of service parameters cannot be measured quantitatively, i.e. to obtain a formalized assessment.

Material flow is a basic object of research, management and optimization in logistics. It represents the movement of commodity values \u200b\u200bboth within the enterprise and beyond.

Logistics of material flows - a way to organize and control the process at any stage of production production in order to ensure maximum profits.

Types of logistical material flows

There are several classifications of such a turnover of valuable products. The first is characterized by an attitude to the logistics system. It includes three types of stream:

input;
output;
interior;
external.

The first is a stream that entered the logistics system from the external environment. It is determined by such a formula: the sum of the values \u200b\u200bof material flows, divided into unloading operations.

The output material stream, on the contrary, enters the external environment from the enterprise. To determine its indicator, it is necessary to fold the amount of goods shipped by points of implementation and on wholesale warehouses.

The inner stream is formed as a result of performing certain operations with shipment within a production organization or logistics system. The external material flow is related to the activities of the organization, as well as to the points of sale of products or subsidiaries.

Classification of material flow according to the nomenclature and assortment

This feature is important for enterprises with any range of products. Material flow can be single-product and multi-product. The first type belongs to the products of one species, the second to a wide variety of goods.

According to the range, the flows classifies as single-allortional and multiacesal. They differ among themselves by the number of incoming or shipped products.

Classification of material flows on physico-chemical properties

Pulmon loads are loads of mineral or mountainous origin. These include sand, ore, coal, natural agglomerates and much more.

Bulk cargoes are products that are transported without packaging. This is grain and cereals, as well as other similar goods.

Bulk loads are transported in tanks, bulk vessels. The shipping and transportation process is impossible without special technical means.

Tarn-piece goods - products have different physicochemical properties and parameters. It is transported in containers, bags, drawers, without packaging.

Other classifications of material flows

The variety of productive value classifiers helps to maintain accounting records.

Material logistics flows are divided into such criteria:

Quantitatively. Mass - appears when shipping a large batch of products. Small - shipment of small batches of goods with minimal loading of the vehicle. Large - shipment of goods is carried out by several wagons or machines. Middle - cargoes that come from transportation with small cars or single car wagons.
By specific weight. Lightweight streams do not allow to fully use vehicle capacity. With heavy in transport, the permissible carrying capacity of the car is involved.
According to the degree of compatibility. The compatibility and incompatibility of goods during transportation, processing and storage is taken into account.

The correct organization of material flows is based on the last classification. Let us give an example. It is necessary to deliver dairy products from a warehouse to sales points. Confectionery will be shipped with it. Conditions and shelf life in such products are different. So they cannot be loaded into one vehicle.

material flows

There are several factors that affect the proper planning of shipment of goods. The material flow of any type corresponds to the information.

The material flow control system is based on such basic principles: overallistic and specific. They, in turn, are classified as follows:

The system approach is used when considering the elements of the logistics system. The goal is to optimize the material flow and get the maximum profit.
The principle of total costs is keeping taking into account material and information flows. The task is to identify the logistics system management costs.
The principle of global optimization is optimization and management of material flows as a result of the coordination of local chains.
The principle of the theory of compromises for the redistribution of costs is the right organization between all elements of the system.
Principle of complexity. Used to create and optimize
Coordination and integration. This is the achievement of the normal functioning between all the participants in the logistics system at the manufacturing plant.
The principle of universal quality management. It ensures reliability and stability of each element of the logistics system.
The principle of modeling is used to create, analyze, organize logistics processes in various system circuits.
The principle of stability and adaptability. The logistics system must function steadily. Having studied the influence of negative factors, you can establish logistics at any enterprise.
The principle of integrity is to ensure information cooperation between all the links of the system.

The material flow system is based on these ten principles. To ensure its normal operation, you need to use other indicators and characteristics of the logistics system.

Managing material flows

The stable work of the production enterprise is impossible without well-established logistics. There are two methods of managing material flows: pushing and current systems.

The first method suggests that the manufacture of products begins, is carried out and ends on the same stages of the production line depending on the logistics system. Each action is coordinated. The transfer of goods occurs on a team from a specific control center. The site has a specific plan and production indicators. All elements of the system are functioning separately, but interrelated.

The current system is characterized by the fact that all means (raw materials, materials, finished products and the other) come to the site as needed. There is no centralized management in this system. It contributes to a significant reduction in production reserves, since the movement of material flows is passed through several elements of the logistics system.

An example of a pushing system of logistic material flows

This is how the approximate movement scheme looks like: Production - Packaging - Shipment.

As a rule, at a manufacturing plant of significant scales, the process of material flow includes more than 10 elements:

workshop on the workpiece of raw materials;
workshop for its processing;
production workshops of various types;
controlling body;
management workshop;
packaging link and so on.

It all depends on the type of manufactured products, as well as its characteristics.

Under the flow, they understand the directional movement of the set of any conditionally homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.). Logistics streams are one or many objects perceived as a whole, existing as the process on a certain time interval and measured in absolute units.

The logistics flows are characterized by parameters as: the initial item, the final item, the path trajectory, the length of the flow and the parameters of their movement (speed, time, intensity, density).

Logistics flows are classified:

According to the degree of continuity (continuous, discrete);

On regularity (deterministic, stacking);

In stability (stable, unstable);

By variability (stationary, non-stationary);

By the nature of the movement of the flow (uniform, uneven);

According to the degree of periodicity (periodic, non-periodic);

In difficulty (simple and complex);

On controllability (managed, unmanaged);

The main flows in logistics are:

Material flow - loads, TMTS, parts considered in the process of application of various logistics operations and related to the time interval;

The information flow is a set of circulating inside the logistics system, between it and the external environment, the messages needed to manage and control the logistics operations;

Financial flow - the movement of funds within the logistics system, between it and the external environment, sent to achieving the effective motion of a certain material flow;

The flow of services is a special type of activity that satisfies social and personal needs.

Material flow is products defined in the process of applying various logistic or technological operations to it and attributed to a certain period of time.

Material flow is a material resource, unfinished products, finished products considered in the application process of various logistics operations (transportation, storage, etc.) and related to a specific time interval. The dimension of the material flow is the ratio of the dimension of products (units, tons, m3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.). Material flows can be calculated for specific sections of the enterprise, for the enterprise as a whole, For individual operations with cargo. The material flow, which is considered for a given moment or period of time becomes a material reserve (MW).

The material flow parameters can be: nomenclature, assortment, amount of products, overall, weight, physicochemical characteristics of cargo, containers, packaging, packaging conditions, sale, transportation and insurance, financial characteristics, etc.

Main types of material flows:

external material flow - the material flow flowing in an external environment in relation to the logistics system under consideration;

the internal material flow is a material stream flowing within the limits of the logistics system under consideration;

input material flow - an external material flow included in the logistics system from the external environment;

the output material flow is an internal material flow coming from the logistics system under consideration into an external environment;

cargo flow - the volume of goods transported by certain types of transport in a certain direction from the point of departure to the destination for a certain period of time (usually considered per year).

Material flows can be considered as material resources if they have a natural-real composition. Having these parameters, material resources are divided into:

raw materials - material resources;

basic materials - materials included in the manufactured products and the components of its material base (parts of parts, assembly units, etc.);

auxiliary materials - materials used in production, but not constituting the material basis of products manufactured;

semi-finished products - raw materials and materials, partially undergoing treatment in production, but not yet transmitted to finished products;

components - finished products, which for the buyer is a part of the finished product;

detail is a ready part of machines, mechanisms, equipment that is used when assembling finished products in producing shops;

the node is an assembly unit consisting of two or more finished parts and used when assembling the finished product.

The specificity of the names of material resources;

Clarity of determining the amount of resources (quantitatively characteristics of their mass, volume, area, etc.);

The name of the provider of material resources and responsible for the supply and shipment;

Determination of the place of storage of material resources that are subject to transportation;

Specifying the names of the recipient of material resources;

Specifying the destination of transportation of material resources;

Determination of the deadline for moving material resources from the storage location from the supplier to the place of storage at the recipient.

The intracean material flow is the flow of material resources that are not constantly moving, and with periodic stops in the warehouses of workplaces, at this time the flow does not move, does not change, does not disband and is waiting for the processing process.

Interception material flows are such material flows that, entering the input warehouse, are disbanded, and on the weekend is formed into new material flows, which move in a certain specified direction.

Material flows distinguish:

1) depending on the nomenclature of the elements;

2) by natural and real composition. Determines the material streams as single-allortional and multi-seated;

3) according to the degree of readiness (projected, planned, formed, formed, disbanded, liquidated).

Information flow.

The process of managing material flows is the processing of information circulating in logistics systems. In this regard, one of the key concepts of logistics is the concept of information flow.

Information flow is a set of circulating in the logistics system between the logistics system and the external media messages needed to manage and control the logistics operations. The information flow corresponds to material and can exist as paper and electronic documents.

The flow of logistic information passes through the following five modules:

receiving orders;

order processing;

transportation and shipping (shipment);

distribution;

inventory Management.

The main database that serves for information support for distribution operations consists of the following files:

orders data;

data on stocks and warehousing;

accounting records of receivables;

data on the planned distribution needs.

The control module and data entry is activated when information is received from the outside or when managers accept this or that solution. This is usually happening in the following situations:

receiving an order;

request a request for an order state;

drawing up and coordinating forecasts;

establishing the transport fare;

cargo receipt for storage.

Logistic information flows are characterized by:

heterogeneity (information used in logistics systems, is well helicated). It should be noted that under homogeneity in linear programming and, in particular, in the transport task it means unlimited possibility of transporting products from any point of departure to any destination. In relation to the process of motion of information within the logistics system, homogeneity requires an unlimited possibility of transmitting any document to any structural division of the management apparatus;

multiple divisions - information providers;

multiple divisions - consumer information;

complexity and difficulty of practical disorder of information routes;

multiplicity of the number of transmissions of the documentation units for each route;

multivariate optimization of information flows.

Methodically important from the point of view of logistics is to determine the interaction of material and information flows. It has always been believed that the material flow generates information, i.e., the primacy of the material flow was postulated. However, modern information technologies changed the sequence of interaction of material and information flows, and currently distinguish between their interaction.

1. The information flow is ahead of material. In this case, the information flow comes to achieve material flows (direct direction) or it contains information about the order (counter direction).

2. Information accompanies material stream, moves simultaneously with it. This flow includes information about the quantitative and qualitative parameters of material flows, which makes it possible to correctly and quickly assess their condition and make the necessary regulatory solutions.

3. The information flow is lagging behind the material flows. In this case, information serves only to evaluate the results.

The increase in the role of information flows in modern logistics is due to such basic reasons:

- for consumer information about the status of the order, availability of goods, delivery time, shipping documents, etc. is a necessary element of consumer logistics service;

- from the position of reserves management in the logistics circuit, the presence of complete and reliable information makes it possible to reduce the need for reserves and labor resources by reducing the uncertainty of demand;

- Information increases the flexibility of the logistics system as to how where and when resources can be used to achieve competitive advantages.

Financial flows.

Financial flow is a combination of circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system of the foreign medium of financial resources related to material and information flows. The movement of financial flows can pass both inside the logistics system and outside it. Thus, the specificity of financial flows in logistics is precisely in the need to maintain the process of moving in space and in the time of the corresponding flow of inventive and inventory-intangible values.

The market economy with all the diversity of its models is characterized as a socio-oriented farm, involving mandatory state regulation. Finance play a huge role in the structure of market relations. Financial flows rotate in a financial environment. Under the financial environment implies an internal and external environment of enterprises, finance and financial resources (financial flows), sources and consumers of resources.

Financial relations cover relations related to the formation and movement of financial resources between:

1) state and enterprise (enterprises);

2) between the enterprises themselves;

3) between individual states.

State financial institutions include: the Ministry of Finance, its bodies, local financial departments and management, financial departments of enterprises and control and auditing management. The financial system includes the following links: state and local budgets, social insurance funds, retirement funds, personal and property insurance funds, finance of enterprises, industries, various special cash funds. Financial flow depends on the presence of serviced freight flow. The direction of the movement of financial flows in logistics is determined by the need to ensure the movement of the corresponding material flow. In addition, the size and time of the movement of the financial flow (including the start time) depend on the chosen form of calculations between the company and the buyer. In this case, the most effective is the form of mutual settlements in securities. The movement of funds is necessarily accompanied by the relevant documents on which financial transactions are manufactured. The emergence of financial flows, direction and displacement depend on the conditions specified in the purchase and sale agreement (Calculations of the buyer's supplier), basic delivery conditions.

Service flow (service flows)

In addition to the material, information and financial type of flows, the flow of services is also distinguished, which is the number of services provided for a certain time interval. The service is understood as a special type of activity that satisfies public and personal needs (transport services, wholesale and retail, consulting, information, etc.). Services can be provided by people and equipment in the presence of customers and in their absence, to be aimed at meeting the personal needs or needs of organizations. The need to introduce the concept of a flow of services is due to the increasing importance and development of the service industry and the concentration of it in an increasing number of companies and the population.

Service - Service Process - Supplier's activities needed to provide services.

Despite the importance of the service, effective ways to assess its quality are still absent, which is explained by a number of features of the service in comparison with the characteristics of products. Such features (characteristics of service flows) are:

1. Unacceptable service. It is difficult for service providers to explain and specify service, as well as difficulties to evaluate it from the buyer.

2. The buyer often takes direct participation in the production of services.

3. Services are consumed at the time of their production, i.e. Services are not stored and not transported.

4. The buyer never becomes the owner of the service.

5. Service - activity (process) and therefore cannot be tested before the buyer will buy it.

6. The service often consists of a system of smaller (subservice) services, and the buyer assesses these subservice services.

These characteristics and features of service flows play an important role in the logistics process.

The concept of logistic flow

Definition 1.

The logistics stream is a key object of logistics research and is a directed movement of inventories, as well as financial, information and other resources in a certain economic system.

The main logistic flow is the material stream, information and financial flows are accompanied or corresponded to it, as well as service flows.

All logistics flows with respect to the analyzed logistics system are classified on internal and external. The internal flows are circulated within the boundaries of the logistics system, they include, for example, the streams of incomplete production (material flow), orders and orders (information flow), remuneration flows (financial flow).

External flows can be incoming and outgoing. Incoming material flows are due to the purchase of raw materials and materials overlooking the sale of finished products. Incoming information flows are, for example, documents accompanying the supply to the enterprise. An example of a leaving information flow in logistics is an application for replenishment of a stock address addressed to the supplier. Incoming financial streams are due to the receipt of funds to the accounts of the enterprise, emerging - with calculations with suppliers and contractors.

Logistics material flows

Definition 2.

Material flow (MP)- The main type of flow in logistics, is in the state of movement of commodity and material values \u200b\u200b(raw materials, materials, work in progress, finished products) to which logistics operations are applied due to physical movement in space and time from the supplier to the consumer.

The parameters of the material flow are:

overall and weight parameters,
density,
nomenclature,
range,
terms of contracts for transportation and sale,
cost Characteristics of the Transfer Product
other.

Forms of the existence of material flow are cargo stream and transport stream. The cargo stream is formed by a set of goods on the vehicle in the process of moving from the loading point to the discharge item.

Definition 3.

Transport flow - a set of vehicles moving on a specified route. The varieties of transport flow are automobiles, wagons, container streams, etc. Transport flow Unlike other forms can be loaded and empty.

Information flows in logistics

Definition 4.

Information flow (IP) - The flow of messages in speech, paper or electronic forms designed to implement control functions in the logistics system and due to a specific material flow.

Information flow control is carried out by: changes in the flow direction; limitations of the rate of transmission of the information flow to the corresponding reception speed; Restrictions on the volume of the information flow up to the amount of bandwidth of a separate section of the path or node. Financial flows in logistics

Financial flow (FP) - the flow of financial resources necessary to ensure the movement of the material flow circulating inside the logistics system and between the logistics system and the external environment.

Financial flow in logistics is characterized by the following properties:

the direction of the flow of flow from the source to the consumer of financial resources;
conditionality by moving a specific physical (material, cargo or transport) or information flow;
measurement, that is, the financial flow is measured by specific quantitative indicators.

The main purpose of managing financial flows in logistics is to ensure the motion of the material flow by financial resources at the necessary deadlines, in the necessary volumes, using the most effective financial sources.

streaming analysis

Logistic principle - streaming analysis.

The main object of research and management in logistics is a material flow. In the 90s, not only informational and financial flows accompanying material, but also the flow of services were in the scope of logistics, i.e. Service stream.

According to narrow approach Logistics is defined as managing product management - all physical operations on the delivery of goods from the supplier.

In the framework of more Wide approach The multidimensity of the concept of "Logistics" is emphasized. Management aspect Logistics - planning, management and flow control. Economic aspect - Activities in order to obtain with the smallest costs of the required amount of products at the set time, in the established location. In accordance with operational financial aspect Interpretation of logistics is given on the basis of the time of calculating partners.

Types and characteristics of logistics streams

The main flows are material, information, financial.

Material flow Products considered in the process of application of various logistics operations and attributed to the time interval:

1) Material resources (labor objects: raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, components, production waste);

2) unfinished production (products not completed within this enterprise);

3) Finished products (suitable for a warehouse of finished products or shipped to the buyer).

Classification Material flows:

According to the nomenclature - one-product and multi-product;

Quantitatively - mass, large, medium and small. The mass flow occurs in the process of transporting goods by a group of vehicles (railway composition, caravan of ships, car column). Large streams - a few wagons, cars. Middle - single cars or cars. Small - do not allow to fully use the capacity of the vehicle and require combination with associated loads;

Specific weight - heavy and lightweight. Heavyweight provide full use of vehicle capacity (metals), and lightweight - no (tobacco);

According to the degree of compatibility - compatible and incompatible (mainly food);

By consistency - bulk, bulk, piece-piece, bulk. Bulk (grain) is the main property - rawfacing. Can be transported in specialized vehicles, cars, platforms, containers, cars). The bulk (as a rule, mineral origin - salt, sand, coal, ore) - bulk, but can be lifted and sneaked. Turning out without packaging. The bulk is transported in tanks and bulk vessels.

Information flow - A set of circulating in the system, as well as between the system and the external media, the messages needed to manage and control the logistics operations. There is a speech, paper, electronic (paperless) and other forms.

In relation to the material flow, it can be: ahead, simultaneous and delaying, as well as unidirectional and counter. For example, the advanced stream in the counter direction is information about the order; a leading stream in the forward direction - reports about the upcoming arrival of the load; simultaneous unidirectional flow - information on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the material flow; Beginential in the oncoming direction flow - claims, confirmation, etc.

The following types of information flows are distinguished in logistics

1) By type of system binding:

Horizontal - belong to one level of the hierarchy;

Vertical - from the top level of management to the bottom.

2) by degree of openness:

open; closed; simple; Custom.

3) depending on the purpose:

Directive (managing);

Reference and regulatory;

Accounting and analytical.

Financial flow - This is a directed movement of financial resources circulating in the logistics system, as well as between the logistics system and the external environment necessary to ensure the effective motion of a certain material flow. Classification of financial flows:

1. On appointment, logistics financial flows are divided into the following groups (main logistics management facilities)

Procurement - due to the procurement process of goods;

Investment financial flows;

On the reproduction of labor;

Production - related to the formation of material costs in the process of manufacturing activities of the enterprise;

Sales - arising in the process of selling goods

Depending on the sources of financing, logistics financial flows are divided into:

- Own, which can be at the disposal of a decision maker, in the form of free, including cash, and also come from profits from production and sales activities, from depreciation, various sales in addition to produced goods (for example, real estate) and Dr.

- borrowed, which are of various kinds of loans, polluted under the bill or for other forms of obligations.

Depending on the calculated forms used, all financial flows in logistics can be differentiated into large groups:

- cash financial flows characterizing the movement of cash financial resources, which in turn are divided into flows of cash financial resources on ruble calculations and for calculating currency;

- information and financial flows due to the movement of non-cash financial resources; These include the flows of non-cash financial resources on calculating payment orders, checks;

- Account and financial flows that arise in the production of goods or services at the stage of increasing advanced cost. Under an increase in the advance value, the process of forming the material costs of production activities of a commercial organization is understood. The movement of financial resources in the framework of the mentioned process and characterize logistic accounting and financial flows.

4. By type of economic relations, they differ:

horizontal financial flows, reflecting the movement of funds between equal entities of entrepreneurial activities; Vertical financial flows flowing between subsidiaries and parent commercial organizations.

Logistics system and its elements

Elements of the logistics system - a logistics link, a logistic chain, a logistic channel.

Logistics system link (ZlS) - a certain element that transforms the most material, financial, information flows

Fig.Logistics system stream vectors

X, R, C - vector parameters of input material (x \u003d (x 1, x 2, ... x n), information (R \u003d (R 1, R 2, ... R n) and financial (C \u003d (C 1, C 2 ... C k) streams. F - vector of external perturbations (F \u003d (F 1, F 2, ... F L)); Z - vector of the parameters of the status of the logistics system (z \u003d (z 1, z 2 ... z s)). Y ", R", C "- vectors of the output parameters of the corresponding streams.

In turn, each link of the logistics chain unites its elements, namely: Vehicles Warehousing, Means and Management, Frames.

Logistics chain - This is a linearly ordered set of links of the logistics system (manufacturers, warehouses, etc.), carrying out logistic operations on bringing the material flow from one link of the logistics system to another.

Fig.An example of a simple logistics chain: GP - finished products; ZlS - Logistics System

In addition, the logistics chain may have a form of a oriented graph (the basic concept of the theory of graphs) defined by a set of vertices (points) and a set of edges (links) connecting some vertices pairs.

The definition of the logistics system is based on the general theory of systems and cybernetics.

Logistics system -adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics functions and logistic operations, as a rule, from several subsystems and has developed bonds with an external environment. Logistics system usually has a tree structure, which corresponds to a multi-level movement scheme in which the material flow on Ways from the manufacturer to the consumer passes through intermediaries.

4 types of logistics systems are isolated:

With direct connections (manufacturer - consumer);

Echelonized (manufacturer - mediators - consumer);

Flexible (the motion of the material flow can be carried out both directly and through intermediaries).

As logistics systems, an industrial enterprise, a commercial enterprise, the infrastructure of the country's economy or group of countries can be considered. Select micro and macro logistics systems., And, consequently, microloism and macarologists.

Microloism Decides.local tasks within individual links and provides logistics operations on planning, sales and control over the processes of movement of goods within industrial enterprises or outside them. For example, intraproductive logistics, when various logistics operations are planned within the enterprise - transport and warehouse, loading and unloading, etc.

Macrologistic system - This is a major management system of material flows, covering enterprises and organizations of industry, mediation, sales, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in various regions of the country or in different countries. The macarological system represents a certain infrastructure of the country's economy, region or group of countries. They are classified according to the following signs:

By territorial - urban, regional, interregional, republican and inter-republican;

By object functional -macarological systems of group enterprises, departmental, industry, inter-sectoral, trade, military, transport, etc.;

By globalization -state (transnational), interstate (international) and transcontinental.

Logistics operation - a separate set of actions aimed at converting a material or information flow (storage, transportation, processing of information flow data, etc.).

Classification signslogistics operation:

By the nature of the flow - material and information;

By changing consumer value - with value-added or without it;

According to the transition of ownership of the goods - one-sided (without transition) and bilateral (with the transition).

Logistics function - the enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at implementing the objectives of the logistics system and asked the values \u200b\u200bof the indicators that are its output variables (supply, production, sales).

Fig.Micrological system: MR - material resources; GP - finished products; VMM - Returns Material Flows

Functional areas of logistics

In the process of broadcasting, the spatial-temporal transformation of the goods is carried out.

The object of logistics, as is known, is a cross-cutting material and information flow, nonetheless in some sections management it has known specifics. In accordance with this specificity perform five functional areas of logistics: purchasing, industrial, distribution, transport and information.

Procurement Logistics

In the process of ensuring the enterprise with raw materials and materials tasks are solved procurement logistics. At this stage, suppliers are studied and selected, contracts are concluded and their execution is monitored, measures are taken in case of violation of the delivery conditions. Any manufacturing company has a service that listed functions. The logistics approach to the management of material flows requires that the activities of this service associated with the formation of the parameters of the end-to-end material flow, did not produce separately, and obeyed the strategy of controlling the cross-cutting material flow.

In practice, the border of the activity constituting the main content of the procurement logistics is determined by the terms of the contract with suppliers and the composition of the functions of the supply service inside the enterprise and include the entire supply, partially production and partially external environment:

Fig. Plots of the material flow on which the tasks of procurement, production and distribution logistics are mainly solved

To ensure an enterprise, labor objects need to solve problems :

what to purchase;

how much to purchase;

who has purchased;

in what conditions to purchase.

In addition, it is necessary to perform work:

enter into a contract;

control the execution of the contract;

arrange delivery;

organize warehousing.

Production Logistics

The tasks of production logistics concern the management of material flows within enterprises creating material benefits or providing such material services as storage, packaging, wrestling, laying, etc. The specificity of production logistics is territorial compactness. The boundaries of the activity include the entire production, partially supply and partially sales.

Participants in the logistics process within the framework of industrial logistics are associated with intraproductive relations, i.e. The flow is not as a result of contracts, but as a result of management decisions of the management of the enterprise (as opposed to the participants in the logistics process on the macro levels related by commodity-monetary relations).

Inspection logistics systems are a number of subsystems in relations and connections with each other forming a certain integrity, unity. These subsystems: Purchase, warehouses, reserves, production, transport, transport, information, sales and frames ensure the entry of the material flow into the system, passing inside it and output from the system. In accordance with the concept of logistics, the construction of intra-production logistics systems should ensure the possibility of constant coordination and mutual adjustment of plans and actions of equipped, production and sales links within the enterprise.

The logistics concept of the organization of production includes the following main provisions:

rejection of excessive stocks;

refusal of overwhelmed time for the fulfillment of basic and transport and warehouse operations;

refusal of making a series of parts that are not ordered by buyers;

elimination of equipment downtime;

mandatory removal of marriage;

elimination of irrational intra-water transport;

transformation of suppliers from opposing side in friendly partners.

Distribution logistics

Distribution Logistics -this is a complex interconnected functionsimplemented in the process of distribution of material flow between different wholesale buyers, that is, in the process of wholesale of goods. The retail trade process (customer service) in logistics is usually not considered.

Object studyin the distribution logistics - material flow at the stage of movement from the supplier to the consumer. Subject study- rationalization of the process of physical movement of the product to the consumer.

Distribution logistics covers the entire set of tasks for managing the material flow on the plot of the supplier - the consumer, ranging from the moment of setting the task of the implementation and ending with the moment outputdelivered product from the sphere of the focus of the supplier. At the same time, the main share occupies the tasks of controlling material flows, solved in the process of promoting already finished products to consumer.

Machinery of distribution logistics on micro- and macro levels differ . At the enterprise level, that is, on the micro level, the logistics puts and solves the following tasks:

planning the implementation process;

organization of receipt and processing of the order;

selection of the type of packaging, making a decision on the configuration, as well as the organization of performing other operations directly preceding shipment; ^

organization of products shipment;

organization of delivery and transportation of transportation;

organization of post-dealer service.

At the macro level to the tasks of distribution logistics include:

selection of the distribution scheme of the material flow;

determination of the optimal number of distribution centers (warehouses) on the service area;

determination of the optimal location of the distribution center (warehouse) at the territory of the territory, as well as a number of other Chadach, related to the management of the process of passing the material flow through the territory of the area, region, countries, etc.