The Russian Engineering Troops are one of the most diverse and technically equipped troops. The engineering weapons system includes over 600 items of various types and kits. In 2017 More than 750 units were delivered to the troops. engineering technology.
On January 18, 2018, the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Central Research Testing Institute of Engineering Troops” of the Russian Ministry of Defense (Nakhabino village, Moscow region) held an organizational meeting of the Council of Chief Designers for systems and means of engineering support for the weapons system of the ground component of general purpose forces. The meeting was attended by representatives of the Russian Ministry of Defense and 56 chief designers of industrial enterprises in all areas of engineering support.
Chief of the Engineering Troops of the RF Armed Forces, Lieutenant General Yu.M. Stavitsky especially noted that havingXiathe level of preparedness and equipment is the main guarantee of preserving the lives of military personnel. He emphasized the need to create a new collegial body - the Council of Chief Designers.
Yu.M. Stavitsky introduced to those present the Chief Designer for Systems and Engineering Support of the Weapon System of the Land Component of General Purpose Forces, General Director of JSC NIII, I.M. Smirnova.
In his speech, I.M. Smirnov focused on the specifics of the activities of the Chief Designer, general problematic issues of development, revealing the composition, structure and main areas of activity of the Council of Chief Designers.
In turn, the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Engineering Troops presented basic requirements for the appearance of engineering weapons in the near future, which means that the Council of Chief Designers has something to work on.
The meeting participants watched a documentary about the Russian engineering troops and laid wreaths at the monument to “Internationalist Soldiers, Combatants and Participants of the Great Patriotic War,” opened in 2017. on the territory of the institute.
unique laboratory base,
located in 15 specialized
buildings;
more than 40 multidisciplinary laboratories
thorium and laboratory complexes, equipment
ored with special stands
and installations, for a comprehensive assessment
ki weapons and means of radiation, chemical and biological protection;
modern instrumentation for conducting physicochemical, radiometric, spectrometric, toxicological, biochemical, physiological and immunological studies;
a unique scientific and information fund;
a highly qualified scientific team, which includes more than doctors and candidates of science;
an unparalleled testing ground with an area of more than 450 km2, including more than 50 different specialized structures and a developed system of access roads and utility networks;
more than 20 equipped working fields and sites for full-scale testing of weapons, military and special equipment;
33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - 80 years since its foundation Attention! Read the electronic version of the magazine on the website of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - http://www.mil.ru Military Thought E-mail: [email protected] The magazine is available for free sale at the Russian Research Center of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
Index of the magazine for Russian and foreign subscribers according to the Rospechat catalog - according to the catalog of All Press LLC - ISSN 0236-2058 Military Thought. 2008. No. 6. 1 – DEAR COMRADES!
I cordially congratulate the management, employees and veterans of the 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense My history Ulyanovsk Guards Twice Red Banner of the Russian Federation on the 80th anniversary of the Order of the Red Star Higher Tank Command School of Education! named after V.I. Lenin leads from the Simbirsk pe created in 1918. At all stages of the historical path, the institute command courses, which were then institute provided a quality solution, renamed the 2nd Simbirsk school to the most complex and responsible tasks of the remand staff (1921), rifle- artilleryization of the state military-technical (1931), armored (1932) schools, Czech radiation policy and the 1st Ulyanovsk Armored School (1937).
Many of its graduates were awarded the highest degrees in chemical protection in the Armed Forces, 75 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union from the Russian Federation. About this type of use, and I.N. Boyko was awarded this title and the Order of Combat and Labor twice.
Red Banner, which was awarded to the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
The editorial board and the editors of the magazine “Military Thought” Ser The Institute is a unique research and wholeheartedly congratulates the employees and graduates of the school, the Council of the Veterinary Organization of our troops, recognized as a school of sub-wounds, headed by retired Guard Colonel A.A. Andronov with the preparation of scientific personnel, which is distinguished by the highest profession - the 90th anniversary of the founding of the illustrious educational institution and wished for nationalism and responsibility: whether it be conducting research and giving everyone good health, happiness and new successes, with the dignity of testing new high-tech weapons and military service in life, the high rank and honor of a tank officer, to be proud of the equipment or the accomplishment of specific tasks by military scientists - of belonging to the illustrious cohort of GUKTU guards!
those involved in the liquidation of the consequences of the radiation disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the earthquake in Spitak, and the LENINGRAD HIGHER participation in supporting combat operations in Afghanistan and Chechnya.
COMMON ARMS TWICE The leadership of the Ministry of Defense highly appreciates the significant contribution made by the institute’s employees to strengthening the SCHOOL NAMED AFTER S.M. KIROV defense capability of the Russian army in improving the system of radiation, chemical and biological safety One of the oldest military educational institutions of the Armed Forces - Leningrad Armed Forces and State. Higher Combined Arms Command It is gratifying to note that, despite all the objective difficulties, the institute, as a city-forming organization, provides the twice Red Banner School with worthy. CM. Kirov is 90 years old! In accordance with the order of the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, new living conditions that meet modern requirements at the base of the former Oranienbaum Officer Rifle School and for military personnel and members of their families, scientific staff and veterinarians of the first machine gun reserve regiment were created on May 24, 1918 in military town of Shikhany. Oranienbaum machine gun school of the Red Army, later transformed into machine gun courses, and then into the 1st Petrograd Infantry School. Another military educational for I am sure that the staff of the institute will continue to direct their knowledge, standing at the origins of the school, were the 3rd infantry Soviet Petrograd forces, knowledge and creative energy to maintain the authority of the Finnish courses, opened by order of the All-Russian Main Staff for the Military of Russia in the military chemical field. educational institutions dated November 14, 1918. In 1926, the International Red Banner School became part of the 1st Leningrad Infantry School, bringing more I wish everyone good health, happiness, prosperity, achievements, rich combat experience and the high award of the Motherland - the Order of the Red Banner, which plans, new achievements in science, further success in service and she was awarded in 1922.
work in the name and for the benefit of Russia! The Great Patriotic War was a severe test for the officers and cadets of the school. For the exemplary fulfillment of command assignments and the valor and courage shown at the same time, on February 6, 1942, the school was awarded the Second Head of the Quartering and Arrangement Service with the Order of the Red Banner.
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (until April 2008 - The Afghan and two Chechen wars became another combat test for the Kirov residents. 956 graduates of the school passed through them, 72 of them gave their lives on the battlefield.
Chief of the Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops During the existence of the school, 120 graduates were produced. More than twenty-two thousand officers graduated from its walls, 57 graduates were awarded the high rank of Colonel General - Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Russia.
V. Filippov The editorial board and editorial staff of the magazine “Military Thought” warmly and cordially congratulate all Kirov residents, the Council of Veterans on the anniversary of the illustrious school and wish them good health, goodness and prosperity, new successes in the noble cause of serving the Fatherland.
THOUGHT MILITARY THEORETICAL JOURNAL BODY OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE 6 2008 RUSSIAN FEDERATION June PUBLISHED SINCE JUNE 1, 1918 CONGRATULATIONS OF COLLEAGUES 33 TsNII........................... EDITORIAL BOARD :
WORD TO THE ANNIVERSARY S.V. Rodikov S.V. KUKHOTKIN – Application of methodology (editor-in-chief) of managed systems to increase A.V. Aleshin effectiveness of protection against mass weapons Yu.N. Baluevsky's defeats................................................... .................... A.V. Belousov O.V. Burtsev R.N. SADOVNIKOV, A.YU. BOIKO, A.I. MANETS - V.N. Buslovsky Prospects for the use of funds N.I. Vaganov remote radiation reconnaissance...................... M.G. Vozhakin M.A. Gareev E.V. SHATALOV, O.N. ALIMOV – Integrated A.G. Gerasimov system of personal protective equipment V.E. Evtukhovich from weapons of mass destruction................................... O.A. Ivanov V.I. Isakov E.V. SHATALOV, E.V. EGOROV – Prospects of E.A. Karpov development of the infantry flamethrower system A.F. Klimenko as an integral part of A.F. Maslov of individual combat equipment N.G. Mikhaltsov military personnel ................................................... .......... A.V. Osetrov V.A. Popov S.V. KUKHOTKIN, G.I. OLEFIR, A.S. VELYAMINOV - M.M. Popov Scientific and methodological foundations of the organization V.A. Popovkin application of formations of radiation troops, A.S. Rukshin of chemical and biological protection of the RF Armed Forces under E.I. Semenov liquidation of emergency situations at chemically (responsible secretary of the editorial board) hazardous facilities.................................................... ............................... VC. Sinilov V.V. Smirnov CONGRATULATIONS TO VETERANS OF THE INSTITUTE........ V.G. Khalitov Yu.M. Chubarev GEOPOLITICS AND SECURITY (deputy editor-in-chief) A.A. Shvaichenko A.V. RACHUK – Methodological approach to determining the levels of unacceptable damage to the economic system of the state.................................................... ......................... S.A. KOMOV, S.V. KOROTKOV, I.N. DYLEVSKY – On the evolution of modern American doctrine EDITORIAL ADDRESS:
"information operations"......................................... 119160, Moscow , MILITARY ART Khoroshevskoe highway, 38d.
Editorial Board I.N. VOROBYEV, V.A. KISELEV – Strategic “Military Thought”
in modern wars........................................................ .. Phones:
693-58-94, 693-57-73 K.A. TROTSENKO – On the implementation of combat capabilities fax: 693-58-92 of the tactical grouping of troops.................................. Attention authors! IN THE OPINION OF THE AUTHOR To pay royalties, you must inform the editor M.S. SHUTENKO – On the issue of keeping your INN, address, series and electronic warfare number.................................................... ....... passport, date of birth and number of the insurance certificate of state pension insurance.
“Military Thought”, CONGRATULATIONS TO COLLEAGUES 33 TO THE INSTITUTE CONGRATULATIONS TO COLLEAGUES 33 TO THE INSTITUTE ANOTHER anniversary date in the life of the staff of the 33rd Central Scientific Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense is an excellent occasion to pay tribute and admiration to all those who devoted themselves to the Shihans: workers, engineers, scientists, soldiers, officers.
With all the variety of specialties and professions represented in the large staff of the institute, there is one quality that all employees without exception possess – true patriotism. It was this quality that brought together representatives of various cities and towns throughout Russia into a unique community, the purpose of which was to protect and increase the defense capability and authority of the Motherland.
Many bright scientists and science organizers, highly qualified testers created the impeccable reputation of the institute: academicians I.L. Knunyants, A.D. Kuntsevich, top-class specialists V.G. Zolotar, N.S. Antonov, V.T. Zabornya, V.P. Malyshev, M.I. Smirnov, V.P. Kar pov. This list can go on for a long, long time.
Coverage of the results of the work of departments and departments of the institute, impressive scientific achievements are rarely found on the pages of scientific journals and publications, however, they are clearly felt in every model, weapons systems, recommendations for troops that are developed and implemented in the defense complex with the participation of specialists Institute.
33 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and Shikhany are a wonderful community of military and civilian scientists, theorists and practitioners, unique specialists. Their role and importance for the state and society cannot be effectively replaced by the results of the activities of any other structures and institutions.
Without exaggeration, it can be argued that the institute and everything connected with it is the national treasure of Russia, the development, support and prosperity of which is an objective necessity and the main task of the command of the Russian Chemical Defense Forces, the leadership of the institute and its large staff.
On the day of the 80th anniversary of the glorious Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense, please accept my most sincere congratulations, wishes for new creative and labor successes, progressive growth and development of fundamental and applied branches of knowledge, which are the basis of your fruitful, so necessary work for the benefit of our Motherland.
A convinced Shihanite, director of the Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, State Prize laureate, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.R. Rembovsky CONGRATULATIONS TO COLLEAGUES 33 TO THE INSTITUTE OF COLLECTIVES of Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman congratulates the personnel of the 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the 80th anniversary of its formation!
Your institute has made a worthy contribution to the development of military chemical science and to the creation of a reliable defense shield for our Motherland. Today, the institute has accumulated a large scientific and technical potential, a unique laboratory and field experimental base has been created, which makes it possible to successfully solve the most complex problems in the development of modern weapons and radiation, chemical and biological protection equipment.
On this significant day for you, it is pleasant to note that the teams of MSTU named after N.E. Bauman and the institute are working closely on research into various scientific and technical aspects of improving the technical equipment of the Russian Chemical Defense Forces. We note the high scientific authority of your institute both in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and in the defense industry.
We wish the entire team, veterans of the institute, good health, creative longevity, prosperity and new achievements in strengthening the power of Russia!
Rector of Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences I.B. Fedorov FROM THE WORKING TEAM OF CJSC “Ki Rasa” and on my own behalf, I congratulate you on this significant date - the 80th anniversary of the founding of the institute. 33 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is the main research institution of the radiation, chemical and biological protection troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
High professionalism, a responsible approach to business, efficiency in decision-making, friendliness and assistance in solving complex technical problems - these are the main qualities that characterize the work of the management and staff of the institute. Thanks to them, the institute deservedly occupies a leading position in Russia in terms of the level and quality of its research.
During this period, the Institute’s employees have done a tremendous amount of work to create and develop new types of military equipment, train scientific personnel, and made a significant contribution to improving and increasing the combat effectiveness of the country’s Armed Forces.
CONGRATULATIONS TO THE INSTITUTE 33 BY COLLEAGUES We wish the respected staff of the Institute further creative success in the development of military science, in the noble cause of strengthening the defense capability of Russia, health and happiness to you and your loved ones.
General Director of CJSC "Kirasa"
V.A. Kormushin THE TEAM of the closed joint stock company "Polymerfilter" cordially congratulates the personnel of the 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the 80th anniversary of its foundation!
Over the 80 years of its activity, your institute has made a significant contribution to solving a set of problems to ensure the protection of the country’s troops and population from chemical weapons, radioactive substances and biological agents. We are pleased to note that the path traversed by the institute over its eightieth anniversary is directly and closely related to the labor efforts of our staff and the implementation of many of your recommendations into specific defense products.
We appreciate your merits, marked by high state awards, the modest work of each performer and wish you further success in solving common problems. The Institute is distinguished by extensive connections with the troops, research institutions, educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense, scientific, design and industrial enterprises.
On this significant day for you, it is pleasant to note that the teams of JSC “Polymerfilter” and your institute are working closely on research into various scientific and technical aspects in the development of modern water supply facilities.
We wish the entire staff of the institute further creative success in strengthening the combat power of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for the benefit of the Motherland!
General Director of CJSC "Polymerfilter"
Laureate of the State Prize S.Yu. Eroshchev ON BEHALF of the team of the Order of Lenin of JSC Neorganika, we congratulate the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the glorious 80th anniversary of the organization.
Over all these years, you have stood guard over the safety of our Armed Forces and the entire population from the possible impact of weapons of mass destruction from a potential enemy.
CONGRATULATIONS TO THE INSTITUTE 33 BY COLLEAGUES You have substantiated, developed, and tested hundreds of new models of protection, indication, and degassing equipment, which in their technical characteristics have always been not inferior to foreign models, and most often surpassed them. The standards, guidelines, and instructions that you developed for the combat operation of samples ensured the effective use of new means.
The gigantic work you have done has ensured high security for our Armed Forces and population, which prevented the use of weapons of mass destruction against us during this entire period.
The employees of the institute made an invaluable contribution through their heroic work to the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
The high level of research and testing work carried out at the institute, most of which are unique, contributes to the development in industry, in particular in our association, of perfect models of equipment. The Institute has rightfully become a forge of highly qualified personnel. Hundreds of candidates and doctors of science working at the institute work not only in the Armed Forces, but also in many industrial organizations, making a worthy contribution to our economy. The Institute rightfully enjoys unquestioned authority among scientific institutions in the country and abroad.
The institute's developments have repeatedly received the highest state awards, including State Prizes.
Our association has been working closely with the institute from the very beginning of its formation, continuously throughout these 80 years. All these years, we have constantly felt the reliable shoulder of our colleagues in a common cause. We received invaluable assistance in our work from both specialists from our departments and the management of the institute. What we have achieved is also your merit, for which we are very grateful. We hope for further fruitful cooperation.
We wish you, the outpost of military chemical science, further success in your work, prosperity, and personal happiness to all employees of the institute.
General Director of OJSC ENPO Neorganika
Laureate of the State Prize V.V. Chebykin ACCEPT sincere congratulations on the anniversary birthday of the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
The 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has come a long and fruitful way and today is a wonderful example of how creative search in combination with labor, energy, knowledge, will and organizational abilities of all generations of the scientific elite of the institute can lead to excellent results.
Over the years, the institute has become a leader in many areas of development of new technologies in military chemical science.
CONGRATULATIONS TO THE INSTITUTE 33 BY COLLEAGUES Your Institute is a founder in the field of creating and improving various means of chemical protection of troops and the population of our Motherland.
The scope of daily activities, professionalism and competence of the friendly team inspire respect and allow us to see your institution as a reliable partner in the implementation of the most daring projects within the framework of our scientific cooperation.
We are confident that your movement towards new successes will continue in the future.
I wish the entire team the embodiment of creative ideas, prosperity, prosperity, stability and continuous movement forward!
General Director of GosNIOKHT, Doctor of Technical Sciences V.B. Kondratyev ON BEHALF of the employees of the State Unitary Enterprise Instrument Design Bureau, I cordially congratulate you on the 80th anniversary of the institute.
Our organizations are connected by many years of fruitful work on developing flamethrower weapons.
Celebrating the glorious anniversary of your institute, I would like to emphasize the high professionalism of the employees and responsibility in fulfilling the assigned tasks to strengthen the defense capability of our country.
I would like to express special gratitude to all former and current employees of the institute for their enormous contribution to our joint work, for the kind, human relations that have developed between the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the State Unitary Enterprise “KBP”.
Happy holiday, dear friends, I wish you all good health, success in your assigned work, new scientific achievements, personal well-being and further fruitful cooperation between us!
General Director of State Unitary Enterprise "KBP"
Doctor of Economics and Candidate of Technical Sciences A. L. Rybas MANAGEMENT and the team of JSC "Center for Special Design - Vector" cordially congratulates the personnel of the 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the significant date - the 80th anniversary of Education Day!
The date being celebrated is an important stage in a difficult and responsible path that you have passed with honor and dignity. You have made a great contribution CONGRATULATIONS OF COLLEAGUES 33 TO THE INSTITUTE to the successful activities of the radiation, chemical and biological protection troops and, as a consequence, to the strengthening of Russia and defense industry enterprises.
For 80 years, we grew step by step and improved our experience and skills, trained experienced leaders, and raised a strong team of specialists.
The team of JSC “Center for Special Design - Vector” always feels support, an honest assessment of the merits of the products being developed, and assistance in ensuring work on the creation of new models of equipment.
Extensive professional experience, a deep understanding of the issues of providing troops with new types of weapons and military equipment, the ability to highlight the most promising directions for their development - these are the qualities that have earned your organization the sincere respect of industrial enterprises.
And today the team of JSC “Center for Special Design - Vector” is deeply confident that further cooperation and joint work will allow us to create the best models of equipment needed by the Russian Armed Forces.
80 years is an important milestone in life, but you still have many great and glorious deeds and achievements ahead of you.
We sincerely wish you good health, prosperity, and also to celebrate the new anniversary with new successes for the benefit of our Motherland.
General Director of JSC "Center for Special Design - Vector"
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Honorary Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Natural Sciences E.M. Litvinenko DEAR team of the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation! Please accept congratulations on the 80th anniversary of the institute!
Thanks to close collaboration with specialists from the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, a number of the most important samples for the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia were tested and accepted for supply.
CONGRATULATIONS TO THE INSTITUTE 33 BY COLLEAGUES We value the good relations that have developed between our teams and hope for long-term and fruitful cooperation.
Dear colleagues, we wish you good health, prosperity, and further success in your professional activities!
General Director of OJSC "Sorbent"
B.A. Dubovik DEAR colleagues! The management and employees of the State Scientific Center FSUE “TsNIIKhM” cordially congratulate the staff of the Federal State Institution 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the 80th anniversary of its formation. All the long-term and fruitful activities of the institute are aimed at solving the most complex scientific, technical and special military problems of creating and operating high-tech weapons and ensuring radiation, chemical and biological safety of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the state as a whole.
The highly qualified staff of the institute and a unique testing base that has no analogues in the country and abroad ensure the successful creation and development of the latest models of weapons and military equipment.
We note with particular satisfaction the institute’s contribution to the training of military chemists, testers, commanders and military personnel to improve the defense capability of our Motherland.
On the day of our 80th anniversary, we sincerely confirm our readiness to strengthen the good traditions that have developed in our creative ties and jointly develop new areas of research and development.
Many years of life, health, scientific achievements, creative success, family well-being, success and happiness to your family and friends!
General Director of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation FSUE "TsNIIKhM"
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor S.V.Eremin DEAR Sergey Vladimirovich!
FSUE “GNPP “Splav” congratulates you and the staff of the institute on the 80th anniversary of the formation of the 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
Throughout its existence, the institute has confidently maintained a leading position as a research and testing organization not only in the radiation, chemical and biological defense forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, but also in the Ministry of Defense as a whole.
The institute’s staff adequately responds to the challenges of the time and the assigned tasks, constantly participates in testing new models of equipment, and also improves previously released ones, conducting fundamental and applied research, developing the most advanced technologies.
Joint cooperation in the creation and testing of such special equipment products as unguided rockets as part of heavy flamethrower systems TOS-1 and TOS-1A, a vapor-liquid installation for special processing PZhU SO "Blanche", an autonomous device for special processing APSO "Zabaikalye", a set of autonomous military devices of special processing “Lipstick”, showed the high scientific and creative potential of the team of the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
The combination of scientific potential and traditions, as well as the unique laboratory and testing facilities of the institute provide the ability to solve problems in creating and testing promising samples of special equipment at a high scientific and technical level.
I wish you and the staff of the Institute good health, happiness, success, scientific achievements and creative success.
General Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Scientific and Production Enterprise "Splav", Hero of the Russian Federation, Laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor N.A. Makarovets DEAR friends!
The team of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "FSPC "Pribor"
congratulates you on the significant date - the 80th anniversary of the formation of the Federal State Institution 33rd Central Research and Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
On this solemn day, let me note that the staff of the institute confidently occupies a leading position as a scientific institution, allowing for many years to conduct unique full-scale experiments to test the latest models of weapons and military equipment. The Institute's merits have been recognized with high government awards.
Joint cooperation over many years has bound us by bonds of mutual creativity, work for the benefit of the Motherland to create the latest models of technology.
CONGRATULATIONS FROM COLLEAGUES 33 TO THE INSTITUTE The staff of the Institute are highly qualified specialists, scientists who continue in modern conditions the glorious scientific traditions of the Institute.
Dear colleagues, we wish you good health, personal happiness, prosperity, scientific and creative achievements.
General Director, Academician O.T. Chizhevsky TEAM of OJSC “Research Institute of Rubber and Latex Products” cordially congratulates the staff of the 33rd Central Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the glorious event - the 80th anniversary of its creation.
For us, the activities of your team aimed at studying the influence of various unfavorable factors on the human body and methods of protecting it are especially valuable. Wide erudition, high professional level, interest in identifying the most reliable ways and methods of human protection ensure the accuracy and reliability of the institute’s research results.
We wish your team further successful work for the benefit of our Motherland, and we also wish each team member success, health and happiness.
Sincerely, General Director of JSC Scientific Research Institute of Rubber and Latex Products
V.V. Ivanov A WORD TO THE ANNIVERSARY Application of controlled systems methodology to improve the effectiveness of protection against weapons of mass destruction Colonel S.V. KUKHOTKIN, candidate of technical sciences KUKHOTKIN Sergey Vladimirovich was born on March 13, 1959 in the village of Susolovka, Ustyug district, Vologda region.
Graduated from the Tambov Higher Military Command School of Chemical Defense (1980), Military Academy of Chemical Defense (1991).
Since 1991 - at the 33rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. He worked his way up from a junior researcher to the head of an institute. Specialist in the field of operational-tactical and feasibility studies of the prospects for the development of weapons and means of radiation, chemical and biological protection.
He was awarded the Order of Military Merit and many medals. Author of more than 190 scientific papers. Associate Professor, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Engineering Sciences, Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences.
THE MODERN concept for the development of means and methods for protecting troops and facilities from weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is based on the holistic concept of a protection system as a closed information and control loop, including all stages of the work of various control levels - from organizing the collection of information about radiation, chemical and biological ( RCB) situation to control functions related to the implementation of adequate protective measures. This is due to the fact that, since there are no simple and permanent means of protection against weapons of mass destruction, the implementation of any measures to protect military units is carried out on command after analyzing the data characterizing the current situation.
Figure 1 shows a structural and functional diagram of such a system, developed on the basis of a generalization of structural models of control systems known from the theory of automatic control and regulation. In accordance with this scheme, the protection functioning algorithm is as follows. According to reconnaissance data, the probable state of the control object is predicted in the planned time interval of combat work. Taking into account these data and based on the results of monitoring the current state of the object, the control body generates an impact that transfers the protection subsystem to a certain state, which in turn ensures that the object remains in a combat-ready state.
In terms of control theory, with the help of technical means of NBC reconnaissance, one of the fundamental principles of control is implemented - the principle of compensation or control based on measurement data of a disturbing factor with the so-called open control loop, in which the actual state of the object is not controlled.
This principle has a significant drawback, namely that S.V. KUKHOTKIN Fig. 1. Structural and functional diagram of the system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. The presence of instrumental and methodological errors in the information circuit of the system over time leads to a deviation of the object’s state from the required one.
With the help of RCB control, the second fundamental principle of control is implemented - the principle of feedback or control of the deviation of the object’s state from the specified one. In this case, the control action is corrected, as a result of which the control cycle becomes closed. The disadvantage of this principle is that control errors are not eliminated, but only corrected, i.e.
taken into account in subsequent decisions.
There is a third fundamental principle - the principle of direct control, when protection measures are carried out regardless of the presence or absence of data on the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction and the current state of control objects. This principle is not always implemented due to the constraining and debilitating effects of modern means and methods of protection.
It should be emphasized that a fundamental feature of the structural diagram of a functional protection system is the presence in its structure of two information subsystems (channels) with different purposes: NBC reconnaissance and NBC control. At present, such a division is clearly visible only for systems of protection against radiation factors of a nuclear explosion, in which reconnaissance means are represented by dose rate meters, and control means are represented by dose meters. In relation to identifying the chemical and biological conditions, there is currently no such obvious hardware separation. The forecasting and control functions are carried out using the same equipment. However, it is fundamentally important that the decision-making process on protection is always based on two types of information: a forecast of the impact of weapons of mass destruction based on NBC reconnaissance data on objects and an assessment based on NBC monitoring data of their current state.
The absence of any of these information components makes it fundamentally impossible to select adequate protective measures.
APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WMD As is known, the starting and most critical stage of the mathematical description of a controlled process is the selection and formalization of the control goal. Choosing the “wrong” elements of the system means creating a less effective system; choosing the “wrong” goal means creating the wrong system.
The goal of protection in one or another link of the hierarchical control system is dictated by the very formulation of the combat mission by a higher command link and can be formulated as ensuring the combat capability of the control object (in a particular case, through the use of personal protective equipment) in the time interval for completing this task.
There is a probabilistic dependence of the loss of combat effectiveness on the intensity and time of exposure to one or another damaging factor of weapons of mass destruction, i.e., on the dose of radiation, toxodose or infectious dose (generally - dose). Consequently, the current dose value is an objective quantitative characteristic that determines the state of combat capability of the control object, and, therefore, a formal control object from the point of view of protection against weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, the goal of functioning of the protection system is achieved only if the dose to the personnel of the control object does not exceed a certain conditionally permissible value, at which the probability of failure of the object is close to zero or does not exceed a certain specified value.
Formally, the goal of security management is given by the inequality:
D(Tb.r.) Dadd, (1) where Dadd is a conditionally permissible dose that does not lead to loss of combat capability in the time interval for performing combat work.
All protective measures are ultimately aimed at reducing the dose in one way or another; therefore, the protective properties of protective measures are fully characterized by the dose reduction factor (protection coefficient) due to these measures relative to the unprotected state. Therefore, from a formal point of view, protection management is the planning and implementation of measures that ensure the required protection factor (Kz). The value of this coefficient serves as an integral characteristic of the complex of planned protection measures in the time interval of combat work and essentially represents a formalized description of the control action.
In the general case, control capabilities are limited by a certain maximum value of the protection coefficient Kmax, which determines the actual limit of the active activity of the control body to reduce the damaging effect of controlled WMD factors, i.e., the protection resource of one or another control link.
Accordingly, the controlled region of possible states of the control object is defined by the following inequalities:
1 Kz K max. (2) The physical meaning of the introduced concepts: protection resource, controlled area - is explained in Figure 2. It schematically represents the damage zone of unprotected objects, limited by the curve for the permissible dose, and the damage zone, determined by the finite protection resource, limited by the curve for the dose determined as produced by S.V. KUKHOTKIN Fig. 2. Illustration of the concepts of “protection resource”
and "managed area"
maintaining the permissible dose per protection resource. Here the controlled area is the area of loss prevention through protection measures.
Objects in the affected area are not controllable, i.e., in the general case, the process of protection against weapons of mass destruction is limitedly controllable.
It should be noted that outside the controlled area (with D Dadd) the implementation of excessive protection measures means an unjustified expenditure of effort and resources and, in a certain sense, a decrease in the combat capability of the protected object.
In a generalized form, the protection control algorithm is reduced to a standard control scheme known from control theory. This scheme can be easily traced in all currently existing manuals and manuals on NBC protection.
Firstly, according to reconnaissance data, the dose Dpr that can be received by an object during the execution of a combat mission is predicted.
Secondly, according to the control data, the dose Dkn received by the object earlier is determined. And finally, thirdly, the governing body plans protection measures to ensure the short circuit protection coefficient, which is determined by the following equation:
Dpr Kz =, (3) Dadd Dkn where Dadd is the permissible dose that does not lead to loss of combat effectiveness of the object.
It is important to note that the process of developing a decision on measures to protect an object can be repeated many times as new combat missions are set or the current operational-tactical situation changes. The sequence of control cycles constitutes the dynamics of the object protection process.
In real military structures or even in individual control cycles, structural and functional schemes can be implemented in which there is no reconnaissance or control channel or both channels. These diagrams are not typical and can be considered as special cases of a general functional diagram. Moreover, upon closer examination, it turns out that even in such “degenerate” schemes, the absence of information channels is only apparent. The fact is that in the decision-making process, the missing information is always completed (intuitively predicted with varying degrees of reliability) by the decision maker.
APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WMD Due to the influence of errors in information channels of reconnaissance and control, the protection coefficient of real protection measures will always differ from the required one according to (3) and will be determined by an expression that takes into account these errors:
Dpr(r) (1 + rz) Кз =, (4) Dadd Dkn(r) (1 + kn) where Dpr(r) is the real dose that will be received instead of Dpr;
Dkn(r) - the real dose that was received instead of Dkn;
pz - error of radiochemical reconnaissance;
kn - RCB control error.
Taking into account the introduced notations, we can write down an expression for the total radiation dose that will be received by the object after completing the combat mission:
Dpr(r) Dreg = Dkn(r) +. (5) Кз Substituting (4) into (5) we obtain an expression for determining the state of the object, taking into account errors in the information control loop. Let us rewrite the resulting equality in general form:
Dobl = Dadd (1 + control). (6) On the right side of the expression, a dynamic control error of the control protection is introduced, which can be expressed through errors rz and kn, obtained in the reconnaissance and control circuits, respectively.
Consequently, it can be argued that the actual state of the control object at the time of the end of the next stage of activity, which took place under the conditions of implementation of specified protection measures, will differ from the required value by a very certain amount of dynamic error. Note that since reconnaissance and control errors are in the general case random variables, the dynamic control error and, accordingly, the state of the control object are also random variables. To this it should be added that at each point of the controlled area losses will occur due to control errors. Moreover, these losses are uncontrollable and cannot be foreseen in advance unless the dynamics of the protection process are taken into account.
Depending on the sign of the dynamic error, two types of errors occur in the security management process. An error of the first type is an underestimation of the destructive effect of weapons of mass destruction, and an error of the second type is an exaggeration of the danger when protective measures exceed the required level. It should be especially emphasized that the idea of mutual compensation of errors of the opposite sign, as is the case in the process of multiple measurements, is incorrect in relation to the process of repeated decision-making to protect an object from weapons of mass destruction. Control errors of different signs “work” in one direction, reducing the combat effectiveness of control objects either due to direct or due to conditional losses. In other words, the process of protecting military command and control facilities is characterized by the property of asymmetry with respect to information errors.
This difference dictates the need to justify the requirements for metrological characteristics within the framework of a functional control system, and not a measurement system, as is done in most cases at present.
S.V. KUKHOTKIN In real systems with a finite protection resource, there objectively exists a second hierarchical management level, the task of which is the rational use of the reserve for the restoration of non-functional objects. At this level, an error of the first type leads to failure of the combat mission, since an object that is not combat-ready will be allowed to complete it. On the contrary, in the event of a second type error - overestimation of the danger - a combat-ready object will be removed from the task. Thus, at all levels of the hierarchical control system there is an asymmetry of the protection process with respect to information errors. Information errors of any sign lead to losses of managed objects. At higher levels of management, the essence of conditional losses of objects from weapons of mass destruction is more clearly manifested, and these losses can be quantified if the distribution law of the dynamic control error is known.
This leads to a methodologically important conclusion: since in a controlled system the magnitude of losses is proportional to the dynamic error, then if its magnitude is sufficiently large and the impact of weapons of mass destruction is sufficiently small, the losses of protected objects will exceed the losses of unprotected objects. This fact can be confirmed by an experiment conducted by American military chemists during Operation Desert Storm (1991), when “chemical” losses of personnel were recorded. At the same time, it is known that Iraq did not use chemical weapons.
Consequently, in each specific case, for a given level (scale) of the impact of weapons of mass destruction and the given characteristics of the control loop, there is an optimal hierarchical level, above which protection control is impractical due to a large dynamic error.
The functional approach makes it possible to naturally introduce a general or integral criterion for the effectiveness of the process of protecting military installations, taking into account the dynamics of the process: prevented losses in each control cycle must be no lower than a given value, ensuring the preservation or restoration of the combat effectiveness of control objects. Moreover, the replacement of the affected object is considered as one of the measures to protect the highest hierarchical management levels, which stipulates certain specific requirements for the elements of the information control circuit of these levels.
Taking into account the probabilistic nature of the influencing factors, a quantitative indicator of effectiveness in a particular unit of troops can be the probability of maintaining the combat capability of the control object.
In this case, the integral criterion for the effectiveness of the protection process is given by the inequality P(D) Padd. (7) In the structural diagram of the security management system, information and executive subsystems can be distinguished; accordingly, the integral efficiency indicator can be decomposed into two generalized partial indicators:
P(D)=P(Kmax)P(, control) (8) where P(Kmax) is the probability of maintaining combat effectiveness due to the implementation of the maximum protection resource (Kmax) provided that the task is completed by the information protection control loop;
P(, control) – the probability of maintaining combat effectiveness in the defense system when using information characterized by the completeness of APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WMD (WMD), the efficiency of its receipt () and the root-mean-square dynamic control error (control).
In conclusion, we note that the most important generalization of the presented substantive model is the representation of the totality of means and methods of protection in various units of troops by one dynamic variable - the protection resource, the structure of which within the framework of this article we cannot describe in more detail.
The last general remark concerns the methodological position on the universality of the control mechanism underlying the developed models. Despite the variety of real situations, as well as formulated operational-tactical tasks for the protection of troops and objects from weapons of mass destruction, all of them can be described within the framework of a single fundamental diagram of the control system based on the fundamental principles of control known from control theory. It should be emphasized that these principles may not be realized in a more or less explicit form in the practical activities of various units of troops when organizing defense, but the objective reality is that it is the improvement of functional connections in the command and control circuit that correspond to these fundamental principles constitutes the internal content, the goal of improving the means and methods of protecting troops and objects from weapons of mass destruction at the present stage. Methods of the theory of automatic control make it possible to move, within the framework of models of controlled systems, to the study of the dynamic properties of the defense system associated with assessments of the stability and quality of troop control in conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction. Solving the problem of minimizing the dynamic error will make it possible to clarify the optimal requirements for the structure and characteristics of the system components included in the closed protection control loop.
Prospects for the use of remote radiation reconnaissance tools R.N. SADOVNIKOV, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Colonel A.Yu. BOYKO, Candidate of Technical Sciences A.I. MANETS, Candidate of Technical Sciences HIGH efficiency of radiation protection of troops can be achieved provided that the military system for detecting the radiation, chemical and biological situation (VSVO) ensures timely receipt of data that makes it possible to adequately assess the possible losses of personnel conducting combat operations in use of nuclear weapons or destruction of nuclear power facilities. In this regard, the fundamental requirements, presenting R.N. SADOVNIKOV, A.YU. BOIKO, A.I. The main advantages of this system are the efficiency and reliability of detecting the radiation situation.
The modern Air Force is built on a linear-hierarchical principle in accordance with the structural organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and consists of subsystems of the same type in structure, each of which functions in the interests of the command of a certain military level, usually at the tactical or operational-tactical level.
A typical modern VVVO subsystem includes an information collection and processing point (ICPOI) and a set of automated mobile radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance complexes (APK RKhBR), the number of which is determined depending on the level of the corresponding military unit (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Structural organization of the main technical means of the VSVO PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF REMOTE RADIATION INTELLIGENCE MEANS The central, system-forming element of each subsystem is the PSOI, which in formations and associations are, respectively, calculation and analytical groups (RAG) and calculation and analytical stations (CAST ). Currently, a reconnaissance vehicle of the RKhM-4 type, equipped with automated reconnaissance devices and their control devices, as well as equipment for transmitting data to a telecode communication channel organized with PSOI, can currently be considered as a typical RKhBR agro-industrial complex.
Despite its good efficiency, modern air defense systems nevertheless do not allow achieving a sufficiently high probability of obtaining complete and reliable reconnaissance data with the required efficiency in conditions of highly maneuverable, dynamic combat operations. This is due, first of all, to the low adaptive ability of the system to losses of the agro-industrial chemical complex. Thus, the disabling of even one RCBR hardware system entails the loss of information about radiation levels in one of the areas of the region controlled by the system. If this information is of significant value, when, for example, an important facility is located in this area, then it should be considered that the effectiveness of the water supply system in the current situation is unacceptably low.
An increase in the probability of detecting a situation can be achieved by increasing the standard number of RCBR hardware in each of the VSVO subsystems. Additional reconnaissance systems can represent a system reserve used in the event of losses to maintain the effectiveness of situation detection at the required level. However, it is obvious that this direction of development requires significant economic costs both during the period of modernization of the system and at the stage of its operation. Therefore, it is necessary to find the internal reserves of the system in order to ensure its high efficiency even in difficult operating conditions, and without increasing the standard number of hardware and chemical warfare equipment and the resources necessary to identify the situation.
In this regard, it seems more acceptable to increase the probability of detecting the situation by reducing the areas where radiation reconnaissance is carried out, which in turn makes it possible to reduce the amount of equipment for the chemical and chemical warfare equipment. Currently, in order to obtain a complete picture of the parameters of radioactive contamination of an area, reconnaissance must be carried out within the entire area of responsibility, even if the area of radioactive traces is insignificant. This approach is due to the impossibility of accurately predicting the wind field in which the cloud of a nuclear explosion moves in the spatiotemporal interval of the formation of dangerous radioactive contamination of the area. But the situation can change radically if remote radiation reconnaissance complexes are introduced into the existing air defense system, making it possible to track the trajectories of elements of clouds of nuclear explosions within the controlled territory. Processing this kind of information makes it possible to accurately determine areas of radioactive contamination and, accordingly, optimize the use of local reconnaissance systems.
From a formal point of view, it can even be argued that the use of the very term “radiation reconnaissance” in the case of a system where remote reconnaissance means are used to determine the position of radioactive traces becomes, to a certain extent, unlawful. After all, reconnaissance involves identifying the unknown, the unexpected. For modern VSVO, unexpected R.N. SADOVNIKOV, A.YU. BOIKO, A.I. MANETS (probabilistic) is the position of areas of radioactive contamination, which is determined during reconnaissance, but for the prospective system under consideration such information will be of a very specific nature.
The general algorithm for the functioning of the Air Force with the introduction of remote reconnaissance means into its composition involves the following activities: monitoring radioactive clouds with remote reconnaissance complexes;
determining the configuration of the area of radioactive contamination of the area;
calculation of the coordinates of control points at which it is necessary to measure infection parameters;
determination of reconnaissance routes;
Conducting radiation reconnaissance of the agro-industrial complex of chemical and chemical warfare systems.
Let us consider the general principles of interaction between remote and local reconnaissance means to clarify the area of situation detection. The initial, dynamically changing source of disturbance, causing uncertainty in the position and configuration of the area of radioactive contamination, is the atmosphere.
Indeed, it is impossible to predict how cloud diffusion will proceed at each moment in time, since the intensity of turbulence can change unpredictably at different intervals of the considered spatiotemporal region of the formation of a radioactive trace. The average parameters of the wind flow, the most important of which are its magnitude and direction, can also change significantly as the cloud moves.
Monitoring the position of the cloud and its size within the limits specified by the minimum considered concentration of radioactive aerosol allows for constant correction of the configuration and position of the area of radioactive contamination. However, in this case we get all the disadvantages of the disturbance control system, due to the fact that it is impossible to obtain complete information about all parameters (f1, f2, ..., fn) influencing the magnitude of the disturbance.
In this regard, it is advisable to add an error control loop.
Determination of the magnitude of the error made when predicting the configuration and position of the next section of radioactive contamination on the trail of a nuclear explosion cloud should be carried out on the basis of instrumental radiation reconnaissance data. The result obtained in this way is used to refine the algorithm for determining the area of infection based on cloud probing data. The outlined approach to the process of clarifying the scope of radiation reconnaissance can be displayed in the form of a functional diagram (Fig. 2).
In accordance with this approach, the task of the control body is to obtain information J by the minimum possible number of RCB APCs, which is the results of measurements of the gamma radiation dose rate at points located with the required density within the area of radioactive contamination (GRZM). At the output of the control system, information J is obtained, which represents the results of gamma radiation dose rate measurements within the radiation reconnaissance area (GRR). The quality of the control system will be characterized by the completeness of coincidence of the areas GRZM and GPP.
Thus, management in the Eastern Military District should be aimed at dynamically clarifying the scope of radiation reconnaissance by remote reconnaissance complexes based on data obtained by local reconnaissance complexes.
The interaction of local and remote reconnaissance systems in the process of identifying the radiation situation will be carried out. PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF REMOTE RADIATION INVESTIGATION MEANS Fig. 2. A combined system for controlling the process of optimizing the mode for identifying the radiation situation not directly, but through the PSOI used as an intermediate link (Fig. 3). When building a system based on this principle, it becomes possible to use separate communication channels for transmitting reconnaissance data and for transmitting cloud probing results.
This approach is due to the following reasons. Firstly, it must be remembered that sounding data must have priority over radiation reconnaissance data. This is due to the fact that the sounding results serve as the basis for determining or clarifying the position and configuration of local reconnaissance areas.
Secondly, through the communication channel used by local reconnaissance means, messages containing the results of measurements of gamma radiation dose rates will be transmitted with great intensity. Under such conditions, queues of messages can form at the input of the receiving device, which, in turn, can lead to significant delays (compared to the moment of transmission) in receiving the next results of sounding the radioactive cloud via PSOI.
It is obvious that the identification by remote reconnaissance methods of the position and configuration of areas subjected to radioactive contamination makes it possible to use the minimum possible number of radiochemical and chemical warfare equipment in each specific case to determine specific parameters of ionizing radiation fields. As a result, the efficiency of the water supply system is significantly increased. This increase can manifest itself in various ways, including through a variety of possibilities, which will be determined by the ratio of the number of local reconnaissance means and the scale of radioactive contamination.
For example, if only a small part of the controlled territory has been contaminated, and all standard RCHBR agro-industrial complexes are in combat-ready condition, then the following set of possibilities is available:
first, to determine the parameters of infection in accordance with standard methods, thereby achieving savings in fuel and engine life;
second - to use all available reconnaissance means and reduce the total time to identify the situation, which will ultimately help reduce the radiation losses of units;
third - to use all available reconnaissance means during the R.N. SADOVNIKOV, A.YU. BOIKO, A.I. MANEC Fig. 3. General scheme of information interaction of local and remote reconnaissance complexes in the process of identifying the radiation situation throughout the permissible time of identifying the situation in order to increase the density of measurement points to increase the reliability of identifying the situation, which will also reduce radiation losses.
As the proportion of the controlled territory that has been contaminated increases and the number of combat-ready RCBD agro-industrial complexes decreases, a limit may be reached at which an increase in the efficiency and reliability of detecting the situation compared to the minimum required values is not ensured.
Summarizing the above considerations, it can be argued that increasing the effectiveness of the air defense system when operating in unfavorable conditions requires the introduction of remote reconnaissance means into its composition. The use of such tools makes it possible to achieve the required efficiency and reliability of identifying the radiation situation not through extensive development of the system, but by expanding its functionality and improving operating algorithms.
An additional advantage, which will provide a reduction in the areas of radiation reconnaissance, is to reduce the level of requirements for the minimum permissible data transmission rate via automated communication channels, which in turn will have a positive impact on maintaining the required efficiency of air defense systems in conditions of disruption of radio communications after the enemy uses nuclear weapons. weapons.
PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF REMOTE RADIATION INVESTIGATION MEANS It is necessary, however, to note that the feasibility of the outlined direction for the development of the Eastern Military District will be achieved only if the costs of introducing remote reconnaissance complexes into its composition are compensated for by reducing local reconnaissance complexes.
If the total cost of the existing system for detecting the radiation situation, including local reconnaissance complexes, is determined by the formula:
Cc) = C ls mls), ((c (1) where LLS is the cost of one local reconnaissance complex, then the total cost of a promising system consisting of mDS of remote and mLS of local reconnaissance complexes will be:
C = C DS m DS + C LS m LS, (2) where SDS, SLS are the cost of the remote and local complex, respectively.
Taking into account the accepted notations, the condition for the feasibility of introducing remote reconnaissance complexes into the system for identifying the radiation situation takes the following form:
C DS m DS + C LS m LS C LS m(LS).
c (3) Having carried out the transformations, we obtain an expression for the ratio of the costs of remote and local reconnaissance complexes:
m(c) mLS C DS / C LS LS. (4) m DS In the event that the entire band controlled by the VSVO subsystem is viewed by one remote reconnaissance complex, then its permissible cost has a maximum value and is determined by how much the required number of RCBM hardware can be reduced.
The minimum required number of reconnaissance vehicles (MRVs) is determined, in turn, on the basis of existing views on the use of tactical nuclear weapons during combat operations.
If the limited use of nuclear weapons is expected, and mainly in the form of air explosions, then the relevance of introducing remote reconnaissance systems into the Air Force becomes obvious not only from a tactical and technical point of view, but also from an economic point of view.
Of course, the use of remote reconnaissance systems also seems justified in the case of organizing radiation reconnaissance after the release of radioactive substances into the surface layer of the atmosphere as a result of an accident at a nuclear power facility. In such a situation, the reduction in the required number of local reconnaissance systems for use within the framework of a modern air defense system can be very significant.
Thus, the analysis shows that the improvement of the modern military system for identifying the radiation, chemical and biological situation involves the introduction into its composition of new reconnaissance complexes designed for remote determination of a number of parameters of damaging factors. Of course, the creation of highly effective remote chemical warfare reconnaissance systems requires R.N. SADOVNIKOV, A.YU. BOIKO, A.I. MANETS will solve a number of complex scientific and technical problems, as a result of which they will be one of the most high-tech examples of modern military equipment. The introduction of these complexes, along with equipping troops with other promising weapons, will allow the Russian Armed Forces to successfully maintain parity with the armies of the technologically developed countries of the world.
Integrated system of means of protecting personnel from weapons of mass destruction Colonel E.V. SHATALOV, Doctor of Technical Sciences Lieutenant Colonel O.N. ALIMOV, Candidate of Technical Sciences ANALYSIS of the main directions of improvement of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in various countries of the world1 indicates that at present, in the armies of leading foreign states, work is intensively carried out to increase the effectiveness of the lethal effect of traditional ones and to develop promising types of weapons based on new principles and technologies.
Since weapons of mass destruction have never been used on a large scale, the set of measures to protect personnel from their damaging factors in combat conditions has not really been tested. The formation, development and change of weapons of mass destruction occurs on the basis of ideas about the nature of possible wars and operations, the results of field tests, the experience of exercises and a forecast assessment of the scale and consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction. Each successive stage of development or change in weapons of destruction is always accompanied by a revision of the requirements for the system of means of protecting troops. This often requires certain changes in the field of established concepts and traditional principles of protection, taking into account new properties and the likelihood of using different types of weapons.
Currently, the protection of personnel from the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction is provided by a large range of individual and collective protective equipment. So, for example, to protect the respiratory system from toxic substances (CHS), radioactive dust (RP) and biological agents (BS), five samples were accepted for supply, to protect the eyes from light radiation from a nuclear explosion (LNE) - two samples, etc. d. A similar situation has developed with air purification products for collective protection facilities (CPF).
The presence of a large list of agents that are monofunctional in their protective properties does not allow for the required level of their joint use. If it is necessary to provide comprehensive protection, the presence of a large number of equipment elements. Updated catalog of unified initial data - 2001. Characteristics of chemical weapons of leading foreign countries for the period up to 2020. M.: General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, 2001. P. 134.
THE SYSTEM OF MEANS FOR PROTECTING PERSONNEL FROM WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION leads to an increase in mass, and this ultimately reduces the effectiveness of use.
The creation of an integrated system of means of individual and collective protection against weapons of mass destruction will make it possible to reduce the range of products (samples, assemblies, parts, materials, etc.), ensure their interchangeability and compatibility, reduce the labor intensity of maintenance and repair, simplify the logistics system supplies, reduce financial costs for the purchase of new samples.
The experience of carrying out work on the integration of weapons and military equipment, and civilian products indicates the complexity of solving these problems. This is explained by the quite obvious desire to achieve the required efficiency of a technical solution with a minimum of components. This can be confirmed by the desire to provide protection of the human respiratory system from chemical agents, RP, BS and aerosols of other nature using a single filtering and absorbing element. However, the technical implementation of this solution will lead to the creation of a sample that does not meet the requirements for weight and size characteristics, breathing resistance, etc.
In this regard, the main attention when carrying out such work should be paid to the issues of ensuring the interchangeability and compatibility of elements (products). It should be emphasized that the solution to these issues should be provided both during the development of regulatory and technical documents and at the stages of the product life cycle (development, operation, etc.).
An analysis of the combat functioning of individual and collective protective equipment to ensure the protection of the same military personnel (for example, a squad of a motorized rifle platoon) indicates the need to create (preserve) several groups of unified means used at different stages of combat operations. It is advisable to base this division on the possibility (probability) of exposure to certain damaging factors on a person, as well as the intensity of the work performed.
The first group should include personal protective equipment (PPE) for personnel, since they are designed to protect the military personnel from almost all factors that are damaging and unfavorable to the human body. Consequently, the means of this group must have universal protective properties when exposed to all types of nuclear, chemical and biological ammunition available to the enemy, and ensure the preservation of the functional state of the body of military personnel when performing physical activity of any intensity.
The second group includes means of protecting the crews (crews) of mobile ground military equipment. Personnel located in these facilities can only be affected by explosive agents, BS and RP located in the air. Taking into account the algorithm for performing combat missions, the likelihood (necessity) of leaving objects in contaminated territory, etc., personnel will be forced to use both (or) collective and individual protective equipment.
The intensity of activity will also vary widely - from light to very heavy.
The main element of the integrated system of individual protection of personnel from weapons of mass destruction (first group) is the combined-arms filtering protective kit (OZK-F). It should be emphasized that today, unlike the OKZK (OKZK-M) suits, the OZK-F is an element of the combat kit for the individual E.V. SHATALOV, O.N. ALIMAL equipment (KBIE) of a military personnel and is used only when there is a threat and use of weapons of mass destruction.
In accordance with the concept of building a promising set of equipment, it includes the following systems: destruction, control, protection, life support and energy supply.
The basic set of individual combat equipment was developed in the late 90s of the last century and is designed to provide protection against ballistic, thermal and radioactive chemical agents. It consists mainly of elements developed by different ordering departments without a single target setting. In this regard, this CBIE has a number of significant disadvantages associated with low compatibility of elements, excessive total mass, etc.
When developing promising unified means of personal protection against weapons of mass destruction, the requirements for protection and life support systems of CBIE are taken into account.
Considering the CBIE protection system until 2015, it should be noted that the basis of ballistic protection and protection from weapons of mass destruction for a military serviceman will be a set of protective equipment, including body armor, armored helmet, etc. Improvement of the life support system during this period is mainly associated with the search for new materials for these products with improved ergonomic characteristics.
In accordance with the “Comprehensive target program for the development of individual combat equipment for military personnel of the Ground Forces and Airborne Forces,” by 2015, the basis for protecting military personnel from various adverse factors (defeat, bad weather, etc.) will be a combat suit with elements of protection against weapons of mass destruction integrated into it and life support.
Many years of experience in cooperation with organizations developing personal armor protection means indicate the need for the following areas of improvement and unification of the set of personal protective equipment (PPE) against weapons of mass destruction.
A combined arms filtering protective suit, in our opinion, should continue to be considered as a basic means of protection against traditional weapons of mass destruction, as well as non-lethal weapons based on the principles of destruction inherent in weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, the most difficult area of unification of ISIS from weapons of mass destruction and other CIPS systems will be the development of personal protective equipment for the respiratory organs. The complexity of the technical solution to this problem will be associated with the need to combine means of armor protection for the head and face of a serviceman, a system for supplying purified air to the respiratory organs, means of displaying information (displays) in the active vision zone, means of transmitting and receiving sound information.
When carrying out combat missions by specialists of the NBC shield troops, as well as other specialists performing combat missions outside the fire (ballistic) zone of the enemy, the OZK-F will be used in accordance with the norms and rules of its operation. When using a combat protective kit, protection of human skin from chemical weapons will be ensured by integrating the OZK-F chemical protective layer into the composition of the protective suit. Respiratory protection will be provided by the standard filter gas mask PMK, and in the future - by a promising means.
SYSTEM OF PROTECTION MEANS FOR PERSONNEL FROM WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Means for regulating the microclimate of the under-suit space, developed at the present time, will be identical for both CBIE and WMD ISIS.
Taking into account the dynamism and transience of modern combat, the degree of saturation of military formations with military equipment, it can be argued that personnel will be located inside mobile objects of military equipment for a very long period of time. These pages will conduct combat operations without leaving their facilities.
An analysis of the results of the development and operation of systems for protecting equipment from the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction, in particular means of air purification from chemical agents, RP and BS, showed that they have a number of significant shortcomings. Among them, the main one should be noted - existing filter and ventilation installations are not unified in terms of components and layout systems.
In this regard, it seems appropriate, as part of the unification of the SCP system for military equipment, to develop and equip the latter with air purification means operating on the principle of short-cycle, non-heating adsorption with regenerated absorbers.
It is proposed to develop an air purification system in the form of a general exchange-collector system with the inclusion of air conditioning equipment in its composition. In this case, dynamic integration of the means of ventilation of the under-suit space of the ISIS and the general exchange-collector system of the military equipment object itself should be provided.
In our opinion, the operating algorithm of the integrated system should look like this. When placing crew members (crews, troops) inside, for example, an infantry fighting vehicle, using special devices, the object's SCP manifold wiring is connected to the air supply unit into the under-suit (under-mask) space. The air supply stimulator of the ISIS ventilation system is turned off, and its function is performed by the facility’s air purification system. The implementation of such dynamic integration of individual and collective protective equipment will make it possible to ensure thermostatting of the serviceman’s body and increase the battery life of the ventilation system of the under-suit space of the ISIS by turning it off while the serviceman is in the infantry fighting vehicle.
The proposed structure and technical composition of the integrated system of means of individual and collective protection of military personnel from weapons of mass destruction will ensure the preservation of the required level of combat capability of personnel in the conditions of modern combined arms combat, as well as reduce the costs of production, operation and repair of system elements.
Prospects for the development of an infantry flamethrower system as an integral part of individual combat equipment for military personnel Colonel E.V. SHATALOV, Doctor of Technical Sciences Colonel E.V. EGOROV, Candidate of Technical Sciences IN MODERN conditions of high probability of the outbreak of armed conflicts and local wars, in which non-traditional forms and methods of armed struggle can be used, success of the armed forces will be achieved, as a rule, by conducting autonomous combat operations by small tactical units (groups), dispersed over a vast territory, in cooperation with formations of other law enforcement ministries and departments. Effective performance of combat missions by such units, as experience shows, is impossible without the use of modern control and fire control systems as part of the individual combat equipment of military personnel.
One of the constituent elements of the fire destruction system included in the combat equipment of military personnel is infantry flamethrowers, which are among the means with high mobility, minimal opening time of fire, reliability and ease of combat use.
An analysis of the combat operations of flamethrower units during the counterterrorism operation in the North Caucasus showed the need to intensify efforts to complete a number of R&D aimed at developing new infantry flamethrowers. As a result, in the period from 2000 to 2004, six new models were developed, passed state tests and put into service, including: the MRO-A (Z, D) small-sized jet flamethrower in thermobaric, incendiary and smoke equipment;
light infantry flamethrower LPO-97;
jet infantry flamethrower (SPO);
rocket infantry flamethrower with increased range and power RPO-PDM-A.
However, along with the positive aspects of the development of the above flamethrowers associated with increasing the combat effectiveness of flamethrower units, it should be noted that the range of infantry flamethrowers is unnecessarily expanded and needs to be clarified.
In addition, as a result of research at special tactical exercises of flamethrower units, carried out using new models1, a number of technical shortcomings were identified that require immediate elimination. The main ones are: incomplete implementation in the designs of flamethrowers of the smoke and incendiary action of the energy potential and aerosol-forming ability used to equip fire mixtures and pyrotechnic compositions;
the low level of standardization of samples in terms of components and raw materials, which determines their high cost, limits the possibility of Egorov E.V., Osinkin S.V., Uryadov D.B. . and others. Results of military-scientific support of battalion tactical-special flamethrower units with live firing. Volsk-18: 33 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 2004.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFANTRY FLAMETHROWER SYSTEM IS PROMISING for serial production in sufficient quantities and, as a consequence, delivery to the troops.
The increased range of infantry flamethrowers has significantly complicated the justification of the optimal composition of ammunition and the organization of training of troops on the use of new models.
As a direction for solving this problem, a systematic transition to a system of infantry flamethrowers of a new generation is considered, based primarily on the implementation of the principles of unification and modernization of existing models. At the same time, much attention is paid to the issues of ensuring safety conditions for firing from grenade launchers and flamethrower-incendiary weapons, especially from premises of limited volume. In accordance with the provisions of the “Guide to Ergonomic Support of the Ground Forces”2, the main factor that has a harmful effect on a flamethrower when firing is peak excess pressure. Based on the level of peak overpressure formed at the firing position at the moment of firing, existing flamethrowers are divided into assault flamethrowers, which ensure the safety of firing from premises of limited volume, and infantry jet flamethrowers, intended for firing only in open areas.
Based on the above, it is proposed to consider the division of flamethrowers into subgroups (subsystems) according to the level of harmful influencing factors as one of the main requirements for a promising system of flamethrower-incendiary close combat weapons.
The relevance of research aimed at improving the system of flamethrower-incendiary weapons is confirmed by the provisions of the “Concept for the development of combat equipment for military personnel of the main military specialties of the Ground and Airborne Forces for the period until 2016”3 and the “Concept for the construction and combat use of short-range grenade launchers combat and rocket infantry flamethrowers until 2020"4.
To bring infantry flamethrowers into compliance with the requirements of the above documents, it is proposed to convert all types of infantry flamethrowers to two main calibers (72.5 mm - for flamethrowers intended for firing in urban combat;
90 mm - for flamethrowers with increased combat characteristics used in open areas);
A. Ermolin- Good afternoon to everyone who is listening to us, the “Military Council” program is on air, hosted by Anatoly Ermolin in the studio. I would like to say right away that our program is being recorded today, which does not diminish its significance. Our guest today is Ivan Semenovich Vorobyov, colonel, head of the research and testing institute of engineering troops of the Russian Ministry of Defense, good afternoon Ivan Semenovich.
I. Vorobiev- Good afternoon, greetings everyone.
A. Ermolin- Ivan Semenovich, well, it’s not the first time we’ve been here, and your colleagues were there too. How do you assess, over the last year perhaps, what is fundamentally happening in your troops? So I hear officers say that you have seen powerful growth here, the number of brigades, battalions, and regiments is increasing. Tell us more about what is happening.
I. Vorobiev- Well, over the last 2 years, with the arrival of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, General of the Army Shoigu Sergei Kuzhugetovich, they turned their face to the engineering troops, he forced everyone to turn to them as a type of combat support. And therefore development... With his arrival, the engineering troops received new development not only in their structural, staff systems, but also in the development of our engineering equipment. Already this year we are creating a new formation of engineering troops, they will join the armed forces of the Russian Federation, this is planned for next year as well. Well, the main thing, as they say, is that we must radically replace engineering weapons in the shortest possible time. And the tasks that were recently set by the Minister of Defense are that 70% of equipment should switch to the latest types of weapons. This task was also set by the head of the engineering troops, Lieutenant General Yuri Mikhailovich Stavitsky, and also by our research and testing institute of the engineering troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, on which we are now fruitfully working.
A. Ermolin- And there was a period when you were removed from combat command, right? And they attached it to the rear, right?
I. Vorobiev- You even know that. Well, we will not evaluate the previous leadership, but there was a stage in our scientific institution when we were subordinate to another scientific institution, the independent structure of which was subordinate to the military commander of the engineering troops - it was absent. And therefore there were additional problems in design, in research, in the development of engineering troops in creating new models. And this work, let’s say so, did not stop, it continued anyway, this material was accumulated, the material was developed, we studied. While it was a time of such oblivion, we still built it up, this material. And now, on October 1 of this year, the Central Research Testing Institute of the Engineering Troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation was formed, which is directly subordinate to the Chief of the Engineering Troops, Lieutenant General Yuri Mikhailovich Stavitsky.
A. Ermolin- Well, that is, it is not at all necessary to enlarge everything, enlarge it, so that everything is as efficient as possible. I know, in what sense? Unexpected (inaudible) I want to transfer, just civil life, to what is now happening in Moscow with educational institutions. By the way, I also think that when there are unique structures, merging them with some larger ones... That is, this is not always effective. But this is me, as they say, abusing it on my own, right? Ivan Semenovich, tell me a few words about yourself, how did your military career develop?
I. Vorobiev- Well, my military career developed, let’s say so, for the first time with the engineering troops. Let’s put it this way: I encountered the monsters of the engineering troops in 1988, while participating in the liquidation of the consequences at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. When I saw...
A. Ermolin- How old were you then?
I. Vorobiev- I was 24 years old.
A. Ermolin- That is, an elder?
I. Vorobiev- Senior lieutenant, yes. I was given a high honor, and I took part in the liquidation of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
A. Ermolin- Admitted to the reactor.
I. Vorobiev- Yes, I was allowed to the reactor, we stood in a ten-kilometer zone, our road engineering battalion was stationed. We carried out tasks for the redisposal of radioactive waste, and for the first time I encountered a scientific group that was from the 15th former Central Research Institute of Engineering Troops, which previously existed. It seemed to me that this was simply unattainable... Those people who, deep down, were very great people at that time. And now, after almost 30 years, I headed this institute, and the head of the troops somehow gave me a boost. Therefore, I will try to justify this trust. And that story, those... So the work with the former heads of the institute, we don’t stop it, communication, I listen to them. Well, let’s say this, later my life developed more... I served in the army, in the southern military district, the North Caucasus, in the southern military district. A participant in combat operations, in principle, practice - it exists, we know what our soldier wants, we know how he needs to be protected, we have seen it all, we have put it through our own hands. Now, as the task has been set by the chief of troops, to translate all this into science, to translate it into new means, into the development of new means of engineering weapons.
A. Ermolin- Was it scary in Chernobyl? So what was it, scary or interesting? Is that terribly interesting? What emotions does the young starlet have there...
I. Vorobiev- The main thing... Well, they instructed: the main thing is not to go off the road anywhere, not to go into any forbidden areas, not to lift anything that is not necessary. Because it's all radioactive. Well, I think my state of health still allows me to head the institute, there are no health problems, but that’s all...
A. Ermolin- Did you catch radiation?
I. Vorobiev- Yes, of course. In small quantities it is probably useful, we all gradually... And in Moscow they catch it, this radiation. So I think...
A. Ermolin- Everything is useful for us. (Inaudible) everything is useful.
I. Vorobiev- Yes, that’s why I don’t see anything wrong with it.
A. Ermolin- Well, you can really protect... This is, after all, such a unique experience of military personnel in the conditions of a nuclear threat there, or a radiation one. That's what... A competent officer, relying on standard protective equipment, can really make sure that all people survive or receive a minimum dose of radiation.
I. Vorobiev- Well, firstly, according to the requirements for the development of engineering weapons, which partly concerns... Either it’s technology, or it’s some kind of protective equipment, all of them are developed taking into account protection from the effects of radiochemical and biological radiation. Currently, one of the divisions of our institute is working on modern technologies in the use of personal protective equipment. This is if we previously relied more on reinforced concrete structures that were part of the ratification structures, but now these are modern composites, which are lightweight, and their property allows us to give more protection to personnel, hide them, ensure the survivability of these structures. Well, including, even... I will continue this topic so that we will somehow (inaudible) our listeners that we will apply them using the method (inaudible). And we assemble the structure that we need for exactly that terrain, and we can protect the personnel as much as possible.
A. Ermolin- So I keep pestering your colleagues with one low American thing called “Good Soldiers.” That’s right there... Well, I just recommend reading it, because it’s about how the Americans fought in Iraq. There, with just one... Large military unit, the journalist was constantly there. And he simply describes the real experience, how the soldiers feel, how they died there, what is being done. It’s just very similar to what we felt in Afghanistan. The same tactics, they sit on the armor in the same way, they also tuck their legs so that at least one leg remains on their own (inaudible). That’s why I remember this - because that’s where I read about these Legos, about these prefabricated structures, when the engineering service arrives, chick-chick, and actually built it there... Well, not from adobe bricks, which at one time in We did Afghans, right? But you do everything quickly, there is a tower, there are drones, there is a control zone. That is, this is a very effective technology. That is, we already have this too. Or is this still being developed?
I. Vorobiev- It's in development. And this already means what you say about drones, and control of the adjacent territory, what we must carry out, and how to place it all. The commanders of the troops have been assigned a task, it will be carried out, and in the month of May...
A. Ermolin- Drones (inaudible).
I. Vorobiev- Yes, the drones (inaudible) that worked with us... At the open (inaudible) we had guys working at competitions, joint interaction was organized, they worked very fruitfully. But the commanders of the troops were given the task that in May, at a meeting of the leadership of the engineering troops, we must report to our commanders, to our superiors on the activities completed. Therefore, these modern samples of modern weapons will already be presented there, this is a line of our engineering equipment that will be... In 2 years, which has already been completed, created. The enterprises will present all this so that we can report and show it specifically, not on paper, not on mock-ups, but we will present this equipment to our subordinate officers in real life.
A. Ermolin- Do you study world experience? You have analysts who find out not on Ekho Moskvy, let’s say.
I. Vorobiev- Well, you can’t live without it. You know, whoever has the information owns the world, that’s why we do this all the time, that’s where everything starts for us. These are the initial data for the design and creation of any type of equipment; we take this from the experience of foreign countries. Where, how it was used, it was practical action in dual-purpose combat operations. There are different principles of approach for each sample. Therefore, we study them, and before continuing this work, we choose the direction that we... In general, we look, study both the model that we must create, and the counteraction to this model, how, what is this happening in foreign We are also studying armies so that he can counteract.
A. Ermolin- I would like to remind you that today we are working on the record, and our guest today is Ivan Semenovich Vorobyov, colonel, head of the research and testing institute of engineering troops of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Ivan Semenovich, we focused on foreign experience, how you research it and apply it in your developments. And at the same time, do not forget Russian history. After all, a military engineer in Russian history, and in the history of the armed forces, has always been the first elite. And that's how... What do you draw from there, right? And what traditions are you trying to preserve?
I. Vorobiev- Well, first of all, I want to remind our listeners that the engineering troops are the oldest troops of our armed forces. In January next year we will already celebrate the 313th anniversary of the formation of the engineering troops. Our Research and Testing Institute of Engineering Troops is one of the oldest scientific institutions of the Ministry of Defense. Just recently, on October 6, we celebrated the 95th anniversary of our institute. That's why we never left history and never left. Because if anyone forgets history, he has no future. This is the first principle that is preserved in the engineering troops. We are constantly given... We work with our veterans. These are the people who started... Let's put it this way, who started science on some models, on mock-ups, and have now smoothly transitioned into program testing schemes. We always work with them, always interact. They make up the largest percentage in our institute, our respected people, veterans. Who gave not 30 years, but 50, 60 years. There are even veterans who served in the engineering forces. And the invaluable experience that they have from the time there (inaudible) of the training ground, combat operations in Afghanistan, counter-terrorism operations, they... This still only benefits the development of engineering troops. Therefore, honor and praise to them, many thanks to them, and we are always ready to work with them.
A. Ermolin- What period in the history of the engineering troops can be called such a breakthrough in the development of tactics for the use of new technical means.
I. Vorobiev- Well, first of all, we must not forget that the period of breakthrough was still the development of engineering troops, (inaudible) engineering weapons, which are even currently in use. These were developments from the 70s. It seems like 50 years have passed, but they are relevant now. And we are now trying, in the second decade of the 21st century, to make a new stage of a breakthrough because, first of all, the development of engineering weapons should be based on new technologies, on new requirements for engineering weapons, and as the task was again set by the chief of troops, in Each product should have its own flavor, so that we do not stop at modernizing just a sample. And it must be developed new, according to new requirements, according to new trends that we have for engineering weapons.
A. Ermolin- Are you satisfied with the engineering culture that those officers who come to you represent? Well, as an illustration, I can give you an example... I recently re-read the memoirs of Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin, who was a prince and studied in the page corps. He described in great detail his years as a page, including the great importance attached to fortification work. And he writes how they are cadets, although in the status of pages, right? That is, like them. How much time and effort they spent on calculations, on the construction of fortifications, and how it was a shame for them to destroy it all later. Because they built it all for real. Now, as you can see... Well, actually, I won’t repeat myself. Are you satisfied with the engineers who come to you today?
I. Vorobiev- The quality of training in our Tyumen Higher Engineering and Command School is very high. And our graduates - they are always in demand in the troops, this is the first thing. Our graduates of the Academy of the Military Institute of Engineering Troops, as part of the combined arms academy, are also in great demand among the troops. Well, if we continue this topic, then if we focus on the soldier, then from this academic year engineering training has become the main subject of training. Therefore, if any department is negligent in engineering training classes, it can get higher than the grade that it will receive in engineering training, it will never get it again. Therefore, the attitude of all commanders became more serious towards engineering training. Because everyone understands perfectly well that if you don’t know engineering, as Peter I says, you won’t be promoted in rank. Therefore, everyone is very… Now there has been a big change in engineering training in the troops, and the readiness of the personnel and officers has increased significantly. Well, if you don’t go that far, the last competition “Our Open Water”, which was held among the pontoon-ferry units of the engineering troops in the city of Murom, Vladimir Region, showed the highest class of officers. Personnel of units, performing engineering support tasks, in particular those related to overcoming and crossing water obstacles.
A. Ermolin- I suggest we talk about this in more detail. If possible, a few words about what your institute is like. We have already talked about troops, about human capital too, right? Let's shift the focus to exactly what you do every day.
I. Vorobiev- Our institute consists of four main departments, research departments, which have their own areas of activity, scientific activities, including our leading department - which is engaged in the development of engineered ammunition. Creates them, creates ways to overcome these ammunition, search, reconnaissance. (Inaudible) there is a department that is engaged in the development of our engineering equipment, in particular those related to earthmoving machines and landing craft. (Inaudible) management, which counters technical means of reconnaissance and the creation of camouflage means. The Fourth Directorate is engaged in training our entire scientific work in management. (Inaudible) the activities of four departments, it covers the entire spectrum of our engineering equipment, our tasks that we have as a type of combat support. We cover them in full. The development and direction of development of the funds were determined by the chief of troops, and a common understanding of our future activities was developed, among other things. First of all... Well, if we take it from the management of those involved in engineering ammunition, this is, first of all, not a violation of the Geneva Convention, the creation of ammunition must be carried out in strict accordance with overcoming (inaudible) obstacles, this is the creation of search tools that can provide search in any situation, in any environment, and any means, explosive objects in any conditions. Well, as for the creation of engineering equipment, there are very progressive developments. We hope that in the month of May, as I told you, we will show these funds. This means they are promising, they differ significantly from the weapons that we currently have in service. Because there are new approaches to them. Well, our work continues on means of counteracting camouflage. First of all, so that no one could detect us anywhere. Well, that's it briefly.
A. Ermolin- Do you have, say, a division that works in advanced research mode. Now we have such a powerful direction created in the structure of the military-industrial commission, and in general, the Americans have had it for 100 years (inaudible), which there invented the well-known Internet at one time, in fact. And there are specially trained people there, including science fiction writers, who are paid money to simply fantasize and set tasks for today that seem absolutely unrealistic, and then several decades pass, and suddenly you look, it all starts to work. Here you have such a think tank that would think about things that don’t exist yet.
I. Vorobiev- You know, here in the engineering troops we have such a term (inaudible). There should be some kind of action everywhere. Therefore, I will not disclose it, we also have it.
A. Ermolin- It’s already nice. I want to remind our listeners that our guest is Ivan Semenovich Vorobyov, colonel, head of the research and testing institute of engineering troops of the Russian Ministry of Defense, we are going on a break.
A. Ermolin- We continue the meeting of the “Military Council”. I would like to remind you that today we are working on the record, and our guest today is Ivan Semenovich Vorobyov, colonel, head of the research and testing institute of engineering troops of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Actually, it’s no secret that there was a period when the older generation was not in demand, the middle level was not actually involved in anyone, and now such a hole has formed. That is, as many fellow specialists claim, yes? That great minds are already at retirement age, and young guys with drive are just ready to get involved in the action, but there is such a central link, the most important hard workers, who already know the specifics, and who have not yet lost their energy. Do you feel this problem yourself?
I. Vorobiev- So the whole backbone, in particular of our institute, there is a backbone in the institute. In all of these categories, as you said, there is a backbone. Young people who already have academic degrees that they have defended... These are young, promising guys who are candidates of technical sciences. The middle level, as you say, who pull this burden, who can work with young people and the older generation, let’s say so, our heads of department management. The officers who came have experience in both military service and scientific activity. Our departments are headed by doctors of sciences, headed by people... For science, the age is 40-45 years old, these are still young guys for science.
A. Ermolin- Well, in general, yes.
I. Vorobiev- Yes. And those officers of the engineering troops who completed their service, who completed their service, they also pass on their experience within the walls of our institute. Yes, I want there to be more young people, and first of all, we are now developing this youth policy, how to attract young specialists to the institute. We got acquainted with the experience of our Baumanka, how it all happens there. And I was very pleased when, for example, the employees of Baumanka were young, 23-24 year old guys, it turns out they don’t work for money, they work...
A. Ermolin- Not just for money.
I. Vorobiev- Not just for money, yes. They don't get a lot of money. I will say that by Moscow standards they do not receive a lot of money. But they work for the idea, they work for the interest, they like it, and this is important (inaudible), I wanted to hear this, and in principle, we will also direct our youth policy towards this in order to attract young people to our side, and within the walls of our institute. Including (inaudible) without interest. Now the issue of creating a scientific company of engineering troops is being considered. This is the task set by the Minister of Defense...
A. Ermolin- Where do you want to do it? In Tyumen?
I. Vorobiev- No, we are here (inaudible).
A. Ermolin- (Inaudible).
I. Vorobiev- We will be somewhere, yes, here we will tie it to our institute, to our potential, yes. Therefore, the second, maybe we will consider the issue in universities, maybe the issue will be resolved, after all, this is mentally, as they say, in our places, and there will be budget places from our institute, that upon graduation from the university, the graduate will be obliged to come to us, and within three work for years for the benefit of the institute. And then he will be free to choose his profession, either to continue cooperation with us, or to leave. Well, that’s an option, we are these...
A. Ermolin- (Inaudible) find a perspective. That is, it has not yet been worked out.
I. Vorobiev- Not worked out, yes, but we have already started it...
A. Ermolin- There are a lot of interesting things there...
I. Vorobiev- Yes, we started working on this idea.
A. Ermolin- That is, 3 years... He comes to you after a civil institute already certified as...
I. Vorobiev- Specialist, yes. And he’s already working in his position. We have those positions that the head of the laboratory can take, and work for the benefit. Moreover, even in those practices that are industrial practices, and scientific practices that are at the institute, he will take them within the walls of the institute.
A. Ermolin- And he can be certified for officer positions, or he (inaudible).
I. Vorobiev- If he has a military department, this question... He will come to us as civilians, if he suits us, we can call him up in the future, and he can go to an officer position with a promotion, and with further prospects for growth as an officer , as a specialist in the engineering forces.
A. Ermolin- Do you trust young people with ambitious developments? Why am I asking? Because young scientists work not only for money. Young scientists work first... Actually, the theory is precisely that of intellectual workers, the creative class, as they say now, right? They assume that they must be entrusted with some very cool tasks, which really, no matter what, was very interesting for them. In Belarus, by the way, the guys also tell us that this is who develops automotive technology. That is, everyone there... The average age is 25-26 years old, that’s what they are.
I. Vorobiev- Yes, and I want to build it. This is the priority of young people at the institute, we have now stirred them up a little, ideas have already begun, thoughts have begun to flow. Monthly meetings with young people have already been planned, as they say, as part of my daily routine and work with young people, because somewhere in my soul I don’t consider myself old either. What we implemented, someone once laughed at us, but now it turns out to be a promising direction of development. This is how I educate my youth, so that they understand that they should see a like-minded person in me, see the person who will support them. I'm ready to work with them. Two officers wanted to resign and had already refused to be transferred to the reserve. Therefore, we will continue our work; we have seen a new direction for our activities.
A. Ermolin― Ivan Semenovich, here you are coming up with... You’re not just trying, but you’re coming up with new modern directions for increasing the attractiveness of your service. In particular, you have already mentioned open water, as a kind of combination of such a professional competition and a show. What is this? Is this a fashion, or is this a serious strategy?
I. Vorobiev- I still think this is a strategy. And let’s say this, again, 2 years ago the Minister of Defense gave impetus to this development of competition, competitiveness. In the 13th year I had to do tank biathlon from the engineering troops. I learned a lot from this, and this year, when I was reassigned to a position, I was involved in our... Competition of tonnage and transport units “Open Water”. And I believe that it is here that in these competitions of any types of troops that participate, that is, such extreme conditions are created when equipment is simply used to its maximum capabilities. And this gives a very big leap to the development of science in the first place. Because those means that have been used for, say, 20-30 years, it seemed to us that they had simply already been brought to the point of automation, but here these competitions, for example, in ferrying means, revealed some problems. Because these conditions were created when we did not just fulfill the standards, as we are used to doing all the time, but here there was competitiveness on the verge... Everyone walked on the razor’s edge, without violating safety requirements, and at the same time, that technology was used to the maximum. Some new schemes were introduced, new ways of using our technology.
A. Ermolin- What was the idea, by the way? Here's how... What was the task of the units, what did they compete in?
I. Vorobiev- Units... So it was played out, let's say so... Our most basic task of the engineering troops, the type of combat support, is to ensure the crossing of the water barrier.
A. Ermolin- Was it in Murom?
I. Vorobiev- Yes, it was in the city of Murom, Vladimir region, in a limited area where the original, opposite bank was prepared. Three teams competed simultaneously in limited areas (inaudible) up to 100 meters, where they showed their skills. And skill was demonstrated not only by crossing on high-speed boats. Single ferries, platoon ferries, and a company ferry, which is capable of transporting large-sized heavy equipment, were also assembled. And the end of the competition was the construction of a floating bridge across the Oka River, 350 meters long. This is the building of this bridge over which all the equipment passed. Also, in order to show our spectators all the capabilities of engineering equipment, before the start of these competitions, our unique samples were shown, these are ferry-bridge crossing vehicles and crossing facilities. Motorized rifle units and artillery units were also shown and participated with us, providing... Aviation helped us a lot. Well, we are grateful to the administration of the city of Murom, which provided us with great assistance in holding our competitions. And I consider the main indicators to be those 15 thousand people who came to see and cheer for the engineering troops, and at the deployed recruitment point that was deployed at this site, we, 8 people of the engineering troops, signed a contract with the Ministry of Defense. Well, as a continuation of the Murom land, we will have a core of engineering troops created there, including a large panton-ferry unit.
A. Ermolin- Our guest is Ivan Semenovich Vorobyov, colonel, head of the research and testing institute of engineering troops of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Do you somehow interact with colleagues from, say, Russian Technologies? And I just remembered that just last Monday we had a representative of the Compass Design Bureau, and he talked about new technologies, about new ideas for building mobile ports. It’s also like a kind of Lego system, prefabricated metal, environmentally friendly.
I. Vorobiev- Well, I’ll say this in general phrases. Our institute cooperates with about 150 scientific and industrial institutions.
A. Ermolin- Russian Technologies, right?
I. Vorobiev- Yes. In general, our cooperation goes on in all directions, so we don’t have anyone... We always take whoever has the best, who offers what. Many people help us proactively develop something, or propose something proactively, let’s put it that way. Everyone used to get used to it: give us money, and we will give you something for this money. Now there is a completely different approach, including with Russian Technologies. They proactively offer us their developments that we can implement. And if they do not suit us, if they fulfill all our requirements, we accept them further into the serial stream.
A. Ermolin- What other strategic directions do you see in the troop support system? So we remembered Chernobyl, and I remembered something in this regard while still a cadet, so they showed us this equipment, which is designed to operate in conditions of a nuclear strike, contamination of a radioactive area, and they always seemed to me like some kind of spaceships , which should almost be walking on Mars. Are they preserved? You can exploit them, and what’s new in this direction. There are such smart, very well protected machines, or the bet is simply cranes, bulldozers, graders. That is, everything that does not excite the imagination of a young man, let’s say.
I. Vorobiev- No, well, first of all, we should not give up cranes, bulldozers and excavators. Because without them there’s nowhere... Neither the troops will move, nor will they accomplish anything. And in terms of prospects, what you said continues. We have never stopped it; the development of robotic systems continues in the first place. Because they - the first developments began back in the 70-80s. Let’s even say this, our potential opponents didn’t have them, but our developments were already controllable... There were radio-controlled equipment, these were samples. The only thing is that now the transition is more focused on completing tasks in order to save the lives of personnel. These are primarily means of demining. As for engineering support, means are being developed... These are fire extinguishing means, remote control. And in the future, other samples will be developed to perform other engineering support tasks. First of all, they are aimed at moving our soldier as far as possible from possible danger in order to ensure his life, and at the same time we could complete all assigned tasks.
A. Ermolin- Are you involved in intellectual property protection? How is it set up for you... This is one of the most key problems in general, well, let’s say, in neokras related to the specifics of our country. I remember at the Institute of Steel and Alloys they told a story that, say, a doctor of science received the Stalin Prize for the invention of a lithium battery in 1957. Actually, the lost profit is gigantic, right? Because the whole world now cannot... Given the proliferation of mobile phones, all kinds of tablets, and so on, it simply cannot do without them. It turns out that we lost money that we could have earned on intellectual property. Here you are... What are you doing in the country, and how much do you insure your risks in the international arena? Or is it impossible to insure them?
I. Vorobiev- Well, we are currently ensuring the safety of our intellectual property on our own. Maybe we are up to the level of insurance...
A. Ermolin- Preservation or commercialization?
I. Vorobiev- Well, before commercialization, maybe we’ll come to this a little later. It can’t be, but we’ll come, and these tasks are also set by the boss. But at present, what is being developed within the walls of the institute, I am called upon to preserve it, this intellectual property, for now within our walls. And what will be decided and submitted for commercialization will be a separate decision so that, as they say... These developments go somewhere further. Therefore, now the main task is to preserve our potential, the intellectual property that has been created today for the development of our engineering weapons in the first place.
A. Ermolin- Well, by the way, there is something to learn from those same Americans. When they have a very clear ranking of all the neo-bloods there. They don’t show space to anyone, they don’t show the army to anyone, then it starts to look like something that can be given away for our own people, and only at the fourth stage, maybe 10 years after the first real samples were put into operation, there foreign commercial partners can receive it .
I. Vorobiev- I think that our special services... The first thing is that they told me the category, the first category of our service, I don’t know... Therefore...
A. Ermolin- Well, after all, among the immediate tasks as the head of such a promising, interesting institute, what do you see as the most important thing in your work?
I. Vorobiev- Firstly, you need to increase your scientific potential, not lower it, this is the first thing. We will have to, as I said, work hard to supply the institute with new personnel, new directions. Thoughts are what will be connected with the arrival of new people into the institute. This is a thorough study of the material that is available on the creation of engineering weapons as our potential enemy, foreign partners, and the development of new promising engineering weapons. This is our prerogative, we must fulfill the task set by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation to provide our troops with new models, modern models of engineering equipment, and a new perspective. Well, I’ll keep a little quiet about them for now, I won’t reveal them completely. May this then be much more interesting for all our listeners.
A. Ermolin- Do you have your own testing base?
I. Vorobiev- Yes, we have a testing base. First of all, our unique pool for studying the properties of landing craft. We have a very good laboratory for testing electrical equipment; we have a refrigeration chamber that ensures testing of products at temperatures down to -50 degrees. We have what is called our pipe, (inaudible) pipe for the impact of the shock wave. And there are sites for testing floating equipment, there are test sites for testing mine-explosive barriers, where we constantly carry out these tests. Therefore, our institute is currently being optimized, including we will soon submit these proposals to the chief of troops in order to optimize the creation of a laboratory and experimental base for our institute, which must meet modern conditions, modern requirements, the creation of a laboratory building for a new proposal We'll take it out. And to optimize the work of our research departments and management in general.
A. Ermolin- I really want to ask many more questions, but unfortunately time is very fleeting. I want to remind our listeners that today our guest was Ivan Semenovich Vorobyov, colonel, head of the research and testing institute of engineering troops of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Ivan Semenovich, thank you very much, come to us again, we will always be glad.
I. Vorobiev- Always ready for cooperation.
A. Ermolin- Thank you.
I. Vorobiev- Thank you very much.
Organization FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY INSTITUTION "CENTRAL RESEARCH TESTING INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING FORCES NAMED AFTER HERO OF THE SOVIET UNION LIEUTENANT GENERAL OF ENGINEERING FORCES D.M. KARBYSHEV" MINISTRY OF DEFENSE RO SSIYAN FEDERATION 5024149168 received a license at the legal address 143432, MOSCOW REGION, KRASNOGORSK CITY, NAKHABINO WORKING VILLAGE , KARBYSHEVA STREET, 2. The company was registered on 11/05/2014. The company has been assigned the All-Russian State Registration Number - 5147746301049. According to the registration documents, the main activity is Scientific research and development in the field of natural and other technical sciences. The organization is managed by the CHIEF VOROBYEV IVAN SEMENOVICH. To obtain more detailed information, you can go to the company’s card and check the reliability of the counterparty.
05.11.2014 Interdistrict Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service No. 23 for the Moscow Region registered the organization of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "TsNIIII IV" of the RUSSIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENSE. On November 18, 2016, the registration procedure was initiated with the State Institution - Main Directorate of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation No. 9 Directorate No. 3 Krasnogorsk District of the Moscow Region. The company FSBI "TsNIIII IV" of the RUSSIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENSE became registered with Branch No. 23 of the State Institution - the Moscow Regional Regional Branch of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation on 01.11.2016 00:00:00. In the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, the last entry about the organization has the following content: State registration of changes made to the constituent documents of a legal entity related to changes in information about the legal entity contained in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, based on an application.
4th Central Research Institute of the Order of the October Revolution and the Red Banner of Labor of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense) is the largest scientific organization of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, solving a wide range of problems of scientific support for the construction of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces, and the development of strategic missile and space weapons. Located in the city of Yubileiny.
The traditional direction of research of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense is the substantiation of tactical and technical requirements for new and modernized weapons, military-scientific support of the most important R&D. A significant component of the overall scope of the institute’s research is work in the field of automation of troop and weapons control, the introduction of modern telecommunications technologies into the practice of troops, and ensuring information security.
The 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense also monitors the technical condition of weapons and military equipment and provides the command of the Strategic Missile Forces and Air Force with objective information about the technical condition and reliability of the weapons in use.
In October 2013, it was disbanded, with the creation on its basis of the Central Research Institute of Aerospace Defense Troops (Yubileiny, Moscow Region) and the Central Research Institute of the Air Force (Shchelkovo, Moscow Region).
Story
Prerequisites for creation
In the 1950s, in order to test the then new R-1, R-2 and R-5 missiles at the Kapustin Yar test site, the need arose to create equipment capable of carrying out various kinds of trajectory measurements. For these purposes, NII-4 developed the concept of a polygon measuring complex (PIK). For the measuring points (IP) of this complex, on the instructions of NII-4, telemetric equipment “Tral” began to be created, trajectory measurement stations - radio rangefinder “Binocular” and phase-metric radiogonometer “Irtysh” (c), equipment of the unified time system (UTS) “Bamboo” ( at NII-33 MRP).
Carrying out flight development tests (FDT) of the first ICBM R-7 required the creation of new launch positions (primarily due to the design range of the product - 8000 km) and on February 12, 1955, a resolution was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the creation of a Research Test Site ( NIIP-5 USSR Ministry of Defense). NII-4 was identified as a participant in the design of a test site and the lead organization for the creation of a test site measuring complex (PIK).
The creation of a test site measuring complex is a particularly large contribution of NII-4 to the development of rocket and space technology. After the creation of the measuring complex, the authority of the Institute among industrial organizations and the USSR Ministry of Defense increased significantly. The work was supervised by A. I. Sokolov and his deputies G. A. Tyulin and Yu. A. Mozzhorin. More than 150 scientific employees of NII-4 participated in the technological design of the test site facilities. Over 50 employees were sent to factories, design bureaus and design organizations, where they took an active part in the development of measuring instruments and monitoring the construction of polygon measuring complex facilities.
Work on an artificial Earth satellite
At the end of 1955, when intensive work was underway to create the R-7 rocket, S.P. Korolev turned to the country's leadership with a proposal to launch the first artificial Earth satellite on the future R-7 rocket, the flight tests of which were scheduled for 1957, before the Americans. On January 30, 1956, the corresponding decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued and Korolev OKB-1 began designing the world’s first artificial Earth satellite (AES), which received the name “object D”, and NII-4 began designing the command and measurement complex (CMC).
The creation of the CIC was entrusted to NII-4 due to the fact that the Institute already had experience in creating the CIC at the Kapustin Yar test site. Moreover, it is worth noting that before the January 1956 Government Decree on designating NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense as the leading one with the involvement of a large cooperation of developers of measuring instruments for the creation of CIC, the Ministry of Defense was against assigning to it, by analogy with PIK, the responsibilities of a CMC developer, citing work that was unusual for it carried out in the interests of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The USSR Ministry of Defense presented numerous arguments in favor of the fact that the creation and operation of measuring points to support satellite flights is primarily the business of the Academy of Sciences, and not the Ministry of Defense. However, scientists and industrialists believed that only the military could build, equip and operate measuring points scattered throughout the territory of the Soviet Union in hard-to-reach places. The debate on this issue was lengthy and heated, until it was stopped by the Minister of Defense, Marshal of the Soviet Union, G. K. Zhukov. He agreed with the industrialists' arguments, foreseeing an important role for space in the country's defense in the future. Since then, Zhukov has been credited with the phrase: “I’m taking over space!”
The project was approved on June 2, 1956, and on September 3, a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers was issued, defining the procedure for the practical creation of a complex of measuring instruments, communication means and a unified time to provide ground support for the flight of the first satellite. It is this day, September 3, 1956, that is considered to be the day of the creation of the Command and Measurement Complex of the USSR. According to the technical specifications issued by NII-4 and OKB-1, new technical means (TS) for interaction with the “D” satellite were finalized and created. Vehicles modified to the level of interaction with the satellite received the prefix “D” in their name (for example, “Binocular-D”).
Preparations for the formation of the CIC began to boil, but by the end of 1956 it became clear that the planned launch plans for the first satellite were in jeopardy due to difficulties in creating scientific equipment for “object D” and lower than planned specific thrust of propulsion systems (PS). ) RN R-7. The government set a new launch date of April 1958. However, according to intelligence data, the United States could launch the first satellite before this date. Therefore, in November 1956, OKB-1 made a proposal for the urgent development and launch, instead of “block D,” of a simple satellite weighing about 100 kg in April - May 1957 during the first tests of the R-7. The proposal was approved and on February 15, 1957, a Government Decree was issued on the launch of a simple satellite, called PS-1, at the end of 1957.
Meanwhile, at NII-4, a project was developed for the creation of a CMC, providing for the creation of 13 command and measuring points (now they were called ONIP - a separate scientific measuring point, and in common parlance they were often called NIP), located throughout the Soviet Union from Leningrad to Kamchatka and the central launch point. Yu. A. Mozzhorin supervised the work on the creation of the CIC. All work was completed in record time - within one year.
In 1957, to support the launches of ICBMs, launches of satellites and other space objects, the Coordination and Computing Center (CCC), the prototype of the future Flight Control Center, was created at NII-4.
For the creation of rocket and space technology NII-4 in 1957 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
The results of research carried out at NII-4 in the late 1940s and early 1950s provided the theoretical foundation for further practical work on space exploration. Individual employees of his group who moved from NII-4 to OKB-1 in 1956 together with M.K. Tikhonravov, and in 1957 - Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov (future cosmonaut) became the leading developers of artificial satellites and spacecraft. In 1957, for ensuring the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, a group of specialists from NII-4, including three from M.K. Tikhonravov’s group: A.V. Brykov, I.M. Yatsunsky, I.K. Bazhinov, was awarded the Lenin Prize.
Pacific Oceanographic Expedition
Preparation for full-range flight tests of the R-7 ICBM - in the Pacific Ocean - and expanding the scope of observations of the flights of space objects required the creation of floating (ship) measuring complexes.
In 1959, the Institute was appointed as the lead contractor for the creation of the TOGE-4 floating complex (under the legend of the 4th Pacific Oceanographic Expedition) consisting of four ships, and in 1960 - as the lead contractor for the creation of the TOGE-5 complex - consisting of three ships. A special marine laboratory was created at the Institute, which was transformed into a marine department in 1962. Captain 1st rank (later rear admiral) Yuri Ivanovich Maksyuta was appointed commander of TOGE-4.
The formation of four warships was born as a result of the Aquatoria research project, developed by employees of the Scientific Research Institute-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1958. After successful firing of the R-7 missile in the Kamchatka region, it became obvious that in order to test the missile at its full range (12,000 kilometers), it was necessary to create a test site in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. To measure the accuracy of the fall of the warheads of intercontinental ballistic missiles, floating measuring points were built in 1959 - expeditionary oceanographic vessels "Sibir", "Sakhalin", "Suchan" and "Chukotka". The first combat work at the Akvatoria training ground was carried out on January 20 - 31, 1960.
The launches of the first interplanetary stations required the reception of telemetric information from their board in areas not controlled by the ground-based spacecraft and the Pacific Expedition. To solve the problem, in 1960, the Atlantic group of floating measuring points was created, consisting of two ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company and one ship of the Baltic Shipping Company. These ships were removed from sea transportation and transferred to the disposal of NII-4. The head of the Atlantic telemetry expedition was an employee of NII-4 Vasily Ivanovich Beloglazov.
The ships of the NII-4 Floating Telemetry Complex set out on their first voyage on August 1, 1960. Each one had an expedition consisting of 10 - 11 employees of the institute, highly qualified specialists. During the 4-month voyage, the technology for conducting telemetry measurements in ocean conditions was developed. Work on significant spacecraft launches took place only on the next, second flight of the Atlantic complex, which began in January 1961.
Ensuring control of the Vostok ship
A bright page in the development of space ballistics was the provision of flight control for the manned spacecraft "Vostok" with Yu. A. Gagarin. NII-4 was designated as the lead in solving this important task. The independent development of methods, algorithms and programs was organized at NII-4, OKB-1 and the USSR Academy of Sciences and their coordination. Ballistics scientists have successfully solved this problem. The TOGE-4 ships Sibir, Sakhalin, Suchan, Chukotka and the ships of the Atlantic group Voroshilov, Krasnodar and Dolinsk took a direct part in ensuring the flight.
In 1961, for the creation of an automated measuring complex, uniform time systems and special communications that ensured the launch of a spacecraft with a person on board, Yu. A. Mozzhorin was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. A.I. Sokolov and the head of the Institute of Management G.I. Levin were awarded the title of Lenin Prize laureates.
Institute as part of the Strategic Missile Forces
On December 31, 1959, the Institute was included in the Strategic Missile Forces and since 1960 has carried out work on orders from the General Staff, the Scientific and Technical Committee, and the Main Directorates. Along with the expansion of work on strategic missile weapons and rocket and space technology, comprehensive studies of the Strategic Missile Forces' weapons systems began to be carried out, and the methodology for testing rocket and rocket and space systems was improved. The volume of work on the combat use of missile units and formations and provision of troops with guidance and operational documentation has increased.
One of the important problems was the automation of combat control of troops on constant combat duty in high readiness for use. At the initial stage of solving this problem, difficulties arose in attracting industrial organizations to work on creating an automated control system. Work began to be carried out at NII-4. In 1962, the equipment manufactured at the Institute's experimental plant was successfully tested by the troops. An interdepartmental commission led by Academician B.N. Petrov gave a positive assessment to the research carried out and recommended starting development work in industry. After the adoption of the created system for service, the employees of NII-4 who supervised the work were awarded: V. I. Anufriev - the Lenin Prize, V. T. Dolgov - the State Prize.
In connection with the increase in the volume of space research, space specialties were created at NII-4 in the early 1960s (transformed into scientific departments in 1964). Directorate teams made a significant contribution to the justification of defense tasks solved with the help of space assets, determining the prospects for the development of space weapons, testing military spacecraft and solving many other problems related to the exploration of outer space.
In the mid-1960s, NII-4 began comprehensive research to substantiate the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces and to search for ways to intensively increase the combat power of the Strategic Missile Forces. At that time, the US strategic “triad” contained almost 4 times more nuclear weapons carriers and approximately 9 times more nuclear warheads and aerial bombs than the USSR strategic nuclear forces. In this regard, in order to ensure the country's security, the issue of eliminating the gap with the United States and achieving military-strategic parity in the shortest possible time arose.
A government decision in 1965 established a large, comprehensive research project (code “Complex”). The main executors for the Strategic Missile Forces section are NII-4 and TsNIIMash, the scientific supervisors are the head of NII-4 A. I. Sokolov and the director of TsNIIMash Yu. A. Mozzhorin.
The scientifically based recommendations of the research work were fully implemented. In a short time, highly effective missile weapon systems with a given level of characteristics were created and entered into service, the deployment of which made it possible to significantly increase the combat potential of the Strategic Missile Forces group and ensured the achievement of sustainable military-strategic parity with the United States in the early 1970s. The results of this research and the subsequent five-year cycles of similar work substantiated the technical policy of the USSR Ministry of Defense in the field of development of weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces for the long term. In the 1970s and early 1980s, work to determine the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces was carried out under the leadership of Evgeniy Borisovich Volkov, who was appointed head of the Institute in April 1970. Subsequently, research in this area was always led by the heads of the 4th Central Research Institute (Lev Ivanovich Volkov, Vladimir Zinovievich Dvorkin, Alexander Vladimirovich Shevyrev, Vladimir Vasilievich Vasilenko).
Not a single missile system created under orders from the Strategic Missile Forces was tested without the participation of the Institute. Hundreds of employees developed programs and test methods, assessed the flight performance of missiles based on launch results, and directly participated in work at test sites. The heads of NII-4, their deputies, heads of departments (A. I. Sokolov, E. B. Volkov, A. A. Kurushin, O. I. Maisky, A. G. Funtikov) were appointed chairmen of the State Commissions.
For work on the creation of new missile systems, the Institute was awarded the second Order of the October Revolution in 1976. The head of the Institute, E.B. Volkov, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
In connection with the constant increase in the accuracy of hits by potential enemy missiles, one of the most important problems has become the provision of protection of missile systems from the damaging effects of a nuclear explosion. The Institute acted as the lead organization for scientific, methodological, organizational and technical support for almost all large-scale tests. The measuring instruments developed and manufactured at the Institute were unique and had no analogues in serial instrumentation in terms of accuracy and reliability of measurements of highly dynamic processes under conditions of intense interference. As a result of theoretical and experimental research and design improvements carried out in the 1970s and 1980s, the protection of Strategic Missile Forces facilities from damaging factors of nuclear weapons was sharply increased.
