§ 1 Punctuation marks
In this lesson we will look at the main groups of punctuation marks and systematize our knowledge about them.
All punctuation marks and the rules for their placement in sentences and texts are studied by a special science - punctuation.
Punctuation is an important means of formatting written speech and has a communicative function.
Punctuation marks form a special group of the entire graphic system of the Russian language; their purpose is to serve those aspects of written speech that cannot be expressed in letters.
Punctuation marks serve
rto promote clarity and clarity in the communication of thoughts,
they separate one sentence from another or one part of it from another,
r and express the feelings of the speaker and his attitude towards the listener.
“Their purpose is to indicate the semantic division of speech, as well as to help identify its syntactic structure and rhythm,” it also says in the “Dictionary-Reference Book of Linguistic Terms” by D.E. Rosenthal and M.A. Telenkova.
In some cases, punctuation marks are the main or only means of identifying semantic relationships.
For example, you can compare the placement of a comma, a dash and a colon in the same non-union complex sentence:
The young people left, the evening became boring. (This sentence indicates the sequence of events.)
The young people left - the evening became boring. (The second part of this sentence indicates the consequence, the result of the action indicated in the first part).
The young people left: the evening became boring. (Here cause-and-effect relationships are identified, indicating the reason in the second part of this non-union complex sentence).
§ 2 Separating and emphasizing punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence are needed in order to convey in writing the features of semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence, the features of its structure and intonation.
In complex and non-union complex sentences, they separate simple sentences, performing a separating function, and in complex sentences, they highlight the dependent part (subordinate clause), performing an excretory function.
So, for example, a comma, a semicolon and a dash perform a dividing function in complex and non-union sentences; the colon also has the same separating function, but is used between parts only in a non-conjunct complex sentence.
The dash in the BSP performs a dividing function.
But the excretory function is peculiar exclusively to the comma, which distinguishes the subordinate clause as part of a complex sentence.
For example:
Commas in SPP perform an excretory function.
§ 3 Features of Russian punctuation
It should be noted that the rules of Russian punctuation are highly flexible, since along with mandatory norms there are instructions that do not have a strict normative nature and allow for various punctuation options.
So, for example, the author's punctuation in complex sentences is a placement of punctuation marks that is not provided for by the rules, but is acceptable if the author uses them to convey some additional meaning. Such signs most often include the dash and semicolon in complex sentences.
For example, K.G. Paustovsky considered it necessary to put a dash in a non-union complex sentence
although there should have been a colon.
§ 4 Brief summary of the lesson
To summarize the lesson, it can be noted that knowledge of punctuation and the functions of punctuation marks in a complex sentence is extremely necessary, since punctuation marks not only indicate the semantic division of text and sentences, but are also an important means of formatting written speech.
List of used literature:
- Zolotareva I.V., Dmitrieva L.P., Egorova N.V. Lesson developments in the Russian language: grade 11. – M.: VAKO, 2005. – 320 p. - (To help the school teacher).
- Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms: A manual for teachers. – M.: Education, 1985. – 399 p.
- Egorova N.V. Lesson developments in the Russian language: a universal guide. 9th grade. – M.: VAKO, 2007. – 224 p.
There are 10 punctuation marks in the Russian language. (no need to describe them)
1. Remember the use of punctuation marks:
a) what punctuation marks are used at the end of sentences?
b) what punctuation mark<<живет>>inside a sentence?
parts are expressed more clearly - in the union or non-union? 3. Do the exercise. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks does not correspond to modern rules. 1. I began to read, study - I was also tired of science... 2. I hesitated - I am not a fan of sentimental walks on the sea... 3. I understood him: the poor old man, for the first time in his life, perhaps, abandoned the work of the service for my own needs, speaking in paper language... 4. A few moments later I raise them and see: my Karagöz is flying, waving his tail, free as the wind... (M.Yu. Lermontov).
Fill in all missing punctuation marksUnfortunately, I can’t say exactly when I first learned about the rules of punctuation for introductory words. I think I always knew that this was one of the most difficult sections of punctuation, but I really didn’t even suspect that it was so difficult. Remembering that commas are placed on both sides of introductory words did not seem very difficult, but by the way it turned out that there are a number of features that in turn need to be specially remembered. Firstly, it turned out that the list of introductory words is surprisingly huge and there are entire groups of introductory words. First of all, it was necessary to remember these groups and then learn to classify the actual introductory words. It is during the classification process that the first and most importantly unpleasant errors occur. Many tend to either remember not all the words, but only the easiest ones, or, on the contrary, greatly increase these lists for themselves. Secondly, to my amazement, it turned out that there are words that can be either introductory or not. In the text of the textbook, I found many clarifications and, most importantly, special notes that I had not paid attention to before. To master this section of the rule, by the way, I simply composed a series of sentences in which I used the words indicated in the reference books, for example, “finally,” “actually,” “means.” It was a very fun job and therefore useful. Even now I don’t remember all of Rosenthal’s examples, but I remember my own very well, mostly the funny ones. Thirdly, no less than 20 words were listed in small print that were not introductory, among which, in turn, I found 15 that I always isolated in writing. Armed with sheets of paper, I naturally rewrote these words in large print in the amount of 10 copies and hung them on the most visited points of the apartment, in particular on the mirrors. Now, even when looking at myself in the mirror, I will repeat the rules of the Russian language. Not once, but probably five times a day, I was forced to look through my notes and finally memorized both the text of the rules and the introductory words themselves.
Thus, I can now be considered a true expert in the field of introductory words. On the one hand, this is pleasant, but on the other, it has become much more difficult for me. After all, in our newspapers we often come across illiterate articles, which are certainly interesting to read, but certainly unpleasant. It really seems to many journalists that the rules of the Russian language are established only for passing exams upon admission to the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University, so after admission they stop repeating them, which ultimately leads to the appearance of articles that, in my opinion, violate the rights of every educated person in the country.
Punctuation- This:
- Punctuation system
- A branch of linguistics that studies punctuation marks and the rules for their use in writing
Punctuation rule
Punctuation rule- this is an instruction that indicates the conditions for choosing a punctuation mark (i.e., its use or non-use). The conditions for choosing a punctuation mark are the grammatical, semantic and intonation features of sentences and their parts.
Note.
The place in the sentence where punctuation is necessary can be found by identifying features (signs). Identification signs of the use of punctuation rules:
- morphological: the presence of participles, gerunds, interjections, conjunctions, individual particles;
- syntactic: the presence of two or more grammatical stems, addresses, new words, isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, foreign speech;
- sound: pronunciation with vocative and other types of intonations;
- semantic: expression of reason, etc.
Functions of punctuation marks
Punctuation marks serve to separate sentences from each other in the text, to separate and highlight semantic segments in a sentence. They are divided into three groups: separating(in the text), dividing And excretory(in a sentence).
Separating punctuation marks
These include period, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis. They are used:
- to separate each word of a sentence from the next one in the text;
- to design a separate sentence as complete.
Punctuation at the end of a sentence
Rules:
- A period is put at the end of narrative and incentive sentences if they do not additionally express emotions (feelings).
- At the end of interrogative sentences there is a question mark.
- An exclamation mark is placed at the end of any sentence based on the purpose of the statement if they additionally express a feeling.
- An ellipsis is placed at the end of a sentence if the writer takes a long pause.
Punctuation marks
These include comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Separating punctuation marks serve in a simple sentence to indicate boundaries between homogeneous members (commas and semicolons), in a complex sentence - to separate simple sentences included in its composition.
The choice of dividing punctuation marks is determined by morphological, syntactic, semantic and intonation conditions.
Distinctive punctuation marks
Distinctive punctuation marks serve to indicate the boundaries of semantic segments that complicate a simple sentence (addresses, introductory words, phrases, sentences, isolated secondary members), as well as direct speech.
Distinctive punctuation marks are a comma (two commas); dash (two dashes); Exclamation point; double brackets; colon and dash used together; double quotes.
The choice of punctuation marks is determined by syntactic, semantic and intonation conditions.
Cases when punctuation is not used
- Between the subject and the predicate, which is joined by a conjunction How.
- Between homogeneous members connected by single unions and, or.
- Before application, if union How used in the meaning " as».
- After the participial phrase, if it comes before the defined noun and does not have a causal meaning.
- Before adverbs formed from gerunds.
- Between simple sentences in a complex sentence with a conjunction And in the presence of a common member.
- Between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a conjunction And.
- Between agreed upon definitions, if they characterize the subject from different angles.
The lesson has several important goals:
1) show that punctuation marks are an important means of formatting written speech;
2) talk about dividing punctuation marks into groups according to their function;
4) develop students’ oral and written speech;
5) cultivate speech culture and respect for the native word.
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Lesson topic: Principles of Russian punctuation. Punctuation marks:
Separating, dividing and excreting.
Lesson type: formation of new knowledge
Form:lesson - workshop using computer
Presentations
Lesson objectives.
Educational:emphasize that punctuation is important
A means of formatting written speech, since with their
With the help of semantic division of speech, division
Punctuation marks according to their function are divided into three groups:
separating, separating and excreting,
Offer
Developmental: development of students' oral and written speech,
Active forms of cognitive activity
Educational: nurturing speech culture, caring attitude towards
Native word
Lesson equipment:computer presentation
“Punctuation marks - notes when reading” (A. P. Chekhov)
Leading tasks: Student message: “From the history of punctuation”
During the classes
- Introduction to the lesson objectives and epigraph:
"Punctuation marks - notes when reading"
A. P. Chekhov
“...Punctuation marks have a dual purpose:
Promotes clarity in the presentation of thoughts,
Separating one sentence from another or one
Part of it from another, and express the feeling of the face
The speaker and his attitude towards the listener..."
F. I. Buslaev
Lesson plan.
1. Introduction: "A Word about Punctuation"
2. Student message:"From the history of punctuation"
3 Student message: “Threethe principle of Russian punctuation"
4. Student message: “Punctuation marks: separating,
5 . Drawing up a diagram on the topic “Punctuation Marks”
8. Workshop on the studied topic (working with a computer program
Problematic issues:
- Why is punctuation needed?
- What are the principles of Russian punctuation?
- What groups are punctuation marks divided into?
By its function?
- What is special about copyright marks?
1. Introduction: "A Word about Punctuation"
The topic of today's lesson is“Principles of Russian punctuation. Punctuation marks: separating, dividing and emphasizing"
- What is punctuation? Choose words with the same root for this word and try to formulate
- Why is punctuation needed?
Conclusion: Punctuation (from Latin punktum - “dot”) is a collection of rules on the placement of punctuation marks. Punctuation marks (punctuation - “stop, break”) are signs that are placed between words or groups of words in written speech.
2. Student message:"From the history of punctuation"
“Punctuation, like spelling, forms part of the graphic system adopted for a given language, and must be as firmly mastered as the letters of the alphabet with their sound meanings, in order for the letter to accurately and completely express the content of the utterance.” “Punctuation marks are notes when reading” - this is how A.P. Chekhov characterized punctuation in one of his letters dated 1888.
Punctuation marks are an important means of formatting written speech, since with their help the semantic division of speech occurs. Unlike spelling, the rules of which are based on the phonetic and morphological structure of each language, punctuation is largely international in nature. Punctuation was invented by the typographers the Manutius brothers in the mid-15th century. and in its main features was accepted by the majority of the peoples of Europe.
There are 10 punctuation marks in modern Russian: period, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, colon, semicolon, comma, dash, double dash, parentheses. Quotation marks can also be considered punctuation marks. In addition, spaces between words, a red line (beginning of a paragraph) and other graphic aids are used to read the text.
3. Student message: “Three principles of Russian punctuation"
The rules of Russian punctuation are based on three basic principles: logical (semantic), structural-syntactic and intonation:
1. Logical (semantic) -Punctuation marks help break up speechinto parts that are important for expressing thoughts in writing(semantic division),
2. Structural - syntacticmakes the semantic structure of speech clear, highlighting individual sentences and their parts (syntactic division),
creates stability of the punctuation system.
3. Intonation - serve to indicate intonation patterns,a means of expressing semantics (meaning) in oral speech.
4. Student message: “Punctuation marks: separating,
Separating and excretory"
Depending on their function, punctuation marks are divided into three groups: disjunctive, disjunctive, and emphatic.
To the separatorsPunctuation includes periods, question and exclamation marks, and ellipses. These signs are placed at the end of a sentence and serve as a means of separating one sentence from another in the composition text.
To punctuation marksinclude comma, semicolon, dash and colon. These signs are placed in a simple sentence to separate homogeneous members of a sentence and to separate simple sentences within a complex sentence.
To the punctuation marks relate double (paired) signs:double brackets, double quotes,double dash, double commas.
5 . Drawing up a diagram on the topic: “Punctuation marks”
A special position in the traditional punctuation mark system is occupied by the so-called author's marks. They can be considered as special semantic signs, since their use is usually not motivated by the structure of syntactic units. Author's marks are one of the punctuation methods for highlighting semantic fragments of a sentence. They are an important component of the information expressed by a sentence. In modern press there are cases of violation of some punctuation rules.
- Chekhov compares punctuation marks with musical notation,
and what would you compare it to, based on your profession?
- What are the similarities and differences between clothing and punctuation?
7. Separating, separating, emphasizing and copyright marks in
M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”
Now let's turn to the story of a man who made clothes a symbol of protest. Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov - author of famous works
“Heart of a Dog”, “Running”, “The White Guard”, “The Master and Margarita” - all his life he defended the right to remain oneself. "I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Is it painted?wolf, whether the wolf is shorn, he is still notlooks like a poodle" -wrote M.A. Bulgakov
In February 1929, two people met: he was married, she was married; a romance arose between them, at first secret, as usual; then everything, according to the eternal pattern, floated out; and there were tears, and the jealous husband’s revolver flashed, but everything ended well...
Or you can start this strict story about love this way: in the early thirties, the wife of a major commander, chief of staff of the Moscow military district, Shilovsky, went to the famous writer and became his wife.
In February 29th they met for the first time, and in May Mikhail Afanasyevich began writing his great novel “The Master and Margarita”. This novel is about many things, it is about God and the devil, it is about cowardice as the main vice of humanity, it is about the indelible, inescapable sin of betrayal, it is fantastically funny and inexpressibly sad, it is cosmic, but above all it is about true and eternal love, oh which we have forgotten to even think about and which comes, perhaps, only in happy dreams of childhood, when you shed tears about the irrevocable, and no longer believe, and there is no strength to live without faith.
“The Master and Margarita” - that’s what he called the novel, the great Master, not in any other way. Romance, life - how everything intertwined, grew into each other, when some blood vessels connected life and dream, Elena Sergeevna and Margarita Nikolaevna, but let’s not forget: Elena Sergeevna is a Secret Friend, the Muse is life, beautiful and fleeting, and Margarita Nikolaevna is the same, but already bathed in the light of immortality, the child of the Master’s love for a woman and for life
From Elena Sergeevna’s diary:
“It was in February 29, at Pancake Day. Some friends had a pancake party. Neither I wanted to go there, nor Bulgakov, who for some reason decided that he would not go to this house. But it turned out that these people managed to interest both him and me in the composition of the guests. Well, me, of course, is his last name. In general, we met and were close. It was fast, unusually fast, at least on my part, love for life.”
The Master could not give her neither fame, nor wealth, nor position in society, nor even hope: he was poor and - worse than that - cursed, his fame faded, leaving a foam of blasphemy and the persistent, creepy at that time and absolutely unfair nickname of “White Guard” " And she? Beautiful, brilliant,
with the necessary zest of frivolity, which does not allow a man to get used to his girlfriend as property that will go nowhere...
From Elena Sergeevna’s diary:
“Then came much more difficult times, when it was very difficult for me to leave home precisely because my husband was a very good person, because we had such a close-knit family. The first time I was faint-hearted and stayed, and I did not see Bulgakov for 20 months, giving my word that I would not accept a single letter, I would not answer the phone even once, I would not go out into the street alone. But, obviously, it was still fate. Because when I went outside for the first time, I met him, and the first phrase he said was: “I can’t live without you.” And I answered: “Me too.” And we decided to connect, no matter what. But then he told me something that, I don’t know why, but I accepted with laughter. He told me: “Give me your word that I will die in your arms.” If you imagine that this was said by a man of less than forty years old, healthy, with cheerful blue eyes, beaming with happiness, then, of course, it looked very strange. And I, laughing, said: “Of course, of course, you will die on my floor...” He said: “I’m speaking very seriously, swear.” And as a result, I vowed...”
Not in the novel, but in life, Mikhail Afanasyevich said to Elena Sergeevna:“The whole world was against me, and I was alone. Now it’s just the two of us and I’m not afraid of anything.”
Study of excerpts from the novel by M.A. Bulgakov
"Master and Margarita"according to the punctuation analysis scheme
Are you a writer? - the poet asked with interest.
The guest darkened his face and shook his fist at Ivan, then said:
“I am a master,” he became stern and took out from his robe pocket a completely greasy black cap with the letter “M” embroidered on it in yellow silk. He put on this cap and showed himself to Ivan both in profile and from the front to prove that he was a master. “She sewed it for me with her own hands,” he added mysteriously.
What's your last name?
“I no longer have a surname,” the strange guest answered with gloomy contempt, “I abandoned it, like everything else in life.” Let's forget about her.
She carried disgusting, disturbing yellow flowers in her hands. The devil knows what their names are, but for some reason they are the first to appear in Moscow. And these flowers stood out very clearly on her black spring coat. She carried yellow flowers! Bad color!
She turned from Tverskaya into the alley and then turned around. Well, do you know Tverskaya? Thousands of people were walking along Tverskaya, but I guarantee you that she saw me alone and looked not only anxiously, but even as if painfully. And I was struck not so much by the beauty as by the extraordinary, unprecedented loneliness in the eyes!
M. Bulgakov. "Master and Margarita". Part 1 chapter 13
“Follow me, reader! Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? May the liar's vile tongue be cut out! Follow me, my reader, and only me, and I will show you such love!”
And I suddenly, and completely unexpectedly, realized that all my life I had loved this woman! That's the thing, huh? Of course, you will say, crazy?..
Love jumped out in front of us, like a killer jumps out of the ground in an alley, and struck us both at once!
That's how lightning strikes, that's how a Finnish knife strikes!
She, however, later claimed that this was not so, that we, of course, loved each other a long time ago - a long time ago, without knowing each other, never seeing each other...
and that she lived with another person... and I was there, then... with this... what's her name...
M. Bulgakov. "Master and Margarita". Ch." Chapter 19
“Margarita Nikolaevna never touched a primus stove. Margarita Nikolaevna did not know the horrors of living in a shared apartment. In a word... was she happy? Not one minute! Since she got married at nineteen and ended up in a mansion, she has not known happiness. Gods, my gods! What did this woman need?! What did this woman need, in whose eyes some incomprehensible light always burned, what did this witch, slightly squinting in one eye, need, who then decorated herself with mimosas in the spring? Don't know. I don't know. Obviously, she was telling the truth, she needed him, the master, and not a Gothic mansion, and not a separate garden, and not money. She loved him, she told the truth."
M. Bulgakov. "Master and Margarita". Ch." Chapter 19
PUNCTUATION ANALYSIS
The order of punctuation analysis
1. Explain the conditions (grammatical, semantic, intonation) for placing punctuation marks.
2. Characterize punctuation marks according to their use (single, repeating, paired).
3. Characterize punctuation marks according to their function (dividing, emphasizing).
4. Formulate a rule for placing punctuation marks.
Note:
1. With a complete analysis, all characters in the text are explained, with a partial analysis, punctuation marks are explained selectively.
2. When analyzing, it is advisable to take into account optional signs, possible variability of signs, individual author’s signs, determining their functional and stylistic role.
Sample parsing:
Oh! Look out my window
And give me news of the heights,
So that I, a little consoled,
I saw happiness even in the window.
(F. Glinka.)
An exclamation mark separates the interjection from the main sentence and indicates the emotional content of the sentence.
A comma separates the subordinate clause from the main clause.
Commas highlight a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase (paired sign, emphasizing).
A period at the end of a sentence.
8. Workshop on the topic studied (working with a computer program)
Homework:
1. Analyze 10 – 15 sentences according to the punctuation scheme
Analysis from a work of fiction (optional)
2. Repeat the rule about punctuation marks at the end of a simple sentence
What punctuation marks help convey a variety of semantic relationships between simple sentences within complex ones? In which sentences do punctuation marks separate, and in which do they separate parts of a compound?
- A gusty wind blew. The trees rustled.
A gusty wind blew and the trees rustled. - The excursion was a success. Tourists explored the sights with interest.
The excursion was a success: tourists viewed the sights with interest. - The brother handed over the letter. He didn't wait for an answer.
The brother, when he handed over the letter, did not wait for an answer.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence are needed in order to convey in writing the features of semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence, the features of its structure and intonation.
In complex and non-union complex sentences, they separate simple sentences, performing separation function, and in complex complexes allocate dependent part (subordinate clause), performing excretory function.
53. Review the table. Prepare an oral report on this topic. Support your answer with examples.
Punctuation marks in complex sentences
54. Read it. Write down the sentences in this order: 1) with dividing punctuation marks, 2) with emphasizing punctuation marks.
1. Grandfather turned out to be right: a thunderstorm came in the evening. (K. Paustovsky.)
2. Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward. (V. Arsenyev.)
3. The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull. (A. Chekhov.)
4. The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. (V. Astafiev.)
5. The rays of the sun brightly poured gold over the tops of the pine trees, then went out one after another; the last ray remained for a long time. (I. Goncharov.)
Author's punctuation in complex sentences, this is the placement of punctuation marks that are not provided for by the rules, but are acceptable if the author uses them to convey any additional meaning. The writer in a literary text solves his visual problems with the help of author's signs. Such signs most often include the dash and semicolon in complex sentences.
So, K. Paustovsky puts a dash in the sentence Fishing in snags was very tempting - large and lazy fish were hiding there, although it was necessary to put a colon.
55. Dictation. Read the text. What types of sentences did the writer use to create a picture of nature and express his attitude towards it? Record the text from dictation. Draw diagrams of complex sentences. Underline homogeneous members.
Night is ahead. Lonely birches turn dimly white, and the silver scattering of spring stars moves high, high. It smells fresh and drunken of thawed earth, young grass, buds and some other inexplicably pleasant, cheerful smell of free wind, space and cool darkness. You breathe in the key cold of the night until you cry and feel how your shoulders turn, a nervous shiver runs down your back.
It is glorious to live on earth, even for the sake of a single breath!
(N. Nikonov.)
