The transition to an industrial economic system was carried out during the industrial revolution (industrial revolution), which meant a radical restructuring of production. From a technical point of view, the Industrial Revolution represents the transition from manual labor to mechanized labor; from an organizational point of view, it represented the creation of factories that used machine systems instead of manufactories. The industrial revolution had the most important economic and social consequences: the relationship between agriculture and industry changed in favor of the latter, heavy industry and new types of transport developed at a faster pace, capitalist forms of organizing agricultural production, trade, the monetary sphere, and the tax system developed. The class structure of capitalist society took shape more clearly. Industrial workers came to the forefront of hired labor. Industrialists emerged from the diverse layers of the bourgeoisie, the confrontation between these social groups became a determining factor in the political development of capitalist states.
The industrial revolution took place in all countries that embarked on the capitalist path of development. However, it had both general and specific prerequisites related to historical, economic, political, social, cultural and psychological characteristics different societies. The transition to industrial capitalism (industrial system) was carried out in a variety of ways: revolutionary (England, France), reformist (Germany, Russia), settler (USA), revolutionary-reformist (Japan).
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More on the topic Chapter 6. FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM. INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM AND ITS MAIN OPTIONS:
- 1.1. The concept of analysis of economic activity, the history of its formation and development
- 6.1. The “revolutionary” path to the formation of industrial capitalism
- Chapter 4. PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A NEW MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: RENAISSANCE, REFORMATION, GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES
- 6.2. “Reformist” path to the formation of industrial capitalism. Germany
- CHAPTER 3. ECONOMICALLY SAFE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMIC COMPLEX AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF THE REGION
- 6.4. “Revolutionary-reformist” path to the formation of industrial capitalism. Japan
- 28. World economy in 1914-1959. The formation of a system of regulated capitalism
- 1. The essence of state regulation of the economy and its place in the economic mechanism of modern capitalism
- Chapter 7. EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES.
Formation and development of the industrial economic system.
Industrial capitalism and its main variants
At the end of the 17th century in England, after the revolution that finally ended feudalism, a bourgeois-democratic political system was established, which basically continues to exist in our time. England, which defeated Spain in the struggle for dominance of the seas in the 16th century, Holland in the 17th century, and France in the 18th century, turned into superpower. While remaining a small island country, it became the center of a huge Colonial Empire. The influx of capital into English industry, the growing demand for English industrial goods, massive European armies. All this led to the emergence of the military industry (clothing for various branches of the military, shoes, ammunition, etc.).
It was created:
· standardized products (clothing for troops),
· cotton products,
· introduction of machines into the weaving industry (mechanical loom 1785, E. Cartwright),
· steam engine (1784, J. Watt),
· the first steam spinning mill appeared,
· a puddling furnace appeared, creating steel from cast iron using mineral fuel (1784, Cort),
· rolling rollers, which make it possible to produce metal products of the desired configuration (aka),
· the combination of iron and a steam engine made it possible to create the railway, steam locomotive and steamship.
The transition to an industrial economic system is carried out during industrial revolutions, which are called industrial revolutions, signifying a radical restructuring of production.
First Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution) from a technical point of view, this is a transition from manual labor to mechanized labor.
Second Industrial Revolution (second technological revolution)– electrical engineering – associated with the qualitative improvement of production through the development of the use of electricity.
Industrial Revolution had major social consequences :
- first placein national production industry came out;
- Heavy industries developed rapidly and new types of transport appeared;
- capitalist forms of organization of agricultural production developed;
- trade development;
- development of the monetary sector;
- emergence and development of the tax system.
Industrial revolutions occurred in all countries embarking on the industrial path of development. They had general and specific prerequisites associated with historical, economic, political, social and cultural characteristics.
Occurred in the following ways:
1) revolutionary (England, France)
2) reformist (Germany, Russia)
3) revolutionary - reformist (Japan).
Since the end of the 17th century, the leader England becomes European trade. The British begin to fight for the colonies. Their merchants penetrate North America, India, China and Russia. Holland remains England's rival. After several wars between England and Holland, ending in victory for England, begins rapid growth English merchant fleet. The PNK era is characterized by an increase in industrial products in the total volume of trade. The first place is occupied by English and French goods.
Trade development trends:
1. Of great importance for the development of trade in industrial goods was their supply to the colonies.
2. Trade specialization.
3. In trade itself there was a division into foreign and domestic, wholesale and retail.. !!!
4. Organizational changes in trade led to the emergence joint stock companies.
Initially shares was called the entire registered share of the shareholder. But since the 18th century, along with registered shares(1) appear anonymous bearer shares (2), identical in nominal value, which become the object of purchase and sale.
5. New form the organization of trade became an exchange (commodity, stock).
Since the 17th century, Amsterdam has become the main exchange center.
Bankers have new operation, accounting of bills, which meant receiving from the banker the amount indicated on the bill, deducting a certain percentage and transferring the bill to the banker's name.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (XIX – mid-XX centuries): characteristic features BASIS OF THE ECONOMY: q EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OF RESOURCES q. INDUSTRY q RAMPING GROWTH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARKET ECONOMY ü ACCELERATED FORMATION OF THE BOURGEOISIE AND WORKING CLASS ü HIGH LEVEL OF URBANIZATION ü WIDE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION, SCIENCE ü DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY, PARLIAMENTARISM
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION): A system of economic and socio-political changes based on the transition from manufacturing to a factory (factory) - a large machine industry. The beginning of the industrial revolution: the invention and implementation of working machines in production (replacement of manual labor) Completion. PP: development of machine production (production by machines)
PARTIES Industrial revolution TECHNICAL Transition from manual to mechanized labor ORGANIZATIONAL Transition from manufacture to factories SOCIAL Emergence of the bourgeoisie and proletariat
H Free competition E Entrepreneurship R Growth of industry T Subordination of the village to the city S Dominance of monetary relations
Economic basis§ Private ownership of the means of production § Exploitation of hired workers § Formation of a world economy
PREREQUISITES Industrial Revolution Common to all countries - economic: Ø Initial accumulation of capital Ø Sources of raw materials - iron, coal Ø Availability of a fleet Ø Developed manufacturing industry
FOUNDATION OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: IDEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC Ø philosophy of Enlightenment c. England, (17th to 18th centuries - France, etc.) ideological - foundation of an industrial society: liberalism Ø industrial revolution (beginning: England, 1760s - 1st quarter of the 19th century) - preparation of the economic foundation industrial society
Capitalist industrialization Begins with light industry, because § less advance capital is required § capital turns over faster
ücapital accumulation is an impulse for the development of heavy industry, which soon takes a dominant position ügradually industrialization covers transport, communications, agriculture
Economic consequences of the transition to the factory Intensification of labor Emergence of unemployment as a social category Transformation of the worker into an appendage of the machine Widespread use of female and child labor
Industrial Revolution England France Russia 30s – 80s. XIX century Japan 70s – 90s. XIX century 2nd half XVIII – 1st third of the XIX centuries. late XVIII – mid. XIX centuries
PERIOD OF FORMATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM – 2ND PHYSICAL. 18 – 19 BB. ENGLAND – PIONEER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM (“revolutionary” model)
BACKGROUND INDUSTRIAL COUP IN ENGLAND TO THE MIDDLE. 18 V.: Ø consequences English. bourgeois rev-tion ser. 17 strengthening of the bourgeoisie, expansion of the wage labor market Ø parliamentary system favorable environment for entrepreneurship Ø active colonial expansion (new markets - raw materials and sales) Ø high degree of division of labor and specialization of production operations in manufactories soil for replacing manual labor with machine Ø availability of stone reserves. coal (cheap fuel, energy source)
PP in England (1760s - 1st quarter of the 19th century) BEGINNING - IN LIGHT INDUSTRY (production of cotton fabrics) Reasons: § did not require large capital investments § quick financial return § the need for dramatic improvement of fabrics (stimulus - competition with Indian fabrics) § 1765, James Hargreaves invention of the spinning machine (spinning jenny) beginning of the machine age
REGULARITIES OF THE FORMATION OF LARGE MACHINE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF WORKING MACHINES (spinning machines, weaving machines) CHANGE OF ENGINE (steam engine) TECHNICAL. REVOLUTION IN INDUSTRY TECHNICAL REVOLUTION IN TRANSPORT (steam locomotive, steamship) q CHANGE OF TECHNIQUES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (from manual production of machines to machine production) Ø TRANSITION FROM SIMPLE COOPERATION OF HOMOGENEOUS MACHINES SYSTEM (COMPLEX) TO HETEROGENEOUS MACHINES q
BASIC INDUSTRIES OF THE ECONOMY OF ENGLAND TO THE MIDDLE. 19 C. HEAVY INDUSTRY: q production of steam engines q coal mining q iron smelting q shipbuilding LIGHT INDUSTRY: q cotton (fabrics are the main export product!) TRANSPORT: q shipping, railway CONSTRUCTION: q canals, paved roads railways
ENGLAND IS A LEADER IN THE WORLD ECONOMY by mid. 19th century : manufacturer of more than 1/3 of the world's products! ENGLAND WAS THE FIRST: Ø the establishment of free competition capitalism Ø the beginning of the export of capital Ø the introduction of the gold standard (England is the center of the international monetary system) Ø a two-tier banking system Ø the introduction of a progressive income tax (1842) Ø the beginning of steamship construction Ø the creation of a unified transport. systems
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AS THE BASIS OF STATE POLICY OF ENGLAND IN THE 1ST HALF. 19th century. repeal of the Corn Laws (1846) ü restriction of monopoly rights of colonial trading companies ü opening of English ports for ships of all countries ü abolition of import duties on raw materials and semi-finished products ü freedom of organization of joint-stock companies ü development of factory legislation (protection of the interests of entrepreneurs and workers) ü
SPECIFICITY OF THE FORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES q “revolutionary” model (England: 1760s – 1st quarter of the 19th century; France: late 18th century – 1860s) q “reformist” model (Germany: 1815-70s; Russia: 1830s-70s) q “revolutionary reformist” model (Japan: 2nd half of the 19th century) q “migration” model (USA: late 18th century – 1860s)
FEATURES OF THE “REFORMIST” MODEL OF FORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM (GERMANY, RUSSIA) § § § transition to industrial. society through reforms (not revolution) the leading role of the state in this transition to the important role of reforms in the agrarian sector (slow pace) despite the development of market relations, the agricultural sector remained the leading sector of the economy for a long time, the preservation of feudal remnants
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE “REVOLUTIONARY REFORMER” MODEL (JAPAN) the role of the external factor force path: the inclusion of Japan in the world market system (early 1850s, USA) § “Meiji Revolution” (1867-68) – internal stimulus of capitalism § special role of the state -va bourgeois reforms of the 1860s -70s. : combination of Western experience with national characteristics(“family model”); priority of military industries § early development monopolies (zaibatsu - at) the stage of industrial revolution § the leading industries remained light and food §
Features of the “migration” path of development of capitalism (USA): significant influence of resettlement factors - influx of immigrants and capital from the West. Europe, the active role of the state (“railroad revolution”, etc.), achieving an optimal combination of industries of the industrial complex, heavy light and food, economic liberalism with American specifics (the concept of economist H. C. Carey), the discovery of gold deposits in California (“gold rush”, gray . X IX century) § § §
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDUSTRIAL MODEL (“CLASSICAL” CAPITALISM) BY THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY. ENTRY OF CAPITALISM INTO THE MONOPOLY STAGE (late 19th – early 20th centuries); q q STRENGTHENING GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA (1830s – 1880s). THE GREAT REFORM OF ALEXANDER II AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD (1860s – 1914)
qindustrial revolution in Russia (1830s - 1880s): stimulus for text. industry (the role of peasants! centers – Moscow, Ivanovo)
Sprouts of the capitalist structure Industry: A) The growth of manufactures using hired labor B) The emergence of factories Agriculture: A) From natural it becomes more and more commodity
B) Dissemination of agronomic literature, the appearance of exhibitions, an increase in the number of agricultural societies C) Stratification of the peasantry Trade and finance: A) Development of domestic trade B) Growth of foreign trade (main trading partner - England) B) Growth of joint-stock companies (Russian-American joint-stock company - the first )
Peculiarity! The initial accumulation and development of bourgeois relations in Russia in the 1st half. XIX century occurred under conditions of serfdom
30 - 40's XIX century v. The Industrial Revolution is coming to an end in England v. In Russia, the industrial revolution begins and ends in the 80s. 19th century
ü The technical side predominates, and the social side (the emergence of new layers - the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat) will manifest itself to the proletariat on the most large scale - in the post-reform period
Results of the industrial revolution § Growth in the volume of domestic and foreign trade § Growth in the number of cities and urban population § Fairs are transformed into commodity exchanges
§ The flow of merchant capital into industry is accelerating § The nature of imports is changing: from consumer goods to industrial goods - cars and cotton
CRIMEAN WAR (1853 -56) catalyst for the industrial development of Russia in a market form Abolition of serfdom (1861) + OTHER GREAT REFORM OF ALEXANDERII (1860s - 1870s) stimulus for the development of capitalism
Priorities of economic development of Russia (2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries): FORMATION OF CREDIT INFRASTRUCTURE: Ø State Bank (1860): to finance commercial and industrial enterprises and support private banks ‼ the first joint-stock commercial banks in Russia - Ø St. -Petersburg Private Commercial Bank (1864 -1917); ØSt. Petersburg International Commercial Bank (1869 -1917) q
Priorities of economic development of Russia (2nd half of the 19th – early 20th centuries): q FORMATION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE (construction railways): ü 1868 -72 – “railroad fever” (grundism) Great Siberian Railway (Trans-Siberian Railway 1890s; by the beginning of the 20th century – 1st place in Europe in terms of annual growth of railways
Characteristic features of the development of the Russian economy in the 2nd half. X – IX beginning XX centuries : q rapid growth of heavy industry (metallurgy, mechanical and locomotive building) q noticeable role of foreign capital (Germany, France, England, etc.) As the Russian economy grew, the country’s dependence on foreign capital noticeably weakened...
Factors of Russia's attractiveness for foreign capital in the 2nd half. XX century : I rich natural resources Ø cheap labor forceØ lack of competition Ø stabilization financial system(monetary reform of 1897) Ø the possibility of obtaining large profits in short terms
Russia in the post-reform period is the main, but not priority, industry of the country: features Preservation of feudal remnants Agriculture Predominance of the extensive path of development features Penetration of capitalist relations
N. H. Bunge Minister of Finance - 1881 -1886 Policy on the peasant issue ØTransfer of peasants to redemption and reduction of redemption payments (1881) by 1 ruble ØEstablishment of the Peasant Land Bank (1882): benefits for the purchase and lease of land ØAbolition of the poll tax (1882 -1887)
Labor issue ØThe emergence of the most advanced factory legislation at that time (1882) ØLimitation of the labor of minors in enterprises (1882). Prohibition on the labor of children under 12 years of age. 8-hour working day for 12-15 year old teenagers Ø Ban on night work for women and teenagers
Law q. Limit the size of the fine to q. From monetary penalties from workers, a fund was formed to pay benefits to workers q. Pay books with terms and conditions of employment have been introduced q. Severe penalties were imposed for participation in strikes
I. A. Vyshnegradsky Minister of Finance - 1887 -1892 § Increased indirect taxes and expanded taxation § Subordination of private railways to the state § Achieved strengthening of the ruble and stabilization of the financial system
Reforms of S. Yu. Witte 1894 - gradual introduction of a state monopoly on the sale of alcohol (which will provide ¼ of budget revenues in the period 1894 -1899) 1897 - monetary reform: establishment of a gold equivalent and introduction of convertibility of credit notes due to the accumulation of sufficient gold reserves 1903 – the construction of the Great Siberian Railway (Trans-Siberian) was completed (the route from Moscow to Vladivostok – 15 days)
Reforms of S. Yu. Witte 1902 - establishment of a “Special Meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry” *collection of materials on the situation of agriculture in Russia; *Stolypin's premises agrarian reform– ü the idea of liberating the peasant from the power of the community, ü the development of peasant private property, ü agrarian entrepreneurship
The industrial economic system is based on industry with dynamic structures. It is characterized by: division of labor and growth of its productivity, mechanization and automation of labor, high level of competition, accelerated development of entrepreneurial resources and human and capital, development of the market for goods and services.
The main feature of industrial economic system intensive growth of industry, implying a revolution in the very material basis of production. In contrast to the pre-industrial system, instead of agriculture, industry takes first place in the industrial economy. As for agriculture, it remains, but is transferred to the path of industrial economic growth, which ultimately leads to a sharp increase in agricultural productivity. Features of the industrial system also lie in the high technical development of the means of production, the presence political systems who put economic factor at the forefront, increasing the social status of entrepreneurs and workers, accumulating surplus product in private hands (capitalism) or socializing and redistributing it through developed state and public institutions (socialism). Statistics show the following figures: in all industrialized countries in 1913 agriculture 72.5 million people were employed. In these same countries in 1987 there were only 25 million people, the number of agricultural workers decreased three times. In 1820, each farm worker produced enough food to feed four people. In 1947 - 14 people, in 1987 - 96 people.
Currently, in developed countries, the number of agricultural workers does not exceed 2-4% of the total population of the country, and at the same time they provide not only their country with agricultural products, but also export agricultural products to other countries.
As a result of increased labor productivity and with lower capital expenditures and natural resources- all factors of production - began to produce a larger quantity of not only agricultural, but also industrial goods and services.
If in the pre-industrial system the person and his needs came first, then in the industrial system of the economy production and income are in the center, therefore for an industrial society the growth of not only production, but also income per capita is typical.
The industrial system of the economy arises as a result of the industrial revolution or industrial revolution.
The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of a new era in the world economy. The industrial revolution began with the invention and introduction of working machines into production, and ended with the development of machine production (machines began to be produced with the help of other machines).
The Industrial Revolution or Industrial Revolution is the transition from manual labor to machine labor, from manufacture to factory; transition from a predominantly agricultural economy to industrial production. As a result of the industrial revolution, the agrarian (agricultural) economy was transformed into an industrial economic system. The Industrial Revolution took place in different countries V different periods time, an approximate period can be considered that the industrial revolution began in the second half of the 18th century and continued throughout the 19th century.
A characteristic feature of the industrial revolution is the rapid growth of productive forces based on large-scale machine industry and the establishment of capitalism as the dominant world economic system.
The Industrial Revolution is associated with an increase in labor productivity and the beginning of rapid economic growth. The Industrial Revolution allowed the transition from an agrarian society (where the majority of the population lived in subsistence farming) to an industrial one in just a few generations.
The industrial revolution leads to the final victory of the capitalist mode of production over the feudal one. New areas of industrial production began to appear, new factories and factories were built, big cities and industrial centers. Two main classes have formed in society - the bourgeoisie and the working class.
The industrial revolution is characteristic of all countries of the world, but in different countries the prerequisites for it did not mature at the same time, and it occurred in different historical times, and each country had its own characteristics.
The first country where the industrial revolution began was England, which began in the 60s of the 18th century and ended in the 30s of the 19th century. Its prerequisites were: geographical location, after the discovery of America, England found itself at the crossroads of world maritime trade routes; the growth of colonies and the development of trade led to an expansion of the market for British goods, and protracted wars were also fought, which created a demand for special goods -- military uniform and weapons; the transition from a feudal monarchy to a bourgeois monarchy, a political union of land and financial aristocracy emerged; competition, which could be defeated by producing cheap and high-quality products.
In England there was a fairly developed education system, schools appeared to train technically enlightened entrepreneurs, industrial centers. Many were created scientific centers for training personnel, both for science and industry. The inventions were funded by a large number of cash. The first invention was the mechanical loom, which increased worker productivity by 40 times. The next invention was the steam engine, which was used in a variety of areas of production, and over time began to be used in transport.
The use of machines accelerated the development of metallurgy and the coal industry. Mechanical engineering emerged. The growth of industrial production led to the emergence of new, more advanced and faster vehicles. The presence of the steam engine made it possible to use it in railway and sea transport. England became the first country to create an extensive internal railway network.
As a result of the industrial revolution, new industrial areas emerged that specialized in production individual species goods. Industrial production volumes have increased significantly. By the mid-19th century, England had become the "workshop of the world", producing almost half of the world's industrial output.
The development of machine production led to the formation of an industrial economic system. England, the first country in the world to experience an industrial revolution, by the mid-19th century had become a powerful state that had the largest colonial empire, provided its own industry with cheap raw materials, as well as a large market for finished products.
Following Great Britain, industrial revolutions began to occur in the USA, France, Germany and other countries.
In America, economic conditions were created after the victory in the Revolutionary War. The industrial revolution was facilitated by the complete absence of small shop constraints and the use of the technical experience of English industry. The massive use of steam engines and the accelerated development of mechanical engineering in the northeastern states of the United States occurred in the 50s and 60s, the 19th century.
In the French coup important role played by the Great French Revolution, which abolished the feudal order. The transition from manufacturing to the use of machine systems in leading industries took many decades.
In Germany, the industrial revolution was carried out belatedly and was held back by the dominance of feudal and semi-feudal relations. France and especially Germany were far behind England in the area of large-scale industry.
The industrial revolution in Russia began in the 30-40s of the 19th century. The transition from manual labor to machine labor swept through the cotton and sugar industries, resulting in increased productivity and output. Machine-building plants began to be built intensively; in Moscow alone by 1856 there were 152 steam engines. The booming industry provided many new jobs. An important aspect of the industrial revolution was the construction of railways; in the 60-70s, 20 thousand km of roads were built. The completion of the industrial revolution in Russia occurred in the 80-90s of the 19th century.
The most important changes of the industrial revolution are: mechanization of production, industrial economic growth, transformation of entrepreneurs and workers into the main social classes.
Options for the development of industrial capitalism
Literature
From the general list of references Nos.: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 36 , 40, 42, 44, 46.
Self-test questions
1.What were the prerequisites for the industrial revolution in England?
2.Name the main stages of the “classical” English scheme of the industrial revolution.
3. Describe the most important consequences of the industrial revolution in England.
4.Why did the prerequisites for the industrial revolution (industrial revolution) mature later in France than in England?
5.Name the main differences between the industrial revolution in France and England.
6.Describe the most important consequences of the industrial revolution in France.
7.Explain the specifics of the prerequisites for the industrial revolution in Germany.
8.Name the stages and describe the features of the industrial revolution in Germany.
9.Explain the role of the reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century. V economic development Russia.
10.What were the fundamental differences between the industrial revolution in Russia?
11. Describe the most important bourgeois reforms carried out in Japan in the 60-70s. XIX century
12.Determine the features of the industrial revolution in Japan and its main stages.
13.What is paternalism?
14.What were the features of the formation of the preconditions for the industrial revolution in the USA?
15.Name the main stages and specific features of the industrial revolution in the USA.
1.Draw up a table confirming England’s leadership in the world economy during the period of industrial capitalism.
2.Prepare an essay on the topic “Comparative analysis of the formation and development of the banking systems of France, England, Germany, Russia, Japan.”
4.Prepare a report on the topic: “The role of the state in the development of the industrial system in countries Western Europe, Russia, Japan?
4. Conduct a comparative economic analysis various models of industrial capitalism according to the parameters given (at the lecture). Drawing up a corresponding table.
5.Graphically display the relationship between the level of development of railway construction and the rate of economic growth during the period of industrialization for the countries included in the course of study.
6.Conduct comparative analysis English and American farming systems, the Prussian path of development of capitalism in agriculture.
Topic 6. The evolution of industrial capitalism at the end of the 19th century - the beginning
XX century monopolization of the economy
Literature
From the general list of references Nos.: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 36, 44, 46.
Self-test questions
1. Describe the main innovations of the second technological revolution.
2.What is the difference between the industrial revolution and the second technological revolution?
3.Name the criteria by which the organizational forms of monopolies differed.
4.Why was the level of monopolization of the economy the highest in the USA?
5.How did the sectoral structure of economic monopolization differ across countries?
Questions and tasks for independent work.
1. Prepare an essay on the topics of the main directions of scientific and technical innovations of the second technological revolution in the leading capitalist states and Russia.
2. Prepare a report on the topic: “The role of the state in monopolizing the economy (differences by country).”
3. Conduct a comparative analysis of the state of the Russian economy (at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries) and the economy of one of the leading Western states, and draw up a diagram or table based on its results.
4. Fill out a table showing the balance of power in the world economy on the eve of the First World War.
Topic 7. Formation of a system of macroeconomic regulation
Literature
From the general list of references Nos.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 24, 42, 45.
Self-test questions
1. How did the balance of power in the world economy change after the Second World War?
2. Describe the causes, manifestations and consequences of the global economic crisis of the late 1920s and early 1930s.
3.What is “regulated capitalism”?
4.Why was the liberal reformist model of regulated capitalism used in the United States?
5. Identify the features of the English and French versions of the formation of a system of regulated capitalism.
6.What were the specifics of the totalitarian model of regulated capitalism?
Questions and tasks for independent work
1.Draw up a table showing the balance of power in the world economy after the First World War.
2. Prepare an essay on the topic: “Factors, manifestations, consequences of the prosperity of the US economy in the 1920s.”
3.Prepare a report on the topic: “ Comparative characteristics economic policy F.D. Roosevelt, Stalin, Hitler in the 1930s."
4.Make a table reflecting the common features and fundamental differences between the totalitarian version of regulated capitalism and the system of state socialism.
