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Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
Relevance. In connection with the serious aggravation of the situation in the energy industry, the need to study the economic and technical indicators of the main electricity producers in the region is one of the most important environmental problems Nowadays.
Thermal power plants generate electrical and thermal energy for the needs of the country's national economy and public utilities. Depending on the energy source, there are thermal power plants (TPPs), hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), nuclear power plants (NPPs), etc. TPPs include condensing power plants (CHPs) and combined heat and power plants (CHPs). State district power plants (SDPPs) serving large industrial and residential areas, as a rule, include condensing power plants that use fossil fuels and do not generate thermal energy along with electrical energy. CHP plants also operate on fossil fuels, but unlike CPPs, along with electricity, they produce hot water and steam for district heating needs.
One of the main characteristics of power plants is the installed capacity, equal to the sum rated capacities of electric generators and heating equipment. Rated power is the highest power at which the equipment can operate long time in accordance with technical specifications.
Energy facilities are part of a complex multi-component fuel and energy system, consisting of enterprises of the fuel production, fuel refining industries, Vehicle delivery of fuel from the place of production to consumers, enterprises for processing fuel into a form convenient for use, and energy distribution systems between consumers. The development of the fuel and energy system has a decisive influence on the level of energy availability of all industries and Agriculture, growth in labor productivity.
A feature of energy facilities, from the point of view of their interaction with the environment, in particular with the atmosphere and hydrosphere, is the presence of thermal emissions. Heat is released at all stages of the conversion of chemical energy from organic fuel to generate electricity, as well as during the direct use of thermal energy.
The purpose of this work is to consider the thermal impact of energy facilities on the environment.
1. Heat release by energy facilities into the environment
Thermal pollution is a type of physical (usually anthropogenic) pollution environment characterized by an increase in temperature above natural levels. The main sources of thermal pollution are emissions of heated exhaust gases and air into the atmosphere, and the discharge of heated wastewater into reservoirs.
Energy facilities are operated at elevated temperatures. Intense thermal exposure can lead to the development of various degradation processes in the materials from which the structure is made and, as a consequence, to their thermal damage. The influence of the temperature factor is determined not only by the value operating temperature, but also the nature and dynamics of thermal effects. Dynamic thermal loads can be caused by the periodic nature of the technological process, changes in operating parameters during commissioning and repair work, as well as due to non-uniform temperature distribution over the surface of the structure. When any organic fuel is burned, carbon dioxide is formed - CO2, which is the final product of the combustion reaction. Although carbon dioxide is not toxic in the usual sense of the word, its massive emission into the atmosphere (in just one day of operation in nominal mode, a coal-fired thermal power plant with a capacity of 2,400 MW emits about 22 thousand tons of CO2 into the atmosphere) leads to a change in its composition. At the same time, the amount of oxygen decreases and the conditions of the Earth’s heat balance change due to changes in the spectral characteristics of radiative heat transfer in the surface layer. This contributes to the greenhouse effect.
In addition, combustion is an exothermic process in which bound chemical energy is converted into thermal energy. Thus, energy based on this process inevitably leads to “thermal” pollution of the atmosphere, also changing the thermal balance of the planet.
The so-called thermal pollution of water bodies is also dangerous, causing various disturbances in their condition. Thermal power plants produce energy using turbines driven by heated steam, and the exhaust steam is cooled by water. Therefore, from power plants a stream of water continuously flows into reservoirs with a temperature 8-120C higher than the temperature of the water in the reservoir. Large thermal power plants discharge up to 90 m3/s of heated water. According to the calculations of German and Swiss scientists, the capacity of many large rivers in Europe to heat waste heat from power plants has already been exhausted. Heating of water anywhere in the river should not exceed by more than 30C the maximum temperature of the river water, which is assumed to be 280C. Based on these conditions, the capacity of power plants built on large rivers is limited to 35,000 MW. The amount of heat removed with the cooling water of individual power plants can be judged by the installed energy capacities. The average flow rate of cooling water and the amount of heat removed per 1000 MW of power are 30 m3/s and 4500 GJ/h for thermal power plants, respectively, and for nuclear power plants with turbines saturated steam average pressure - 50 m3/s and 7300 GJ/h.
IN last years They began to use an air-cooling system for water vapor. In this case, there is no loss of water, and it is most environmentally friendly. However, such a system does not work at high average ambient temperatures. In addition, the cost of electricity increases significantly. The direct-flow water supply system using river water can no longer provide the amount of cooling water required for thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. In addition, direct-flow water supply creates the danger of adverse thermal effects (thermal pollution) and disruption of the ecological balance of natural reservoirs. To prevent this, most industrialized countries have adopted measures to use closed cooling systems. With direct-flow water supply, cooling towers are used partially to cool circulating water in hot weather.
2. Modern ideas about the thermal regimes of environmental components
In recent years, more and more people have been talking and writing about climate change. Because of high density population created in some regions of the Earth, and especially due to the close economic relationships between regions and countries, unusual weather phenomena, which, however, did not go beyond the normal range of weather fluctuations, showed how sensitive humanity is to any deviations in thermal conditions from average values .
Climate trends observed in the first half of the 20th century have taken a new direction, especially in the Atlantic regions bordering the Arctic. The amount of ice began to increase here. Catastrophic droughts have also been observed in recent years.
It is unclear to what extent these phenomena are related to each other. If anything, they tell us how much temperature patterns, weather and climate can change over the course of months, years and decades. Compared to previous centuries, humanity's vulnerability to such fluctuations has increased, since food and water resources are limited, and the world population is growing, as well as industrialization and energy development.
Changing properties earth's surface and the composition of the atmosphere, releasing heat into the atmosphere and hydrosphere as a result of the growth of industry and economic activity, humans are increasingly influencing the thermal regime of the environment, which, in turn, contributes to climate change.
Human intervention in natural processes has reached such a scale that the result of human activity turns out to be extremely dangerous not only for the areas where it is carried out, but also for the Earth's climate.
Industrial enterprises that discharge thermal waste into the air or water bodies, emitting liquid, gaseous or solid (dust) pollution into the atmosphere, can change the local climate. If air pollution continues to increase, it will begin to affect the global climate.
Land, water and air transport, emitting exhaust gases, dust and thermal waste, can also affect the local climate. Continuous buildings that weaken or stop air circulation and the outflow of local accumulations of cold air also affect the climate. Sea pollution, for example, with oil, affects the climate of vast areas. Measures taken by humans to change the appearance of the earth’s surface, depending on their scale and on the climatic zone in which they are carried out, not only lead to local or regional changes, but also affect the thermal regimes of entire continents. Such changes include, for example, changes in weather conditions, land use, destruction or, conversely, planting of forests, watering or drainage, plowing of virgin lands, the creation of new reservoirs - everything that changes the heat balance, water management and the distribution of winds over vast areas.
Intensive change temperature regime environment has led to the impoverishment of their flora and fauna, a noticeable reduction in the numbers of many populations. The life of animals is closely related to the climatic conditions in their habitat; therefore, changes in temperature conditions inevitably lead to changes in the flora and fauna.
Changes in the thermal regime as a result of human activity have a particularly strong impact on animals, causing an increase in the number of some, a decrease in others, and extinction in others. Change climatic conditions relate to indirect types of impact - changes in living conditions. Thus, it can be noted that thermal pollution of the environment over time can lead to irreversible consequences in matters of temperature changes and the composition of flora and fauna.
3. Distribution of thermal emissions in the environment
Due to the large amount of burned organic fuel, a huge amount is emitted into the atmosphere every year. carbon dioxide. If it all remained there, its number would increase quite quickly. However, there is an opinion that in reality carbon dioxide dissolves in the water of the World Ocean and is thereby removed from the atmosphere. The ocean contains a huge amount of this gas, but 90 percent of it is in deep layers, which practically do not interact with the atmosphere, and only 10 percent in layers close to the surface actively participate in gas exchange. The intensity of this exchange, which ultimately determines the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is not fully understood today, which does not allow making reliable forecasts. Scientists today also have no consensus regarding the permissible increase in gas in the atmosphere. In any case, factors influencing climate in the opposite direction should also be taken into account. Like, for example, the growing dustiness of the atmosphere, which actually lowers the temperature of the Earth.
In addition to thermal and gas emissions into the Earth's atmosphere, energy enterprises have a greater thermal impact on water resources.
A special group of waters used by thermal power plants consists of cooling waters taken from reservoirs to cool surface heat exchangers - steam turbine condensers, water, oil, gas and air coolers. These waters are introduced into the reservoir a large number of heat. Turbine condensers remove approximately two-thirds of the total heat generated by fuel combustion, which far exceeds the amount of heat removed from other cooled heat exchangers. Therefore, “thermal pollution” of water bodies with waste water from thermal power plants and nuclear power plants is usually associated with the cooling of condensers. Hot water cooled in cooling towers. The heated water is then returned to aquatic environment. As a result of the discharge of heated water into water bodies, unfavorable processes occur, leading to eutrophication of the reservoir, a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen, rapid development of algae, and a reduction in the species diversity of aquatic fauna. As an example of such an impact of thermal power plants on the aquatic environment, the following can be cited: The limits for heating water in natural reservoirs allowed by regulatory documents are: 30 C in summer and 50 C in winter.
It must also be said that thermal pollution also leads to changes in the microclimate. Thus, water evaporating from cooling towers sharply increases the humidity of the surrounding air, which in turn leads to the formation of fog, clouds, etc.
The main consumers of process water consume about 75% of the total water consumption. At the same time, it is these water consumers that are the main sources of impurity pollution. When washing the heating surfaces of boiler units of serial units of thermal power plants with a capacity of 300 MW, up to 1000 m3 of diluted solutions are formed of hydrochloric acid, caustic soda, ammonia, ammonium salts, iron and other substances.
In recent years, new technologies used in recycling water supply have made it possible to reduce the station’s need for fresh water by 40 times. Which, in turn, leads to a reduction in the discharge of technical water into water bodies. But there are also certain disadvantages: as a result of the evaporation of the water supplied to the make-up, its salt content increases. For reasons of preventing corrosion, scale formation and biological protection, substances that are not inherent in nature are introduced into these waters. During the discharge of water and atmospheric emissions, salts enter the atmosphere and surface waters. Salts enter the atmosphere as part of droplet entrainment hydroaerosols, creating specific type pollution. moistening of the surrounding territory and structures, causing icing of roads, corrosion of metal structures, and formation of conductive moistened films of dust on the elements of outdoor switchgear. In addition, as a result of drip entrainment, the replenishment of circulating water increases, which entails an increase in costs for the station’s own needs.
A form of environmental pollution associated with changes in its temperature, resulting from industrial emissions of heated air, waste gases and water into Lately is attracting more and more attention from environmentalists. The formation of the so-called “island” of heat that occurs over large industrial areas is well known. IN big cities the average annual temperature is 1-2 0C higher than in the surrounding area. In the formation of a heat island, not only anthropogenic heat emissions play a role, but also changes in the long-wave component of the atmospheric radiation balance. In general, the non-stationary nature of atmospheric processes increases over these territories. If this phenomenon develops excessively, it could have a significant impact on the global climate.
Changes in the thermal regime of water bodies due to the discharge of warm industrial wastewater can affect the life of aquatic organisms (living creatures living in water). There are known cases when the reset warm waters created a thermal barrier for fish on their way to spawning grounds.
Conclusion
Thus, bad influence The thermal impact of energy enterprises on the environment is expressed, first of all, in the hydrosphere - during the discharge of waste water and in the atmosphere - through emissions of carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect. At the same time, the lithosphere does not stand aside - salts and metals contained in waste water enter the soil, dissolve in it, which causes a change in it chemical composition. In addition, the thermal impact on the environment leads to changes in the temperature regime in the area of energy enterprises, which, in turn, can lead to icing of roads and soil in winter.
Consequences negative influence emissions from energy facilities on the environment are already felt today in many regions of the planet, including Kazakhstan, and in the future they threaten a global environmental catastrophe. In this regard, the development of measures to reduce thermal pollutant emissions and their practical implementation are very relevant, although they often require significant capital investments. The latter is the main obstacle to widespread implementation in practice. Although many issues have been fundamentally resolved, this does not exclude the possibility of further improvement. It should be taken into account that a decrease in thermal emissions, as a rule, entails an increase in the coefficient useful action power plant.
Thermal pollution can have dire consequences. According to the forecasts of N.M. Svatkov, changes in environmental characteristics (increased air temperature and changes in the level of the world's oceans) in the next 100-200 years can cause a qualitative restructuring of the environment (melting of glaciers, a rise in the level of the world's oceans by 65 meters and the flooding of vast areas of land).
List of sources used
1. Skalkin F.V. and others. Energy and the environment. - L.: Energoizdat, 1981
2. Novikov Yu.V. Environmental protection. - M.: Higher. school, 1987
3. Stadnitsky G.V. Ecology: textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Khimizdat, 2001
4. S.I.Rozanov. General ecology. St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2003
5. Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography peace. M.:
6. Gardariki, 2001
7. Chernova N.M., Bylova A.M., Ecology. Tutorial For pedagogical institutes, M., Education, 1988
8. Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V., Sidorin A.P., Ecology, M., Bustard Publishing House, 1995
9. General biology. Reference materials, Compiled by V.V. Zakharov, M., Bustard Publishing House, 1995
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The influence of low and high temperatures on the properties of materials in most cases is diametrically opposed. In addition, rapid changes in these temperatures (over the course of a day or several hours) increase the effect of their harmful effects on machines.
Table 3.3.1
Main characteristics of climatic regions
Thermal effects occur both outside the system - solar radiation, heat from nearby sources, and inside the system - heat generation by electronic circuits, during friction of mechanical components, chemical reaction etc. Heating of components is especially harmful when the ambient humidity is high, as well as when these factors change cyclically.
There are three types of thermal effects:
Continuous. Considered when analyzing the reliability of systems operating in stationary conditions.
Periodic. They are considered when analyzing the reliability of systems during repeated short-term switching on of equipment and products under load and during sharp fluctuations in operating conditions, as well as during daily changes in external temperature.
Aperiodic. Evaluated when products operate under conditions heatstroke, resulting in sudden failures.
Damage to products caused by stationary thermal effects is mainly due to exceeding the maximum during operation. permissible value temperature.
Deformations of products that occur during periodic thermal influences lead to damage. Some products, along with periodic heating and cooling, are also subject to sudden changes in pressure, which leads to damage.
High rate of temperature change ( heatstroke), which occur during aperiodic exposure to heat, leads to a rapid change in the dimensions of materials, which causes damage. This fact often manifests itself when the coefficients of linear expansion of the mating materials are not taken into account sufficiently. In particular, at elevated temperatures, the casting materials soften, the materials mating with them expand, and when moving to negative temperatures, the casting materials contract and crack at the points of contact with metals. At subzero temperatures, significant shrinkage of the filling materials is possible, therefore, the possibility of electrical shutdown increases for electrical products. Low temperatures directly worsen the basic physical and mechanical properties of structural materials and increase the possibility of brittle fracture of metals. Low temperatures significantly affect the properties of polymer materials, causing their glass transition process, while high temperatures change the elasticity of these materials. Heating polymer insulating materials sharply reduces their electrical strength and service life.
When assessing the reliability indicators of technical products included in systems, data on changes in ambient temperature over time is required.
The nature of the temperature change over time is described by a random process:
where is the average temperature corresponding to time t, ° C;
t - time from 0:00 January 1 to 24:00 December 31;
y - random temperature component corresponding to time t, ° C.
The average value is calculated using the formula:
where A 0 is a coefficient numerically equal to the mathematical expectation of the average annual temperature, ° C;
A i, B i - vibration amplitudes mathematical expectation temperatures corresponding to frequency w i .
With a sharp change in air temperature, uneven cooling or heating of the material occurs, which causes additional stress in it. The greatest stresses occur during sudden cooling of parts. The relative elongation or compression of individual layers of material is determined by the relationship 
,
where a t is the linear expansion coefficient;
t 1 - temperature in the first layer;
t 2 - temperature in the second layer; t 2 = t 1 + (¶ t / ¶ l )D l;
D l - distance between layers.
Additional (temperature) stresses in the material
,
where E is the elastic modulus of the material.
The dependence of the electrical conductivity of a material on its temperature is determined by the equation,
where s eo - electrical conductivity at t = 0 ° C,
a is the temperature coefficient.
The rate of mechanical destruction processes of the loaded solid and, accordingly, the time to destruction depends on the structure and body properties, on the voltage caused by the load and temperature.
A number of empirical formulas have been proposed that describe the dependence of the time to rupture t (or the rate of destruction u 2) on these factors. The greatest recognition has been established experimentally for many materials (pure metals, alloys, polymeric materials, semiconductors of organic and inorganic glass, etc.) the following temperature-time dependence of strength - between stress s, temperature T and time t from the moment of application of a constant mechanical load to destruction sample: 
,
where t 0 , U 0 , g are the parameters of the equation characterizing the strength properties of materials.
Graphs of lgt versus s for different T are families of straight lines that converge upon extrapolation at one point at lgt = lgt 0 (Fig. 3.3.1) .
Rice. 3.3.1. Typical dependence of the durability of a material on stress at different temperatures (T 1<Т 2 <Т 3 <Т 4)
For the rate of destruction process, therefore, we can write: 
.
All changes in the strength properties of materials that occur when their purity changes, during heat treatment and deformation, are associated with a change only in the value of g. The g values can be calculated from the time dependence obtained at one temperature:
g = a R T ,
where a is the tangent of the angle of inclination of the straight line log = f(s).
As mentioned above, low temperatures change the physical and mechanical properties of structural and operational materials. The results of exposure to low temperatures are:
–increasing the viscosity of diesel fuel;
– reduction in the lubricating properties of oils and greases;
– solidification of mechanical fluids, oils and lubricants;
– freezing of condensate and coolants;
– reduction in impact toughness of non-cold-resistant steels;
– hardening and embrittlement of rubber;
–reducing the resistance of electrical conductors;
– icing and frost coating of machine elements.
The consequences of these factors are:
– deterioration of operating conditions of friction units and machine devices;
– reduction in the bearing capacity of elements;
– deterioration of the performance properties of materials;
– the impact of additional loads;
– breakdown of the insulation of the windings of electrical machine systems.
The listed effects of low temperatures on the properties of materials cause an increase in the parameters of starting, load and operating failures, as well as a decrease in the service life of machine elements .
Prevention:
Pay attention to the ergonomic design of the workplace.
1. Place the monitor so that its top point is directly in front of your eyes or higher, which will allow you to keep your head straight and prevent the development of cervical osteochondrosis. The distance from the monitor to the eyes should be at least 45 cm;
2. The chair must have a back and armrests, as well as a height at which the legs can rest firmly on the floor. It would be ideal to purchase a chair with adjustable height, in which case the backrest will allow you to keep your back straight, the armrests will give you the opportunity to rest your arms, and the correct position of your legs will not interfere with blood circulation in them;
3. The location of frequently used items should not lead to a long stay in any twisted position;
4. Workplace lighting should not cause glare on the monitor screen. You cannot place the monitor next to a window so that you can simultaneously see both the screen and what is outside the window.
5. When working with the keyboard, the bend angle of the arm at the elbow should be straight (90 degrees);
6. When working with the mouse, the hand should be straight and lie on the table as far from the edge as possible. While working, do not forget about regular breaks for rest. Limit the amount of time.
1. Ionizing radiation as an unfavorable environmental factor Natural background radiation, its magnitude and components. Hygienic significance of radon.
Guiding documents.
Guiding documents.
1. Federal Law on Radiation Safety No. 3-FZ
2. Radiation safety standards (NRB 99) SP 2.6.1.758-99
3. Basic joint ventures for ensuring radiation safety.
4. Hygiene requirements for the design and operation of X-ray rooms, devices and the conduct of X-ray examinations. SanPiN 2.6.1.802-99
Radiation hygiene is a branch of hygienic science that studies the impact of AI on human health and develops measures to reduce its adverse effects.
Radiation safety of the population is the state of protection of the present and future generations of people from the harmful effects of AI on their health.
II is radiation that is created during radioactive decay, nuclear transformations, inhibition of charged particles in matter, and forms ions of different signs when interacting with the environment. A measure of sensitivity to the action of AI is radiosensitivity.
AI can be corpuscular (alpha, beta particles, cosmic rays, protons, neutrons) and electromagnetic (gamma, x-rays). Alpha radiation is AI consisting of alpha particles (helium nuclei - 2 protons and 2 neutrons), emitted during nuclear transformations .Beta radiation is electron and positron radiation emitted during nuclear transformations. Gamma radiation - photon
AI is divided into two groups:
1Closed radiation sources, the design of which excludes environmental pollution by radioactive substances under foreseeable conditions of their use, but in case of violation of the recommended technology or an accident they can still enter the environment. Closed sources of radiation include: gamma installations, X-ray machines, ampoules with radioactive substances, metal cartridges with radioactive substances fused into the metal of the radioactive substance.
2Open - radiation sources, the use of which may result in radioactive substances entering the external environment and contaminating it. Open sources of radiation include radioactive substances in powder, dissolved or gaseous states, used after depressurization of the packaging. Objects working only with closed AI can be located inside residential areas without establishing sanitary protection zones, provided that the necessary protective fences are in place. When working with sealed sources, the greatest danger is external irradiation, i.e. irradiation of the body from radiation sources located outside it. AI with a long range is dangerous here, i.e. with high penetrating power (X-ray, gamma radiation).
Radiation exposure of the population in modern conditions, including the contribution of medical procedures using research institutes. radiation risk, methods for its assessment.
2. Food poisoning of non-microbial etiology. The reasons for their occurrence. Main directions of warning.
Food poisoning includes diseases of various natures that occur when eating food containing pathogens or their toxins or other substances of a non-microbial nature that are toxic to the body.
NON-MICROBIAL FOOD POISONING
This group includes poisoning by inedible poisonous products (mushrooms and wild plants), food products that have temporarily become poisonous or partially acquired toxic properties (potato solanine, beans, bitter kernels of stone fruits, animal organs), poisoning caused by toxic impurities in food products (salts of heavy metals, weeds and pesticides).
Poisoning by inedible products of plant and animal origin Mushroom poisoning. Among plant poisonings, the most common are diseases caused by fungi. On average, about 15% of cases of mushroom poisoning are fatal.
Prevention: mandatory boiling of mushrooms, do not use decoction. Poisoning is also possible when eating edible mushrooms if they are contaminated with microorganisms and are stored for a long time. Mushrooms can also be contaminated with chemical compounds (from soil, dishes). Prevention requires knowledge of mushroom preparation technology. Prevention: limiting the list of mushrooms allowed for procurement and sale; admission to the procurement and sale of only mushrooms sorted by individual types; limiting the types of mushrooms allowed for sale in dried form; Sanitary education work with the population.
Stone fruit kernels (apricots, peaches, plums, cherries, cherries, dogwoods, bitter almonds). The kernels of these plants constantly contain the glycoside amidalin, which, when broken down, releases hydrocyanic acid. Prevention: health education, work explaining possible serious complications, monitoring of children.
Mycotoxicoses. Diseases resulting from consumption of food products in which toxic fungi have multiplied.
Ergotism is poisoning by ergot horns that affect rye and, less commonly, wheat. Prevention: monitoring the toxin content in flour, carrying out agrotechnical measures.
Alimentary-toxic aleukia - occurs when consuming products made from cereal grains that have overwintered under the snow while standing. Dyspeptic symptoms are characteristic, followed by leukopenia and various sore throats, incl. necrotic. Prevention: prohibition of eating overwintered grain.
Aflatoxicoses. After a short incubation period (up to 2 days), the phenomena of neurotoxicosis (impaired coordination of movements, convulsions, paresis), hemorrhagic syndrome and progressive cirrhosis of the liver (the most powerful carcinogen) develop. Prevention: Control of mold in products.
Food poisoning by pesticides. Pesticides (pesticides) are synthetic chemicals of varying degrees of toxicity used in agriculture to protect cultivated plants from weeds, pests and diseases, as well as to stimulate growth, development of fruit seeds and other purposes. Prevention: complete elimination of residual pesticides in the external environment and those with a pronounced cumulative effect; residual amounts of those substances that do not have a harmful effect are allowed; strict compliance with the instructions for use (purpose, concentration, type of treatment, timing); content control.
3. Social and hygienic significance of housing. Hygienic requirements for the layout, equipment and maintenance of residential buildings and apartment-type premises.
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 (as amended on August 21, 2007 N59)
Requirements for residential buildings and public premises located in residential buildings:
1. The construction of residential buildings must be carried out according to designs that meet the requirements of these rules.
3. The height of residential premises from floor to ceiling in social housing buildings must be at least 2.5 m.
4. Placement of public facilities that have a harmful effect on humans is not allowed in residential buildings.
5. Public premises built into residential buildings must have entrances isolated from the residential part of the building.
6. When placing public premises, engineering equipment and communications in a residential building, compliance with hygienic standards, including noise protection of residential premises, should be ensured.
Requirements for the maintenance of residential premises
1. It is not allowed:
Use of residential premises for purposes not provided for in the design documentation;
Storage and use in residential premises and public premises located in a residential building of substances and objects that pollute the air;
Carrying out work or performing other actions that are sources of increased levels of noise, vibration, air pollution, or disrupt the living conditions of citizens in neighboring residential premises;
Littering, pollution and flooding of basements and technical underground areas, stairwells and cages, attics, and other common areas;
Use of household gas appliances for space heating.
2. Required:
Timely take measures to eliminate malfunctions of engineering and other equipment located in residential premises (water supply, sewerage, ventilation, heating, waste disposal, elevator systems, etc.) that violate sanitary and hygienic conditions;
Ensure timely removal of household waste, maintain garbage chutes and garbage collection chambers in good condition;
Carry out measures aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases associated with the sanitary condition of a residential building. If necessary, carry out measures to destroy insects and rodents (disinsection and deratization).
1. Soil Its hygienic and epidemiological significance. Composition and properties Sources of anthropogenic pollution. Criteria for assessing sanitary condition. Self-cleaning processes.
Soil refers to the top layer of the Earth's surface, consisting of mineral and organic substances, populated by a large number of microorganisms.
Chemical composition of the soil.
Healthy soil is soil that is easily permeable, coarse-grained, and uncontaminated. The soil is considered healthy if the content of clay and sand in it is 1:3, there are no pathogens or helminth eggs, and microelements are contained in quantities that do not cause endemic diseases.
The physical properties of soil include:
1Porosity(depends on the size and shape of the grains)
2 Soil capillarity. The ability of soil to raise moisture.
3 Soil moisture capacity- that is, the ability of the soil to retain moisture: chernozem will have high humidity, podzolic soil will have less moisture, and sandy soil will have even less moisture.
4 Soil hygroscopicity- this is the ability to attract water vapor from the air.
5 Soil air.
Clean soil contains mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide; contaminated soils contain hydrogen and methane.
6 Soil moisture- exists in chemically bound, liquid and gaseous states. Soil moisture influences the microclimate and the survival of microorganisms in the soil.
Epidemiological significance.
Causative agents of infectious diseases - they are divided into 2 groups:
1.Permanently living in the soil. These include pathogens that cause gas gangrene, anthrax, tetanus, botulism, and actinomycosis.
2. Microorganisms temporarily present in the soil are pathogens of intestinal infections, pathogens of typhoid-parotiphoid diseases, dysentery bacteria, Vibrio cholerae; The causative agents of tuberculosis and the causative agents of tularemia can be present in the soil both permanently and temporarily.
Hygienic importance of soil
The soil has a great ability to inactivate harmful substances and pathogenic microorganisms that enter it due to physicochemical processes, microbiological decomposition, absorption by higher plants and soil fauna, i.e., it actively participates in self-purification processes.
Classification of soil pollutants:
Soil pollution- a type of anthropogenic soil degradation in which the content of chemicals in soils subject to anthropogenic impact exceeds the natural regional background level of their content in soils.
1) Garbage, emissions, dumps, sludge.
2) Heavy metals.
3) Pesticides.
4) Mycotoxins.
5) Radioactive substances.
Criteria for assessing sanitary conditions:
1. Sanitary and chemical criteria. For sanitary and hygienic assessment of soil, it is also important to know the content of such pollution indicators as nitrites, ammonia salts, nitates, chlorides, sulfates. Their concentration or dose should be compared with control soil for the area. The soil air is assessed for its hydrogen and methane content, along with carbon dioxide and oxygen.2. Sanitary and bacteriological indicators: these include titers of microorganisms. 3. Helminthological assessment. Clean soil should not contain helminths, their eggs and larvae. 4. Sanitary and entomological indicators - count the number of larvae and pupae of flies. 5. Algological indicators: yellow-green algae predominate in clean soil, blue-green and red algae - in contaminated soil .6.Radiological indicators: it is necessary to know the level of radiation and the content of radioactive elements. 7.Biogeochemical indicators (for chemicals and trace elements).
Soil self-purification- the ability of the soil to reduce the concentration of a pollutant as a result of migration processes occurring in the soil.
Under the action of the enzymes of putrefactive bacteria, complex organic substances that have entered the soil are decomposed into simple mineral compounds (CO2, H2O, NH3, H2S), available for the nutrition of autotrophic organisms. Along with the processes of decomposition of organic substances, synthesis processes occur in the soil.
2. Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the storage and primary processing of food products, preparation and storage of prepared food.
Products are processed in appropriate production facilities using separate cutting boards and knives labeled for each product.
When storing food products in industrial warehouses, attention is paid to the terms and conditions of storage, especially temperature conditions. Food is delivered to the canteen for each meal, taking into account the time required for its technological processing (frozen meat 12 hours in advance, frozen fish 4-6 hours in advance). Frozen meat is thawed uncut, hanging on hooks (in water is prohibited) before cutting. carcasses are washed with water, contaminated areas, marks, bruises are cut off.
It is important to strictly adhere to the time flow of food processing. The lead time for preparing dishes from the completion of primary processing of raw materials and semi-finished products to heat treatment and sale of finished food should be minimal. The minced meat is prepared no earlier than an hour before cooking. Storage of the semi-finished product is allowed only in the refrigerator. Frozen fish is left to stand in cold water for 2-4 hours, fillets - on production tables at room temperature. Thawed fish is immediately subjected to primary and then heat treatment.
Heat treatment: meat is cooked in pieces of 1.5-2 kg for 2-2.5 hours.
Milk received in tanks can only be used after boiling.
Peeled potatoes can be stored for no more than 4 hours
Before serving, meat portions must be subjected to repeated heat treatment (boiling in broth for 15-20 minutes)
Preparation of sweet dishes should be completed no earlier than 2 hours before meals.
Ready food is served on the tables 10-15 minutes before meal time. The temperature of the food at the time of its consumption should be no lower than 75 degrees for first courses, no lower than 65 degrees for second courses, no lower than 65 degrees for tea, no higher than 14 degrees for cold appetizers.
The shelf life of food in the refrigerator should not exceed 4 hours.
Before delivery, food undergoes mandatory repeated heat treatment. The first courses are boiled, the meat portions are boiled for 15-20 minutes, the fish portions and side dishes are fried. Their further storage after heat treatment is not permitted.
3. Factors contributing to hypothermia of the human body. Main directions and means of prevention.
Temperature below +15°C is considered low. A temperature that does not cause stress on the thermoregulatory apparatus, when the balance between heat production and heat transfer is maintained, is considered optimal (thermal comfort).
When air temperature drops below optimal values (especially in combination with wind and high air humidity), heat loss from the body increases. For some time (depending on the body’s training), this is compensated by thermoregulatory mechanisms.
With a significant increase in the cooling capacity of the environment, the thermal balance is disrupted: heat loss exceeds heat production, and hypothermia occurs in the body.
First of all, superficial tissues (skin, fatty tissue, muscles) are cooled, while maintaining the normal temperature of parenchymal organs. This is not dangerous and helps reduce heat loss.
With further cooling, the temperature of the whole body decreases, which is accompanied by a number of negative phenomena (the body's resistance to infections decreases).
With local cooling of certain areas of the body, diseases of the musculoskeletal system (myositis, arthritis) and the peripheral nervous system (neuritis, radiculitis) can develop.
Prevention: 1 – Hardening – training the body, increasing its resistance to cooling. 2 – Selection of appropriate clothing. 3 – Creation of a favorable indoor microclimate (heating). 4 – More high-calorie food.
1. Risk factors for the health of schoolchildren in general education institutions.
The content and organization of training should always correspond to the age characteristics of students. Selection of the volume of the educational load and the level of complexity of the material being studied in accordance with the individual capabilities of the student is one of the main and mandatory requirements for any educational technology, which determines the nature of its impact on the student’s health. However, it is very difficult to do this in a mass modern school.
A significant increase in the workload at school: children have a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, fatigue, accompanied by immune and hormonal dysfunctions. Overwork creates the preconditions for the development of acute and chronic health problems, the development of nervous, psychosomatic and other diseases. There is a tendency towards an increase in the number of diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs in children.
Forced body position during work, “monotonia”.
Early start of lessons in the 1st shift, and late end of lessons in the 2nd shift.
2. Exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. Their composition, effect on the human body and prevention of poisoning.
Exhaust gas is a mixture of gases with an admixture of suspended particles formed as a result of the combustion of motor fuel.
The components contained in exhaust gases can be divided into harmful and harmless.
Harmless:
Oxygen O2
Carbon dioxide CO2 see later greenhouse effect
Water vapor H2O
Harmful substances:
Carbon monoxide CO (carbon monoxide)
Hydrocarbon compounds HC (unburned fuel and oil)
Nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 which are designated NOx because O is constantly changing
Sulfur oxide SO2
Particulate matter (soot)
The quantity and composition of exhaust gases are determined by the design features of the engines, their operating mode, technical condition, quality of road surfaces, and weather conditions.
The toxic effect of CO lies in its ability to convert part of the hemoglobin in the blood into carboxyhemoglobin, which causes disruption of tissue respiration. Along with this, CO has a direct effect on tissue biochemical processes, leading to disruption of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, vitamin balance, etc. The toxic effect of CO is also associated with its direct effect on the cells of the central nervous system. When exposed to humans, CO causes headache, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, drowsiness, and pain in the heart area. Acute poisoning occurs when air with a CO concentration of more than 2.5 mg/l is inhaled for 1 hour.
Nitrogen oxides irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth. Exposure to NO2 contributes to the development of lung diseases. Symptoms of poisoning appear only after 6 hours in the form of coughing, choking, and increasing pulmonary edema is possible. NOx are also involved in the formation of acid rain.
Certain CH hydrocarbons (benzapyrene) are the strongest carcinogenic substances, the carriers of which can be soot particles.
When an engine runs on leaded gasoline, particles of solid lead oxide are formed. The presence of lead in the air causes serious damage to the digestive organs, central and peripheral nervous systems. The effect of lead on the blood is manifested in a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and the destruction of red blood cells.
Prevention:
Alternative fuels.
Legislative restrictions on emissions of harmful substances
Exhaust gas aftertreatment system (thermic, catalytic)
3. Organization of meals for military personnel in stationary conditions. Types of food. Main directions and content of medical control.
Proper organization of military nutrition is achieved by fulfilling the following requirements:
· constant monitoring of the completeness of delivery of the required food rations to those who eat;
· proper planning of nutrition for personnel, rational use of food rations, mandatory compliance with culinary rules for food processing and preparation, development and observance of the most appropriate diet for various contingents of military personnel, taking into account the nature and characteristics of their official activities;
· preparing tasty, nutritious, high-quality and varied food according to established food ration standards;
· arrangement and equipment of canteens for military units, taking into account the introduction of advanced technologies and the creation of maximum convenience in work;
· skillful operation of technological, refrigeration and non-mechanical equipment, tableware and kitchen utensils, their timely maintenance and repair;
· compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements when processing food, preparing, distributing and storing food, washing dishes, maintaining the dining room premises, as well as personal hygiene rules for cooks and other canteen workers;
· clear organization of the work of the cook staff and daily work at the canteen of the military unit;
· observance by military personnel of the standards of behavior determined by the Charter in the canteen during meals;
· holding events aimed at improving and improving the organization of military nutrition: nutrition conferences, competitions for the best canteen, food exhibitions, etc.;
·regularly conducting control tests, cooking, classes with junior food service specialists and improving their qualifications.
The nutritional regimen of military personnel determines the number of meals during the day, the observance of physiologically justified time intervals between them, the appropriate distribution of foods among meals, prescribed according to food rations during the day, as well as meals at times strictly established by the daily routine.
The development of a nutritional regimen for military personnel is entrusted to the commander of the military unit, his deputy for logistics, and the heads of the food and medical services of the military unit.
Depending on the nature of combat training activities and food ration standards, three or four meals a day are established for personnel of the RF Armed Forces.
Three meals a day (breakfast, lunch and dinner) are organized in a military unit, where personnel eat a general ration and at least 4 times a ration for Suvorov, Nakhimov and military music school students.
The intervals between meals should not exceed 7 hours. Taking this into account, when establishing the daily routine of a military unit, breakfast is planned before the start of classes, lunch - after the end of main classes, dinner - 2-3 hours before lights out. After lunch for 30 minutes. (not less) it is not allowed to conduct classes or work.
Passing through any conductor, it imparts a certain amount of energy to it. As a result, the conductor heats up. Energy transfer occurs at the molecular level, i.e., electrons interact with atoms or ions of the conductor and give up part of their energy.
As a result of this, the ions and atoms of the conductor begin to move faster, accordingly we can say that the internal energy increases and turns into thermal energy.
This phenomenon is confirmed by various experiments, which indicate that all the work done by the current goes into the internal energy of the conductor, which in turn increases. After this, the conductor begins to give it away to surrounding bodies in the form of heat. Here the heat transfer process comes into play, but the conductor itself heats up.
This process is calculated using the formula: А=U·I·t
A is the work done by the current as it flows through the conductor. You can also calculate the amount of heat released in this case, because this value is equal to the work of the current. True, this applies only to stationary metal conductors, however, such conductors are most common. Thus, the amount of heat will also be calculated in the same form: Q=U·I·t.
History of the discovery of the phenomenon
At one time, many scientists studied the properties of a conductor through which electric current flows. Especially notable among them were the Englishman James Joule and the Russian scientist Emilius Christianovich Lenz. Each of them conducted their own experiments, and they were able to draw a conclusion independently of each other.
Based on their research, they were able to derive a law that allows them to quantify the heat generated as a result of the action of electric current on a conductor. This law is called the “Joule-Lenz Law”. James Joule established it in 1842, and about a year later Emil Lenz came to the same conclusion, while their research and experiments were in no way related to each other.
Application of the properties of the thermal effect of current
Studies of the thermal effects of current and the discovery of the Joule-Lenz law made it possible to draw a conclusion that pushed the development of electrical engineering and expanded the possibilities of using electricity. The simplest example of using these properties is a simple incandescent light bulb.
Its design is that it uses a regular filament made of tungsten wire. This metal was not chosen by chance: it is refractory and has a fairly high resistivity. Electric current passes through this wire and heats it, i.e. transfers its energy to it.
The energy of the conductor begins to transform into thermal energy, and the spiral heats up to such a temperature that it begins to glow. The main disadvantage of this design, of course, is that large energy losses occur, because only a small part of the energy is converted into light, and the rest goes into heat.
For this purpose, such a concept is introduced into technology as efficiency, which shows the efficiency of operation and conversion of electrical energy. Concepts such as efficiency and thermal effect of current are used everywhere, since there are a huge number of devices based on a similar principle. This primarily applies to heating devices: boilers, heaters, electric stoves, etc.
As a rule, the designs of the listed devices contain some kind of metal spiral, which produces heating. In devices for heating water, it is isolated; they establish a balance between the energy consumed from the network (in the form of electric current) and heat exchange with the environment.
In this regard, scientists are faced with the difficult task of reducing energy losses; the main goal is to find the most optimal and efficient scheme. In this case, the thermal effect of the current is even undesirable, since it is precisely this that leads to energy losses. The simplest option is to increase the voltage when transmitting energy. This results in reduced current flow, but this reduces the safety of power lines.
Another area of research is the choice of wires, because heat losses and other indicators depend on the properties of the conductor. On the other hand, various heating devices require a large release of energy in a certain area. For these purposes, spirals are made from special alloys.
To increase the protection and safety of electrical circuits, special fuses are used. In the event of an excessive increase in current, the cross-section of the conductor in the fuse cannot withstand it, and it melts, opening the circuit, thus protecting it from current overloads.
Stressful impact. Sufficient thermal procedures, especially baths, have a stressor effect on the human body. If you use this wisely, you can activate your defenses and strengthen your body. Thus, a moderate bath shakes, renews, and tones the human body. That is why you leave the bathhouse in a great mood. Elderly people especially need such a physiological shake-up. This will significantly activate their body, maintaining vigor and strength until old age.
On the skin. Exposure to heat (as well as cold) on the skin means:
a) effects on the largest organ in the human body. The skin makes up about 1.5 mg of tissue, 20% of a person's total weight;
b) impact on natural defenses. Our skin is the “front line of defense” of the human body. Comes into direct contact with the environment. Protects our blood vessels, nerves, glands, internal organs from cold and overheating, from damage and microbes. The skin contains the substance lysozyme, which is harmful to many bacteria;
c) effects on the respiratory and water-excretory function of the skin. The skin breathes, which means it helps the lungs. Water is released through it, which makes it easier for the kidneys to work. With its help we free ourselves from toxins;
d) effects on the sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands have an outlet in the form of pores, lubricating our skin with a thin layer of a special emulsion that softens, protects it from drying, gives elasticity, firmness and shine. If the sebaceous glands function poorly, then the skin suffers, and the body suffers along with it;
d) protection against infections. In the fight against infection, the human body is capable of producing antibodies - an antidote that not only kills bacteria, but also disinfects the poisons they secrete. This protection continues to operate even when you recover. This is how immunity to the disease arises - immunity, in the formation of which, as recent research has shown, the skin is most actively involved. But the skin can only do this when it is clean and healthy. Clean, healthy skin counteracts the continuous aggression of microbes. Infection through the skin is possible only when it is contaminated. Research by scientists has shown that microorganisms on clean skin quickly die;
f) formation of dirt on the skin. Recently, Danish microbiologists discovered mites with a diameter of only 30 microns in dust, feeding on dead particles of human skin and causing a form of asthma. Mixing with sweat, with the constantly secreted sebum and flakes of the dead stratum corneum, these dust particles form what we call dirt. Dirty skin loses elasticity and becomes defenseless. Inflammation and suppuration are most often caused by staphylococci;
g) causes of skin diseases. Many skin diseases are the causes of the release of toxic contents of the body from the inside to the outside. This is how the body fights against toxic substances accumulated in it if the excretory organs cannot cope. Therefore, so that the heat of the bath does not act on the skin like a “vacuum cleaner” through which the toxic contents of the body are removed, carry out a preliminary cleansing of all the most important systems of the body - the intestines, liver, liquid media;
h) cleansing. Strong, pleasant heat (baths), like no other hygienic product, opens and thoroughly cleanses all the pores of the body and removes dirt. Gently removes old, dead cells from the top layer of skin. It is useful to know that in just one day, on average, a twentieth of a person’s skin cells die and are restored. This is how the moist heat of the bath helps skin self-renewal;
i) bactericidal effect of heat. The heat of a sauna and steam bath is bactericidal. In this heat, microbes on the human body also die;
j) cosmetic effect. Hot and wet procedures increase blood flow and train the vessels adjacent to the skin. This not only makes the skin look more attractive, but also improves its physiological properties. She is not afraid of temperature changes. In addition, her tactile ability increases.
Saturation of the body with moisture and warmth. One of the features of the phenomenon of life is the constant struggle of the body to maintain the optimal amount of moisture and heat. Judge for yourself: a three-day human embryo consists of 97% water, an adult - almost two-thirds of its weight, and an old person - even less. Under normal conditions, an adult exhales about 25.5 g of water in 1 hour (this is about 600 g per day). Over the years, any person loses water and warmth, and with them vitality goes away. A wet bath procedure allows the human body to replenish both. As a result, vital manifestations in the human body are restored. This is especially useful for elderly and old people.
Effect on blood circulation in general. As previously stated, heat greatly stimulates circulatory processes in the body. The main circulating fluid in the body is blood. Therefore, the activity of the heart is activated, blood quickly circulates throughout the body, irrigating all organs and systems without exception. That is why simple warming up helps to get rid of blood stagnation simply and effectively. Health and the body’s resistance to external and internal unfavorable factors largely depend on blood exchange. And with age, blood circulation tends to decrease. Thus, after examining blood circulation in 500 people, it was found that on average, in 18-year-olds, 25 cm3 of blood passes through 1.5 cm3 of muscles. By the age of 25, the amount of blood circulating in the muscles decreases by almost half. Blood supply to the muscles is especially reduced in those who lead a sedentary lifestyle. What is especially valuable is that as a result of heating the body, reserve blood comes into motion, of which a person has 1 liter (out of 5-6 liters). Reserve blood, rich in valuable nutrients, provides excellent nutrition to the body's cells. As the body begins to warm up, blood pressure rises slightly. And then - thanks to the expansion of blood vessels - it decreases.
The effect of heat on capillary circulation. If we consider the circulatory system, then the capillaries contain 80% of all circulating blood in the body. The total length of the capillaries is about 100 thousand kilometers. The capillary system represents a kind of vascular skeleton that irrigates every cell of our body. In every poorly functioning organ, as a rule, one finds a spasm of the capillaries, their expansion or contraction. Any pathogenic process is, first of all, a violation of capillary circulation. The heat of the bath increases circulatory processes in the body, relaxes spasms in tissues and organs, which helps restore normal blood circulation, and therefore restores the functioning of an organ or tissue.
The effect of heat on the blood picture. Academician I.R. Tarkhanov proved that after the bath procedure the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin increases. Recent research has confirmed this discovery. Under the influence of the bath procedure, the number of leukocytes - white blood cells involved in the body's immune defense - also increases.
Effect of fever on the heart. Under the influence of the heat of the bath procedure, the work of the heart muscle is activated. The strength of its contractions increases. Regular steam bathing leads to a training effect on the heart muscle. This has been confirmed experimentally. A group of men aged 30-40 years were offered a test to determine the work of the heart muscle - climb to the 12th floor as quickly as possible without an elevator. The time spent on this ascent, heart rate and breathing, as well as the recovery time of these indicators were recorded. Then all participants in the experiment were divided into two groups. One group began jogging twice a week, the other visited the bathhouse the same number of times a week, where contrasting effects were used: four to five visits to the steam room for 5-7 minutes, followed by dousing with cold (12-15 ° C) water in for 20-40 s and 1-2 min warm (35-37 ° C). Between each entry into the steam room, rest for 5-7 minutes. Three months later, the control test was repeated (climbing to the 12th floor without an elevator). Those who jogged and those who took a steam bath showed approximately the same positive changes. All participants in the experiment significantly reduced the time they climbed upward, and at the same time, representatives of both groups showed a more favorable reaction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. But what is very important is that the time for recovery of functions decreased sharply, especially for those who visited the bathhouse.
The effect of heat on metabolism. The difficulty of heat transfer by the body causes circulatory activity. Increased blood circulation in turn leads to an increase in body temperature. An increase in temperature affects the increase in the activity of redox enzymes in cells. As a result, oxidative processes are activated in the body. Rapid blood circulation, the release of reserve quantities and an increase in hemoglobin in it allow more oxygen to be delivered to the cells. This in turn stimulates the oxidation processes of substances. This is how the bath procedure increases metabolism by about one third. Nutrients are better absorbed, toxins are oxidized and removed from the body. The activity of enzymes and increased metabolism lead to a person having a healthy appetite. This allows you to normalize many deviations in digestion and increase the absorption of nutrients.
The effect of heat on respiratory function. The sauna perfectly stimulates breathing. Hot, humidified air affects the larynx and the mucous membranes of the nose. Since increased metabolism during fever requires oxygen, breathing becomes faster and deeper, and this in turn improves air exchange in the pulmonary alveoli. Ventilation of the lungs increases by more than two and a half times compared to the indicators before the bath. After the heat of the bath, you breathe better because the pores of the skin are cleaned, toxic contents are removed from the blood, and blood circulation is improved. After a bath procedure, oxygen consumption increases by an average of one third.
The effect of heat on the endocrine glands. Improving blood supply, metabolism and breathing, removing toxins as a result of the bath procedure stimulates the endocrine glands, as a result of which the activity of organs and systems of the body is better regulated and coordinated.
Improving a person's mental state. When the human body improves its functioning as a result of the actions of heat described above, the person feels comfortable. This leads to the fact that the person is now not irritated by anything, and he psychologically rests. In addition, the heat of the bath relieves fatigue, which gradually accumulates towards the end of the week. Lactic acid is removed from the muscles through sweat, which aggravates the feeling of fatigue. The heat of the bath, warming up the skin, muscles, various tissues and organs, causes pleasant relaxation. Relaxation and warming up are the main things necessary for a favorable restoration of vitality. All this creates an inspired, optimistic mood. When the body is relaxed and there is no stiffness, healthy, restful sleep occurs.
Steam room and increased visual acuity. Warmth is one of the functions of the life principle “Bile”, which, in addition to digestion, controls the function of vision. Therefore, it is not surprising that a person’s vision function improves as a result of using a steam room. Scientists in their studies of the bath procedure only confirmed this position of Ayurveda.
Fever and infections. The temperature sensitivity threshold of a number of pathogenic microbes is below the temperature threshold that can be tolerated by the cells of the human body. Therefore, increasing the temperature (sauna, steam room) is widely used to treat a number of infectious diseases.
Based on materials from the book by G.P. Malakhova "Fundamentals of Health"
