Barykina Anna
This presentation is intended for the "swimming" section curriculum on the subject" Physical Culture". The signs of drowning, types and first aid are covered in detail. first aid in case of accidents on the water.
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Presentation on the topic “Swimming. First aid for drowning" The work was carried out by a student of class 11B of MAOU "Secondary School No. 15" Barykina Anna Teacher Abramova E.M. Naberezhnye Chelny, 2014
Drowning – terminal state or death due to aspiration (penetration) of fluid into the respiratory tract, reflex cardiac arrest in cold water or spasm of the glottis, which results in a decrease or cessation of gas exchange in the lungs. Drowning is a type of mechanical asphyxia (suffocation) resulting from water entering the respiratory tract.
The changes that occur in the body during drowning, in particular, the timing of death under water, depend on a number of factors: on the nature of the water (fresh, salty, chlorinated fresh water in swimming pools), on its temperature (ice, cold, warm), on the presence of impurities (silt, mud, etc.), on the state of the victim’s body at the time of drowning (overwork, excitement, alcohol intoxication, etc.).
The following types of drowning are distinguished: True (“wet”, or primary) Asphyxial (“dry”) Syncopal Secondary drowning (“death on the water”)
True drowning A condition accompanied by the penetration of fluid into the lungs, occurring in approximately 75–95% of deaths on water. Characteristic long-term struggle for life. Examples of true drowning are drowning in fresh water and sea water.
Drowning in fresh water When fresh water enters the lungs, it is quickly absorbed into the blood, since the concentration of salts in fresh water is much lower than in the blood. This leads to blood thinning, increasing its volume and destroying red blood cells. Sometimes pulmonary edema develops. Formed a large number of stable pink foam, which further disrupts gas exchange. The circulatory function ceases as a result of impaired contractility of the ventricles of the heart.
Drowning in sea water. Due to the fact that the concentration of dissolved substances in sea water is higher than in the blood, when sea water enters the lungs, the liquid part of the blood, along with proteins, penetrates from blood vessels into the alveoli. This leads to thickening of the blood, increasing the concentration of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine ions in it. A large amount of fluid heats up in the alveoli, which leads to their stretching and even rupture. As a rule, when drowning in sea water, pulmonary edema develops. The small amount of air that is in the alveoli contributes to the whipping of liquid during breathing movements with the formation of a stable protein foam. Gas exchange is sharply disrupted and cardiac arrest occurs.
Asphyxial drowning Occurs due to irritation of the upper respiratory tract(without aspiration of water into the lungs, as a result of laryngospasm) and is observed in 5-20% of all drowned people. In most cases, asphyxial drowning is preceded by preliminary depression of the central nervous system, a state of alcohol intoxication, or a blow to the surface of the water. Usually, initial period cannot be diagnosed. In agony, a rare labile pulse is observed in the main arteries. Breathing may have the appearance of “false respiratory” (with clean airways). Over time, respiratory and circulatory depression occurs and a transition to a period clinical death, which lasts longer in asphyxial drowning (4-6 minutes). During resuscitation measures, as a rule, it is difficult to overcome trismus of masticatory muscles and laryngospasm.
Syncopal drowning is characterized by a primary reflex cardiac and respiratory arrest caused by the entry of even a small amount of water into the upper respiratory tract. With this type of drowning, the first priority is the onset of clinical death. There is no pulse or breathing, the pupils are dilated (they do not react to light). The skin is pale. A similar mechanism of development has the so-called “ice shock”, or immersion syndrome, which develops as a result of reflex cardiac arrest during sudden immersion in cold water.
Secondary drowning (“death on water”) Occurs as a result of primary circulatory and respiratory arrest (myocardial infarction, epilepsy attack, etc.). The peculiarity of this type of drowning is that water enters the respiratory tract a second time and unhindered (when the person is already in the period of clinical death).
First aid for drowning When carrying out resuscitation measures, the time factor is extremely important. The earlier the revival begins, the greater the chances of success. Based on this, artificial respiration It is advisable to start already on the water. To do this, air is periodically blown into the victim’s mouth or nose while he is being transported to the shore or to the boat. The victim is examined on shore. If the victim has not lost consciousness or is in a state of slight fainting, then to eliminate the consequences of drowning, it is enough to give it a sniff ammonia and warm the victim.
If circulatory function is preserved (pulsation on carotid arteries), there is no breathing, the oral cavity is freed from foreign bodies. To do this, clean it with a finger wrapped in a bandage, and remove removable dentures. Often the victim’s mouth cannot be opened due to spasm of the masticatory muscles. In these cases, mouth-to-nose artificial respiration is performed; if this method is ineffective, use a mouth dilator, and if it is not available, then use some flat metal object (do not break the teeth!). As for freeing the upper respiratory tract from water and foam, it is best to use suction for these purposes. If it is not there, the victim is placed stomach down on the rescuer’s thigh, bent in knee joint. Then they sharply and energetically squeeze his chest. These manipulations are necessary in cases of resuscitation when artificial ventilation of the lungs is impossible due to blockage of the airways with water or foam. This procedure must be carried out quickly and energetically. If there is no effect within a few seconds, artificial ventilation of the lungs must be started. If the skin is pale, then you need to proceed directly to artificial ventilation of the lungs after cleansing the oral cavity.
The victim is laid on his back, freed from restrictive clothing, his head is thrown back, one hand is placed under the neck, and the other is placed on the forehead. Then they push lower jaw the victim forward and upward so that the lower incisors are in front of the upper ones. These techniques are performed to restore the patency of the upper respiratory tract. After this, the rescuer takes a deep breath, holds his breath a little and, pressing his lips tightly to the mouth (or nose) of the victim, exhales. In this case, it is recommended to pinch the nose (when breathing mouth to mouth) or the mouth (when breathing mouth to nose) of the person being revived with your fingers. Exhalation is carried out passively, while the airways must be open.
If, during artificial ventilation of the lungs, water is released from the victim’s respiratory tract, which makes it difficult to ventilate the lungs, you must turn your head to the side and raise the opposite shoulder; in this case the mouth of the drowned person will be lower chest and the liquid will pour out. After this, artificial ventilation can be continued. In no case should you stop artificial ventilation of the lungs when independent respiratory movements appear in the victim, if his consciousness has not yet recovered or the breathing rhythm is disrupted or sharply increased, which indicates incomplete restoration of respiratory function.
In the event that there is no effective blood circulation (no pulse in large arteries, heartbeats are not heard, cannot be determined arterial pressure, the skin is pale or bluish), simultaneously with artificial ventilation of the lungs, an indirect cardiac massage is performed. The person providing assistance stands on the side of the victim so that his arms are perpendicular to the surface of the chest of the drowned person. The resuscitator places one hand perpendicular to the sternum in its lower third, and places the other on top of the first hand, parallel to the plane of the sternum. Essence indirect massage the heart consists of a sharp compression between the sternum and the spine; in this case, blood from the ventricles of the heart enters the systemic and pulmonary circulation. The massage should be performed in the form of sharp jolts: there is no need to strain the arm muscles, but you should, as it were, “throw” the weight of your body down - this leads to a flexion of the sternum by 3-4 cm and corresponds to the contraction of the heart. In the intervals between pushes, you cannot lift your hands from the sternum, but there should be no pressure - this period corresponds to the relaxation of the heart. The resuscitator's movements should be rhythmic with a frequency of pushes of about 100 per minute.
The massage is effective if the pulsation of the carotid arteries begins to be detected, the previously dilated pupils narrow, and the cyanosis decreases. When these first signs of life appear, indirect cardiac massage should be continued until a heartbeat begins to be heard.
If resuscitation is carried out by one person, then it is recommended to alternate chest compressions and artificial respiration as follows: for 4-5 pressures on the sternum, 1 air injection is performed. If there are two rescuers, then one is engaged in chest compressions, and the other is engaged in artificial ventilation of the lungs. In this case, 1 air injection is alternated with 5 massage movements.
After the victim is brought out of the state of clinical death, he is warmed up (wrapped in a blanket, covered with warm heating pads) and massage the upper and lower limbs from the periphery to the center.
The temperature of the water has a great influence on the time it takes for the victim to return to life. When drowning in ice water, when the body temperature drops, revival is possible even 30 minutes after the accident. When drowning, the time during which a person can be revived after being removed from the water is 3-6 minutes
Brief algorithm of actions: Make sure that nothing threatens you. Remove the victim from the water. (If you suspect a fracture of the spine, pull the victim out on a board or shield.) Lay the victim with his stomach on your knee, let the water drain from the respiratory tract. Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract. Clear the oral cavity of foreign objects (mucus, vomit, etc.). Call (on your own or with the help of others) " ambulance" Determine the presence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, the reaction of the pupils to light, and spontaneous breathing. If there is no pulse, breathing or reaction of the pupils to light, proceed immediately to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Continue resuscitation until medical personnel arrive or until spontaneous breathing and heartbeat are restored. After restoring breathing and cardiac activity, place the victim in a stable lateral position. Cover and warm him. Ensure constant monitoring of the condition! "Swimming. First aid for drowning"
Remember the rules of behavior on the water To avoid trouble, children and adults must strictly follow a number of simple rules behavior on the water: - Most people drown not because they are poor swimmers, but because, having swum far or getting scared, they give in to panic and do not rely on themselves. It is useful to master the technique of relaxation so that, starting from what If you were nervous while swimming, you were able to just relax and unwind. And then, having come to your senses, swim to the shore. - In the absence of waves, it is best to rest in a supine position. To ensure a horizontal position of the body, you need to extend straight, relaxed arms behind your head, spread your legs to the sides and bend them slightly. If this is not enough and your legs begin to sink down, then you need to slightly bend your arms at the wrist-carpal joints and raise your hands above the surface of the water, then your legs will immediately float up. The body will take a horizontal position. You can rest on your back while moving your legs and arms slowly and smoothly underwater with minimal effort. - You can swim no earlier than 1.5-2 hours after eating. - it is not recommended to engage in swimming in open waters, at water temperatures below +15 ° C, as it is possible sudden loss consciousness and death from cold shock. The development of shock is often facilitated by overheating of the body before swimming and unexpectedly rapid immersion in cold water. - you cannot dive in unfamiliar places - there may be submerged logs, stones, and snags at the bottom. - do not jump into the water from boats, boats, piers and other structures not adapted for these purposes. - It is advisable to choose specially designated places for swimming. - do not swim far from the shore, beyond the buoys marking the boundaries of the safe zone. - do not swim close to vessels (motor, sail), boats, barges. As they approach, the water level in the reservoir rises significantly, and when they pass, it drops sharply and washes away everything that is on the shore. There have been cases when people floating nearby were pulled under the bottom of a ship or barge. - Do not swim in wetlands or where there is algae or mud. Sources used www. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Swimming www. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Drowning
Slide 1
Slide 2
Slide 3
Drowning can be: primary (true or “wet”), asphyxial (“dry”), secondary.
Slide 4
Signs of drowning The skin is pale or bluish, the body is cold to the touch. Water comes out of the mouth and nose, sometimes with foam. The victim is unconscious. He may have no breathing or reflexes.
Slide 5
First aid: If the person is conscious, they throw the end of the rope, life preservers and improvised means. If a drowning person has lost consciousness or is unable to use the watercraft, he must be pulled out of the water. It is imperative to swim up to a drowning person from behind, so that he does not reflexively grab onto the rescuer. Then you need to put the victim’s head on your chest and, keeping the drowning person afloat, swim to the shore on your back.
Slide 6
First aid for drowning First of all, it is necessary to free the mouth from water and mud. To do this, you need to insert a finger wrapped in a clean cloth deep into the oral cavity. If the mouth of a drowned person is tightly clenched, you need to unclench the teeth with a hard object.
Slide 7
Then the victim is turned over with his stomach down and placed on the rescuer’s knee so that his head hangs down. This is done in order to remove water. In this case, the rescuer must press on the victim’s back and ribs. Then the victim is turned over with his stomach down and placed on the rescuer’s knee so that his head hangs down. This is done in order to remove water. In this case, the rescuer must press on the victim’s back and ribs.
Slide 8
The next stage is performing artificial respiration. The rescuer pinches the nose of the drowned person and, after inhaling, blows air into his mouth. In this case, the victim’s chest is filled with air, after which exhalation occurs. Artificial respiration should be performed at a rate of 16-18 times per minute, or about once every four seconds. The next stage is performing artificial respiration. The rescuer pinches the nose of the drowned person and, after inhaling, blows air into his mouth. In this case, the victim’s chest is filled with air, after which exhalation occurs. Artificial respiration should be performed at a rate of 16-18 times per minute, or about once every four seconds.
Slide 9
After restoring breathing and cardiac activity, place the victim in a stable lateral position. Cover and warm him. However, it should be remembered that there is a danger of recurrent cardiac arrest. Therefore, it is necessary to call an ambulance, and until it arrives, you need to carefully monitor the condition of the victim. After restoring breathing and cardiac activity, place the victim in a stable lateral position. Cover and warm him. However, it should be remembered that there is a danger of recurrent cardiac arrest. Therefore, it is necessary to call an ambulance, and until it arrives, you need to carefully monitor the condition of the victim.
Department of Education of the City of Moscow Educational and Methodological Center for Vocational Education
- First aid for drowning.
- Information for teachers and students of vocational education institutions
- Department of Education of the City of Moscow
- There are two stages of providing assistance with
- drowning:
- First- these are the actions of a rescuer directly in the water,
- when the drowning person is still conscious, takes
- proactive and able to independently
- stay on the surface. In this case there is a real
- the opportunity to prevent a tragedy and get away with only
- "slightly frightened"
- But it is this option that represents the greatest
- danger for the rescuer and requires him first of all
- swimming skills, good physical fitness and
- knowledge of special techniques for approaching a drowning person
- to a person, and most importantly - the ability to free oneself from the “dead”
- grabs.
- Remember!
- Panic fear of drowning
- mortal danger for the rescuer.
- There are two stages of assistance in case of drowning:
- The second stage of providing assistance in case of drowning is on the shore. The sequence of actions when providing first aid to a victim depends on his condition.
- The victim is conscious
- Take off his wet clothes
- rub his body with a towel or
- soft cloth, wrap it up and give it
- hot non-alcoholic drink
- (tea, coffee, etc.).
- The victim is unconscious, but the pulse and breathing are preserved
- Lay the victim on his back with his head down and legs raised, unbutton (remove) tight clothing, and let him sniff ammonia. Then try to remove water from the stomach and lungs as completely as possible using the method described below. At the same time, it is necessary to rub the body towards the heart, massaging the upper and lower extremities.
- In more severe cases
- the sequence of actions is determined by the type of drowning
- Drowning happens:
- a) true (blue);
- b) dry (pale).
- The victim is in a state of true (blue) drowning
- Signs of true (blue) drowning:
- face and neck blue-gray;
- swollen vessels are clearly visible on the neck;
- pink foam comes out of the mouth and nose.
- Sequence of assistance in case of true drowning
- Turn the drowned person onto his stomach so that his head is below the level of his pelvis. For example, place your stomach on your thigh or on the back of a chair, the trunk of a fallen tree, etc.
- Sequence of assistance in case of true drowning
- If the victim's jaws are convulsively clenched, unclench them next step:
- place four fingers of both hands under the corners of the lower jaw and, resting thumbs in the chin, press it sharply, opening your mouth. To prevent repeated clenching of the jaws, insert an object between the teeth (a piece of rubber, a knotted scarf, a rolled bandage, etc.). Be sure to remove removable dentures.
- Sequence of assistance in case of true drowning
- Insert a finger wrapped in a piece of cloth into the victim’s mouth and remove the contents in a circular motion oral cavity. This must be done very carefully.
- Sequence of assistance in case of true drowning
- After cleansing the mouth, apply sharp pressure to the root of the tongue to provoke the gag reflex and stimulate breathing.
- The presence or absence of this reflex will be the most important test for determining further tactics.
- If the gag reflex is preserved, then after pressing on the root of the tongue you will hear the characteristic sound “E”, this will be followed by gagging movements, and water will begin to pour out of your mouth. leftover food. A cough will follow.
- First aid for maintaining the gag and cough reflex
- for 5-10 minutes, periodically press forcefully on the root of the tongue until water stops coming out of the mouth and upper respiratory tract;
- While the victim is exhaling, use intense movements to squeeze his chest from the sides several times;
- pat the victim’s back with your palms, this also helps drain water from the lungs;
- First aid for maintaining the gag and cough reflex
- Removing water from the lungs and stomach:
- lay the victim on his side and try to call an ambulance;
- Before the ambulance arrives, do not leave the drowned person unattended for a second: sudden cardiac arrest can occur every minute.
- If, when pressing on the root of the tongue, the gag reflex does not appear, but in the liquid flowing from the mouth no food leftovers; if there is no coughing or breathing movements, then under no circumstances should time be lost in further extracting water from the stomach and lungs of the drowned person.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- The main task is to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation as soon as possible!
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- For this:
- turn the drowned person onto his back, look at the reaction of the pupils to light and check the pulsation in the carotid artery. If they are absent, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
- since resuscitation procedures are impossible without periodically removing water, foamy formations and mucus from the upper respiratory tract of a drowned person, then every 3-4 minutes you will have to interrupt artificial ventilation and chest compressions, quickly turn the victim onto his stomach and use a napkin to remove the contents of the cavity mouth and nose;
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- The victim is in a state of dry (pale) drowning
- Signs of “pale” drowning:
- the skin acquires a pale gray color, without pronounced blueness;
- pale drowning is very rarely accompanied by the release of foam. If a small amount of “fluffy” foam appears, then after its removal there are no wet marks left on the skin or napkin. Such foam is called “dry”;
- There is always no pulse.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- The victim is in a state of dry (pale) drowning
- This type of drowning occurs when water does not reach the lungs and stomach. This happens when drowning in very cold or chlorinated water. In these cases, the irritating effect of ice water in an ice hole or highly chlorinated water in a pool causes a reflex spasm of the glottis, which prevents its penetration into the lungs. Unexpected contact with cold water often leads to reflex cardiac arrest.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- check the pulse in the carotid artery; if it is absent, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
- after signs of life appear, move the victim to a warm place;
- take off his wet clothes, dry him with a soft woolen cloth or towel, change into dry clothes and wrap him in a warm blanket.
- Give plenty of hot drinks;
- call an ambulance.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- The sequence of assistance for pale drowning:
- Remember!
- If you drown in cold water, there is every reason to expect salvation even if you stay under water for a long time. When drowning in cold water, a person in a state of clinical death finds himself in deep hypothermia. In the entire body, immersed in ice water, metabolic processes almost completely stop, which delays the onset of biological death.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Resuscitation measures: artificial ventilation and chest compressions
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Sequence:
- Check the carotid pulse. If the pulse is palpable and there is no breathing, perform artificial ventilation of the lungs one of the methods:
- a) “mouth to mouth”;
- b) “from mouth to nose.”
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-mouth method
- Lay the victim on his back on a hard surface
- surface.
- Tilt your head back, placing a cushion under your neck.
- clothes. This will prevent the sinking tongue from blocking
- Airways.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-mouth method
- If the victim's jaws are convulsively clenched, open them using the following technique: place four fingers of both hands under the corners of the lower jaw and, resting your thumbs on the chin, sharply press on it, opening the mouth. (Fig. a)
- Then, changing the position of your hands, pull your jaw down, opening your mouth, and with the second hand placed on your forehead, tilt your head back. (Fig. b)
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-mouth method
- Holding your head and neck with one hand (Fig. a), take as deep a breath as possible and press your mouth tightly to the victim’s mouth - exhale quickly, forcefully, blowing air into the patient's airways and lungs. The exhalation should last about 1 s. and reach 1-1.5 liters in volume to cause sufficient stimulation of the respiratory center (Fig. b).
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-mouth method
- After the end of exhalation, the rescuer unbends and releases the victim’s mouth, in no case stopping the hyperextension of his head, because otherwise the tongue will sink and there will be no full independent exhalation. The patient's exhalation should last about 2 seconds, i.e. twice as long as the inhalation. In the pause before the next inhalation, the rescuer needs to take 1-2 small regular inhalations and exhalations “for himself.” The cycle is repeated first with a frequency of 10-12 per minute, then 5-6 per minute.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-mouth method
- The rescuer, exhaling deeply into the victim’s mouth, must completely seal the area of his mouth with his lips, creating a kind of air-tight dome over the victim’s mouth. In this case, the victim’s nostrils must be pinched with a large and index fingers hands (see figure).
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-mouth method
- Remember!!!
- Lack of tightness - common mistake with artificial respiration. In this case, air leakage through the nose or corners of the victim’s mouth negates all the efforts of the rescuer.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-mouth method
- Periodically pressing on the epigastric
- area, free the victim's stomach from
- air trapped in it
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- Artificial ventilation of the lungs “from mouth to nose” is carried out if the victim’s jaws are convulsively clenched and it is impossible to open them or there is an injury to the lips or jaws.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- Placing one hand on the victim’s forehead and the other on his chin, hyperextend (i.e., tilt back) his head and at the same time press his lower jaw to his upper jaw (see figure).
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- Using the fingers of the hand supporting your chin, press
- lower lip, thereby sealing the mouth
- the victim. After taking a deep breath with your lips
- cover the victim's nose, creating the same
- airtight dome. Then make
- strong blowing of air through the nostrils (1 -1.5 l), keeping an eye on
- while following the movement of the chest and
- periodically emptying the victim's stomach from
- air trapped in it by pressing on
- epigastric region.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- If the pulse cannot be felt, carry out
- full resuscitation measures.
- Kneel to the left of the victim and
- place both palms (one on top of the other) on
- lower third of the sternum 2 cm to the left of the middle
- line (lower third of the chest).
- Vigorous thrusts with a frequency of 60-80 per minute
- press on the sternum. You have to push with such force,
- so that the sternum moves inward in an adult
- in a person by 3-5 cm, in a teenager by 2-3 cm.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- Indirect cardiac massage is necessary
- combine with artificial respiration.
- After two consecutive blows of air into
- lungs need to perform 15 massages
- tremors.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- If two people provide assistance, then one
- performs artificial respiration, the second -
- cardiac massage (see figure).
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- First, air is blown into
- light, and after that - 5-6 massages
- heart beats. While inhaling
- pressure on the victim
- the sternum is not produced.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- During cardiac recovery
- activity pallor skin
- decreases, appears independent
- pulse in the carotid arteries, in some
- patients' breathing is restored and
- consciousness.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- Continue resuscitation or until
- restoration of independent cardiac
- activity and breathing, or until arrival
- "ambulance", or until obvious
- signs of death ( cadaveric spots And
- rigor mortis, which is observed after 2
- hours).
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- The victim must be urgently taken to the hospital in the intensive care unit. You must do this, no matter how the victim feels.
- First aid for a victim without signs of life
- Mouth-to-nose method
- Remember!!!
- Threat of repeated cardiac arrest,
- development of pulmonary, cerebral and acute edema
- renal failure persists
- within 3-5 days after rescue!!
Providing first medical care in case of drowning
Life Safety Teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 7”
Magnitogorsk
Sorokina Tatyana Vitalievna
- Drowning is death or a terminal (coma) condition resulting from the penetration of water (less commonly, other liquids) into the lungs and respiratory tract.
- Drowning can occur in fresh or salt water. The severity of the condition of a drowned person depends on whether he was healthy before he fell under water, as well as on the temperature of the water.
Types of drownings and their signs
- There are three types of drowning:
- white. “White” drowned person - the skin is pale, since the victim did not breathe in the water and the water did not have time to get into the lungs. Clinical death occurred due to a heart attack, from reflex cardiac arrest, etc. It is this category of victims that is most easily amenable to resuscitation.
2) blue. “Blue” drowned - the skin is bluish, the neck veins are not swollen. Water enters the lungs, but there is not very much water in the lungs, since clinical death occurred due to a spasm of the glottis.
3) syncope. “Blue” drowned - with swollen neck veins, a lot of water in the lungs (water even penetrated into the blood). It is the most difficult to resuscitate such a victim.
PMP for drowning
1) If the person removed from the water is conscious, you need to calm him down, take off wet clothes, warm him up, change him into dry clothes, wrap him up, give him hot tea or coffee. After this, send to the hospital, since one of the complications of drowning is pneumonia.
2) If the victim has no breathing or heartbeat, then resuscitation measures must be started, but depending on the type of drowning with differences in the procedure:
- U "white" drowned you need to check the patency of the upper respiratory tract, clear your mouth and nose of mud, sand, etc. After this, perform indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration according to the usual method.
- U "blue" drowned After clearing the nasopharynx, it is necessary to remove water from the upper respiratory tract before resuscitation. To do this, the rescuer places the victim with his chest on his thigh with his knee bent right leg, pressing on the victim’s back with the left hand to remove water from the upper respiratory tract (for no more than 20-30 s).
Reanimation - (lat. Reanimation- literally “return of life”, “revival”).
- Make sure there are signs of clinical death, first of all, that the heart is not working.
- Resuscitation begins with the so-called precordial stroke. The victim is placed on a hard surface (for example, the floor). A short, swipe(the blow must be correlated with the age and body weight of the victim) with a fist. After which the pulse in the carotid artery is immediately determined. Sometimes one beat is enough to “start” the heart.
Precordial beat
Reanimation
- If the precordial blow does not bring the desired result, then full resuscitation begins: - The person providing assistance kneels to the left of the victim and places both palms (one on top of the other) on the lower third of the sternum 2 cm to the left of the midline (lower third of the chest ).
Vigorous pushes with a frequency of 60-80 per minute press on the sternum. You need to press with such force that the sternum moves inward in an adult by 3-5 cm, in a teenager by 2-3 cm, in one year old child by 1 cm.
- In a child under 1 year of age, indirect cardiac massage is performed with one thumb.
A combination of artificial respiration and chest compressions
Indirect cardiac massage must be combined with artificial respiration:
- If two people provide assistance, then one performs artificial respiration, the second performs cardiac massage. First, air is blown into the lungs, and after that - 5 massage pulses of the heart.
- If one person provides assistance, then after two consecutive “blowings” of air into the lungs, it is necessary to perform 30 massage pushes.
- When cardiac activity is restored, the pallor of the skin decreases, an independent pulse appears in the carotid arteries, and in some patients breathing and consciousness are restored.
Precautions to take when rescuing a drowning person:
1) Continue resuscitation either until the restoration of independent cardiac activity and breathing, or until the arrival of an ambulance, or until the appearance of obvious signs death (cadaveric spots and rigor, which are observed after 2 hours).
2) The victim must be urgently taken to the hospital in the intensive care unit. This must be done, no matter how the victim feels.
First aid for drowning
Prepared in accordance with the letter of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated March 14, 2012 No. 36/v “On providing visual propaganda to public rescue posts”
Among the causes leading to drowning, the main place is occupied byfear andfeeling of panic, often associated not with real, but with imaginary danger.
Other causes of drowning: low temperature water and high current speed, whirlpool, cold spring from the bottom, storm, as well as inability to swim, overwork, painful condition, injuries when diving, impaired cardiac activity when swimming underwater.
The main rule when rescuing a drowning person is to act quickly, but deliberately, calmly and carefully.
Having heard the call of a drowning person for help, you must immediately answer him, shout, so that he knows that help will be provided to him. This gives strength to a drowning person.
If possible, you need to give the drowning person a pole, an end of clothing, or throw the end of a rope or floating objects at hand.
It must be remembered that the person providing assistance must not only swim and dive well,
Remember! With rare exceptions, a drowning person is physiologically unable to call for help, since he is unable to breathe.
Ask if he is okay. If the answer is silence and a blank stare, you may have less than 30 seconds left to save him.
Attention to parents:When children play in the water, they make noise. If the noise stops, come and find out why.
If possible, you should go to a drowning person by boat, raft, lifebuoy and so on.
To provide assistance, quickly remove clothing and shoes.
The place to enter the water must be chosen so that, using the strength and speed of the current, you can quickly swim to the scene of the incident.
A drowning person usually has to be saved by swimming.
If he is still floating on the surface, you should swim up to him from behind to avoid a dangerous grab on his part.
In case of capture, it is better to dive into the water with the drowning person. Trying to stay on the surface, as a rule, he lets go of the rescuer.
If a drowning person plunges into the water, you need to dive and try to find him. Having found a drowning person, you need to take him by the hand or hair, and pushing off from the bottom, float to the surface.
